不定式
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不定式
一,不定式的构成
动词不定式时一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语。
1,基本形式
动词的不定式由“to+动词原形”构成否定式:“not to +动词原形”
2,时态、语态的变化形式
注:不定式前可以加代词、副词,如what,when, which, who, whether, How,这一结构相当于一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语。
Eg:In general, a good boss knows how to teach (宾语)
When to start off is still unknown.(主语)
二,不定式的用法
不定式具有动词、名词、形容词、副词的特性,在句中可以作主语、表语、定语、宾语补足语、同位语的各种句子成分。
1,作主语
其位置同主语从句,位于句首(谓
语动词之前)。不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,把较长的不定式短语放在句末。
To serve the people heart and soul is our duty.
It is our duty to serve the people heart and soul.
注:不能简单的认为不定式作主语时,谓语动词就一定用单数。比如,并列的不定式作主语时,若强调的是整体意义时,谓语动词用单数。若表示个体含义,谓语动词用则用复数。如:
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
To say and to do are different. 2,作宾语
1),不定式作动词的宾语,常用在下
列动词之后:
Agree, begin, decide, desire, determine, expect, forget, hope, learn, promise, try, want, plan, intend, refuse, pretend.等
2)有些及物动词可以接一个带有疑
问词的不定式结构作宾语。我们可以把这种结构看成是宾语从句的简略形式。如:
No one could tell me where to get the book.(=where I could get…).
这些及物动词有:ask, care, decide, discuss, dream, explain, find out, inquire,know, learn, make out, remember, tell ,see.等。
注:疑问式不定式中只有why例外,
why后不能接“to +动词原形”要用why do,(即后接动词原形)。why not do(为其否定式)。如:
Why waste time?
Why not try again
3)如果宾语有补足语,通常用it做形式宾语代替不定式结构,将不定式结构放到补语的后面。用于这种结构的动词有:find, make, think, consider, argue, feel等。
Eg: She found it difficult to answer the question.
3,作表语
常用在系动词之后,具有形容词或名词的性质。如:
Man is to live better life in the next century.
He appears to have caught a bad cold.
注:1)当主语中含有实义动词do (而非助动词,即表示的含义为“做”)的各种形式时,那么表语中的不定式符号“to”要省略。如:All they could do is go back to their own country.
2)不定式作介词的宾语(重点)
绝大部分的不定式都不能做介词的宾语,因为介词后常跟名词或动名词。但在介词but, except,besides, than, about这几个介词后就可以用不定式作介词的宾语。如:
He desires nothing but to study
abroad.
What can we do but sit and wait? 3) 如果except等介词后面是to be 时,不定式符号“to”必须保留。如:I don’t have to do very much for a person who is dying except to be with him or her.
4,作定语
不定式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词或代词之后。它与被修饰的词之间的关系有三种。
(1)主谓关系
即所修饰的词语不定式构成逻辑主谓关系。如:
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post.
注:被only ,last,next,序数词
及形容词最高级等修饰的名词一定要用不定式做定语。如:
He was the first person to come the office.
All dead, she was the only one to grow up.
I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.
(2)动宾关系
即所修饰的词在逻辑上作不定式的宾语。如果不定式时不及物动词,其后必须跟相应的介词。
It was a game to remember.
Mary needs a friend to play with. (3)同位关系
a)如果一个动词应接不定式,那