Lecture 1

面向过程
Example
analysis
input natural L2 exposure SLA = FLA ? output pidginization
Example
synthesis input natural L2 exposure Factors: ? output pidginization L1 transfer fossilization erroneous hypothesis foreign talk …
Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary science
应用型的交叉学科 其基本特点是在学科间起中介 （mediating）作用，即把各种与外语教 学有关的理论学科（不只限于语言学） 的成果应用到外语教学中去，同时也通 过外语教学实践来验证和补充理论研究 的成果。
Applied Linguistics
A postgraduate course
Lecture One
General introduction
Today’s outline
The definition of applied linguistics The procedure of foreign language teaching Your gains from the course
Evidence
♦ These “ill-formed” wh-questions serve as
evidence that grammatical structures are not learned through imitation and memorization but “preprogrammed” and triggered in childhood. Genie was not bad at imitation and she was an avid communicator with her teacher. Since she began to learn a language after the critical age, however, she could not rely on UG to develop normal grammatical capability.
Another example
♦ If language learning only relied on the
child’s own efforts, it would be logical that bilingual children would need to double their efforts, and it would be impossible for them to acquire both their languages within the same amount of time as other children use to acquire just one language.
Linguistics Disciplines
LD Linguistic
*phonology *syntax *semantics *pragmatics, etc.
LRD
Linguistics-related Disciplines *sociolinguistics *psycholinguistics *computational linguistics *neurolinguistics etc.
exemplifications
critical period hypothesis
♦ According to Eric Lenneberg, the ability to
learn a native language develops within a fixed period, from birth to puberty. During this period, language acquisition proceeds easily, swiftly, and without external intervention. After this period, the acquisition of grammar is difficult and for some individuals never fully achieved.
AL
ERD
Education-related Disciplines *educational theories *educational measurment *educational technology etc.
LLT
Applied linguistics is a processprocess-oriented science
♦
18 topic areas listed by American Association of Applied Linguistics (2002)
Language and its acquisition Language and assessment Language and the brain Language and cognition Language and culture Language and ideology
Definition of Applied Linguistics
♦ A definition includes ♦ The nature ♦ The scope
The macro view
&
the micro view
♦
The macro view of applied linguistics deals with The study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems. Linguistic theories, methods, and findings can be applied to a wide domain varying from natural language processing and machine translation, stylistics, lexicography to language planning and clinical analysis of disorders of spoken, written, or signed language.
analysis
input critical age ? Output
To learn an L1 after puberty
failure
Evidence
♦ A girl called Genie was found in 1970 when she
was nearly fourteen years old. She had been abused and isolated since the age of twenty months. When first discovered, Genie was completely silent. Thereafter her language development was extremely slow, and although she did learn to speak, her speech was quite abnormal. Below are some wh-questions made by the girl. ♦ (12.9) *Where is tomorrow Mrs L.? ♦ (12.10) *Where is May I have ten pennies? ♦ (12.11) * When is stop spitting?
Nature of the study
Black box problem The unknown process between the input and out put. Barley whisky
analysis
input ? output
面向结果
synthesis
input ? output
Children of Virginia Yip
♦ Professor Virginia Yip,
an linguist working in the Chinese University of Hong Kong, whose husband, also a linguist, is British, reported her study of the bilingual development of her three children in 2002.
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Language and instruction Language and interaction Language and listening Language and media Language and policy Language and reading Language and research methodology Language and society Language and speaking Language and technology Language and translation/interpretation Language and writing
Schmitt and Celce-Murcia
♦ Out of these numerous areas, the
dominant application has always been the teaching and learning of second or foreign languages. ♦ The study of second and foreign language learning and teaching can be understood as the micro view of applied linguistics. We shall adopt this view in our course.
她的假说
儿童具有双语本能 如果双语儿童显示出与单语 儿童同样的句法发展速度，就能 证明语言的发展过程是通过选择 或触发，而不是学习而来的。
♦ Through regular observation, diary keeping,
video recording, and longitudinal corpus construction, she concluded that her children had experienced the same stages of language acquisition and had developed competence of two languages –– English from their father and Cantonese from their mother ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ– comparable to their monolingual counterparts with the similar speed though taking a different developmental path.
Lewis(1993)
♦Most teachers are, consciously
or unconsciously, productproductoriented.……Learning, on the other hand, is process-oriented. process-
6. Applied linguistics is an empirical science Focus on the classroom situation What goes on in the classroom? What is language teaching really like?