电气时代完整版
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及对人们生活影响最深的产
refrigerator, and most of all, the
品汽车。汽车，作为部新
automobile. The automobile, ano velty in
奇的交通工具于1895年问
1895, was widespread by 1910, and it led
19世纪80年代和19世纪90
and 1890sgrew to adulthood, they were
年代出生的一代人，在他们
stunned by the rapid cha nges, particularly
成年后，他们对快速的变化
impressed by the automobile, the raeets were choked with cars and their
车和它们排放的烟雾充斥
fumes. Automobile accide nts bega n to
着。汽车事故的受害者，从
claim hundreds then thousands of
最初的几百人上升到后来的
Ein ste in'theory of relativity represe nted a theoretical expla nati on for the relationship of space and time, rather than the discovery of new laws of nature, related findings such as Planfeconstant, the Heise nberg prin ciple, and the n ature of the atom and its subatomic particles suggested that some of the certa in ties of Newt onian physics were no Ion ger valid.
发展。直到20世纪30年代，
dramatic. By the 1930s, the automobile
汽车改变了之前的商业版
had cha nged thecommercial la ndscape
图，随之出现了旅馆和公路
with motels and highway cab ins, roadside
世，直到1910年得到广泛推
to gas stations, traffic lights, and highway
广，它也直接催生了加油站、
systems. The social impact, particularly
父通信号灯以及公路系统的
in the United States, was profound and
个行列，它们随后也都进入
to earlier inven tio ns that also found their
了人们的日常生活，如相机，
way into daily life, such as the camera,
打字机，留声机，冰箱，以
the typewriter, the phono graph,
旅馆，路边食客，水果摊，
diners, fruit stands, drive-in theaters, and
汽车影院，以及开创了大西
the begi nnings of coast-to-coast highway
洋沿岸到太平洋沿岸的沿海
travel.
公路旅行。
As the gen erati on born in the 1880s
1
inven ti on, scie ntists discovered radioactivity, radium, pol on ium, X-rays, and the electron. Such new discoveries in the realm of physics, in clud ing a deeper un dersta nding of the n ature of isotopes, the electron, and the nucleus of the atom, bega n to pave the wayfor the Atomic and Electro nic Ages that would follow in the later years of the 20Tcen tury. And perhaps eve n more importa nt for the average pers on the origi nal Crookes cathode ray tube, with some modification, provided the ideal televisi on scree n, already in experime ntal commercial use by the early 1930s.
While eating corn flakes or shredded wheat, the average citize n lear ned of the
Japa nese defeat of Russia in 1905, the
progress of a n aval armame nts race betwee n Britai n and Germa nyun like any
and en terta inment over the n etworks as a type of broadcast system.
The fron tiers of scie ntific discovery moved into new areas of physics and chemistry in the 1890s and the first years of the 20thcen tury, ope ning some new and startling possibilities. While
victims. 1 nformatio n flowed more quickly
几千人。信息通过电缆线路，
across the cable lines and later over the
之后通过无线电得到快速传 播，但是大部分消息本身都 令人沮丧，人们在早餐桌上 读到的都是战争，政治暴政， 革命和自然灾害的新闻。
brought on by the In dustrial Revoluti on,
命所带来的深刻变革。20世
the first 20th-ce ntury gen eratio n
纪初的第一代人经常谈论技
freque ntly remarked on the positives and
术进步的优缺点。
radio, but much of the n ews was itself
depress in g,bri ng the horrors of war, political tyranny, revoluti on, and n atural disaster to the morning breakfast table.
5
the ingenious creati ons of people with good ideas such as the work that led to the zipper, the brassiere, and the park ing meter. Such useful, everyday items could have bee n made decades earlier with existing tools and materials, but they had to await the matchi ng of n eed, idea, and the persevera nee of in dividual inven tors.
世。诸如安全剃刀，阿司匹
A whole list of products cha nged the
林，保温瓶，电热毯，早餐
day-to-day life of the average pers on:
食品，玻璃纸和人造丝等产
safety razors aspiri n, thermos bottles
As in the past, the pathway betwee n inven ted tech no logical tool and discovered scientific principle was a two-way street. The Crookes tube, which had tested the effect of electrical leads in a glass-e nclosed vacuum in the 1880s, spun off into a nu mber of parlor-dem on strati on devices The suddenly, in the 1890s, a burst of scie ntific discoveries poured out of experime ntati on with the Brookes tube toy-tur ned-tool. With in a decade, using cathode ray tube variati ons on Crooke'
感到震惊，尤其是汽车，无
the airpla ne, and plastics. Like their
线电，飞机和塑料的问世让
gran dpare nts who had wit nessed
他们印象深刻。像他们的祖
profo und 19th-ce ntury tran sformati on
父母，见证了19世纪工业革
the world had ever seena nd the n the horrors of trench warfare in World War I.
Eve n before radio wasi ntroduced, pho ne
compa nies experime nted with using teleph one lines to carry n ews, speeches,
品的涌入改变了人们的日常
electric bla nkets, breakfast foods,
生活。早期问世的产品，经
celloph one, and ray on. To this array were
过不断的改进，也加入了这
added a con sta nt flood of improveme nts
The Electrical Age,
电气时代
1898 to 1934
The 1890s and the first decades of th
5 1890年-1910年，我们见证
20thcen tury saw thei ntroductio n of some
了一些极受欢迎消费品的问
extremely popular new con sumer items.
The short period from the 1890s to the 1930s was one of great inven tive ness but many of the inven ti ons that had the greatest impact on daily life were improveme nts over exist ing mach ines (as with electrical lighting and internal-combustion engines) or simply
n egatives of tech ni cal progress.
Life was more comfortable but faster.
生活虽然舒适，但节奏很快。
Cities became gradually cleared of the
城市逐渐清除了大量的马
flood of horse manure, but soon the
refrigerator, and most of all, the
品汽车。汽车，作为部新
automobile. The automobile, ano velty in
奇的交通工具于1895年问
1895, was widespread by 1910, and it led
19世纪80年代和19世纪90
and 1890sgrew to adulthood, they were
年代出生的一代人，在他们
stunned by the rapid cha nges, particularly
成年后，他们对快速的变化
impressed by the automobile, the raeets were choked with cars and their
车和它们排放的烟雾充斥
fumes. Automobile accide nts bega n to
着。汽车事故的受害者，从
claim hundreds then thousands of
最初的几百人上升到后来的
Ein ste in'theory of relativity represe nted a theoretical expla nati on for the relationship of space and time, rather than the discovery of new laws of nature, related findings such as Planfeconstant, the Heise nberg prin ciple, and the n ature of the atom and its subatomic particles suggested that some of the certa in ties of Newt onian physics were no Ion ger valid.
发展。直到20世纪30年代，
dramatic. By the 1930s, the automobile
汽车改变了之前的商业版
had cha nged thecommercial la ndscape
图，随之出现了旅馆和公路
with motels and highway cab ins, roadside
世，直到1910年得到广泛推
to gas stations, traffic lights, and highway
广，它也直接催生了加油站、
systems. The social impact, particularly
父通信号灯以及公路系统的
in the United States, was profound and
个行列，它们随后也都进入
to earlier inven tio ns that also found their
了人们的日常生活，如相机，
way into daily life, such as the camera,
打字机，留声机，冰箱，以
the typewriter, the phono graph,
旅馆，路边食客，水果摊，
diners, fruit stands, drive-in theaters, and
汽车影院，以及开创了大西
the begi nnings of coast-to-coast highway
洋沿岸到太平洋沿岸的沿海
travel.
公路旅行。
As the gen erati on born in the 1880s
1
inven ti on, scie ntists discovered radioactivity, radium, pol on ium, X-rays, and the electron. Such new discoveries in the realm of physics, in clud ing a deeper un dersta nding of the n ature of isotopes, the electron, and the nucleus of the atom, bega n to pave the wayfor the Atomic and Electro nic Ages that would follow in the later years of the 20Tcen tury. And perhaps eve n more importa nt for the average pers on the origi nal Crookes cathode ray tube, with some modification, provided the ideal televisi on scree n, already in experime ntal commercial use by the early 1930s.
While eating corn flakes or shredded wheat, the average citize n lear ned of the
Japa nese defeat of Russia in 1905, the
progress of a n aval armame nts race betwee n Britai n and Germa nyun like any
and en terta inment over the n etworks as a type of broadcast system.
The fron tiers of scie ntific discovery moved into new areas of physics and chemistry in the 1890s and the first years of the 20thcen tury, ope ning some new and startling possibilities. While
victims. 1 nformatio n flowed more quickly
几千人。信息通过电缆线路，
across the cable lines and later over the
之后通过无线电得到快速传 播，但是大部分消息本身都 令人沮丧，人们在早餐桌上 读到的都是战争，政治暴政， 革命和自然灾害的新闻。
brought on by the In dustrial Revoluti on,
命所带来的深刻变革。20世
the first 20th-ce ntury gen eratio n
纪初的第一代人经常谈论技
freque ntly remarked on the positives and
术进步的优缺点。
radio, but much of the n ews was itself
depress in g,bri ng the horrors of war, political tyranny, revoluti on, and n atural disaster to the morning breakfast table.
5
the ingenious creati ons of people with good ideas such as the work that led to the zipper, the brassiere, and the park ing meter. Such useful, everyday items could have bee n made decades earlier with existing tools and materials, but they had to await the matchi ng of n eed, idea, and the persevera nee of in dividual inven tors.
世。诸如安全剃刀，阿司匹
A whole list of products cha nged the
林，保温瓶，电热毯，早餐
day-to-day life of the average pers on:
食品，玻璃纸和人造丝等产
safety razors aspiri n, thermos bottles
As in the past, the pathway betwee n inven ted tech no logical tool and discovered scientific principle was a two-way street. The Crookes tube, which had tested the effect of electrical leads in a glass-e nclosed vacuum in the 1880s, spun off into a nu mber of parlor-dem on strati on devices The suddenly, in the 1890s, a burst of scie ntific discoveries poured out of experime ntati on with the Brookes tube toy-tur ned-tool. With in a decade, using cathode ray tube variati ons on Crooke'
感到震惊，尤其是汽车，无
the airpla ne, and plastics. Like their
线电，飞机和塑料的问世让
gran dpare nts who had wit nessed
他们印象深刻。像他们的祖
profo und 19th-ce ntury tran sformati on
父母，见证了19世纪工业革
the world had ever seena nd the n the horrors of trench warfare in World War I.
Eve n before radio wasi ntroduced, pho ne
compa nies experime nted with using teleph one lines to carry n ews, speeches,
品的涌入改变了人们的日常
electric bla nkets, breakfast foods,
生活。早期问世的产品，经
celloph one, and ray on. To this array were
过不断的改进，也加入了这
added a con sta nt flood of improveme nts
The Electrical Age,
电气时代
1898 to 1934
The 1890s and the first decades of th
5 1890年-1910年，我们见证
20thcen tury saw thei ntroductio n of some
了一些极受欢迎消费品的问
extremely popular new con sumer items.
The short period from the 1890s to the 1930s was one of great inven tive ness but many of the inven ti ons that had the greatest impact on daily life were improveme nts over exist ing mach ines (as with electrical lighting and internal-combustion engines) or simply
n egatives of tech ni cal progress.
Life was more comfortable but faster.
生活虽然舒适，但节奏很快。
Cities became gradually cleared of the
城市逐渐清除了大量的马
flood of horse manure, but soon the