语言学教程复习题与问题详解（胡壮麟版）2

语言学教程复习题与问题详解（胡壮麟版）2
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of lan guage, including the combination of morphemes into words.
2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following
a simple arithmetic logic.
4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules t hat comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language sp eak-er are known as linguistic competence.
5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no li mit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordin ating the other.
7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of gram maticality belong to the same syntactic category.
8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed a nd new members are allowed for.
9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recogni zed and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and a uxiliary phrase.
10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object us ually follows the verb.
11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from aff irmative to interrogative.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the l etter given: 15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which conta ins a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a nu mber of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually pr ecedes the predicate.
18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase an
d which says something about th
e subject is grammatically called p_________.
19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is i ncorporated into the other.
20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is norma lly called an e_______ clause.
21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense
that new words are constantly added.
22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to ope rate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations b etween and among natural languages.
24. The theory of C____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice th at can best complete the statement:
25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the gramma tical-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word tha t introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. prepositio n D. subordinator
27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties. A. recursive B. grammatic al C. social D. functional
28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ____________
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammati cality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sent ences
D. All of the above.
29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________. A. tr ansformational rulesB. generative rules C.
phrase structure rules D. x-bar theor y 30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________. A. noun phrases appear onl y in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify an other noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.
31. The sentence structure is ________. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical
32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite 33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-bar D. Phrase structure
IV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate senten ce 38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competen ce 41. transformational rules 42. D-structure
V. Answer the following questions:
43. What are the basic components of a sentence?
44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. 4 5. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? 46. What are the advantages of using tree
diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 4 7. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.
T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T II. Fill in eac
h of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1
5. simple, 1
6. sentence 1
7. subject 1
8. predicate 1
9. complex 20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.Case III. There are four given choices fo r each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statemen t: 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allo w words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. 3 6. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually compri ses a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which co ntains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate s entence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating co njunction, such as "and", "but", "or". 38. syntactic categories: Apart from sen tences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a le xical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a partic ular grammatical
function. 39. grammatical relations: The structural and logica l functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The gra mmatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the s entence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in t he grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c
ompetence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules tha t transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure i s the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes plac e. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentence s at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions: 43. What are t he basic components of a sentence? Normally, a sentence consists of at leas t a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 4 4. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. T raditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple senten ce, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentenc e consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and s tands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively.
A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her hist ory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of whic h is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do n ot have
equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple: Before J ohn gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics. 45. Are the e lements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? No. Language is both line arly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto an other following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sen-tences are also hierarchi cally structured. They are orga-nized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can b e seen from the following tree diagram: S N
P VP Det N Vt NP De t N The boy likes the music. 46. What are the advant
ages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? The tre e diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most t ruthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.
47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples. NP movement in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sen tence changes from the active voice to the passive voice: (A) The man beat t he child.
(B). The child was beaten by the man. B is the result of the mov ement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original posi tions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right an d "the child" is preposed to the left. Not all instances of NP-movement, ho wever, are related to
changing a sentence from the active voice to the passiv e voice. For example: (C) It seems they are quite fit for the job. (D) They seem quite fit for the job. These sentences are identical in meaning, but diff erent in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they hav e the same underly-ing structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第五章)
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Diale ctal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as Britis h English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. 2. Sense is concer ned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of t he linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have diff erent references in different situations. 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of e xperience. 5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can deriv。