(Cayman) Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
法律英语词汇(国际法)
管辖：Jurisdiction级别管辖：jurisdiction by level地域管辖：territorial jurisdiction移送管辖：referral jurisdiction指定管辖：designation jurisdiction审判组织:trial organization回避withdrawal诉讼参加人participants in court诉讼当事人parties in court诉讼代理人agents ad litem期间：time periods送达service调解conciliation财产保全property preservation先予执行preliminary execution妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施：compulsory measures against impairment of civil actions 诉讼费：litigation costs第一审普通程序ordinary procedure of first instance第二审程序procedure of second instance起诉bring a lawsuit受理accept a case开庭审理trial in court诉讼中止suspension of a lawsuit诉讼终止conclusion of a lawsuit判决judgment裁定order简易程序summary procedure特别程序special procedure选民资格案件cases concerning certificates of voters 宣告失踪proclamation of a person as missing宣告死亡proclamation of a person as dead无民事行为能力incompetent for civil conduct限制行为能力limited capacity for civil conduct无主财产property of ownerless执行申请application for execution执行移转referral of execution仲裁arbitration司法协助judicial assistance案件case案件发回remand/remit a case （to a low court）案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures 报案report a case （to security authorities）被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim's agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed 被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence 辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgment/ruling驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation 裁定order;determination （指最终裁定）裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement （for negotiable instruments）传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer; reply答辩陈述书statement of defence答辩状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People's Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action 对席判决judgement interparties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action 复查reexamination;recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People's Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审判制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition;compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People's Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决directad judication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a courtsession开庭通知notice of courtsession勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on;attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence 累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审判庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement;determination判决书judgement;determination; verdict （指陪审团作出的）旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy;insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate;prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment;information区县检察院grassroots People's Procuratorate取保候审the bailpending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People's Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as ownerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant's affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session 审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision审判委员会judicial committee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement /order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People's Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death 实（质）体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim's immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜查search诉sue; suit; action;lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation;lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation 委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决acquittal,finding of “ not guilty ”先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审判庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence ;finding of “guilty”予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of （by lawyers）再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors' meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuanceof execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People's Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission 仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent ;defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant ;plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审判员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People's Procuratorate最后裁决书final awardbilateral and multilateral economic cooperation 双边和多边经济合作bilateral trade 双边贸易dual nationality 双重国籍trusteeship 托管制度outer space 外层空间sole legal government 唯一合法政府loans with no or low interest 无息和低息贷款colonialism and neo-colonialism 新老殖民主义delayed repayment of capital and interest 延期还本付息extradition 引渡Zionism 犹太复国主义friendly exchanges 友好往来disputed areas 有争议的地区fishery resources 渔业资源political offender 政治犯political fugitive 政治逃犯Middle East, Mideast中东neutral state ,neutral country 中立国neutralized state 永久中立国apartheid, racial segregation 种族隔离genocide 种族灭绝sovereign state 主权国家exclusive economic zone 专属经济区suzerain state ,metropolitan state 宗主国suzerainty 宗主权to maintain neutrality 保持中立to safeguard national sovereignty and national resources 保卫国家主权和民族资源to take concerted steps 采取协调行动to undertake obligations in respect of the nuclear-free zone 对无核区承担义务to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability 发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系to develop the national economy 发展民族经济to peddle munitions 贩卖军火All countries, big or small, should be equal. 国家不分大小，应该一律平等to establish normal state relations 建立正常的国家关系to seek a fair and reasonable solution 求得公平合理的解决to make up for each other's deficiencies 取长补短to negotiate through diplomatic channels 通过外交途径进行谈判to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty维护国家独立和主权完整to safeguard world peace 维护世界和平to solve disputes by peaceful means 用和平手段解决争端in consideration of the actual conditions 照顾现实情况the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 和平共处五项原则mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity互相尊重主权和领土完整Mutual non-aggression 互不侵犯non-interference in each other's internal affairs 互不干涉内政equality and mutual benefit 平等互利peaceful coexistence和平共处draft 法案,草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制,合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止,取消rescission, annulment 废除,取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免,豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法,国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利,公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税。
1958年关于承认和执行仲裁裁决的纽约公约(中英文对照)
1958年关于承认和执行仲裁裁决的纽约公约Convention onthe Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral AwardsDone at New York,10June1958;entered into force,7June1959(United Nations,Treaty Series,vol.330,p.38,No.4739)承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约(1958年6月10日订于纽约1959年6月7日生效)(批准单位：全国人民代表大会常务委员会，执行日期：1987‐04‐22)Article I第一条1.This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought,and arising out of differences between persons,whether physical or legal.It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.一、仲裁裁决，因自然人或法人间之争议而产生且在声请承认及执行地所在国以外之国家领土内作成者，其承认及执行适用本公约。
本公约对于仲裁裁决经声请承认及执行地所在国认为非内国裁决者，亦适用之。
2.The term"arbitral awards"shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.二、“仲裁裁决”一词不仅指专案选派之仲裁员所作裁决，亦指当事人提请仲裁之常设仲裁机关所作裁决。
国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism重商主义Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff配额和关税Zero-sum game零和博弈Positive-sum game常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期Economies of scale 规模经济First mover advantage先占优势Barrier to entry进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑Trade acceptance商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易1.波特钻石理论的主要内容①Factor endowments ②Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry③ Demand conditions ④Relating and supporting industries2.对等贸易的主要类型和优缺点①Types of countertradeCountertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five distinct types of trading arrangements: barter, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback②The pros and cons of countertrade优：① The main attraction of countertrade is that it can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available.② Thus if a firm is unwilling to enter into a countertrade agreement, it may lose an export opportunity to a competitor that is willing to make a countertrade agreement.缺：① Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitably② In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably.Unit 3Strategic alliance 战略联盟Licensing 许可证Joint venture 合资经营Contracting 承包经营Partnership 合资人Return on investment 投资回报率Franchising 特许经营Contract manufacturing 生产承包Management contracting 管理承包1.许可贸易的优缺点优：①The basic advantage in licensing as contrasted to other approaches is theease and low cost of entering a foreign market.②Licensing is also advantageous in that it can be used to test a foreignmarket without the risk of capital loss should the market not be receptive to the manufacturer’s product.缺：①The greatest disadvantages to the licensor are that a potential competitoris set up.②There is a lack of control over production and marketing.③There may be incomplete market exploration.Unit 4Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资Small and medium-sized firms 中小企业Horizontal FDI 横向外国直接投资Vertical FDI 纵向外国直接投资Product life cycle 产品生命周期Backward vertical FDI 后移纵向外国直接投资Forward vertical FDI 前移纵向外国直接投资Transportation costs 运输成本Market impediments 市场阻碍Market power 市场力量Oligopoly 寡头垄断Specialized assets 特殊资产1.影响横向对外投资的因素①Transportation costs ②Market imperfections④Following competitors ④The product life cycle2.What are the impediments to the sale of know-how?①Licensing may result in a firm’s giving away its technological know-how to a potential foreign competitor.②Licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to profitably exploit tis advantage in know-how.③A firm’s know-how may not be amenable to licensing.Unit 5Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率制OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Floating exchange rate regime 浮动汇率制Plaza Accord 和平广场协议Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议Foreign exchange market 外汇市场European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EMSExchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制ERMEuropean Currency Unit欧元 ECUTrade deficit贸易赤字Real interest 实际利息Balance of payment 收支平衡表Forward market 期货市场Swaps 掉期交易1. 布雷顿森林体系/固定汇率制瓦解的主要原因As the only currency that could be converted into gold, and as the currency that served as the reference point for all others①It was financed by an increase in the money supply, which, in turn, led to a rise in price inflation from less than 4percent in 1966 to dose to 9 percent by 1968②The rise in government spending had stimulated the economy③Gave rise to speculation in the foreign exchange market that the dollar would be devalued④Weakening dollars lose its credibility.2. What are the reasons for the unexpected rise in the dollar between 1980 and 1985, and what are the reasons for the rapid fall of the US dollar between 1985 and 1987?The reasons for the unexpected rise in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985:①Strong economic growth in the US attracted heavy inflows of capital from foreign investors seeking high returns on capital assets.②High real interest rate attracted foreign investors seeking high vellums on financial assets③Political turmoil in other parts of the world.The reasons for 1985 and 1987：The fall in the value of the dollar between 1985 and 198 was caused by a combination of government intervention and market forces.Unit 6Common law 普通法Code civil law 成文法Roman law 罗马法Industrial property right 工业产权Act of god 不可抗力Element forces of nature 天灾自然因素Arbitration 仲裁Conciliation 调节Litigation 诉讼World court at the Hague 海牙国际法庭Tribunals for arbitration 仲裁庭U.N. convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of ForeignArbitral/Awards 联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约International Chamber of commerce 国际商会1. What are the differences between two legal systems in solving commercial disputes?①Under common law, commercial disputes are subject to laws which may be applied to either civil or commercial disputes since there is no specific recognition of commercial problems as such.②Code law differs in that there is a separate code specifically designed for business2. What are the procedures used by formal arbitration organizations? The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor.Unit 7Intellectual property rights 知识产权Trade mark copyright, patents, trade secrets 商标权，版权，专利权，商业秘密Intangible assets, tangible assets 无形资产，有形资产Trademark registration 商标注册Generic terms 通称Infringement 侵权GATT 关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade1. What does intellectual property right consist of?①It consists of the products of individual’s minds—products that result from intellectual, creative processes.②Trademarks, copyrights and patents are all forms of intellectual propertyUnit 8The TRIPS agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协议Need Hierarchy 需求层次理论Self-reference criterion 自我参考标准The adoption process 接纳过程理论High-context cultures 高背景文化Low-context cultures 低背景文化Poly-chromic time 多元化时间观Mono-chromic time 单一性时间观Perception 观念1. What are the characteristics of culture?①It is not innate, but learned②The various facts of culture are interrelated-touch a culture in one place andeverything else is affected.③It is shared by the members of a group and defines the boundaries betweendifferent groups.2. What are the main contents of Need Hierarchy theory?①Self-actualization ②Esteem ③Social ④Safety ⑤Physiological3. What is the concept of adoption process? How many stages will a person undergo before he can finally purchase a new product?Adoption process─through which an individual passes from the time of his or her first knowledge of an innovation to the time of adopting or purchase of the innovation.These stages are as follows: ①awareness ②interest ③evaluation④trial ⑤adoption4. What are the adopter categories? What is the feature for early adopter?Adopter categories are classifications of individuals within a market on the basis of their innovativeness. They include innovators、early adopters, the early majority, the late majority and laggards.The future for early adopter: They tend to be younger, have higher social status and in a more favorable financial position than later adopter. They must be responsive to mass-media information sources and must learn about innovation form these sourcesbecause they cannot simply copy the behavior of earlier adopters.Unit 9Organizational behavior组织行为学Multinational Corporation 跨国公司Maquiladoras 马基拉朵拉工厂Parochialism 地方主义NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade AgreementKluckhohn-Strudtbeck framework 克拉克洪─斯托特柏克构架Hofstede framework 霍夫斯诺德构架BRICS 金砖五国巴西俄罗斯印度中国南非APEC 亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation1. Identify the sic cultural dimensions in the Kluckhohn-strodtbeck framework.①Relationship to the environment ②time orientation③nature of people ④Activity orientation⑤focus of responsibility ⑥conception of space2. Explain the dimensions of national culture in Hofstede framework.①Individualism versus collectivism②power distance③uncertainty avoidance④masculinity versus femininity。
反垄断法英语词汇表
反垄断法英语词汇表反垄断法英语词汇表反垄断法英语词汇表AAbuse of monopoly power 滥用垄断支配力Abuse theory 滥用理论Abusive conduct 滥用行为Acquired firm 被收购的企业,被收购方Acquiring firm 收购企业,收购方Acquisition of asset 资产的收购Act of state doctrine 国家行为理论Actual damage 实际损失Additional suit 附加诉讼Administrative adjudication 行政裁决Administrative process 行政诉讼程序Adverse competitive effect 反竞争影响,反竞争效果Affirmative duty 积极的义务Aftermarket 下游市场Aggravating circumstance 从重处罚情节Aggressive pricing 超高定价Agreement to divide market 分割市场的协议Agreement with mixed competitive consequence 带有混合竞争后果的协议Allocate market geographically 从地域方面分割市场Allocative efficiency 资源配置效率Amicus brief 为协助法庭而对案情所提出的意见书，法庭之友意见概要Ancillary restraint/ partial restraint 附属的/部分的限制Annual sale 年销售额Anti-competitive effect 反竞争效果Anticompetitive stock acquisition 反竞争性的股份收购Anticompetitive 限制竞争的，反竞争的Anti-merger 合并控制Antitrust 反垄断，反托拉斯Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations 国际经营的反垄断执法指南Antitrust felony 反垄断重罪Antitrust immunity 反垄断法的除外Antitrust litigation 反垄断诉讼Antitrust procedures and penalties act of 1974 反垄断程序和处罚法Antitrust scrutiny 反垄断审查Assign customer 划分客户Assistant Attorney General 美国联邦司法部长助理Assured source of supply 稳定的供货渠道Attempt to monopolize 企图独占Attempted monopolization 企图独占Attenuating circumstance 从轻处罚情节Attorney General 司法部部长Automatic adjustment mechanism 自动调节机制Average revenue平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本BBackward integration 上游合并（与供应商的合并）Bad faith 恶意Bar association 律师协会Barrier to entry 进入壁垒，进入障碍Beleaguered small business 处于困境中的小企业Below-cost pricing 低于成本的定价Benchmarking 制定基准点Bid 出价Bid-rigging 串通投标Bilateral cooperation agreement 双边合作协议Blanket license arrangement 一揽子许可协议Blanket license 一揽子许可Block patent 封锁专利Bona fide 善意Bottleneck doctrine 瓶颈理论Bright-line test 可明确适用的标准Burden of proof 举证负担Bureau of competition 竞争局Business behavior交易行为Business pattern 经营方式Business reputation 商业信誉Buyer-lever competition 买方竞争CCartel participant/ cartelist 卡特尔参加者Cartel price 卡特尔价格Cartel 卡特尔Case-by-case evaluation 个案分析，个案评估Casual connection 因果关系Cause of action 诉因Celler-Kefauver Act 塞勒-克福弗反合并法Chain operation连锁经营Chain store 连锁店Characterization process 认定程序Charter of freedom 自由宪章Chicago school 芝加哥学派Chief Justice 首席法官Circumstantial evidence 环境证据Class action 集团诉讼Classic conspiracy 典型的共谋行为Coercion 强制Collaboration 协作/联合Collateral offense 附带性的违法Collateral restraint 附带限制Collateral 从属于Collective action 集体行为，多方行为Collective conduct 集体行为Collective power 联合力量Collusion 共谋Collusion 共谋行为Commercial Clause宪法中的商业条款Committed entry 不自由的市场进入，市场进入有较高的门槛Competing bid 竞争性的出价Competition policy 竞争政策Competitive variable 竞争性变量Competitiveness 竞争力Compromise 和解Compulsory licensing 强制许可Concentration in the relevant market 相关市场的集中度Concentration 集中Concerted efforts by competitors 竞争者之间的协同行为Concerted horizontal refusal to deal横向联合抵制交易Concerted refusal to deal 联合抵制交易Conglomerate merger 混合合并Conscious parallelism 有意识的协调Consciously parallel pricing conduct 有意识的协调价格行为Consent order 同意令Consignment agreement 寄售协议Consignment arrangement 寄售协议(安排）Consolidation 联合Conspiracy to monopolize 通过共谋行为实现独占Conspiracy 共谋Conspiratorial conduct 共谋行为Consumer welfare 消费者福利Continuum model 一体分析方法Contractor 承包商Contributory infringement 共同侵权Control natural monopoly 管制自然垄断Convicted antitrust defendant 被判决违反反垄断法的被告Copyright infringement suit 版权侵权诉讼Corporate entity 法人实体Corporate Leniency Policy 对公司的宽大处理政策Corporate merger 公司合并Corroborating evidence 佐证，确证的证据（也是一种附加的证据，这种证据使得提供的证据更为有利）Cost consumer 使消费者受到损失Cost justification 成本抗辩，成本辩护Cost saving 成本节约Cost-based school 以成本为基础的学派Coverage 专利的有效范围Criminal indictment 刑事控告Criminal investigation 刑事调查Criminal prosecution刑事追诉/起诉/公诉Criminal sanction 刑事制裁Cross-elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性Cross-examination 交叉盘问Cross-licensing agreement 相互许可协议Cross-licensing 相互许可DDamage claim 损害赔偿之诉Damage settlement 损害赔偿和解Dealer-imposed price restraint 销售商强加的价格限制Declaratory judgment 宣告（式）判决，确认判决（法院只宣告确认当事人某项权利）Deconcentration分散Defense 辩护Degree of industry concentration 产业集中度Delineating the relevant market 界定相关市场Delivered price 交付价格Demand curve/schedule 需求曲线Demand elasticity 需求弹性Demand substitution需求替代Denying access 拒绝进入Depression-era 经济大萧条时期Deregulation of industry 对产业的放松管制Dichotomy model 二分法Dictum 法官判决的附带意见Direct infringer 直接的侵权行为人Direct victim 直接受害人Directness of the injury 损害的直接性Discretion 自由裁量权Discriminatory allowance 歧视性的折让Dismiss 驳回（案件）Distribution channel 销售渠道Distribution cost 销售成本Distribution pattern 销售方式Diversified producer 多样化产品的制造商Divestiture decree 拆散的判决Divestiture or compulsory licensing of intellectual property 剥夺或者强制许可知识产权Doctrine of comity 礼让原则Dominant firm占市场支配地位的企业Dominant position 市场支配地位Downstream market 下游市场Drawing of the market boundary 界定市场范围。
(最新整理)国际商事仲裁法
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（二）仲裁协议的无效 ❖1.欠缺法定要件，如无书面文件 ❖2.仲裁协议所列的仲裁员不存在 ❖3.主合同无效
（三）仲裁协议效力的确认 ❖1.仲裁协议效力的确认机构 法院，被请求执 行仲裁裁决的主管机关，仲裁机构
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2.仲裁协议效力的准据法 ❖（1）当事人选择的准据法 ❖（2）仲裁协议缔结地法 ❖（3）当事人的属人法 ❖（4）与主合同或仲裁协议有最密切联系国家 的法律
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（一）书面仲裁协议和口头仲裁协议
❖ 仲裁协议的内容以任何形式记录下来的，即为书面形 式，无论该仲裁协议或合同是以口头方式、行为方式 还是其他方式订立的。（联合国仲裁示范法）
❖称“书面协定”者，谓当事人所签订或在互换函电中所 载明之契约仲裁条款或仲裁协定。（纽约公约）
❖书面形式包括合同书、信件、电报、电传、传真、电 子数据交换和电子邮件等可以有形地表现所载内容的 形式。在仲裁申请书和仲裁答辩书的交换中，一方当 事人声称有仲裁协议而另一方当事人不做否认表示的， 视为存在书面仲裁协议。（贸仲规则）
(6) 本编所指之书面或书写形式包括其得以记录之任何方式。
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（二）仲裁条款或仲裁协议
合同中的仲裁条款应视为与合同其他条款分离的、 独立存在的条款，附属于合同的仲裁协议也应视 为与合同其他条款分离的、独立存在的一个部分； 合同的变更、解除、终止、转让、失效、无效、 未生效、被撤销以及成立与否，均不影响仲裁条 款或仲裁协议的效力。
仲裁协议包括合同中订立的仲裁条款和以其他书 面方式在纠纷发生前或者纠纷发生后达成的请求 仲裁的协议。（中国仲裁法）
“仲裁协议”是指当事人同意将他们之间一项确 定的契约性或非契约性的法律关系中已经发生或 可能发生的一切争议或某些争议交付仲裁的协议。 仲裁协议可以采取合同中的仲裁条款形式或单独 的协议形式。（联合国仲裁示范法）
国际商事仲裁法(双语)教学内容
CONTENTS ON NTERNATIONALCOMMERCIAL ARBITRATION LAW国际商事仲裁法（双语）教学内容CHA PTER1GE NE RAL INTRO DU C TIO N OF INTE RNATI O NAL CO MM E RC I ALARB ITRA TIO N LAW第一章导论课时：2本章的教学目的是要求学生理解并掌握国际商事仲裁的起源与发展、国际商事仲裁法的概念、性质和法律渊源；以及我国国际仲裁法的主要内容。
Key Issues●Definition and nature of arbitration●Relations and difference between arbitration and other methods for thesettlement of dispute●Functions of the international conventions and model law in the unificationand coordination of international commercial arbitration law●Basic principles of international commercial arbitration law●Chinese international commercial arbitration law●Research method for the international commercial arbitration lawSection1Arbitration and Other Methods for the Settlement of Dispute●Origin and development of arbitration：Arbitration is developed with the needs ofcommercial business.It is the voluntary method for the settlement of dispute based onthe parties agreement.●Nature and characteristics of arbitration:Arbitration is contractual in nature basically asa method for the settlement of dispute.No arbitration agreement,no arbitration.Thismethod later incorporated into the legal system of the State.The national court shallenforce the arbitration agreement as well as the arbitral awards in accordance with the local law.In this regards,it also carries out the judicial nature.●Relationship between arbitration and other methods for the settlement of dispute●Arbitration law governing arbitration:Arbitration incorporated advantages from bothADR and litigation.It is more flexible as ADR as to the parties autonomy.The arbitral award could be enforceable as the court judgment.Section2International Commercial Arbitration Law■Origin and development of international commercial arbitration law:It origins from thenational law and international conventions.■Parties for the international commercial arbitration law:mostly between the parties with equal legal status,that is the private parties.■Subject matters of the international commercial arbitration law--relationship between the parties under the arbitration agreement--relationship between the arbitration institution,arbitration tribunal and the parties--national courts’supervision on the international commercial arbitration law ■Sources of international commercial arbitration law--Domestic arbitration law--International legislation:bilateral judicial cooperation treaty,international convention, model lawSection3Basic Principles of International Commercial Arbitration Law■Parties’autonomy:the parties may select the arbitration institution,applied rules,arbitrators, languages,place of arbitration and so on.■Independent and impartial settlement disputes by the arbitral tribunal:arbitrators are different from national judges as to the field of implementation of law.The functions for the settlement of dispute are similar.The only objective for the arbitrator is to render awards independently and impartially.■National courts’supervision on the arbitration:Since the national courts implement law in public field,the arbitral awards are subject to the courts’supervision.The court may set aside national award or may refuse national and foreign awards at the request of the party according to national law.Section4International Commercial Arbitration Law in China■Domestic arbitration law■Bilateral judicial cooperation treaty and international convention to which China is a partySection5Construction of the Course■Arbitration institutions■International arbitration agreement■Arbitration tribunal■Arbitration procedures■The law governing the arbitration■Award and remedies■Court supervision本章教学要点：1、仲裁是当事人之间通过协议约定的将他们之间的争议提交给独立的第三者裁断的解决争议的方法。
仲裁法课件
Arbitration Law1.Meterials1.1 （United Nations Commission on International Trade Law） UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration联合国国际商事仲裁示范法1.2 New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约2、《仲裁法》与最高院《关于适用<仲裁法>若干问题的解释》2. Basic Principles of Arbitration2.1 Parties’ Autonomy当事人意思自治原则2.2 Independence of the arbitral tribunal独立仲裁原则2.3 Assistance and Supervision from Courts法院支持与监督原则Chapter I. General provisionsArticle 1. Scope of application*(1) This Law applies to international commercial** arbitration, subject to any agreement in force between this State and any other State or States.*apply to :适用于* subject to :服从于,受制于,不得与……冲突* In force between:在……发生效力(2) The provisions of this Law, except articles 8, 9, 35 and 36, apply only if the place of arbitration is in the territory of this State.* place of arbitration：仲裁地点。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照(二)
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照（二）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖范围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO内部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors’ and Officer’s Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States （国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People’s Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）。
反洗钱英文教材
Key words:
Underlying crimes:基础/上游犯罪 Predicate offences: 基础/上游犯罪 Generate:产生 Proceeds:收益 Individual:个人 Behavioral pattern:行为方式 Conversion:转换 Transfer:转移 Concealment:隐藏 Disguise:伪装 Acquisition:获得 Possession: 占有
Use of legitimate business
Cash smuggling
Use of anonymous（匿名的）assets
1.3 The Definition of ML
ML is a process to legalize dirty money generated from crimes. Elements： —scope of underlying crimes/predicate offences （基础犯罪） —subject 主体（individuals or organizations） —mens rea（犯罪意图）（intentional故意 or negligent过失） —Behavioral patterns（行为方式）
These
is no everlasting banquet in the world. The friendship, however, will live forever. When I was doing Ph.D. research in Rotterdam, I collected Euro coins of 12 countries as a present for my son. I laundered the dirty coins to make them look nice. My laundering money, however, has nothing to do with my research topic ‗money laundering.‘
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照表
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage（亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance(承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine(国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为)Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture(农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式)Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约)Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构)Applicability of the CISG （CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请)Approval of Foreign Investment Applications(外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements(文学艺术品产权协定)Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单)Branch Banking(银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital (企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies(买方可以采取的救济措施)Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险) Carrier’s Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免)Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China'sFundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF （cost，insurance and freight) (port of destination）（ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序)Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁)Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange (汇票处理的一般程序) Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人)Comparative Advantage（大卫。
最新国际商事仲裁法
❖（三）《联合国国际商事仲裁示范法》 联合国国际贸 易法委员会于1985年主持制定的，2006年修订。
（二）国内法
❖ 四、世界上有影响的国际商事仲裁机构和仲 裁规则
影响较大的常设商事仲裁机构主要有国际商会仲 裁院、瑞典斯德哥尔摩商事仲裁院、英国伦教仲 裁院、美国仲裁协会、苏黎世商会仲裁院等。
中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(China International Economic and Trade Arbitrary Commission, CIETAC) ， 1956年4月成立，附设于中国国际贸易促进委员会，原名 “对外贸易仲裁委员会”。1980年改名为“对外经济贸 易仲裁委员会”，1988年改名为“中国国际经济贸易仲 裁委员会”，2000年，同时启用“中国国际商会仲裁委 员会”的名称。贸仲委设在北京，并在深圳、上海、天 津和重庆分别设有华南分会、上海分会、天津国际经济 金融仲裁中心（天津分会）和西南分会。贸仲委在香港 特别行政区设立贸仲委香港仲裁中心。
仲裁协议包括合同中订立的仲裁条款和以其他书 面方式在纠纷发生前或者纠纷发生后达成的请求 仲裁的协议。（中国仲裁法）
“仲裁协议”是指当事人同意将他们之间一项确 定的契约性或非契约性的法律关系中已经发生或 可能发生的一切争议或某些争议交付仲裁的协议。 仲裁协议可以采取合同中的仲裁条款形式或单独 的协议形式。（联合国仲裁示范法）
(3) 如当事人非以书面形式同意援引某书面条款，则其达成书面协 议。
(4) 如非以书面达成之协议由协议当事人授权的一方当事人或第三 方予以记录，该协议被证明具备书面形式。
(5) 仲裁或诉讼程序之文件交换中，一方当事人宣称存在非书面形 式的协议，且对方当事人在其答复中不作反对，该文件交换构成具 有所宣称效力的书面协议。
国际贸易法律术语
International Business Law TermsA Note on the Incoterms（国际贸易术语通则解释）Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications（对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺）Acceptance（承诺/受盘）Act of State Doctrine（国家行为主义）Act of the Parties （当事人的行为）Administrative Management （经营管理）Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit（信用证的通知和确认）Agent for International Settlements（国际结算代理人）Agreement of the Parties（协议选择原则）Agriculture（农业协定）Alternative Dispute Resolution （ADR解决方式）Anticipatory Breach in Common Law （普通法上预期违约）Antidumping Authority（反倾销机构）Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor Laws Extraterritorially（内国劳工法律域外适用）Applying for a Letter of Credit（信用证的申请）Approval of Foreign Investment Applications（外国投资申请的批准）Arbitrage（套汇）Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses （仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款）Arbitration Tribunals（仲裁机构）Artistic Property Agreements（保护文学艺术作品的协定）Artistic Property Agreements（文学艺术品产权协定）Assignment（合同权利转让）Attorney-General（法律总顾问）Automatic Dissolution （自动散伙）Average Clauses（海损条款）Avoidance（解除）Bank Deposits（银行储蓄）Bases of Income Taxation（所得税的征税依据/基础）Battle of the Forms（形式上的分歧／冲突）Bills of Lading （提单）Branch Banking（银行的分支机构）Business Form and Registered Capital （企业形式和注册资本）Business Forms（商业组织形式）Buyer's Remedies（买方可以采取的救济措施）Carriage of Goods by Air（航空货物运输）Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine Cargo Insurance（海上货物运输及其保险）Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading（在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务）Carrier's Immunities（承运人责任/义务的豁免）Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects （外国投资的项目类别）Charterparties （租船合同）Charterparties by Demise （光船出租合同）China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments （中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策）Choosing the Governing Law（准据法的选择）CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port of destination) （ＣＩＦ成本＼保险费加运费付至指定的目的港）Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures（交换和转让程序）Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks（银行跟单托收）Commercial Arbitration （国际商事仲裁）Commodity Arrangements（初级产品/农产品安排）Common Enterprise Liability（企业的一般责任）Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills of Exchange （汇票处理的一般程序）Common Stock （股票）Company Taxpayers（公司/法人企业纳税人）Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up （清算补偿）Comprehensive Agreements （综合性的协定）Compulsory Licenses（强制许可）Computation of Income（收入计算）Conformity of Goods（与合同约定相符合的货物）Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State（给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意）Consideration in Common Law（英美法上的对价）Contemporary International Trade Law（当代国际贸易法）Contract Law for the International Sale of Goods（国际货物销售合同法）Contract Liability of the Agent （代理人的合同义务）Contract Liability of the Principal （委托人的合同义务）Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverage of CISG（排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题）Copyrights （著作权/版权）Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights（与知识产权有关的理事会）Coverage of Tax Treaties（税收条约的覆盖范围）Creation of Agency （代理创立）Creditors of Partners（合伙人的债权人）Currency Crises: The Role of Monetary Policy（金融危机：货币政策的作用与地位）Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务）Currency Exchange（外汇交易）Currency Support（资金/财政援助）Custom（习惯）Customs Valuation（海关估价协定）Debt Securities （债券）Decision Making within the WTO（WTO内部决定作出机制）Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process （关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足）Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit of Account（确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位）Definition and Special Features（定义和特征）Delayed Bills of Lading（提单迟延）Denial of Justice（司法不公）Development Banks （发展银行）Direct Effect（直接效力）Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors' and Officer's Duties to the Corporation（董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务）Dispute Settlement（争端的解决）Dissolution by Agreement （协议解散）Dissolution by Court Order （依法院令状散伙）Dissolution of the Partnership （散伙）Distribution of Earnings and Recovery of Investments （收入分配和投资回收）Distribution to Shareholders （红利分配权）Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities（文本格式要求）Double Taxation Provision（双重征税的规定）Double Taxation（双重征税）Duress （胁迫行为）Duties of Agent and Principal （代理人和委托人的义务）Duties of Agent to Principal （委托人的义务）Duties of Principal to Agent （代理人、的义务）Duty of Care in Partnership Business（对合伙事务尽心看护义务）Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith （忠诚和诚信义务）Effectiveness of an Offer（邀约/发盘的效力）Employment Laws in the European Union（欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法）Employment Standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准）Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulations of IMF Member States（国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行）Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in the People's Republic of China （在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行）Enforcement of Foreign Judgment （外国法院判决的执行）Enforcement of Partnership Rights and Liabilities（执行合伙事务的权利和责任）Enforcement of Securities Regulations Internationally（国际证券规则的执行）Environmental Regulation（环境规则）Escape Clause（免责条款）Euro-currency Deposits（欧洲货币储蓄）European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale, and Distribution of Bananas（欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理）European Union Law on Trade in Services（欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律）Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in Civil Law （大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权）Exceptions（例外）Exclusive Licenses（独占许可）Excuses for Non-performance （不履行的免责）Excuses for Nonperformance（不履行合同的抗辩/借口）Exemptions for New Members from IMF Member State Currency Exchange Obligations（国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除）Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation（征收）Extraterritorial Application of U. S. Securities Laws（美国证券法域外的适用问题）Failure to Exhaust remedies（没有用尽法律救济）Fault and Causation（过错和因果关系）Finance Ministry（财政部）Finance of International Trade(国际贸易的结算/支付)Financing Foreign Trade（对外贸易的价金支付）FOB (free on hoard) (port of shipment)（ＦＯＢ装运港船上交货）Force Majeure Clauses （不可抗力条款）Foreign Investment Guarantees（外国投资的担保）Foreign Investment Laws and Codes（外国投资法）Formal and Informal Application Process（正式和非正式申请程序）Formation of the Contract（合同的成立）Forsed Endorsements（虚假背书）Fraud Exception in Letters of Credit Transaction (信用证交易的欺诈例外)Frauds on Bills of Lading（提单欺诈）Fraudulent Misrepresentation（受欺诈的误解）Free Zones（保税区/自由贸易区）Fundamental Breach（根本违约）GATS Schedules of Specific Commitments（服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺）General Agreement on Trade in Services (服务贸易总协定)General Requirements and Rights of the Holder in Due Course（票据持有人的一般要求和权利）General Standards of Performance（履行的一般标准）Geographic Limitations（地区限制）Government Controls over Trade (政府对贸易的管制)Government Guarantees（政府担保）Governmental Interest（政府利益原则）Governmental Sources of Capital（官方资金）Grant Back Provisions（回授的规定）Home state Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（本国对跨国企业的管理）Host State Regulation of Multinational Enterprises（东道国对跨国企业的管理）Illegality and Incompetency（行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定）IMF "Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性)IMF Facilities（国际货币基金组织的机制）IMF Operations（国际货币基金组织的运作）IMF Quotas（国际货币基金的份额）Immunities of States from the Jurisdiction of Municipal Courts（国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权）Import-Licensing Procedures（进口许可证程序协定）Income Categories（收入分类）Income Tax Rates（所得税税率）Income Taxes（所得税）Independence Principles and Rule of Strict Compliance （信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则）Indirect Exporting(间接出口)Industrial Property Agreements （保护工业产权的协定）Innocent Misrepresentation（因无知的误解）Inquiry（调查）Insider Trading Regulations（内幕交易规则）Insurance Cover （保险范围）Integration of Company and Personal Income Taxes（公司和个人所得税的征收）Intellectual Property Right Law （知识产权法）International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes （解决投资争端国际中心）International Commercial Dispute Settlement （国际商事争端的解决）International Court of Justice （海牙联合国国际法院）International Factoring （国际保理）International Franchising(国际特许经营权)International Labor Standards（国际劳工标准）International Licensing Agreement(国际许可证协议)International Licensing Agreements （国际许可证协定）International Model Law(国际示范法)International Organizations(国际组织)International Persons（国际法主体）International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms(国际贸易术语解释通则) International Trade Customs and Usages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)International Treaties and Conventions(国际条约和公约)International Tribunals （国际法庭）Interpreting of the CISG (CISG的解释)Invitation Offer （要约邀请／要约引诱／询盘）Involuntary Dissolution （非自愿解散）Issuance of Securities（证券发行）Jurisdiction and Venue （管辖权和法院地）Jurisdiction in Civil Cases（民事案件的管辖权）Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases（刑事案件的管辖权）Know-how （技术秘密/专有技术）Lack of Genuine Link（缺乏真实的联系）Lack of Nationality（无国籍）Lack of Standing（身份不明）Law Applicable to Letters of Credit （调整信用证的法律）Law of Foreign Investment Enterprises of China （中国的外商投资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures（中华人民共和国中外合作企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese Foreign Equity Joint Ventures （中华人民共和国中外合资企业法）Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises（中华人民共和国外资企业法）Legal Characteristics （定义和法律特征）Legal Structure of the WTO （世界贸易组织的法律框架）Legal System of International Business(国际商事的法律体系)Letters of Credit (L/C)（信用证）Liabilities of Makers, Drawers, Drawees, Endorsers and Accommodation Parties（票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任）Liability for Environmental Damage（环境损害责任）Liability Limits（承运人责任/义务的限制）Licensing Regulations（许可证制度）Limitations on Foreign Equity（外国投资的资金比例限制）Limitations on the Excuses That Drawers and Makers Can Use to Avoid Paying Off a Bill or Note 661 （票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制）Liquidated Damages （约定的损害赔偿金）Liquidation （清算）Maintaining Monetary Value（维护币值稳定）Major Principles of GATT 1994（关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则）Marine Insurance Policies and Certificates （海运保险单和证书）Maritime Insurance（海运保险）Maritime Liens （留置权）Means of Delivery（根据交付方式）Mediation（调停/调解）Membership（成员）Memorandums of Understanding（谅解备忘录）Methods of Investment Contribution（出资方式）Mini-trial （模拟审判方式）Miscellaneous Taxes（混杂的，各种各样的税）Misrepresentation（误解）Mixed Sales（混合销售）Modification of Foreign In vestment Agreements（外国投资协议的修改）Money and Banking(货币与金融)Monopoly Control Authority (反垄断机构)Most Significant Relationship（最密切联系原则）Most-favored-nation Treatment （最惠国待遇原则）Movement of Workers（劳工流动）Multilateral Investment Guaranty Programs（多边投资担保计划／安排）Multilateral Trade Agreements（多边贸易协定）Multilateral Trade Negotiations （多边贸易谈判）Multinational Enterprise（跨国企业）Municipal Courts（国内法院的实践）Municipal Legal Systems（内国法系）National Foreign Investment Policies（内国的外国投资政策）National Investment Guarantee Programs（内国／国家投资担保计划／安排）National Law(国内法)National Monetary Systems（国内金融/货币体系）National Treatment （国民待遇原则）Nationality Principle（国籍原则）Negligent (innocent) Misrepresentation（因疏忽的误解）Negotiability of Bills and Negotiability of Notes（可流通的汇票和可流通的本票）Negotiation (谈判，议付)Noncompetition Clauses（限制竞争条款）Nondiscrimination（非歧视原则）Nonimputable Acts（免责行为）Nontariff Barriers to Trade(非关税贸易壁垒)Nonwrongful Dissolution （非不法原因散伙）Objections（异议）Obligations of the Parties （当事人各方的义务）Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer （买卖双方的合同义务）Offer （要约／发盘）Operation of Law （法律的原因而终止）Operational Reviews（营业审查）Opting In and Out（加入和退出）Organization of the IMF（国际货币基金组织的机构）Organizations Affiliated with the United Nations(联合国的相关组织)Overseas Private Investment Corporation（海外私人投资公司的案件）Parent Company（母公司）Passing of Property （产权的转移）Passing of Risk （风险的转移）Patents （专利权）Payable on Demand or at a Definite Time（付款要求或者在指定的付款时间）Payment of the Price（支付价款）Penalties for Noncompliance（对于不遵守法规的处罚）Perils and Losses（保险危险和损失）Persons Immune from Taxation（个人所得税的免除）Piercing the Corporate Veil（普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则）Place for Delivery（交付的地点）Post -Termination Relationship（代理终止后的有关问题）Powers during Winding up （合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利）Practices and Usages（交易习惯和商业惯例）Preemption（先买权/优先权）Preshipment Inspection（装运前检验协定）Price-Fixing（定价）Private Insurers（私人／商业保险）Private Sources of Capital（私人资金）Products Liability Laws（产品质量法）Promissory Notes（本票）Promoter of International Monetary Cooperation（国际金融合作的促进者）Promoters（公司的发起人）Protection of Natural Resources（自然资源的保护）Protection of Subsidiaries（分支机构的保护制度）Protection of Workers' Rights by the Council of Europe（欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护）Protection through Tariffs（关税保护）Proving Foreign Law（外国法的查明）Provisions Governing Trade in Services in the North American Free Trade Agreement （北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定）Quality Controls（质量控制）Quantity and Field-of-Use Restrictions（对数量和使用领域的限制）Recognition and Enforcement of Awards （仲裁裁决的承认和执行）Recognition of Foreign Judgments（外国裁决的承认）Refusal to Exercise Jurisdiction（拒绝执行管辖权）Regional and International Development Agencies（区域性和国际性发展机构）Regional Integration（区域联合）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Labor（区域性政府间关于劳工的规定）Regional Intergovernmental Regulations on Trade in Services（关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则）Regional Monetary Systems（区域性金融体系）Regulation of Foreign Workers（外籍员工的的管理规定）Regulation of Pollution（防止污染规则）Relief（救济、赔偿）Remedies Available to Both Buyers and Sellers（买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施）Remedies for Breach of Contract（违反合同的救济）Requests for Specific Performance（要求继续/特定履行）Residency Principle（居住地原则）Restrictions on Research and Development（对技术研究和发展的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights（知识产权保护期满后应用的限制）Restrictions That Apply after the Expiration of the Licensing Agreement（知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制）Right to Compensation （主张赔偿的权利）Rights and Duties （权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of Beneficiaries（收款人/收益人的权利与义务）Rights and Responsibilities of the Account Party（付款人/信用证帐户申请人的权利与义务）Rules of Origin（原产地规则）Rules of Private International Law（国际私法规则）Safeguards（保障措施协定）Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures（卫生与植物卫生措施协定）Scope and Coverage of GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 （关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整范围）Screening Foreign Investment Applications（对外国投资申请的筛选/审查）Sectoral Limitations（行业/部门限制）Securities and Exchange Commission（证券交易委员会）Securities Exchanges （证券交易所）Securities Regulations（证券规章）Seller's Obligations（卖方的义务）Seller's Remedies（卖方可以采取的救济措施）Settlement of Disputes between ILO Member States（国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes between Intergovernmental Organizations and Their Employees （政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决）Settlement of Disputes in International Tribunals（在国际法庭解决争端）Settlement of Disputes in Municipal Courts（内国法院的争端解决途径）Settlement of Disputes through Diplomacy（通过外交途径解决争端）Settlement of Disputes through Municipal Courts （通过内国法院解决国际商事争端）Shareholders' Inspection and Information Rights（股东的监督和知情权）Shareholders' Lawsuits （股东的诉权）Shareholders' Meetings（股东会议/大会）Shareholders' Rights and Liabilities （股东的权利和责任）Sharp Practices （欺诈行为）Signed by the Maker or Drawer（票据制作人或者出票人签名）Source Principle（税收发生来源原则）Sources of Corporate Financing （公司资本的来源）Sources of Foreign Investment Law of China （中国外国投资法的渊源）Sources of International Business Law(国际商法的渊源)Sources of International Law（国际法的渊源）Sources of Investment （投资范围）Sovereign or State Immunity（国家主权豁免）Specialization(国际分工专门化)Standard of Care(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-Up Standards（设立标准）State Responsibility（国家责任）Statements and Conduct of the Parties（当事人的陈述和行为）Statutory Choice-of-Law Provisions （强制选择条款）Structure of the WTO（WTO的组织结构）Subordinate Business Structures（商业分支机构）Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（补贴与反补贴措施协定）Supervision of Foreign Investment（外国投资的监管）Supreme Court Decision（最高法院的裁决）Systems for Relief from Double Taxation（避免双重征税的救济体制）Takeover Regulations（接管/收购规则）Taking Delivery（接受交付）Tariff-based Import Restriction （约束进口关税）Tariffs(关税)Tax Avoidance（避税）Tax Evasion（逃税）Tax Incentives (税收激励)Tax Sparing（节税）Tax Treaties（税收条约）Taxation（税收）Taxpayers（纳税人）Technical Barriers to Trade（贸易的技术壁垒）Technology Transfer(技术转让)Termination of an Agency （代理的终止）Termination of Corporations （公司的终止）Territorial Restrictions（地区限制）Textiles and Clothing（纺织品和服装协定）The Acceptance（承诺／受盘）The Administrative Discretion of Screening Authorities（筛选/监管机构的管理权）The Anglo-American Common Law System(普通法系或者英美法系)The Applicable Procedure Law （应用的程序法）The Applicable Substantive Law（应用的实体法）The Bank for International Settlements（巴塞尔国际清算银行）The Bill of Exchange（汇票）The Board of Directors （董事会）The Bretton Woods System（布雷敦森林体系）The Business Form（商业组织形式）The Buyer's Right to Avoid the Contract（买方解除合同的权利）The Central Bank（中央银行）The Choice of Money（货币的选择）The Convention on Insider Trading（内幕交易的公约）The Drafting of the CISG(CISG的起草)the Economic Globalization （经济全球化）The Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations（乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本）The Foreign Exchange Market（外汇交易市场）The Founding of GATT（关税及贸易总协定的成立）The Framework Agreement（协定的框架）The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税及贸易总协定）The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Juridical Entities（跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性）The Interbank Deposit Market（银行间的储蓄市场）The International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）The International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）The International Standard(国际待遇/标准)The International Transfer of Intellectual Property（工业产权的国际转让）The Islamic Law System （伊斯兰法系）The Law Governing Bills of Exchange （调整汇票的法律制度）The Law of Agency （国际商事代理法）The Making of International Law （国际法的构成）The National Standard(国民待遇/标准)The Negotiation and Transfer of Bills and Notes（票据权利的转让和背书转让）The Obligations of Banks（银行的义务/责任）The Principal Characteristics（基本特征）The Role of Banks in Collecting and Paying Negotiable Instruments（银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色）The Roman-Germanic Civil Law System(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系)The Scope of International Law in Actual Practice （实践中国际法的范围）The Subordinate Structure（分支结构）The Transfer of Money（货币转移）The Turning Over of Documents（交付与货物有关的单证）The Uruguay Round（乌拉圭回合）The Value of Money（币值）The World Trade Organization (WTO) （世界贸易组织）The WTO Agreement （WTO协定）Third Party Relations of the Principal and the Agent （与委托人和代理人有关的第三人）Third-Party Claims and Personal Injuries（第三方的权利和人身伤害）Third-Party Rights (Himalaya Clause)（第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款）Time Charterparties （定期租船合同）Time for Delivery （交付的时间）Time Limitations（时效）Trade Barriers （贸易壁垒）Trade in Goods(货物贸易)Trade Liberalization Through Cooperation （通过合作实现贸易自由化）Trade Policy Review（贸易政策评审机制）Trade Terms（贸易术语）Trademarks（商标权）Trade-Related Investment Measures（与贸易有关的投资措施协定）Trading in Securities （证券交易）Transactions Covered in CISG（CISG适用的交易范围）Transnational Organized Labor（有组织的跨境服务的劳工）Transparency(透明度)Treaties and Conventions（条约和公约）Trial Court Decision（初等法院的裁决）Turnover Taxes（流转/交易税）Tying Clauses（搭售条款）Unconditional Promise or Order to Pay（无条件的付款承诺和要求）Unfair Competition Laws（不正当竞争法）UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC)精品文档. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG)Validity and Formation of International Sale of Contracts（国际货物销售合同的成立和效力）Visas（签证）Voyage Charterparties （航次租船合同）Waivers（让渡、放弃）Winding Up （合伙清算）World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织争端解决机制）Wrongful Dissolution （不法原因散伙）WTO Antidumping Agreement （世界贸易组织反倾销协议）WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures（世界贸易组织的争端解决程序）。
现代商务汉英大词典x
吸收帐户||absorption account
吸收状态||absorbing state; absorption state
吸收资金||bring in funds
吸引顾客的特价品||leader; leading article
吸引顾客的特价商品定价法||loss leader pricing
析产分股,析股||stock split; stock split-up; share split-up; revenue stock split; splitting; split up
西巴—盖吉公司［瑞士］||Ciba-Geigy AG
西班牙工商业和航海业最高正式商会||Spanish Superme Council of the Official Chamber of Commerce Industry and Navigation
吸声系数||sound absorption coefficient; acoustic absorptivity
吸收||assimilation
吸收成本法,吸收成本计算||absorption costing
吸收存款||take deposits; attract deposits; make deposits; accept money deposits
吸引顾客阶段||approach phase
吸引力||eye appeal
吸引外国资金||attracting foreign funds
吸引域||domain of attraction
吸引资本||attract capital
吸引资本标准||capital-attracting standard
商务英语名词解释考试重点笔记
Non -tariff barriers ：非关税壁垒 Durable equipment :耐用设备 Creditor country :债权国 Dual -Ministerial Meeting :双部长会议Board of directors ：董事会 European commission :欧盟委员会 The parent MNE :多国公司母公司 National economic welfare :国家经济利益 self -sufficient :自给自足的 The legal jurisdiction :法律管理范围 perfect competition :完全竞争 output per many -year of labor :人均年产量 Cost advantage ：成本优势 Production capability ：生产能力Consumption preference ：消费偏好 Large -scale production ：大规模生产 Tariff barrier ：关税壁垒 Internationa l chamber of commerce :国际商会Incoterms :国际贸易术语解释通则 Binding obligation :有约束力的义务 International trunk call :国际长途 Cross -border contract :进出口合同 Clearing system :清算系统；清算制度 Leverage : 杠杆作用Auction 拍卖 Trade credit account : 贸易信贷往来账户 Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀 Centrally planned economy :中央计划经济 Net positions 实际寸头Counter trade 对销贸易、反向贸易 Cross -border contract 进出口合同 Protectionism 贸易保护注意Clearing system 清算系统（制度） Compensation trade 补偿贸易Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Consignment 寄售Processing trade 加工贸易Centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家Trade fair :交易会competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值Leasing trade 租赁贸易Securities market 有价证券市场 Stock Exchange 证券交易所Foreign exchange market 外汇市场 Trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来账户Poliy objective 政策目标 Foreign exchange shortages 外汇短缺Financial standing 财务状况= fin ancial status = financial strength Credit worthiness 资信可靠状况 Periodic payments 分阶段付款Reimburse 偿付Unit price 单价 Partial shipment 分批装运The uniform customs and practice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例Open account 记账交易 The carrying vessel 载货船只 Non -trade settlement 非贸易结算 Leading /Prime/First rate 主要银行 A particular transaction 一笔特定的交易Capital turnover 资金周转 Documents 单据Consignee 收货人 Documentation 单据的制作或使用 Commission 佣金Consignor 托运人 Bill of lading 提（货）单 Notify party 到货通知人、被通知人 Airway bill 空运（提）单 Insurance policy 保险单（大保单） Insurance certificate 保险单（小保单） Cargo receipt 铁路运单、货运收据 Commercial invoice 商业发票: Customs /Consular invoice 海关/领事发票Railway bill 收货单（铁路） Shipping advice 装船通知Certificate of quality 品质证书Certificate of weight 重量证书Certificate of quantity 数量证书Certificate of health 健康证书 Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书 Certificate of origin 产地证书 Veterinary certificate 兽医证书 Port of shipment 发货港、装运港、起运港Packing list 装箱单Finished products 制成品Cost economies 节约成本成本节约 Intermediate products 中间产品、成品Production approach Natural product province 领域Shipper 托运人= Consigner Inventory 存货、库存Broker Logistics 物流Transshipment 转运 Just -in -time inventory system 存Known premium 已知的保险费 Private carrier 自有承运人Representative carriers 载工具Destination port :目的港Transportation and freight tation 运输和货物运输: Consignee 收货人Voidable 无效的 Margin 保证金Client 客户，主顾Jeopardy 危险，风险Literature 说明书Underwriter 保险公司 Values exposed to loss 损失的价值Release of funds 腾出资金Terms of sale 价格条件、买卖条款 All Risks 全险、一切险、综合险Forwarding charges 转运费Adversely affected 受到负面影响 Reserve currency 储备货币 Clean float 清洁浮动、自由浮动 Dirty float 肮脏浮动、管理浮动 Idle funds 游资、热钱、闲置资金 Par value 平价（货币的票面价格）Foreign exchange control 外汇管制 Fixed exchange rate / Flexible hange rate 固定汇率/浮动汇率Financial resources 资金Private or 私营经济Equity investment 投资Grace period 优惠期、宽限期 Capital infrastructure 基础建设资金Economic restructuring 整Investment returns 投资收益 Voting power 投票权Borrowingpower 借款权Gold tranche 额Gold reserve 黄金储备 Standby arrangement 安排Customer mobility 客户流动 Tax holiday 免税期Joint venture 资企业Jobber 股票买卖经纪人 The strategic alliance 战略联合Discount rate 贴现率 Securities 有价证券Pro rata 按比例Stock exchange 证券（股票）Secondary capital market 市场Great Depression 大萧条 Primary capital raising 初级/本市场Long -term capital 长期资本Market floor =trading floor 厅Market maker 买和销售的公司Listed market 挂牌证券交易市场Gilt -edged stocks / securities 债券Cost -effective 划算的Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 公共部门借贷需求Listed company / corporation 公司= the list companyThe gilt -edged market 场The traded options market 交易市场Money market 货币市场The foreign equities market 票市场Discount market 贴现市场ecurities market 证券市场Foreign exchange market 外汇市场Escape clauses 免责条款、Non -discrimination principle (ple of non -discrimination t )无差别待遇New international onomic order 国际经济新秩序 Differential treatment 差别待遇 Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税 Transfer of technology 技术转让 Non -discriminate principle 则Tariff concession 关税减让 Contracting party 缔约国、缔约方 Tariff quota 关税限额制、关税配额Counter -veiling measures。
Law_and_Practice_of_International_Commercial_Arbit
Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration (Redfern, Hunter, Blackaby, Partasides; 2004)Chapter 1 Introduction1. Key Elements of International Arbitrationa. Generally1–01 International arbitration has become the established method of determining international commercial disputes.(1) All over the world, states have modernised their laws of arbitration to take account of this fact. New arbitral centres have been established and the rapidly evolving law and practice of international commercial arbitration is a subject for study in universities and law schools alike.Yet at its core, international commercial arbitration remains much as it always was. It is a private method of dispute resolution, chosen by the parties themselves as an effective way of putting an end to disputes between them, without recourse to the courts of law. It is conducted in different countries and against different legal and cultural backgrounds, with a striking lack of formality. There are no national flags or other symbols of state authority. There are no ushers, wigs or gowns—simply a group of people seated around a row of tables, in a room hired for the occasion. To an outsider, it would look as if a conference or business meeting was in progress. It does not look like a legal proceeding at all.Yet the appearance conceals the reality. It is true that the parties themselves choose to arbitrate, as an alternative to litigation or to other methods of dispute resolution. It is true too that, to a large extent, the arbitrators and the parties may choose for themselves the procedures to be followed. If they want a “fast-track” arbitration,(2) they may have one. If they want to dispense with the disclosure of documents or the evidence of witnesses, they may do so. Indeed, they may even dispense with the hearing itself if they wish.(3)Nonetheless, the practice of resolving disputes by international commercial arbitration only works because it is held in place by a complex system of national laws and international treaties.(4) Even a comparatively simple international commercial arbitration may require reference to as many as four different national systems or rules of law.(5) First, there is the law that governs recognition and enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate. Then there is the law that governs, or regulates, the actual arbitration proceedings themselves. Next—and in most cases, most importantly—there is the law or the set of rules that the arbitral tribunal has to apply to the substantive matters in dispute before it. Finally, there is the law that governs recognition and enforcement of the award of the arbitral tribunal.1–02 These laws may well be the same. The law that governs the arbitral proceedings (which will usually be the national law of the place of arbitration) may also govern the substantive matters in issue. But this is not necessarily so. The substantive law—that is, the law which governs the matters in issue (and which may also be known as the applicable law, the governing law or the proper law) may be an entirely different system of law. For example, an arbitral tribunal sitting in England, governed (or regulated) by English law as the law of the place of arbitration, may well be required to apply the law of New York as the applicable or substantive law of the contract.(6) Moreover, the applicable or substantive law of the contract may not necessarily be a given national system of law. It may be international law; or a blend of national law and international law; or even an assemblage of rules of law known as international trade law, transnational law, the “modern law merchant” (the so-called lex mercatoria) or by some other convenient title.(7) Finally, because most international arbitrations take place in a “neutral” country—that is to say, a country which is not that of the parties—the system of law which governs recognition and enforcement of the award of the arbitral tribunal will usually be different from that which governs the arbitral proceedings themselves.This dependence of the international commercial arbitral process upon different, and sometimes conflicting, rules of national and international law is one of the major themes of this book. First, however, it is necessary to consider the arbitral process itself and to understand what is meant by “international commercial arbitration”.b. A brief historical review1–03 In its origins, the concept of arbitration as a method of resolving disputes was a simple one:The practice of arbitration therefore, comes, so to speak, naturally to primitive bodies of law; and after courts have been established by the state and a recourse to them has become the natural method of settling disputes, the practice continues because the parties to a dispute want to settle it with less formality and expense than is involved in a recourse to the courts.(8)A distinguished French lawyer wrote of arbitration as an “apparently rudimentary method of settling disputes, since it consists of submitting them to ordinary individuals whose onlyqualif ication is that of being chosen by the parties.”(9) He added that, traditionally, countries of the civil law were hostile to arbitration as being “too primitive” a form of justice.It is not difficult to visualise the “primitive” nature of the arbitral process in its early history. Two traders, in dispute over the price or quality of goods delivered, would turn to a third whom they knew and trusted for his decision. Or two merchants, arguing over damaged merchandise, would settle their dispute by accepting the judgment of a fellow merchant. And they would do so not because of any legal sanction, but because this was expected of them within the community in which they carried on business.Looking first at its history, the origins of contemporary private arbitration lie in mediaeval Western Europe. A comprehensive account of second millennial arbitration, focused in a way which would enable the vigorous assertions made about the juristic basis of currentmega-arbitrations to be checked against recorded facts, has yet to appear. Nevertheless, it can be said with some confidence that the dispute resolution mechanisms of the post-classical mercantile world were conducted within, and drew their strengths from, communities consisting either of participants in an individual trade or of persons enrolled in bodies established under the auspices and control of geographical trading centres. Such communities gave birth to the implicit expectations and peer-group pressures which both shaped and enforced the resolution of disputes by an impartial and often prestigious personage. Within such communities external sanctions would have been largely redundant, even if a legal framework had been available to bring them into play, which in the main it was not.(10)1–04 This happy picture of arbitration in the old days, as a self-regulated system of dispute resolution with no need for legal sanctions, is perhaps seen through rose-tinted spectacles; but it was seen in much the same way by one of the most distinguished French commentators on arbitration:Arbitration was mainly conceived of in the past as an institution of peace, the purpose of which was not primarily to ensure the rule of law but rather to maintain harmony between persons who were destined to live together. It was recognised that in some cases the rules and procedures provided by the law were too rigid. The law was therefore willing to give effect to an arbitration agreement entered into by the parties to settle their disputes. Parties were authorised to submit a dispute to an arbitrator only after this dispute had arisen. The arbitrator was chosen intuitu personae, because the parties trusted him or were prepared to submit to his authority; he was a squire, a relative, a mutual friend or a man of wisdom, of whom it was expected that he would be able to devise a satisfactory solution for the dispute. The Italian Code of Procedure of 1865 significantly treated arbitration in a preliminary chapter ‘On Conciliation and Arbitration.’(11)Within a small local community, the authority of the squire in an English county, or of a Sheikh in one of the territories of the Arabian Gulf,(12) may well have been sufficient to ensure that the parties accepted and carried out the decision of “their” arbitrator. In the same wa y, within a particular trade or market, a trader's concern for his reputation—or the risk of sanctions being imposed by a trade association(13)—would probably be sufficient to ensure compliance. But it is plain that in a wider, more general context, som ething more is needed if a system of “private justice” is to be truly effective—and that is the support of the legal system within which the process of private dispute resolution operates.In theory, such a legal system might have remained indifferent to the private settlement of disputes, in much the same way as it would not concern itself with enforcing the private rules of a tennis or sailing club. Roman law did in fact adopt an attitude of indifference to private arbitration. An arbitration agreement was not illegal and was not unknown, but neither the arbitration agreement nor any arbitral award had any legal effect. To get round this problem, parties would make a double promise (a “com-promissum”) to which a term was added that a penalty would be payable if a party failed to honour the arbitration agreement or the arbitral award. In such an event, the court would not enforce the arbitration agreement or the award, but it would enforce the promise to pay a penalty.(14)1–05 Yet no modern state could stand back and allow a system of private justice, which depended on the goodwill of the participants, to regulate commercial activities which were of increasing importance; and so it was to be expected that at some stage, the national state would step in and regulate matters.(15)But international commercial arbitration does not stay within national boundaries. On the contrary, it crosses them. For example, a corporation based in the USA might contract with another corporation based in Germany, for the construction of a power plant in Egypt, with any disputes being resolved by arbitration in London. How is the arbitration agreement to be enforced, if a dispute arises and one of the parties refuses to arbitrate? And if there is an arbitration which leads to an award of damages, how is that award to be enforced against the assets of the losing party, if that party refuses to carry out the award voluntarily? The national law of one state alone could not deal with problems of this kind. Plainly what was needed was an international treaty or convention which would link together national laws and provide a uniform solution.In time, as will be seen later in this chapter, such treaties came into being. There was, notably, the Geneva Protocol of 1923, which went some way to provide for the international enforcement of arbitration agreements and arbitral awards. This was followed by the Geneva Convention of 1927, which widened the scope of the Geneva Protocol; and then by the New York Convention of 1958, which further strengthened the process of the international enforcement of arbitration agreements and arbitral awards. The influence of arbitral institutions in the establishment of these international treaties was considerable. The London Court of International Arb itration (“LCIA”) is one of the oldest of these institutions, having been founded on November 23, 1892 as the London Chamber of Arbitration. At the time, with a rhetoric which no doubt exceeded the reality, it was said:This Chamber is to have all the virtues which the law lacks. It is to be expeditious where the law is slow, cheap where the law is costly, simple where the law is technical, a peace-maker instead of a stirrer-up of strife.(16)1–06 The Swedish Chamber of Commerce's Committee for the Settlement of Disputes in Commerce, Industry and Shipping was founded in 1917; but it was the Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, founded in 1923, which played a major role in the promulgation of the Geneva treaties and of the New York Convention and which has been at the forefront of developments since.The modern arbitral process has lost its early simplicity. It has become more complex, more legalistic, more institutionalised. Yet in its essentials it has not changed. There is still the original element of two or more parties, faced with a dispute that they cannot resolve for themselves, agreeing that one or more private individuals will resolve it for them. And if the arbitration runs its full course (that is to say, if the dispute is not settled in the course of the proceedings) it will be resolved not by a negotiated settlement or by mediation or by some other form of compromise, but by a decision which is binding on the parties and which they may be compelled by law to carry out, if they do not carry it out voluntarily.In the modern arbitral process, this decision is made by an arbitral tribunal composed of one or more arbitrators chosen by or on behalf of the parties. The task of this tribunal is to consider the case put forward by each party and then to arrive at a decision on the dispute. The tribunal's decision is made in writing in the form of an award and usually(17) sets out the reasons on which it is based. The award binds the parties (subject to any right of appeal or challenge that mayexist(18)) and represents the final word on the dispute. If it is not carried out voluntarily, the award may be enforced by legal process against the assets of the losing party.(19)c. Significant features of arbitration1–07 Four significant features of international commercial arbitration are singled out for mention now, although they will be the subject of more detailed comment later. These features are:• the agreement to arbitrate;• the choice of arbitrators;• the decision of the arbitral tribunal;• the enforcement of the award.The agreement to arbitrate1–08 An agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration any disputes or differences between them is the foundation stone of modern international commercial arbitration. If there is to be a valid arbitration, there must first be a valid agreement to arbitrate. This is recognised both by national laws and by international treaties. For example, under both the New York Convention(20) and the Model Law,(21) recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may be refused if the parties to the arbitration agreement were under some incapacity, or if the agreement was not valid under its own governing law.(22)An arbitration agreement is usually spelt out in the main contract, as an “arbitration clause”; or it may be set down in a separate “submission to arbitration”. Exceptionally, however, there may be what might be called a “standing offer” to arbitrate disputes, as with the bilateral investment treaties that are discussed later(23); a claimant may then take advantage of this offer by commencing arbitral proceedings.Whichever way it is done, there must be an agreement. If there is no agreement, there can be no valid arbitration. Moreover, for all practical purposes, and in particular for the purposes of enforcement internationally, there must be written evidence of the agreement to arbitrate.(24) The requirement of writing is to be found both in international treaties and in domestic law. The New York Convention, for example, will only give recognition and enforcement to an arbitration agreement if it is “in writing”. The Convention defines this by stating:The term ‘agreement in writing’ shall include an arbitral clause in a contractor an arbitrat ion agreement, signed by the parties or contained in an exchange of letters or telegrams.1–09 The rapid development of modern methods of communication has left this definitionlooking distinctly old-fashioned,(25) when many contracts are concluded by telex, fax or email.(26) The Model Law, which was adopted in 1985 (almost 30 years after the New York Convention), maintains the requirement for an arbitration agreement to be “in writing”, but sets out a more modern definition of this term. It includes agreements made by any means of telecommunication “which provides a record of the agreement”(27); an exchange of statements of claim and defence in which “the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by another”(28); and refe rence in a written contract to a document which “contains an arbitration clause”.(29)Most modern laws of arbitration are concerned to define the requirements for “writing” as widely as possible—to the point where it has been suggested that in the English Arbitration Act of 1996, “writing” has now been so defined(30) as to include an agreement made orally.The requirement for an arbitration agreement to be “in writing” and to be “signed by the parties” has created problems. It has been the subject of considerable discussion; and it is considered in more detail in Ch.3 of this book.The point has already been made that an agreement to arbitrate may be contained either in an arbitration clause or in a separate form of agreement. An arbitration clause (or clause compromissoire, as it is known in the civil law) relates to disputes that might arise between the parties at some time in the future. It will generally be short and to the point. An exchange of telexes stating that “Any dispute is to be settled by arbitration in London” would constitute a valid arbitration agreement—although in practice so terse a form is not to be recommended.(31)1–10 An arbitration agreement which is drawn up to deal with disputes that have already arisen between the parties is generally known as a submission agreement, a compromis, or a compromiso. It is usually a fairly detailed document, dealing with the constitution of the arbitral tribunal, the procedure to be followed, the issues to be decided, the substantive law and other matters. At one time, it was the only type of arbitration agreement recognised by the law of many states,(32) since recourse to arbitration was only permitted in respect of existing disputes. In some states, this is still the position.(33)Most states, however, are prepared to recognise the validity of arbitration clauses that relate to future disputes. In fact, almost all international commercial arbitrations take place pursuant to an arbitration clause. Such a clause is often one of the standard clauses of the standard forms of contract that are internationally accepted in such diverse activities as shipping, insurance, commodity trading and major civil engineering projects.The importance of the arbitration agreement1–11 In an international commercial arbitration, the arbitration agreement fulfils several important functions. The most important of these in the present context is that it shows that the parties have consented to resolve their disputes by arbitration. This element of consent is essential. Without it, there can be no valid arbitration.(34) The fact that international commercial arbitration rests on the agreement of the parties is given particular importance by some continental jurists.The arbitral proceedings are seen as an expression of the will of the parties and, on the basis of party autonomy (l'autonomie de la volonté) it is sometimes argued that international commercial arbitration should be freed from the constraints of national law and treated as denationalised or delocalised.(35)Once parties have validly given their consent to arbitration, this consent cannot be unilaterally withdrawn. Even if the arbitration agreement forms part of the original contract between the parties and that contract comes to an end, the obligation to arbitrate survives. It is an independent obligation separable from the rest of the contract.(36)Enforcement of the arbitration agreement1–12 An agreement to arbitrate, like any other agreement, must be capable of being enforced at law. Otherwise, it will be a mere statement of intention which, whilst morally binding, is without legal effect. However, an agreement to arbitrate is a contract of imperfect obligation. If it is broken, an award of damages is unlikely to be a practical remedy, given the difficulty of quantifying the loss sustained; and an order for specific performance is equally impracticable, since a party cannot be compelled to arbitrate if it does not wish to do so. As the saying goes, “you can lead a horse to water, but you c annot make it drink”.In arbitration this problem has been met, both nationally and internationally, by a policy of indirect enforcement. Rules of law are adopted which provide that, if one of the parties to an arbitration agreement brings proceedings in a national court in breach of that agreement, those proceedings will be stopped at the request of any other party to the arbitration agreement (unless there is good reason why they should not be). This means that if a party wishes to pursue its claim, it must honour the agreement it has made and do so by arbitration, since this is the only legal course of action open to it.(37)It would be of little use to enforce an obligation to arbitrate in one country if it could be evaded by commencing legal proceedings in another. Therefore, as far as possible, an agreement for international commercial arbitration must be given effect internationally and not simply in the place where the agreement was made. As already mentioned, this fact was recognised in the Geneva Protocol of 1923,(38) one of the first multilateral conventions on arbitration. The Protocol provides that the courts of the contracting state, on being seized of a dispute to which an arbitration agreement covered by the Protocol applies, “shall refe r the parties on the application of either of them to the decision of the arbitrators”.(39)Powers conferred by the arbitration agreement1–13 An arbitration agreement does not merely serve to evidence the consent of the parties to arbitration and to establish the obligation to arbitrate. It is also a basic source of the powers of the arbitral tribunal. In principle, an arbitral tribunal may exercise such powers as the parties are entitled to confer and do confer upon it, whether expressly or by implication, together with any additional or supplementary powers that may be conferred by the law governing the arbitration.(40) Parties to an arbitration are masters of the arbitral process to an extent impossiblein proceedings in a court of law. For example, the parties may decide (within limits which will be considered later) the number of arbitrators to comprise the arbitral tribunal, how this tribunal should be appointed, what powers it should possess, and what procedure it should follow.Finally, it is the arbitration agreement that establishes the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal. The agreement of the parties is the only source from which this jurisdiction can come. In the ordinary legal process whereby disputes are resolved through the public courts, the jurisdiction of the relevant court may come from several sources, of which an agreement by the parties to submit to the jurisdiction will be only one. In the arbitral process, which is a private method of resolving disputes, the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal is derived simply and solely from the agreement of the parties.The choice of arbitrators1–14 One of the features that distinguishes arbitration from litigation is the fact that the parties to an arbitration are free to choose their own tribunal. Sometimes, it is true, this freedom is unreal, because the choice may be delegated to a third party such as an arbitral institution.(41) However, where the freedom exists, each party should make sensible use of it. A skilled and experienced arbitrator is one of the key elements of a fair and effective arbitration.The choice of a suitable arbitrator involves many considerations. These are discussed in detail later.(42) At this stage, however, perhaps all that needs to be stressed is that an international commercial arbitration demands different qualities in an arbitrator from those required for a purely national, or domestic, arbitration. This is not only because of the different systems of law and the different rules that will apply, but also because the parties will almost invariably be of different nationalities and the arbitration itself will often take place in a country that is “foreign” to them. Indeed, the place of arbitration will usually have been chosen precisely because it is foreign, so that no party has the advantage of playing at home, so to speak. If the arbitral tribunal consists of three arbitrators (as is normally the case in any major dispute), each of the arbitrators may be of a different nationality, with each of them (if they are lawyers) perhaps having been brought up in a different legal environment—whether of the civil law, the common law or the Shari'ah.(43)This means that there is almost inevitably a difference of legal (and often of cultural) background amongst those involved in an international commercial arbitration. A good international arbitrator will be aware of this and will try hard to avoid misunderstandings which may arise because of this difference of background or simply because of different nuances of language.(44)1–15 Choosing the right arbitrator for a particular dispute is a matter of great importance.(45) Most, if not all, experienced practitioners would agree with the comment by a distinguished lawyer with many years' experience of international commercial arbitration when he wrote:The choice of the persons who compose the arbitral tribunal is vital and often the most decisive step in an arbitration. It has rightly been said that arbitration is only as good as the arbitrators.(46)The decision of the arbitral tribunal1–16 It is not uncommon for a settlement to be reached between the parties in the course of arbitral proceedings. In recognition of this fact, institutional rules of arbitration generally make provision for this. The UNCITRAL Rules, for example, state:If, before the award is made, the parties agree on a settlement of the dispute, the arbitral tribunal shall either issue an order for the termination of the arbitral proceedings or, if requested by both parties and accepted by the tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an arbitral award on agreed terms. The arbitral tribunal is not obliged to give reasons for such an award.(47)However, if the parties cannot resolve their dispute, the task of the arbitral tribunal is to resolve the dispute for them by making a decision, in the form of a written award. An arbitral tribunal does not have the powers or prerogatives of a court of law,(48) but it has a similar function to that of the court in this respect, namely that it is entrusted by the parties with the right and the obligation to reach a decision which will be binding upon them.1–17 The power to make binding decisions is of fundamental importance. It distinguishes arbitration as a method of resolving disputes from other procedures, such as mediation and conciliation,(49) which aim to arrive at a negotiated settlement. The procedures that must be followed in order to arrive at a binding decision by way of arbitration may be described as judicial. An arbitra l tribunal is bound to “act fairly and impartially as between the parties, giving each party a reasonable opportunity of putting his case and dealing with that of his opponent”. The quotation is from the English 1996 Act,(50) but the obligation is one of general application.(51)There is no similar requirement governing the procedures to be followed where parties are assisted in arriving at a negotiated settlement by mediation, conciliation or some other process of this kind.(52)The enforcement of the award1–18 Once an arbitral tribunal has made its award, it has fulfilled its function and its existence comes to an end.(53) The tribunal's award, however, gives rise to important and lasting legal consequences. Although it is the result of a private arrangement and is made by a private arbitral tribunal, the award constitutes a binding decision on the dispute between the parties. If it is not carried out voluntarily, the award may be enforced by legal proceedings—both locally (that is to say, in the place in which it was made) and internationally.Important regional and international treaties and conventions relate to the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The most important and widely used is the New York Convention. It sets out the procedure to be followed for recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, whilst specifying limited grounds on which recognition and enforcement of such awards may be refused by a contracting state. This Convention was the first of a series of major steps(54) taken by the United Nations since its inception to aid the development of international commercial arbitration.(55) Most of the major trading nations of the world have become parties to the New York Convention. At the time of writing, the Convention has more than 130 signatories, including less-developed as well as developed countries. In particular, several Latin American。
NewYork Convention纽约公约
United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York, 10 June 1958)2Article I31. This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal. It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.42. The term "arbitral awards" shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.53. When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, or notifying extension under article X hereof, any State may on the basis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. It may also declare that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State making such declaration.6Article II------书面形式71. Each Contracting State shall recognize an agreement in writing under which the parties undertake to submit to arbitration all or any differences which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not, concerning a subject matter capable of settlement by arbitration.82. The term "agreement in writing" shall include an arbitral clause in a contract or an arbitration agreement, signed by the parties or contained inan exchange of letters or telegrams.93. The court of a Contracting State, when seized of an action in a matter in respect of which the parties have made an agreement within the meaning of this article, shall, at the request of one of the parties, refer the parties to arbitration, unless it finds that the said agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.10Article III11Each Contracting State shall recognize arbitral awards as binding and enforce them in accordance with the rules of procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon, under the conditions laid down in the following articles. There shall not be imposed substantially more onerous conditions or higher fees or charges on the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards to which this Convention applies than are imposed on the recognition or enforcement of domestic arbitral awards.12Article IV131. To obtain the recognition and enforcement mentioned in the preceding article, the party applying for recognition and enforcement shall, at the time of the application, supply:14(a) The duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof;15(b) The original agreement referred to in article II or a duly certified copy thereof.162. If the said award or agreement is not made in an official language of the country in which the award is relied upon, the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a translation of these documents into such language. The translation shall be certified by an official or sworn宣过誓的translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent.17Article V-----拒绝承认执行的理由181. Recognition and enforcement of the award may be refused, at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, only if that party furnishes to the competent authority where the recognition and enforcement is sought, proof that:-----当事人证明19(a) The parties to the agreement referred to in article II were, under the law applicable to them, under some incapacity, or t he said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of the country where the award was made; or20(b) The party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or21(c) The award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognized and enforced; or22(d) The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration took place; or23(e) The award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under the law of which, that award was made.242. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is sought finds that:-----法院查明25(a) The subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of that country; or26(b) The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that country.27Article VI28If an application for the setting aside or suspension of the award has been made to a competent authority referred to in article V (1) (e), the authority before which the award is sought to be relied upon may, if it considers it proper, adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the award and may also, on the application of the party claiming enforcement of the award, order the other party to give suitable security.29Article VII301. The provisions of the present Convention shall not affect the validity of multilateral or bilateral agreements concerning the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards entered into by the Contracting States nor deprive any interested party of any right he may have to avail himself of an arbitral award in the manner and to the extent allowed by the law or the treaties of the country where such award is sought to be relied upon.312. The Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of 1923 and the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1927 shall cease to have effect between Contracting States on their becoming bound and to the extent that they become bound, by this Convention.32Article VIII331. This Convention shall be open until 31 December 1958 for signature onbehalf of any Member of the United Nations and also on behalf of any other State which is or hereafter becomes a member of any specialized agency of the United Nations, or which is or hereafter becomes a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, or any other State to which an invitation has been addressed by the General Assembly of the United Nations.342. This Convention shall be ratified and the instrument of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.35Article IX361. This Convention shall be open for accession to all States referred to in article VIII.372. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.38Article X391. Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, declare that this Convention shall extend to all or any of the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible. Such a declaration shall take effect when the Convention enters into force for the State concerned.402. At any time thereafter any such extension shall be made by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and shall take effect as from the ninetieth day after the day of receipt by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this notification, or as from the date of entry into force of the Convention for the State concerned, whichever is the later.413. With respect to those territories to which this Convention is not extended at the time of signature, ratification or accession, each State concerned shall consider the possibility of taking the necessary steps inorder to extend the application of this Convention to such territories, subject, where necessary for constitutional reasons, to the consent of the Governments of such territories.42Article XI43In the case of a federal or non-unitary State, the following provisions shall apply:44(a) With respect to those articles of this Convention that come within the legislative jurisdiction of the federal authority, the obligations of the federal Government shall to this extent be the same as those of Contracting States which are not federal States;45(b) With respect to those articles of this Convention that come within the legislative jurisdiction of constituent states or provinces which are not, under the constitutional system of the federation, bound to take legislative action, the federal Government shall bring such articles with a favourable recommendation to the notice of the appropriate authorities of constituent states or provinces at the earliest possible moment;46(c) A federal State Party to this Convention shall, at the request of any other Contracting State transmitted through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, supply a statement of the law and practice of the federation and its constituent units in regard to any particular provision of this Convention, showing the extent to which effect has been given to that provision by legislative or other action.47Article XII481. This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession.492. For each State ratifying or acceding to this Convention after the deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession, this Convention shallenter into force on the ninetieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.50Article XIII511. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by a written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.退出522. Any State which has made a declaration or notification under article X may, at any time thereafter, by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, declare that this Convention shall cease to extend to the territory concerned one year after the date of the receipt of the notificat ion by the Secretary-General.533. This Convention shall continue to be applicable to arbitral awards in respect of which recognition and enforcement proceedings have been instituted before the denunciation takes effect.54Article XIV55A Contracting State shall not be entitled to avail itself of the present Convention against other Contracting States except to the extent that it is itself bound to apply the Convention.56Article XV57The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the States contemplated in article VIII of the following:58(a) Signatures and ratifications in accordance with article VIII;59(b) Accessions in accordance with article IX;60(c) Declarations and notifications under articles I, X and XI;61(d) The date upon which this Convention enters into force in accordancewith article XII;62(e) Denunciations and notifications in accordance with article XIII.63Article XVI641. This Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts shall be equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations.652. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit a certified copy of this Convention to the States contemplated in article VIII.。
承认与执行外国仲裁裁决公约英文版
承认与执行外国仲裁裁决公约英文版The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, commonly known as the New York Convention, is a treaty that aims to provide a uniform and efficient mechanism for the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.As of now, there are 166 contracting states that have agreed to be bound by the provisions of the New York Convention. By becoming a party to the Convention, a country agrees to recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards on the same basis as domestic arbitral awards.In order to execute a foreign arbitral award under the New York Convention, the party seeking recognition and enforcement must submit an application to the competent authority of the country where enforcement is sought. The competent authority will then review the application anddetermine whether the award meets the requirements for recognition and enforcement as set out in the Convention.It is important to note that the New York Convention provides limited grounds for refusing recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award. These grounds typically include considerations such as invalidity of the arbitration agreement, procedural irregularities, and matters of public policy.In conclusion, by acknowledging and executing the New York Convention, a country demonstrates its commitment to promoting international arbitration and facilitating the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.。
本文所述观点仅为上述部门共同提交,未经美国律师公会之代
美国律师公会反托拉斯法部和国际法部就国家工商行政管理总局《关于禁止垄断协议行为的有关规定》（征求意见稿）和《关于禁止滥用市场支配地位行为的有关规定》（征求意见稿）之评论意见2009年5月29日本文所述观点仅为上述部门共同提交，未经美国律师公会之代表大会或理事会的批准，因此不应被视为代表美国律师公会的政策立场。
美国律师公会（简称“ABA”）下属反托拉斯法部和国际法部（统称“两部门”）1谨此就国家工商行政管理总局（简称“工商总局”）于2009年4月27日公布的《关于禁止垄断协议行为的有关规定》（征求意见稿）和《关于禁止滥用市场支配地位行为的有关规定》（征求意见稿）（统称“规定意见稿”）相关内容呈递其评论意见21 负责起草该评论意见的工作组成员包括：Matthew I. Bachrack, 陈懿华,邓飞, S. Beth Farmer,Francis Fryscak, John D. Graubert, H. Stephen Harris, Jr., 黄存真, Paul Jones, Gregory K. Leonard, Abbott B. Lipsky, Jr., James R. Modrall, William R. Vigdor,以及孙速。
同时，David Ernst, Mark D. Whitener 和Mike Yeh 也提供了宝贵意见。
张一哲为起草工作提供了协助。
本意见书中所阐述的观点并不必然代表上述工作组成员所属之专业机构的意见或立场。
。
两部门对为执行反垄断法而拟的《规定意见稿》中所反映出的工商总局的相当多的思考和努力表示赞赏。
同时，两部门藉此机会提出如下评论意见，希望有助于最终规定的完成。
在适当时，两部门愿意提供补充意见，或与工商总局进行相关磋商。
两部门所呈交之评论意见反映了其在美国法律方面的专业知识与经验，同时也反映了其对国际反垄断法、竞争法的熟谙，以及其对诸如滥用市场支配地位等反垄断问题分析中所蕴涵的经济学专业知识的了解。
BEC考试之——词汇
外贸常用英文词汇 (一)债转股debt-to-equity swap港元的联系汇率制the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ bad loan 反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against ……通货紧缩deflation通货膨胀inflation非配额产品quota-free products非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment风险基金venture capital风险准备金loan loss provision/ provisions of risk搞活国有大中型企业revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises规模经济scale economy/ economies of scale国合企业（即国有合作社）state-owned cooperatives国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment国家补贴public subsidies国家现汇结存state foreign exchange reserves合理引导消费guide rational consumption季节性调价seasonal price adjustments既成事实established/accomplished facts技工贸结合的科技型企业scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological developmentwith industrial and trade development劳动密集性企业labor-intensive enterprises乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises千年问题、千年虫millennium bug企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to平等互利、讲求实效、形式多样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various waysand seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity andmutual development瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions外贸常用英文词汇 (二)皮包公司 flying-by-night company; bogus company放松银根 ease monetary policy流动人口 floating population企业的自我约束机制 self-regulating mechanism of enterprises贪图安逸 crave comfort and pleasure消费膨胀 inflated consumption信息化 informationize无氟冰箱 freon-free refrigerator无纸交易 paperless transaction适销对路的产品 readily marketable products倒爷 profiteer机构臃肿 overstaffing in (government) organizations机构重叠 organizational overlapping利改税 substitution of tax payment for profit delivery经常性的财政收入 regular revenues慢性萧条 chronic depression双重轨制 two-tier system / double-track system就业前培训 pre-job training岗位培训 on-the-job training外贸常用英文词汇 (三)对外项目承包 foreign project contracting劳务合作 labor service cooperation外援方式 modality of foreign aid自1999年1月1日起实行 come into official enforcement as of January 1, 1999所有制形式 forms of ownership以试点的形式实行外贸权自动登记制度 implement an automatic registration system of foreign trading rights on a trial basis风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment国家鼓励项目 projects listed as encouraged by the state<<中华人民共和国保护台湾同胞投资实施条例>> Implementation Rules of the on the Protection of Investments by Compatriots from Taiwan部长级会议 ministerial meeting公正合理 equitable and rational抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities减免债务 reduce and cancel debts工程项目 engineering project同步增长 increase in the same pace摆脱亚洲金融危机的影响 shake off the impact of the financial crisis走上良性发展的轨道 going on the track of sound progress工业增加值 industrial added value固定资产投资 investment in the fixed assets建材 building materials累计实现顺差143.4美元 accumulatively realizing trade surplus注入新的生机与活力 bring new vigor and vitality into配件 accessories备件 spare parts进口环节税 import linkage tax营业税 turnover tax企业所得税 corporate income tax抵免 offset省会 provincial capital直辖市 municipality directly under the central government龙头产品 flagship product现代企业制度 modern corporate system实行股份制 enforce stockholding system控股公司 holding company自主经营,自负盈亏 responsible for their own management decisions, profits and losses在巩固公有制主体地位的同时,促进多种所有制经济共同发展 alongside fortifying the status of the public ownership as the mainstay, it is also encouraged to witness common development of different systems of ownership形成统一、开放和竞争有序的市场 establish an unified, open market with orderly competition国家科技创新体系 State Scientific and Technological Innovation System帮助人才脱颖而出 help excellent talents find way to distinction清理、修订 screen and modify水利 water conservation转化经营机制 change the method of operation中介服务组织 intermediary service organization外贸常用英文词汇 (四)dual purpose exports 军民两用品出口dual-use goods and technology 军民两用产品和技术NAFTA North American Free Trade Area北美自由贸易区global quota 全球配额grandfather clause 祖父条款Animal-derived food 动物源食品EVSL (Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization) 部门提前自愿自由化TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation) 贸易和投资自由化和便利化国际清算 international settlement商住和公益设施建设 commercial, residential and public utility construction广开就业门路 increase employment opportunities; create jobs in every possible way; open up more channels of employment 自由浮动汇率 free floating exchange rate; variable exchange rate资本项目 capital account经常项目 current account求同存异 overcome differences and seek common ground防伪标志 anti-fake label出口创汇型产业 export-oriented industry盘活存量资产 revitalize stock assets竟价投标 competitive bidding协议投标 negotiated bidding横向兼并 horizontal merger垂直兼并 vertical merger垃圾融资 junk financing货币市场 money market申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system外贸常用英文词汇 (五)shipping service company 船务公司generic products 非商标(非专利)产品prudent monetary policy稳健的货币政策deficit spending 超前消费run on banks (到银行)挤兑domestic support to agriculture 对农业的国内支持special bonds 特种债券economy of abundance 富裕经济CAGA (compound annual growth average) 年复合增长率Animal-based protein 动物源性蛋白GMO (genetically modified organism) 转基因组织VOD (video-on-demand) 视频点播AOD (audio-on-demand) 音频点播外贸常用英文词汇 (六)市场准人的行政管理措施 AAMA： Administrative Aspects of Market Access亚太工商咨询理事会 ABAC： APEC Business Advisory Council亚太商业论坛 ABF：APEC Business Forum亚太通讯与数据系统 ACDS：APEC Communications and Database System亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心 ACTETSME：APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises亚洲开发银行 ADB: Asian Development Bank亚太经合组织经济领导人会议 AELM： APEC Economic Leaders Meeting东盟自由贸易区 AFTA：ASEAN Free Trade Area亚太经合组织部长级会议 AMM：APEC MinisteriaI Meeting澳新紧密经济关系协定 ANZCERTA：Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement亚太商业网络 APB-Net：Asia-Pacific Business Network亚太经济合作组织 APEC：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation亚太能源研究中心 APERC：Asia Pacific Energy Research Center亚太信息基础设施 APII：Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure亚太实验室认可合作 APLAC：Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation亚太法定计量论坛 APLMF：Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum亚太计量程序 APMP：Asia Pacific Metrology Program东南亚国家联盟 ASEAN：Association of South-East Asian Nations亚欧会议 ASEM：Asia-Europe Meeting农业技术合作 ATC：Agricultural Technical Cooperation外贸常用词语和术语第一期:General Terms1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系2. inquiry-询盘3. offer-报盘4. counter offer-还盘5. quantity-数量6. packing-包装7. time of shipment-装运期8. price-价格9. discount-折扣10. terms of payment-支付条款11. insurance-保险12. commodity inspection-商品检验13. acceptance-接受14. signing a contract-签订合同15. claim-索赔16. agency-代理17. commission-佣金18. exclusive sales-包销19. joint venture-合资企业20. compensation trade-补偿贸易21. processing and assembling trade-加工装配贸易22. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语第二期:Establishing business relation 建立业务关系1. recommendation 推荐、介绍2. inform 通知3. enter into business relations 建立业务关系4. catalogue 目录5. for your reference 供您参考6. specific inquiry 具体询价7. promptly 立即8. representative 代表9. chamber of commerce 商会10. specialize in 专营11. on the bases of equality and mutual benefit 在平等互利的基础上12. pamphlet 小册子13. a range of 一套14. make offers 报价15. import and export corporation 进出口公司16. silk 丝绸17. cotton piece goods 棉布18. blouse 女衬衫19. be of the latest style 最新式样20. financial position 财务状况21. trade reputation 贸易声誉22. on display 展出23. woolen knitwear 毛织品24. garment 服装25. meet with great favor 受欢迎26. credit standing 信用地位27. state-operated 国营的28. currency, Chinese currency, British currency 货币，中国货币，英国货币29. investment 投资30. a long-term investment 长期投资31. a profitable investment 有利可得的投资32. a safe and sure investment 安全可靠的投资33. a heavy investment 巨额投资34. investment intent 投资意向35. investment partner 投资伙伴36. direct investment 直接投资37. investment environment 投资环境38. investor 投资者39. enterprise 企业40. joint venture enterprise 合资企业41. cooperative enterprise 合作企业42. exclusively foreign-owned enterprise 外商独资企业43. state-owned enterprise 国营企业44. collectively-owned enterprise 集体企业45. individually owned enterprise 个体企业第三期: inquiry 询盘1. general inquiry 一般询盘2. specific inquiry 具体询盘3. dealer 商人4. quotation 报价5. sales department 销售部6. purchase 购买7. enquiry 询价8. quote 开价9. sample 样品10. a long-term contractt 长期合同11. discount 折扣12. grant 批准13. to make an inquiry for sth 对某物询价14. to keep the inquiry on file 把询价记录在卷15. to inquiry for sth 对某物询价16. to inquiry about sth 询问某事17. process 加工18. guarantee, guarantor 保证, 保证人19. delivery 交货20. port of delivery 交货港21. time of delivery 交货期22. prompt delivery 即期交货23. to effect delivery 办理交货24. to make delivery 办理交货25. to postpone delivery 推迟交货26. to deliver sth to sb 把某物交付给某人27. shipment 装船28. to make shipment 装船29. to receive shipment 接货30. partial shipment 分批装船31. prompt shipment 即期装运32. time of shipment 装运期33. offer 报盘报价34. a firm offer 实盘35. a counter offer 还盘36. to accept an offer 接受报盘37. to extend an offer 延长报盘38. to renew an offer 更新报盘39. to withdraw an offer 撤消报盘40. the validity of an offer 报盘有效期41. to make an offer 报价42. to offer firm 报实盘43. to offer subject to final confirmation 报盘以最后确认为准44. specialize in 专门经营第四期:Counter offer 还盘1. counter offer 还盘2. enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉3. ready seller; quick seller; quick-selling product 畅销品4. conclude business with sb. 与某人达成交易5. close business, close a deal , close a transaction, close a bargain 达成交易6. trade terms 贸易条件7. trade agreement 贸易协定8. trade fair 交易会9. trade mark 商标10. foreign trade对外贸易11 trade in sth 经营某物12. trade with sb.与某人交易13. favourable price 优惠价格14. favourable terms 优惠条件15. quotation 行情16. discount quotation 贴现行情17. exchange rate quotation外汇行情18. commission 佣金19. a commission of....%; ....% commission.百分之几佣金20. your ..% commission你的百分之几佣金21. The above price includes your commission of 2%.上述价格包括你方2%佣金.22. general practice 惯例23. accept an order 接受订单24. cancel an order 撤消订单25. confirm an order 确认订单26. execute an order 履行订单27. a back order 尚未执行的订单28. a fresh order 新订单29. a repeat order 续订订单第五期:Quantity 数量1. weight重量2. metric ton公吨3. long ton长吨4. short ton短吨5. kilogram, kilo, kg公斤6. pound, lb磅7. ounce, oz盎司8. number个数9. piece件10. pair双11 dozen打12. ream令13. set套14. length长度15. area面积16. volume体积17. cubic meter立方米18. capacity容积19. litre升20. gallon加仑21. bushel蒲式耳22. metric system公制23. british system英制24. 美制25. gross weight毛重26. net weight净重27. shipping weight装运重量28. landed weight卸货重量29. theoretical weight理论重量第六期: Packing 包装1. packaging 包装方法2. blister packing起泡包装3. neutral packing中性包装4. skin packing吸塑包装5. hanging packing挂式包装6. catch sb's eye引某人注目7. mark唛头8. unlabelled packing无牌的包装9. in bulk散装10. in loose packing散装11 nude packing裸装12. bulk pack整批包装13. consumer pack零售包装14. large packing大包装15. inner packing, external packing, end packing 小包装16. shrunk packaging, 压缩包装17. foam-spary packaging喷泡沫包装18. gift-wrap礼品包装19. bag, sack袋20. jute bag麻袋21. polythelene bag, plastic bag塑料袋22. polythelene net尼龙绳网袋23. zippered bag拉链袋24. case, chest箱25. box 盒26. wooden case木箱27. carton纸箱28. container集装箱29. rate板条箱30. fibre board case纤维板箱第七期: Packing(二) 包装1. packet 小包2. bale包3. bundle捆4. tin , can罐头5. basket篮，篓，筐6. bamboo basket竹篓7. bottle瓶8. wooden keg小木桶9. hogshead大桶10. iron drum铁桶11 cylinder铁桶12. barrel琵琶桶13. drum圆桶14. waterproof paper防水纸15. cellophone玻璃纸16. kraftpaper牛皮纸17. canvas帆布18. fibreboard纤维板19. nylon strap尼龙腰子20. plastic strap塑料腰子21. adhesive tape胶带22. stuffing material填料23. nylon plastic尼龙丝24. fermented plastic泡沫塑料25. paper scrap纸屑26. saw dust木屑27. tar paper沥青纸28. wax paper蜡纸29. slushing compound润滑油30. tarpaulin油布、防水帆布第八期:Shipment 装运1. backlog积压而未交付的订货2. terms of shipment装运条件3. prepare goods备货4. load装货5. unload卸货6. board木板，板，船舷7. on board在船（或车、飞机）上8. steamer轮船9. space of a steamer舱位10. shipping department运输部门11 liner班轮，班机12. book up（票、车位、舱位等）订完13. tranship转运14. transhipment转载15. Force Majeure人力不可抗力16. European Main Ports --EMPs欧洲主要口岸17. vessel船；飞船；飞机18. the first available vessel第一艘可订到的船19. call at停泊20. duly 按期地，按时的第九期: Price 价格1. Price terms 价格条件2. bargain 讨价还价3. currency 货币4. on the low side 价格偏低5. market price 市场价6. current price 现行价7. floor price 底价8. make a bargain with sb 与某人成交9. drive a hard bargain over sth. 为某事拼命讨价还价10. a bargain sale 廉价出售11. rock-bottom price 最低价12. F.O.B 船上交货13. 成本加保险费，运费价14. CFR 成本加运费价国际会计术语英汉对照Accounting system 会计系统American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会Audit 审计Balance sheet 资产负债表Bookkeepking 簿记Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师Cost accounting 成本会计External users 外部使用者Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial forecast 财务预测Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室Income statement 损益表Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会Integrity 整合性Internal auditing 内部审计Internal control structure 内部控制结构Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署Internal users 内部使用者Management accounting 管理会计Return of investment 投资回报Return on investment 投资报酬Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表Statement of financial position 财务状况表Tax accounting 税务会计Accounting equation 会计等式Articulation 勾稽关系Assets 资产Business entity 企业个体Capital stock 股本Corporation 公司Cost principle 成本原则文档从互联网中收集，已重新修正排版，word格式支持编辑，如有帮助欢迎下载支持。
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Cayman Islands –Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral AwardsIntroductionThe purpose of this briefing note is to consider the availability of, and procedure for, enforcement in the Cayman Islands of foreign arbitral awards.Foreign arbitral awards have no direct operation in the Cayman Islands, so, for example, they cannotdirectly be enforced by execution. However, awards made in states that are party to the New YorkConvention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the "New York Convention")may be enforced pursuant to Cayman Islands statute. Awards from non-New York Convention states mayalso be enforced pursuant to Cayman Islands statutory or common law rules.Distinction between enforcement and recognitionA party to Cayman Islands proceedings seeks enforcement of a foreign award where it seeks to have theaward executed or otherwise carried out as against the opposing party in the Cayman Islands (see Dicey, Morris & Collins, The Conflict of Laws, 14th ed, para 14-003). A party seeks recognition where it seeks to relyon a foreign award, usually in its defence, in Cayman proceedings where the two sets of proceedings dealwith the same issue as between the same parties, but the party does not seek execution of that award. Whilst an award must be recognised to be enforced, it does not need to be enforceable to be recognised (ibid para 14-002). This memorandum deals only with the enforcement of foreign awards.Enforcement of New York Convention awardsThe Cayman Islands, by extension from the United Kingdom on 24 February 1981, is a party to the New York Convention. Pursuant to the Foreign Arbitral Awards Enforcement Law (1997 Revision) (the "Enforcement Law""), an award made in pursuance of an arbitration agreement in a foreign state which is a party to the New York Convention (a "Convention award") shall be enforceable in the same manner as an award under section 22 of the Arbitration Law (2001 Revision) (the "Arbitration Law"). Section 22 of the Arbitration Law provides that an award may, by leave of the court, be enforced in the same manner as a Cayman judgment or order to the same effect, and where leave is so given; judgment may be entered in terms of the award.A party wishing to enforce a Convention award in the Cayman Islands should apply to the court for leave to do so by ex parte originating summons (following the procedural requirements in Article IV) (GCR O73 r4(1)). The application should be made to the Financial Services Division of the Grand Court (GCR O72 r1(2)(m)). Pursuant to section 6 of the Enforcement Law, the party seeking to enforce a Convention award shall produce to the court:1.the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy of it;2.the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy of it; and3.where the award or agreement is in a foreign language, a certified translation of it (certified by anofficial or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent).These should be exhibited to an affidavit (GCR O73, r4(2)(b)). The affidavit should also state the name and place of abode or business of the applicant and the person against whom it is sought to enforce the award, and either that the award has not been complied with or the extent to which it has not been complied with at the date of the application (O73, r4(2)(d) & (e)). Service out of the jurisdiction of an originating summons for leave to enforce an award is permissible with the leave of the court whether or not the arbitration is governed by Cayman law (GCR O73, r5(2) and O11, r1(1)(m)). Once leave to enforce is granted, the person against whom it is sought to enforce the award has 14 days within which to apply to set the leave aside (GCR O73 r4(4)).Section 7 of the Enforcement Law sets down an exhaustive list of grounds on which enforcement of a Convention award may be refused under Article V. These are if:1. a party to the arbitration agreement was (under the law applicable to him) under someincapacity;2.the arbitration agreement was not valid under the law to which the parties subjected it or, failingany indication thereon, under the law of the country where the law was made;3. a party was not given proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitrationproceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case;4.the award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of thesubmission to arbitration or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration;5.the composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with theagreement of the parties or, failing such agreement, with the law of the country where the arbitration took place;6.the award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been set aside or suspended by acompetent authority of the country in which, or under the laws of which, it was made. (In Terk Technologies Corporation v Dockery2000 CILR 196, it was held that where an award had been subject to earlier enforcement proceedings in a foreign court, the plaintiff could choose between applying for leave to enforce the award under the Enforcement Law and commencing an action at common law to enforce the foreign judgment. In Republic of Gabon v Swiss Oil Corp 1988-89 CILR N-1, it was held that "competent authority" refers to a body authorized to order suspension of an award, and does not include where a suspension comes about by the direct operation of the legislative rules governing applications to the appeal court. Note that the Cayman court is not compelled to refuse enforcement even if the award has been set aside by the local court, although it is submitted that it would normally do so in such circumstances);7.the award is in respect of a matter which is not capable of settlement by arbitration; or8.it would be contrary to public policy to enforce the award. It is likely only to be in unusual casesthat this ground would be successful. In the English case of Soleimany v Soleimany [1999] QB 785, the English court refused to enforce an award due to the illegality of the intended performance (smuggling carpets out of Iran in breach of Iranian laws).Pursuant to section 7(5) of the Enforcement Law, where an application has been made to set aside or suspend a Convention award in the country in which the award was made, the Cayman court may adjourn the Cayman proceedings and/or order the person against whom the award is made to give security. (In Terk Technologies Corporation v Dockery 2000 CILR N-1 it was held that where an award hasnot yet been suspended or set aside by the foreign court, an application for a stay should be made under the court’s inherent jurisdiction or under Grand Court Rules O47, r1 which gave the court a wide discretion.) The Cayman Islands will only apply the New York Convention to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of another contracting state. Therefore if an award is from a state that has not acceded to the New York Convention, then the Enforcement Law does not apply to it. (The United Kingdom made a Declaration upon notification of the application of the Convention to the Cayman Islands that the Convention will apply "in accordance with article I, paragraph 3 thereof, only to the recognition and enforcement of awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.) Enforcement of other convention awardsThe Cayman Islands, by extension from the United Kingdom via Jamaica on 26 May 1931, is a party to the Geneva International Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the "Geneva Convention"), which preceded the New York Convention. If the state from which the award emanates is not a party to the New York Convention but is a party to the Geneva Convention, then the Geneva Convention will govern the way in which the award is enforced.Pursuant to the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (Overseas Territory) Order 1988 (SI 1988 / 791), signed on behalf of the United Kingdom on 9 April 1986 and partially extended (as amended) to the Cayman Islands on 18 May 1988, a party to an award rendered pursuant to the Convention establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency is entitled to have the award registered subject to certain provisions. Therefore an award rendered under this Convention may be enforced in a similar way to a Convention award (GCR O73 r4 & r4A).Enforcement of non-Convention awardsIn the English case of Dalmia Cement Ltd v National Bank of Pakistan [1973] 1 QB9, it was suggested (obiter) that the English equivalent of section 22 of the Arbitration Law applies to the enforcement of foreign non- Convention awards in addition to domestic awards. This would have the effect that a non-Convention award could be enforced, with leave, as if it were a Cayman judgment. This issue has not yet been considered in the Cayman Islands and it is therefore unclear whether this is open to an award creditor in the Cayman Islands.If it is not possible for a non-Convention award to be enforced under section 22, or if leave is refused thereunder, the party seeking to enforce the award could bring a common law action upon the award on the basis that the award gives rise to an obligation which the court should enforce. In contrast to the enforcement of a judgment at common law and the enforcement of an arbitral award under the Enforcement Law, the enforcement of an arbitral award at common law is not defined as a financial services proceeding pursuant to the Grand Court Rules. Accordingly, it would appear that such proceedings should be brought in the Civil Division rather than the Financial Services Division, unless one of the other categories of financial services proceeding applies (GCR O72 r1(2)). Enforcement of a foreign award is one of the grounds on which leave to serve a defendant out of the jurisdiction may be obtained (GCR, O11 r1(1)(m)). It may then be possible to apply for summary or default judgment on the ground that the defendant has no defence to the claim.The circumstances in which an arbitral award may be enforced pursuant to the common law have not been examined in detail by the Cayman court. It is highly likely that the English rules would be followed. The conditions for enforcement pursuant to English law are:1.The award must be in accordance with an agreement to arbitrate which is valid by its applicablelaw;2.The award must be valid and final according to the law governing the arbitration proceedings.3.The award will not be enforced if:(a)under the arbitration agreement and the law applicable thereto the arbitrators had nojurisdiction to make it;(b)it was obtained by fraud;(c)its enforcement would be contrary to public policy; or(d)the proceedings in which it was obtained were opposed to natural justice.(See Dicey, Morris & Collins, The Conflict of Laws, 14th ed, r 59 & 60. To the extent that these conditions are similar to those in respect of the enforcement of foreign judgments, similar principles are likely to be applied – see our memorandum on "Enforcement of Foreign Judgments").ExecutionA number of execution options are potentially available once leave has been granted to enforce an award in the same manner as a judgment (or once a Cayman judgment has been obtained pursuant to an action on an award). These include:1.writs of fieri facias (the seizure and sale of the judgment debtor’s goods and chattels sufficient tosatisfy the debt and costs of the execution);2.garnishee proceedings (where a person indebted to the judgment debtor is required to paymoneys owed directly to the judgment creditor);3.charging orders (providing to the judgment creditor security over the judgment debtor’s assets);4.the appointment of receivers; and5.attachment of earnings orders (where a judgment debtor’s salary is paid directly to the judgmentcreditor).Winding up proceedingsAn award creditor may be able to petition to wind up a Cayman Islands company based on a foreign arbitral award, on the basis that it is unable to pay its debts. This may be an alternative means of obtaining amounts owed from a Cayman-based award debtor. (In re Lhasa Invs Ltd [1996] CILR N-3 it was held that a company which had failed to satisfy a foreign judgment debt was unable to pay its debts under the applicable winding up provisions. It is submitted that there would be the same result where a company has failed to satisfy an arbitral award.)Updated: May 2012For further information please refer to your usual contact or:Cayman Islands - Lindsay Luttermann, Senior Counsel | lindsay.luttermann@ | +1 345 814 4573Hong Kong - Fraser Hern, Senior Counsel | fraser.hern@ | +852 2596 3348The information contained in this memorandum is necessarily brief and general in nature and does not constitute legal or taxation advice. Appropriate legal or other professional advice should be sought for any specific matter.。