语法讲解：现在分词和过去分词的差异

现在分词和过去分词的差异
英语种的分词分两种：现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。

虽然它们在句子中所作的成分大致相同，但它们在意义上是有区别的。

现在从5点加以举例说明。

1. 现在分词是由正在进行时变化而来，所以它一般表示动作是主动的和正在进行的含义；而过去分词是由被动语态和完成时变化而来，所以它一般表示被动的和完成的意思。

例如：
The boiling water is hot. (正在沸腾的水)
A sleeping baby is good to look at. (正在熟睡的小孩)
She has a smiling face. (主动的笑容)
You can use the boiled water to make tea. (开过的水)
Where is my lost key? (丢掉的钥匙)
A broken mirror cannot be repaired. (打碎的镜子)
2. 在意义上，现在分词表示主语的动作是让别人有如何如何的感觉；而过去分词是主语自己感到如何如何的意思。

例如：
The soccer match last night was thrilling. (足球比赛让人紧张)
The soccer fans were delighted. (球迷自己感到高兴)
This is the most confusing system I have ever seen. （让人迷惑的系统）
The children will get confused if asked to learn too much at a time. (自己被迷惑了)
David came with some surprising news. (让人惊讶的消息)
All were surprised at Sam’s sudden resignation. (所有人自己被惊讶)
类似的例子有：amazing, amazed; annoying, annoyed; boring, bored; confusing, confused; surprising, surprised; 等等
3. 在作宾语补足语时，若逻辑上主语是“人”，一般用现在分词，表示主动。

例如：
The teacher found a student dozing off. (学生打盹)
Don’t keep the visitor waiting. (客人等待)
如果逻辑主语是“物”，一般用过去分词，表示被动的含义。

例如：
Where did you get your book printed? (人打印书)
You should have your office whitewashed. (墙被刷白)
4. 同样，在分词短语作状语时，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。

例如：
Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted. (她进入)
Written in haste, the essay had some errors. (文章被写)
5. 注意：在英语中同样一个动作，有时候需要不同的动词表示现在分词还是过去分词。

例如：
Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt? (wear 用现在分词)
Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? (dress 用过去分词)
His new book consisting of useful data has been well received. ( consist 用现在分词)
Do you like the book made up of untrue stories? (made up of 用过去分词)。