中山大学外科学(移植外科)2008年考博真题试卷
中山大学 考博真题 外科学(普外) 2008-2021年答案
山大学 2021 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：外科学一、必答题（80 分）1、急性阑尾炎可能检查到的什么体征？（8 分）答：1、右下腹压痛，是急性阑尾炎最常见的重要体征，压痛点通常位于麦氏点 2、腹膜刺激征象，反跳痛，腹肌紧张，肠鸣音减弱或消失 3、右下腹包块 4、结肠充气试验阳性 5、腰大肌试验阳性说明阑尾位于腰大肌前方，盲肠后位或腹膜后位。
6、闭孔内肌试验阳性提示阑尾靠近闭孔内肌。
2、病人手术区消毒涂抹消毒液有哪些注意事项？（6 分）答：（1）消毒前检查皮肤有无破损及感染；（2）蘸消毒液不可过多，一般从切口中心向四周涂攃，但肛门和感染伤口手术，应由外向肛门或感染伤口；（3）污染的消毒液纱布，不能再用来涂攃清洁处；（4）消毒范围要包括切口周围至少15cm区域；（5）消毒者手勿接触病人的皮肤及其他物品，消毒完毕，应再用消毒继涂攃，然后穿手术衣，戴无菌手套。
3、请简述腹部损伤剖腹探查的适应症（8 分）答：（1）腹痛和腹膜刺激征有进行性加重或范围扩大者；（2）肠蠕动音逐渐减弱、消失或出现明显腹胀者；（3）全身情况有恶化趋势；（4）红细胞计数进行性下降者；（5）血压由稳定转为不稳定甚至下降者；（6）胃肠出血者；（7）积极救治休克而情况不见好或继续恶化者。
4、胃底-食道下段交通支由什么静脉组成？（5 分）答：（1）门静脉系统的：胃左静脉，胃短静脉；腔静脉系统的肋间静脉，膈-食管静脉，奇静脉，半奇静脉分支；5、导致腹壁强度降低的常见因素有哪些？（5 分）答：（1）腹白线发育不良；（2）切口感染所致术后伤口愈合不良；（3）股管（4）股环（5）腹股沟管（6）老年；（7）肥胖（8）肌萎缩（9）外伤（10）腹壁神经损伤6、简述原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床表现。
（7 分）答：（1）甲状腺肿大，性格急躁，容易激动，两手颤动；（2）怕热，多汗皮肤潮湿，食欲亢进但却消瘦，体重减轻；（3）心悸，脉快有力，内分泌紊乱，以及无力易疲劳，出现肢体近端肌萎缩；其中脉率增快，及脉压增大最为重要，常可作为判断病情程度和治疗效果的重要标志。
中山大学外科学(普外科)2012年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律,失水大于全身体重5%时的表现 周围动脉瘤的临床表现 胰岛素瘤的临床表现 骨折的早期并发症 肠梗阻的水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱表现及原因 胆囊息肉的处理原则 术后切口裂开的原因 如何选择乳腺癌术后辅助化疗按照伤口污染的程度，伤口如何分类，举例说明 普外选答 甲状腺已分化癌的手术选择,除了甲状腺本身的手术,淋巴结清扫的选择 胃肠道间质瘤的手术原则
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中山大学博士试题解剖汇总1995-2011
中山大学博士试题解剖汇总1995-2011中山医解剖考博题（按年度）1992年1.试述腕前结构的排列（外到内），该处正中神经损伤有何症状，为什么？（1992年）2.手掌筋膜间隙有哪些？叙述其临床意义。
（1992年）3.试述腹股沟管淋巴结分群、位置、收纳范围、回流方向。
（1992年）4.试述面神经机能成分、行程、分支、分布范围。
面神经膝状节损伤后表现？（1992年）5.试述甲状腺形态、位置、毗邻、血液供应，静脉回流。
（1992年）6.试述胫神经来源、行程、支配范围、损伤症状，为什么？（1992年）7.试述咽的分部、位置、鼻咽部重要结构，临床意义。
（1992年）8.试述心脏冠状动脉起源、行程、分支及分布范围。
（1992年）1994年1.试述眼瞳孔对光反射途径及各部位损伤后的表现。
（1994年）2.试述内囊的位置、分部、各部传导束名称，损伤症状。
（1994年）3.试述胃形态、位置、分部及胃的毗邻（何谓胃床）？（1994年）4.试述腋窝（腔）的构成及内容（臂丛的组成、分支，腋动脉分段及分支）。
（1994年）1995年1.试述内囊的构成、分部、传导束名称及损伤症状。
（1995年）2.试述眼眶内的重要结构。
（1995年）3.试述心脏的形态特征，血液供应及神经支配。
（1995年）4.何谓尿生殖膈，试述会阴深、浅隙的构成及内容。
（1995年）5.试述胃的形态、分部及胃后壁毗邻。
（1995年）1996年1.试述眼球的血液供应及神经支配。
（1996年）2.试述腹主动脉的分支及分布范围。
（1996年）3.试述腋窝淋巴结分组，位置及收纳范围。
4.试述视觉传导通路、对光反射通路及右侧视神经损伤会出现什么症状？为什么？（1996年）5.试述内囊的位置、组成、分部，通过传导束损伤的名称，损伤后出现的症状。
为什么？（1996年）6.试述肾的位置、毗邻及肾的。
（1996年）7.试述腹膜形成的结构及临床意义。
（1996年）8.试述腹股沟管的构成、位置，通过结构及临床意义。
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷.doc
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man" s absence.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.A.In the housing office on campus.B.In the downtown hotel.C.At the rental agency.D.In the nursing home.A.Thrilled.B.Refreshed.C.Exhausted.D.Depressed.A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.C.To cruise, even without his friends.D.To take a flight to the Maldives instead.A.He" s got a revert.B.He" s got nausea.C.He" s got diarrhea.D.He" s got a runny nose.A.To suture the man" s wound.B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man" s wound.D.To take a closer look at the man" s wound.A.Mr. Lindley had got injured.B.Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend" s truck in the river.A.The patient will not accept the doctor" s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.A.It was more expensive than the original price.B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.A.Excited.B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.D.Concerned.A.She regrets buying the car.B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the ear.D.This is the car she has been wanting.A.He is seriously ill.B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________A.He has got bowel cancerB.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.A.To have a colonoscopy.B.To seek a second opinionC.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.A.A pretty minor surgery.B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.A.Thankful.B.Admiring.C.Resentful.D.Respectful.A.It was based on the symptoms the man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.it was given according to the man" s actual condition.D.it was effective because of a proper intervention.A.Smoking and lung Cancer.B.Lung cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit Smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.A.Current smokers exclusively.B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problem.D.At age 40 or over.A.156.B.269.C.7498D.9427A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancerB.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than women.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.A.A hobby.B.The whole world.C.A learning experience.D.A career to earn a riving.A.Her legs were broken.B.Her arms were broken.C.Her shoulders were severely injured.D.Her cervical vertebrae were seriously injured.A.She learned a foreign language.B.She learned to make friendsC.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned living skills.A.She worked as skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in the clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten.B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.I am afraid that you" 11 have to______the deterioration of the condition.（分数：2.00）A.account forB.call forC.look forD.make for5.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous______of your time to the nursing home.（分数：2.00）A.afflictionB.alternativeC.allocationD.alliance6.Every product is______tested before being put into the market.（分数：2.00）A.expensivelyB.exceptionallyC.exhaustivelyD.exclusively7.Having clean hands is one of the______rules when preparing food.（分数：2.00）A.potentB.conditionalC.inseparableD.cardinal8.The educators should try hard to develop the______abilities of children.（分数：2.00）A.cohesiveB.cognitiveC.collectiveic9.Mortgage______had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.（分数：2.00）A.defectsB.deficitsC.defaultsD.deceptions10.The symptoms may be______by certain drugs.（分数：2.00）A.exaggeratedB.exacerbatedC.exceededD.exhibited11.Her story was a complete______from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.（分数：2.00）A.facilityB.fascinationC.fabricationD.faculty12.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out______.（分数：2.00）A.salvageB.safeguardC.sabotageD.sacrifice13.The government always______on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.（分数：2.00）A.takes upB.cheeks upC.works outD.looks into14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.The 19 th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.（分数：2.00）A.boostedernedC.clarifiedD.pioneered16.Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.（分数：2.00）A.realisticB.sensitiveC.reasonableD.sensational17.The Chinese people hold their ancestors in great veneration .（分数：2.00）A.recognitionB.sincerityC.heritageD.honor18.I worked to develop the requisite skill for a managerial .（分数：2.00）A.perfectB.exquisiteC.uniqueD.necessary19.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.（分数：2.00）A.instanceB.indicatorC.appearanceD.option20.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.（分数：2.00）A.arduousB.demandingC.potentD.continuous21.The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.（分数：2.00）A.practicableB.reliableC.flexibleD.responsible22.Greenpeace has been invited to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.（分数：2.00）A.esteemB.appreciateC.evaluateD.approve23.The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak .（分数：2.00）A.chillyB.dismalC.promisingD.fanatic24.These were vital decisions that bore upon the happiness of everybody.（分数：2.00）A.ensuredB.minedC.achievedD.influenced五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely【C1】______, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 【C2】______a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the【C3】______of a person" s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whetheror not he reaches those limits will depend on his【C4】______This view, not held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 【C5】______we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people【C6】______, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have【C7】______intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 【C8】______now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment【C9】______birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the【C10】______that people who live in close contact with each other,but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.quiteB.enoughC.sureD.so(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.out ofB.intoC.from withinD.off(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.amountsB.qualitiesC.limitsD.scores(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.dispositionB.perceptionC.endowmentD.environment(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.in advanceB.for effectC.at randomD.under way(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.variousC.appropriateD.inborn(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.LookB.BelieveC.SuggestD.Imagine(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.andB.or ratherC.as well asD.but for(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.factB.eventC.conditionD.environment六、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Scan would die. Sean" s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren" t enough human organs to go around. Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig hearts for transplants by the year 2008. That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activists. They protest that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust; some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans. Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthfully, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs. Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the problem the passage begins with?（分数：2.00）A.High mortality rate of immune rejectionB.A malpractice in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplantD.A shortage of human organs(2).Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it______.（分数：2.00）A.introduces an issue of inhumanityB.raises the issue of justice in medicineC.presents a significant threat to the human natureD.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits(3).Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists______.（分数：2.00）A.are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB.switch to the development of artificial organse up with alternatives to the current problemD.set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease(4).It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC.people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed(5).The information the passage carries is______.（分数：2.00）A.enlighteningB.unbelievableC.imaginativeD.factualThere is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults —-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating.（分数：10.00）(1).The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous consumption of foodC.the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD.the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases(2).To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.（分数：2.00）A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with the energy imbalance issueC.to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health(3).As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.affluence and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperityD.diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity(4).As a result of the third irony, people______.（分数：2.00）A.consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards weight gain(5).Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The economic dimension.B.The political dimension.C.The humane dimension.D.The dietary dimension.Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.（分数：10.00）(1).The researchers made a study on______.（分数：2.00）A.women" s menstrual cycleB.men" s preferred female imagesC.women" s visual preferences of menD.men" s masculine and feminine features(2).Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they______.（分数：2.00）A.grow to be more feminineB.are on oral contraceptivesC.are ready for conceptionD.are on menstruation(3).It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.（分数：2.00）A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycleD.the term or relationship they seek(4).Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Pen-ton-Voak implies, does not mean that______.（分数：2.00）A.visual preferences do existB.a woman acts this way is realityC.a man will buy into the phenomenonD.men and women prefer the same image(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Does a woman judge from a man" s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?WELL—do they or don"t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it had evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about. What is going on? Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interning. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon, a gas normally associated with lung cancer—would cause leukemia in children. The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world" s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link. Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were. Which is not to say the research is perfectly. Critics argue that Britain" s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week" s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields cannot penetrate the body significantly, for example. A more serious concern is whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants(书呆子)would conclude that it doesn" t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study. In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in British homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.（分数：10.00）(1).Both the question "Well—do they or don"t they?" and the question "What is going on?" suggest ______.（分数：2.00）A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent of bewilderment among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London(2).What would the author say of the results of the first study?（分数：2.00）A.Enlightening.B.Insignificant.C.Reassuring.D.Apparent.(3).What can be suggested from the results of the second study?（分数：2.00）A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.C.There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D.There is no link between the first and second study.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes______.（分数：2.00）A.are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB.were found to have left much room for doubtC.could have implications in such countries as the USD.will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future(5).To conclude, the author______.（分数：2.00）A.reassures us of the reliability of the latest research in BritainB.asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC.points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD.urges further investigations on the issueSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. "（分数：10.00）(1).Healthy skin lies in______.（分数：2.00）A.a well-kept balance between two working processesB.the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC.a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD.the two steps of forming collagen(2).For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is______.（分数：2.00）A.to verify the aging of human beingsB.to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC.to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD.to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise(3).The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.（分数：2.00）A.MMPs to form fresh collagenB.cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC.human fibroblasts to produce fresh collagenD.non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke(4).As inferred from Morita" s results, smoking______.（分数：2.00）A.could stimulate tile production of fresh collagenB.is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC.tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD.may cause collagen to die by 60%(5).Monrita implies that his findings______.（分数：2.00）A.took less time than expectedB.were hard to accept in dermatologyC.were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyToday, I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called "Harold"(his first name; Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with "Harold"—it was what he was called in the army—but Dad never has been "Harold" except to those who really don"t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for "Harold" were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson. Dad doesn" t correct his physicians or the office receptionists—he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal "Jack," strong, athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments , his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced thislife-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as "Harold. "（分数：10.00）(1).The author relates the story______.（分数：2.00）A.from a consumer" s point of viewB.with a view to punctuating patient rightsC.according to his own standards of health careD.based on his own unpleasant medical treatment(2).Apparently the author" s father______.（分数：2.00）A.did not like to be called by the first nameB.was not well taken care of as expectedC.was mistaken for somebody elseD.was treated like a businessman(3).As the author implies his father______.（分数：2.00）A.encountered so many impolite physiciansB.did nothing but kept quiet in the hospitalC.accepted the way he was greetedD.had his diagnosis made wrongly。
中山大学外科学(泌尿外科)2018年考博真题考博试卷
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医学考博真题试卷
中山大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：外科学（泌尿外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 公共外科部分（80 分） 简答题： 1、阑尾残端的处理方法有哪些？常用的是哪种？有什么优点？ 2、慢性软组织疼痛行局部封闭治疗时的注意事项？ 3、胆道出血的典型临床表现？ 4、与场外营养相比，肠内营养的优点有哪些？ 5、是一个肝脏占位的病例分析，有胆红素数值，有白蛋白数值，有神志清楚，有 CT 横断面 所见（无明显腹水），有凝血酶原时间，问该患者的 Child 评分是几分？评分依据是什么？该 患者的治疗方案？ 6、是一个年轻患者外伤后胸痛伴呼吸困难，吸氧后呼吸加重，查体鼓音、呼吸音消失、气管 偏斜等体征，问最可能的诊断？鉴别诊断？ 7、等渗性失水的病理生理改变？ 8、胃部分切除术治疗消化道溃疡的理论基础？ 9、前列腺炎的分类 10、III 期浸润性乳腺癌的治疗方式？ 11、女，多少岁，长时间打麻将后，突发下肢肿胀、疼痛，问最可能的诊断？进一步检查？治 疗方案？ 12、骨折临床愈合的标准 13、 急性乳腺炎的治疗措施？ 14、肝炎肝硬化门脉高压后，会有什么病理生理过程引起哪些特殊临床症状体征？ 15、asepsis、antisepsis 的区别
外科学__中山大学(1)--八年制期末考试试卷1
学院（系）：中山医学院 专业： 年级： 班别： 学号： 姓名：2008级临床医学八年制外科理论考试题课程名称: 《外科学》 试卷类型：A 卷考试时间： 120分钟 考试方式：闭卷考试日期： 2013年1月7日《中山大学授予学士学位工作细则》第六条：“考试作弊不授予学士学位。
”一、选择题（每题1分，共40题，合计40分）1.乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性病人所用的手术器械，术后使用哪种处理正确？A．2%戊二醛水溶液浸泡1小时 B．1：100新洁尔灭溶液浸泡2小时C．0．2%过氧乙酸溶液泡30分钟D．1：1000洗必泰溶液浸泡1小时E．1：1000新洁尔灭溶液浸泡2小时，煮沸20分钟2.杀灭芽胞细菌所需的条件应为：A．100℃，20分钟B．100℃，30分钟C．125℃，10分钟D．125℃，20分钟E．125℃，30分钟3.手术前后要了解病人肺通气情况的最佳方法是 A．动脉血气分析B．测肺活量C．血PH值D．胸片E．肺死腔测定4.关于休克的叙述中，下列哪项是错误的？A．休克的本质是血压下降B．休克时机体有效循环血量急剧减少C．休克时脑动脉和冠状动脉收缩不明显D．休克时肾血流量减少、肾小球滤过率降低E．休克抑制期微循环的病理改变是毛细血管容积增大5.在破伤风的治疗措施中，下列哪项最关键？A．彻底清创、引流伤口、消除毒素来源B．使用破伤风抗毒素中和游离的毒素C．控制和解除痉挛、预防窒息D．给予大量青霉素、抑制破伤风杆菌E．积极支持治疗6.一位消防队员，体重65kg，在救火中不幸烧伤了面部，双上肢、躯干前方和会阴部，对该患者第一个24小时应补的液体重量A. 3500MLB. 4600MLC. 5000MLD. 5500MLE. 6000ML7.深II度烧伤，若无感染等并发症，通常愈合时间为A．2～3日B．1周C．2周D．3～4周E．5周以上8.下列有关体液的叙述，哪项是正确的?A．成年女性的体液量约占体重的60％ B．细胞内液量在男性约占体重的40％，绝大部分存在 于骨骼肌中 C．血浆约占体重的10％ D．脑脊液、关节液、消化液等都属功能性细胞外液 E．细胞外液和细胞内液的渗透压一般为260～280mmol/L9.关于心脏复苏，以下哪项是正确的？A．房颤是心跳骤停的一种类型B．心脏复苏时，首选心内注射给药C．心脏复苏用药，首选去甲肾上腺素D．胸外心脏按摩的正确部位是胸骨中部（成人）E．电除颤是治疗室颤最有效的方法10.胆总管探查术后所置T形引流管拔除指征中，下列哪项不正确？A．术后一周B．血胆红素正常C．病人体温正常D．病人无腹痛、腹胀等症状E．T管造影示肝内外胆管显影正常11.关于溃疡性结肠炎的叙述中，下列哪项不是此病的典型表现？A．本病的病理特点是结肠粘膜有广泛的溃疡形成B．最常受累的部位是升结肠和回肠末端C．主要症状是腹泻，带有脓血及粘液D．钡剂灌肠和纤维结肠镜是最有价值的检查E．症状反复发作，久治不愈者癌变率高12.女，54岁，急性胰腺炎行胆囊造瘘、胰腺引流术后，仍禁食、输液减压及抗感染治疗，并吸入高浓度氧，动脉血气分析为p H7.46、P O255mm H g、PC O233mm H g，X线胸片示两肺有较广泛的点、片状阴影，心电图示窦性心动过速，此时提示病人可能存在A．急性心力衰竭B．阻塞性肺部病变C．术后肺不张D．肺部感染E．A R D S13.急性持续性腹痛，阵发性加剧并伴休克，最大可能是A．输尿管结石肾绞痛B．绞窄性肠梗阻C．急性阑尾炎D．溃疡病急性发作E．急性胆囊炎14.关于胆石症，哪项是正确的？A．肝内胆管结石，右肝管多于左肝管B．胆囊结石多为胆固醇结石或混合结石C．胆色素结石的剖面，中心是放射状而外周呈层状D．胆道蛔虫所致的结石多为混合结石E．肝外胆管结石占全部胆石的10％，多位于肝总管或肝总管上段15.急性化脓性腹膜炎病人术后，采取半卧位的目的，哪项是错误的？ A．减少毒素吸收，防止感染性休克发生B．增加肺活量，减少肺部并发症C．渗出物流至盆腔，吸收快，避免形成盆腔脓肿D．腹肌松弛，减少切口疼痛E．减少膈下脓肿发生的机会16.绞窄性肠梗阻的临床表现，哪项是错误的？A．出现腹膜刺激征B．持续剧痛无缓解C．呕吐血性或棕褐色液体D．肠鸣音消失E．X射线显示膨胀突出的孤立肠袢随时间改变位置17.经皮肝穿胆道造影（P T C）的描述，哪项是错误的？A．P T C是一种自上而下的胆管直接造影方法，与E R CP类似B．肝内胆管扩张时，成功率可达90％左右C．本检查适合于较重黄疸的鉴别和病变的定位D．P T C是一项损伤性检查技术E．P I C可能会出现胆汁外漏、出血等合并症18.临床上最常见的肛瘘类型是A．经肛管括约肌型B．肛管括约肌间型C．肛管括约肌上型D．肛管括约肌外型E．骨盆直肠瘘19.有关脾破裂，哪项是错误的？A．发病率占腹部损伤的40 ％～ 50％B．真性破裂约占脾破裂的 85％C．脾破裂的治疗原则是紧急手术处理D．成人脾切除术后，暴发型感染的发病率一般认为不超过1％E．脾切除术后暴发型感染以大肠杆菌为主要病原20.急性阑尾炎发病已四天，腹痛稍减轻，但仍发烧，右下腹可触及有压痛的肿块，应A．立即手术，切除阑尾B．立即手术，切除肿块C．立即手术，腹腔引流D．暂不手术，用广谱抗菌素治疗E．用广谱抗菌素治疗，不需手术21.哪项是毕Ⅰ式胃大部切除术的优点？ A．适用于各种情况的胃十二指肠溃疡B．吻合口张力较小C．即使十二指肠溃疡未能切除，术后也能愈合D．术后胃肠道功能紊乱较少E．术后溃疡复发率较低22.关于细菌性肝脓肿，下列哪项叙述正确？ A．大部分是胆源性肝脓肿 B．致病菌多为革兰氏阴性球菌C．脓液多为棕褐色，涂片可能无细菌 D．多见于右叶，单发E．手术引流是唯一有效的方法23.门脉高压症行分流术或断流术的主要目的是 A．改善肝功能 B．预防和控制食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血C．治疗腹水 D．治疗肝性脑病 E．治疗脾功能亢进24.原发性肝癌极易转移的脏器是A．肝内B．肺C．骨D．脑E．胰腺周围、腹膜后25.关于胃、十二指肠溃疡病，下列哪项叙述不正确？A．胃溃疡好发年龄平均比十二指肠溃疡大B．十二指肠溃疡的起病与精神神经因素有关C．药物（阿斯匹林，皮质类固醇）所引起的多为十二指肠溃疡D．十二指肠溃疡不会恶变成癌E．胃溃疡用抗酸剂止痛的效果不好26.下列哪项关于腹部损伤的叙述是正确的? A．因多数腹部损伤涉及内脏而伤情严重，死亡率一般在30％以上 B．有腹膜破损者为穿透伤(多伴内脏损伤) C．涉及内脏的开放性损伤，诊断常较困难 D．穿透伤的人、出口与伤道呈一条直线E．伤口大小与伤情严重程度成正比 27.结肠癌D u k es分期中B期是指 A．癌达粘膜下层 B．癌累及肠壁肌层C．癌穿透肠壁，无淋巴结转移 D．有淋巴结转移，仅局限于结肠旁淋巴结 E．有淋巴结转移，至系膜和系膜根部淋巴结。
博士外科试题及答案
博士外科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 微创原则D. 快速原则答案：D2. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 冷敷止血答案：D3. 外科手术中最常用的麻醉方式是？A. 全身麻醉B. 局部麻醉C. 椎管内麻醉D. 神经阻滞麻醉答案：B4. 以下哪种情况不适合进行腹腔镜手术？A. 腹腔内粘连严重B. 腹腔内肿瘤较大C. 腹腔内炎症较轻D. 腹腔内肿瘤较小答案：A5. 以下哪种情况需要紧急手术处理？A. 慢性阑尾炎B. 急性胆囊炎C. 慢性胃炎D. 胃溃疡答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 外科手术中常用的缝合材料包括哪些？A. 丝线B. 肠线C. 可吸收线D. 不可吸收线答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是术后常见的并发症？A. 感染B. 出血C. 血栓形成D. 切口裂开答案：ABCD3. 以下哪些措施可以预防术后感染？A. 术前备皮B. 术中无菌操作C. 术后使用抗生素D. 术后保持切口干燥答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述外科手术前的基本准备步骤。
答案：外科手术前的基本准备步骤包括：病史收集、体格检查、实验室检查、术前讨论、手术方案制定、术前谈话、术前禁食水、术前用药等。
2. 描述一下术后伤口感染的临床表现。
答案：术后伤口感染的临床表现包括：伤口红肿、疼痛、分泌物增多、发热、白细胞计数升高、伤口裂开等。
四、论述题（每题10分，共20分）1. 论述腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术相比的优势。
答案：腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术相比的优势包括：创伤小、术后恢复快、疼痛轻、住院时间短、美观、并发症少等。
2. 论述术后疼痛管理的重要性及其方法。
答案：术后疼痛管理的重要性在于：减轻患者痛苦、促进术后恢复、提高患者生活质量、防止并发症的发生。
术后疼痛管理的方法包括：多模式镇痛、患者自控镇痛、神经阻滞、局部麻醉等。
中山医考博外科真题分类版
中山医考博外科真题分类版一、 外科总论1. 水电解质平衡；水电解质酸碱平衡失调的治疗原则；代谢性酸中毒的病因、临床表现及诊断；低钙血症常见于那些疾病？临床表现？2. 多器官衰竭诊断标准 ，MODS的中英文名称及定义，SIRL写出中英文全称及临床指标；MODS的常见外科病因3. 休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？，感染性休克的治疗原则；感染性休克的治疗原则4. 简述创伤的并发症；手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？5、疼痛的三阶梯治疗原则、各举两种代表药物6、骨突浅面的皮肤受体重压迫4小时以上就有可能因毛细血管闭塞、营养不良而坏死，形成压迫性溃疡（褥疮）。
因而对卧床不能翻身的病人，每2小时即需被动翻身一次。
请考虑身体什么部位的褥疮最为常见？共有那些骨突可能形成褥疮（应考虑不同的坐、卧位）？7、心肺复苏术中初期复苏治疗措施8、烧伤：浅2度，深2度烧伤的鉴别，用表表示！；烧伤创面早期切痂、削痂的病理生理学基础；什么是冷伤？冻结性冷伤的病例生理学和三度伤的局部临床表现；烧伤的分级、分度；削痂植皮；瘢痕增生的可能因素。
烧伤休克期切痂的必要性。
9、什么是脓毒症、菌血症；简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症；简述破伤风的处理原则。
10、简述输血的并发症或不良反应；输血的并发症；与成分输血相比，输全血有何缺点11、简述肠外营养的并发症；肠外营养的指征及禁忌症；简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？；什么是BMI？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？12.手术器械消毒方法应该具有的原则；简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？13.皮脂囊肿是属于什么囊肿及临床特点14、简述腹部切口裂开的主要原因。
有何表现？15、简述Fast track surgery及目的与主要措施。
二、 普外科肝胆：肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理；肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断；胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗；肝癌治疗新进展；胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？；肝功能分级及其临床意义；肝功能的Child分级；CHILD分级A级标准；肝内胆管结石的治疗原则、手术方式、术后复发的处理；何种方法可确诊胆囊息肉?无症状息肉在何种情况下手术治疗；胆囊结石，胆囊息肉在什么情况下行胆囊切除术？急性结石性胆囊炎在什么情况下急诊手术治疗？；急性梗阻化脓性胆管炎有何种手术及非手术治疗方法？在何种情况下手术治疗？；胆道大出血的临床表现及特点，非手术治疗方法及手术指征；肝移植的基本适应症及基本手术方式；简述急性胆源性胰腺炎的治疗；原发性肝癌的治疗方式；胆管炎性狭窄的治疗原则；急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的非手术治疗的措施有哪些？；胆囊癌的Nevin分期以及手术方法；胃肠及其它：胃近端癌R2根治手术方法；腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点；吻合口溃疡病因及诊断；上消化道出血的常见原因及治疗原则；上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序；应激性溃疡的治疗原则；试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型；消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？；结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的处理原则；胃癌的Borrman分型；身体常有一些薄弱区，在异常情况下，某些结构可由正常部位穿过这些薄弱区形成疝，腹内容物有时入一些不寻常的位置，试述身体的一些常见和罕见疝的名称及脱出部位的名称；十二指肠损伤的特点是什么?伤后常见的死亡原因是什么；胃癌根治分级校准,D2胃窦癌的淋巴结分组及名称；腺瘤恶变行肠切除术的指征；何为GIST（胃肠间质癌）？试述其治疗进展？；腹部损伤在什么情况下应考虑腹内脏器损伤；对腹痛病人进行诊断时，应按什么程序进行急腹症的鉴别诊断思考；什么是内痔、外痔和混合痔？内痔的分期？对痔进行治疗时应遵循什么原则？；结直肠癌的高危人群有有哪些？；试述胃癌的pTNM分期（1987）；简述直肠癌根治手术的原则；PPH（吻合器痔上粘膜环切术）的概念、原理、手术适应症及优点。
中山大学2002,2005,2007,2011,2015--2019年考博真题+资料
2).呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）是指因CO2排出障碍或CO2吸入过多，导致血浆H2CO3浓度升高、PH值呈降低趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3).代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）指细胞外液碱增多和/或H+丢失而引起的以血浆HCO3-增多、PH值呈上升趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学考博病理生理学名词解释总结
1.septic shock=感染性休克：在sepsis的基础上病情持续加重，虽大量补液但仍发生低血压或需要应用血管活性药物，存在灌注异常表现；但如合并使用影响肌收缩的药物或血管加压药，可以不出现低血压。
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2008年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2008年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（移植外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
（外科学公共部分）
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一、简答题： 1、简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？ 2、简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。 3、简述破伤风的处理原则。 4、简述腹部切口裂开的主要原因。有何表现？ 5、简述 Fast track surgery 及目的与主要措施。 6、简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？ 7、什么是 BMI ？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？ 8、包茎可能带来那些危害？ 二、问答题：（选所报专业） （移植外科) 1、那些因素影响肾移植效果？ 2、肝移植急性排斥反应有哪些病理学特征？
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中山大学外科学(普外科)2010年考博真题考博试卷
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中山大学
2010 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、 所有外科考生必答题（80’） 1. 在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？ 2. 肱骨髁上骨折的分型及并发症？ 3. 儿茶酚胺症的原因及临床表现？ 4. 若病人体液急性丧失达体重的 5%，有何临床表现？ 5. 心脏疾病可增加病人术后死亡的风险，Goldman 指数哪两项得分最高？ 6. 临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的 HIV 感染？ 7. SIRS 的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？ 8. 伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。 9. Crohn disease 外科治疗适应症及手术原则？ 10. 下肢深静脉血栓非手术治疗方法？ 11. PEG 中英文全称及适应症？ 12. 如何评价目前外科治疗甲状腺功能亢进症？
中山医考博解剖真题(1992-2008)
中山医大解剖博士题1992年博士一、试述腕前结构的排列（外到内），该处正中神经损伤有何症状，为什么？二、手掌筋膜间隙有哪些？叙述其临床意义。
三、试述腹股沟管淋巴结分群、位置、收纳范围、回流方向。
四、试述面神经机能成分、行程、分支、分布范围。
面神经膝状节损伤后表现？五、试述甲状腺形态、位置、毗邻、血液供应，静脉回流。
六、试述胫神经来源、行程、支配范围，损伤症状，为什么？七、试述咽的分部、位置、鼻咽部重要结构，临床意义。
八．试述心脏冠状动脉起源、行程、分支及分布范围。
1993中山医博士试题1993解剖学一、试述眼瞳孔对光反射途径及各个部位损伤后的表现二、试述内囊的位置、分部、各部传导束名称，损伤症状。
三、试述胃形态、位置、分部及胃的比邻（何谓胃床）四、试述腋窝（腔）的构成及内容。
1994年博士1、试述眼瞳孔对光反射途径及各部位损伤后的表现。
2．试述内囊的位置、分部、各部传导束名称，损伤症状。
3．试述胃形态、位置、分部及胃的毗邻（何谓胃床）？4．试述腋窝（腔）的构成及内容（臂丛的组成、分支，腋动脉分段及分支）。
1995年博士1．试述内囊的构成、分部、传导束名称及损伤症状。
2．试述眼眶内的重要结构。
3．试述心脏的形态特征，血液供应及神经支配。
4．何谓尿生殖膈，试述会阴深、浅隙的构成及内容。
5．试述胃的形态、分部及胃后壁毗邻。
1996年博士1．试述眼球的血液供应及神经支配。
2．试述腹主动脉的分支及分布范围。
3．试述腋窝淋巴结分组，位置及收纳范围。
4．试述视觉传导通路、对光反射通路及右侧视神经损伤会出现什么症状？为什么？5．试述内囊的位置、组成、分部，通过传导束损伤的名称，损伤后出现的症状。
为什么？ 6．试述肾的位置、毗邻 及肾的血供。
7．试述腹膜形成的结构及临床意义。
8．试述腹股沟管的构成、位置，通过结构及临床意义。
1997年博士1．试述三角肌、胸大肌和背阔肌的起止、功能和神经支配。
2．试述神经元的一般形态特征和分类。
博士考试外科学试题及答案
博士考试外科学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 个体化原则2. 外科手术中，最常见的感染类型是：A. 细菌性感染B. 真菌性感染C. 病毒性感染D. 寄生虫感染3. 以下哪个不是外科手术的常见并发症？A. 出血B. 感染C. 疼痛D. 过敏4. 外科手术中，以下哪个操作不属于基本操作？A. 切开B. 缝合C. 切除D. 放射治疗5. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 电凝B. 冷冻C. 药物D. 按摩6. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是常用的麻醉方式？A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 表面麻醉7. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术后护理措施？A. 观察生命体征B. 伤口护理C. 预防感染D. 立即进食8. 外科手术中，以下哪种情况需要紧急处理？A. 轻微出血B. 术中发现肿瘤C. 术中出现心跳骤停D. 术后轻度疼痛9. 以下哪个不是外科手术的术前准备？A. 血常规检查B. 心电图检查C. 禁食禁水D. 术后饮食计划10. 外科手术中，以下哪个不是手术器械？A. 手术刀B. 镊子C. 止血钳D. 听诊器答案：1. C2. A3. D4. D5. A6. D7. D8. C9. D 10. D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述外科手术的无菌操作原则。
2. 描述一下外科手术中常见的止血方法。
3. 术后护理中，如何预防感染？三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术中的风险评估和风险管理的重要性。
2. 论述外科手术的术前准备和术后护理的重要性。
结束语：外科手术是医学领域中非常重要的一部分，它不仅要求医生具备高超的技艺，还需要对手术的每一个环节都有深入的了解和严格的控制。
通过本试题，我们希望考生能够对外科手术的基本原则、操作技巧、风险管理以及术前术后的护理有更全面的认识，从而在未来的医学实践中能够更好地服务于患者。
中山大学外科学(普外科)2013年考博真题试卷
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1糖皮质激素外科感染性休克
2糖尿病围术期准备要点
3开放气胸处理原则
4影像学在泌尿系结石的诊断应用
7下肢静脉体格检查名称
8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物
9切口裂开预防
10黑色素瘤的临床表现
11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中文名称及诊断价值
12门脉高压非手术治疗及贲门血管离断理由
13低渗性缺水的原因
14乳腺癌分子分型及治疗建议
15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围
中山大学外科学(普外科)2012年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中山大学
2012 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 公共部分 等渗性缺水,失水大于全身体重 5%时的表现 周围动脉瘤的临床表现 胰岛素瘤的临床表现 骨折的早期并发症 肠梗阻的水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱表现及原因 胆囊息肉的处理原则 术后切口裂开的原因 如何选择乳腺癌术后辅助化疗按照伤口污染的程度，伤口如何分类，举例说明
博士外科试题及答案
博士外科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪个选项不是开放性伤口的特点？A. 伤口边缘不整齐B. 伤口内组织损伤严重C. 伤口表面有异物D. 伤口边缘整齐答案：D2. 以下哪个选项是腹腔镜手术的主要优点？A. 手术创伤小B. 手术费用低C. 术后恢复慢D. 术中视野狭窄答案：A3. 以下哪个选项不是腹部外伤的常见症状？A. 腹痛B. 呕吐C. 腹泻D. 腹部压痛答案：C4. 以下哪个选项是阑尾炎的典型临床表现？A. 右下腹痛B. 左下腹痛C. 右上腹痛D. 左上腹痛答案：A5. 以下哪个选项是甲状腺癌的常见症状？A. 甲状腺肿大B. 甲状腺结节C. 甲状腺功能亢进D. 甲状腺功能减退答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是肠梗阻的常见原因？A. 肠套叠B. 肠扭转C. 肠粘连D. 肠壁肿瘤答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是胆囊结石的常见症状？A. 右上腹痛B. 黄疸C. 恶心呕吐D. 右下腹痛答案：ABC3. 以下哪些是胃癌的高危因素？A. 长期不良饮食习惯B. 幽门螺杆菌感染C. 家族遗传史D. 长期吸烟答案：ABCD4. 以下哪些是颅内压增高的常见症状？A. 头痛B. 呕吐C. 视力下降D. 意识障碍答案：ABD5. 以下哪些是乳腺炎的常见症状？A. 乳房红肿B. 乳房肿块C. 乳房疼痛D. 乳房溢液答案：AC三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现。
答案：急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现包括右下腹疼痛、恶心呕吐、发热和腹部压痛。
2. 描述一下甲状腺癌的诊断方法。
答案：甲状腺癌的诊断方法包括临床检查、超声检查、细针穿刺活检和血清甲状腺功能检测。
3. 简述肠梗阻的常见治疗方法。
答案：肠梗阻的常见治疗方法包括保守治疗（如禁食、胃肠减压、补液等）和手术治疗（如肠粘连松解术、肠切除术等）。
4. 描述一下颅内压增高的急救措施。
答案：颅内压增高的急救措施包括保持呼吸道通畅、降低颅内压（如使用甘露醇）、维持血压稳定和及时转送医院。
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2017年考博真题试卷
6.结肠损伤一期修复的禁忌症。
7..双侧甲状腺次全切除术后，出现呼吸困难的原因，紧急处理措施。
8.腹部外伤急诊患者，中心静脉压正常，血压下降，如何用简单的方法判断是心功能不全还是容量不足。
移植外科
1.最常用的肝移植手术方式及其优点，何为米兰标准，UCSF标准，肝癌肝移植术后复发的危险因素。
2.肾移植后肾动脉狭窄的病因，临床表现，诊断方法，治疗方法。
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：移植外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1.什么是营养评价？
2.那些乳腺Leabharlann 病人需要切除乳房。3.最常见的功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤及其临床表现。
4.Mallary-Weiss syndrome是什么，常见病因和临床表现。
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（移植外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共课 简答题（80’）：
第1页 共1页
1. 简述破伤风的临床表现。（7’） 2. 试述腹部外伤的手术探查指征。（7’） 3. 根据哪些临床表现，急性阑尾炎临床诊断可以成立？（7’） 4. 什么是包茎？有哪些危害？（7’） 5. 男，65岁，因“进行性吞咽困难1个月”，门诊胃镜检查提示“食管肿物”入院。查体：神志清，对答切题， 缺水貌，心肺检查无异常，腹部膨隆，肠鸣音消失，四肢肌力减弱，腱反射减退。血钾30mmol/L，请回 答：病人可能存在哪种酸碱平衡失调？入院检查尿液pH为4.5，请解释原因。（7’） 6. ERAS的英文和中文全称是什么？ERAS带来的益处包括哪些？（7’） 7. 请简述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定义、临床意义和定位方法。（7’） 8. 简述外科感染抗菌药联合用药的指征。（7’） 9. TIPS手术的中英文全称是什么？简述其操作过程及主要适应症。（7’） 10. 儿童跌倒后，肘部肿痛、畸形，肘关节活动障碍，临床上如何鉴别肱骨髁上骨折还是肘关节脱位？（7’） 11. 试述急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的治疗原则及具体治疗措施。（10’） 移植外科（20’）： 12.什么事小肝综合征？原因？其临床表现？有哪些预防措施？（10’） 13.请述移植肾动脉破裂的原意、诊断与处理。（10’
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医学ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2008年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（移植外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
（外科学公共部分）
一、简答题：
1、简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？
2、简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。
3、简述破伤风的处理原则。
4、简述腹部切口裂开的主要原因。有何表现？
5、简述Fast track surgery及目的与主要措施。
6、简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？
7、什么是BMI？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？
8、包茎可能带来那些危害？
二、问答题：（选所报专业）
（移植外科)
1、那些因素影响肾移植效果？
2、肝移植急性排斥反应有哪些病理学特征？