埃菲尔铁塔

埃菲尔铁塔
埃菲尔铁塔
Introduction
Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris. More than 200,000,000 have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 in 2006, making it the most visited paid monument in the world. Including the 24 m (79 ft) antenna, the structure is 325 m (1,063 ft) high (since 2000), which is equivalent to about 81 levels in a conventional building.
When the tower was completed in 1889 it was the world's tallest tower - a title it retained until 1930 when New York City's Chrysler Building (319 m - 1,047 ft tall) was completed. The tower is now the fifth-tallest structure in France and the tallest structure in Paris, with the second-tallest being the Tour Montparnasse (210 m - 689 ft), although that will soon be surpassed by Tour AXA (225.11 m - 738.36 ft).
The metal structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes while the entire structure including non-metal components is approximately 10,000 tonnes. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun. The tower also sways 6-7 cm (2-3 in) in the wind. As demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125 meter square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming a density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic meter. The tower has a mass less than the mass of the air contained in a cylinder of the same dimensions, that is 324 meters high and 88.3
meters in radius. The weight of the tower is 10,100 tonnes compared to 10,265 tonnes of air.
The first and second levels are accessible by stairways and lifts. A ticket booth at the south tower base sells tickets to access the stairs which begin at that location. At the first platform the stairs continue up from the east tower and the third level summit is only accessible by lift. From the first or second platform the stairs are open for anyone to ascend or descend regardless of whether they have purchased a lift ticket or stair ticket. The actual count of stairs includes 9 steps to the ticket booth at the base, 328 steps to the first level, 340 steps to the second level and 18 steps to the lift platform on the second level. When exiting the lift at the third level there are 15 more steps to ascend to the upper observation platform. The step count is printed periodically on the side of the stairs to give an indication of progress of ascent. The majority of the ascent allows for an unhindered view of the area directly beneath and around the tower although some short stretches of the stairway are enclosed.
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. In order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate colors of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade of
brownish-grey. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting. The co-architects of the Eiffel Tower are Emile Nouguier, Maurice Koechlin and Stephen Sauvestre.
Shape of the tower
At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Eiffel was criticised for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according
to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, as renowned bridge builders however, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said :
- " Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be (...) will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole " - (translated from the French newspaper Le Temps of February 14, 1887)
The shape of the tower was therefore determined by mathematical calculation involving wind resistance. Several theories of this mathematical calculation have been proposed over the years, the most recent is a nonlinear integral differential equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point. That shape is exponential. A careful plot of the tower curvature however, reveals two different exponentials, the lower section having a stronger resistance to wind forces.
Installations
Since the beginning of the 20th century, the tower has been
used for radio transmission. Until the 1950s, an occasionally modified set of antenna wires ran from the summit to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. They were connected to long-wave transmitters in small bunkers; in 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar and still exists today. On November 20, 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an antenna, exchanged sustained wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory which used an antenna in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C.
The tower has two restaurants : Altitude 95, on the first floor (95 m, 311 ft, above sea level); and the Jules Verne, an expensive gastronomical restaurant on the second floor, with a private lift. In January 2007, a new multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse was brought in to run Jules Verne.
The uppermost observation deck, with a height of 275 metres, is the highest area of an architectural structure in the European Union open for the public.
The passenger lifts from ground level to the first level are operated by cables and pulleys driven
by massive water-powered pistons. As they ascend the inclined arc of the legs, the elevator cabins tilt slightly, but with a slight jolt every few seconds, in order to keep the floor nearly level. The elevator works are on display and open to the public in a small museum located in one of the four tower bases,
Events
- On September 10, 1889, Thomas Edison visited the tower. He signed the guestbook with the following message : - " To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic
and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison".
- Father Theodor Wulf in 1910 took observations of radiant energy radiating at the top and bottom of the tower, discovering at the top more than was expected, and thereby detecting what are today known as cosmic rays.
- On February 4, 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping 60 metres from the first deck of Eiffel tower with his home-made parachute.
- In 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal.
- In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building was completed in New York City.
- From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citro?n adorned three of the tower's four sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.
- Upon the Nazi occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French so that Adolf Hitler would have to climb the steps to the summit. The parts to repair them were allegedly impossible to obtain because of the war. In 1940 German soldiers had to climb to the top to hoist the swastika, but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and it was replaced by a smaller one. When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. It was said that Hitler conquered France, but did not conquer the Eiffel Tower. A Frenchman scaled the tower during the German occupation to hang the French flag. In August 1944, when the Allies were nearing Paris, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish
the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order. The lifts of the Tower were working normally within hours of the Liberation of Paris.
- On January 3, 1956, a fire damaged the top of the tower.
- In 1957, the present radio antenna was added to the top.
- In the 1980s, an old restaurant and its supporting iron scaffolding midway up the tower was dismantled; it was purchased and reconstructed on St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, Louisiana, by entrepreneurs John Onorio and Daniel Bonnot, originally as the Tour Eiffel Restaurant, known more recently as the Red Room. The restaurant was re-assembled from 11,000 pieces that crossed the Atlantic in a 40-foot (12 m) cargo container.
- On March 31, 1984, Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza through the arches of the tower.
- In 1985's James Bond action/adventure film A View to a Kill, Sir Roger Moore as James Bond chases May Day played by actress Grace Jones up the Eiffel Tower. She parachutes from the structure to escape. The video of the film's theme tune, performed by the group Duran Duran, also included several scenes of the band staged on the tower intercut with clips from the film. A full 20 years earlier, the Bond film Thunderball (1965) featured an establishing shot of the tower as the villainous Largo, played by Adolfo Celi, parks outside the headquarters of SPECTRE in Paris.
- On July 14 1995, Bastille Day, French synthesiser musician Jean Michel Jarre performed Concert For Tolerance at the tower in aid of UNESCO. The free concert was attended by an estimated 1.5 million people, filling the Champ-de-Mars. The concert featured lighting and projection effects on the tower, and a huge
firework display throughout. Exactly 3 years later, he
returned to the same spot for a more dance music orientated show, Electronic Night.
- On New Year's Eve 1999, the Eiffel Tower played host to Paris' Millennium Celebration. Fireworks exploded from the whole length of the tower in a spectacular display. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event.
- In 2000, flashing lights and four high-power searchlights were installed on the tower. Since then the light show has become a nightly event. The searchlights on top of the tower make it a beacon in Paris' night sky.
- The tower received its 200,000,000th guest of all-time in 2002.
- At 19:20 on July 22, 2003, a fire occurred at the top of the tower in the broadcasting equipment room. The entire tower was evacuated; the fire was extinguished after 40 minutes, and there were no reports of injuries.
- Since 2004, the Eiffel Tower has hosted an ice skating rink on the first floor during the winter period.
- At the start of the French Presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2008, the twelve golden stars of the European Flag were mounted on the base, and whole tower bathed in blue light.
The 72 names
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people. This engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century but restored in 1986-1987 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company contracted to operate business related to the Tower.
Image copyright claims
Images of the tower have long been in the public domain; however, in 2003 SNTE (Sociéténouvelle d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel) installed a new lighting display on the tower. The effect was to put any night-time image of the tower and its lighting display under copyright. As a result, it was no longer legal to publish contemporary photographs of the tower at night without permission in some countries.
The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for SNTE,
Stéphane Dieu, commented in January 2005, "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways we don't approve." However, it also potentially has the effect of prohibiting tourist photographs of the tower at night from being published as well as hindering non profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the tower.
In a recent decision, the Court of Cassation ruled that copyright could not be claimed over images including a copyrighted building if the photograph encompassed a larger area. This seems to indicate that SNTE cannot claim copyright on photographs of Paris incorporating the lit tower.
In some jurisdictions, this claim of copyright is explicitly disallowed. In Irish copyright law, works "permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public" may be freely included in visual reproductions.
In popular culture
As a global landmark, the Eiffel Tower is featured in media including films, video games, and television shows.
介绍
它的设计师的名字命名,工程师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔铁塔,埃菲尔铁塔是
巴黎最高的建筑。

超过200000000人参观了塔自1889年建好,包括6719200年的2006,使其成为世界上访问量最大支付纪念碑。

包括24米(79英尺)天线,结构是325米(1063英尺)高(2000年以来),相当于81年的水平在传统建筑。

塔完工时在1889年,它是世界上最高的塔——一个标题保留直到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦(319 - 1047英尺高)。

塔现在fifth-tallest 结构在法国和巴黎最高建筑,高楼是旅游蒙帕纳斯(210 - 689英尺),尽管这将很快超过旅游安盛(225.11米- 225.11米)。

埃菲尔铁塔重达7300吨的金属结构,整个结构包括非金属组件大约是10000吨。

根据环境温度,塔的顶部可能转变从太阳到18厘米(7),因为金属的热膨胀面对太阳。

塔也摇曳在风中6 - 7厘米(2 - 3)。

作为展示设计的经济,如果7300吨的金属结构被熔毁,将填补125米平方基地的深度只有6厘米(2.36英寸),假设一个金属的密度是7.8吨每立方米。

塔的质量低于空气中包含一个圆柱体的质量相同的维度,324米高,88.3米半径。

塔的重量是10100吨相比,10265吨的空气。

第一和第二水平可通过楼梯和电梯。

售票亭在南塔基地销售门票访问楼梯,开始在这个位置。

在第一个平台楼梯继续从东塔和第三层次峰会只能通过升力。

从第一或第二平台楼梯对任何人都是开放的提升或下降,无论他们是否购买了缆车票或楼梯票。

的实际数楼梯包括9步骤的售票亭基地,第一级328步,328步,第二层次和18步骤第二层次上的升降平台。

当退出电梯在第三级提升到15步骤上观测平台。

步计数定期打印的楼梯给提升进步的迹象。

大多数提升允许一个不受阻碍的塔周围的区域直接下,尽管一些短的楼梯是封闭的。

塔的维护包括应用50到60吨油漆每七年保护它免受生锈。

为了维护一个统一的外观,一个观察者在地面上,三个不同颜色的油漆在塔上使用,最黑暗的底部和顶部的轻。

偶尔的油漆的颜色是改变;塔目前画brownish-grey的一个影子。

在一楼有互动游戏机主机轮询绘画的色彩使用未来的会话。

埃菲尔铁塔的合作是埃米尔Nouguier,莫里斯Koechlin和Stephen Sauvestre。

塔的形状
当时塔建于许多人震惊其大胆的形状。

艾菲尔铁塔的设计和指责批评试图创造艺术的东西,或者不懂艺术的观众,不考虑工程。

艾菲尔铁塔和他的工程师,然而,作为著名的桥梁建造者理解风力量的重要性,知道如果他们要建造的世界上最高的建筑物一定会承受风。

在一次采访中报道在报纸Le Temps埃菲尔说:
——“现在什么现象我给主要关心设计塔了吗? 这是风的阻力。

那么! 我认为纪念碑的四个外边缘的曲率,这是数学计算决定它应该是(…)会给一个很好的印象的力量和美丽,它将揭示观察者的眼睛大胆的设计作为一个整体”——(翻译从法国报纸Le Temps 2月14日,1887) 因此塔的形状是由数学计算涉及风的阻力。

提出了几个理论的数学计算多年来,最近的是一
个非线性积分微分方程基于平衡风塔上的任何点的压力与建筑元素之间的紧张关系。

形状指数。

仔细情节塔的曲率然而,揭示了两种不同的指数,降低部分有更强的抵抗风的力量。

安装
自20世纪初以来,塔已经被用于无线电传输。

直到1950年代,偶尔修改的天线导线从大道上的峰会锚de Suffren和马尔斯广场。

他们连接到长波发射器小沙坑;1909年,一个永久的地下电台中心建于南附近的支柱,今天仍然存在。

1913年11月20日,巴黎天文台,以埃菲尔铁塔为天线,持续的无线信号交换与美国海军天文台使用天线在阿灵顿,弗吉尼亚州。

传输的目的是测量经度巴黎和华盛顿之间的差异,华盛顿特区塔有两个餐厅:海拔95,在一楼(海拔95米,311英尺);和儒勒·凡尔纳,一个昂贵的美食学的餐厅在二楼,私人电梯。

2007年1月,一个新的multi-Michelin明星大厨阿兰杜卡斯了儒勒·凡尔纳。

最高的观景台,高度为275米,最高的区域是一个建筑结构在欧盟对公众开放。

乘客电梯从地面到第一级由电缆和滑轮由大规模水力活塞驱动的。

当他们提升的斜弧腿,电梯小屋略有倾斜,但有轻微震动每隔几秒,为了保持地板近水平。

电梯作品展出和向公众开放在一个小博物馆位于四塔基地之一,
事件
——1889年9月10日,托马斯·爱迪生参观了大厦。

他签署了留言板的以下信息: ——“米埃菲尔工程师这么巨大的勇敢的建设者和现代工程的原始标本有最伟大的尊重和钦佩所有工程师包括Bon上帝伟大的工程师,托马斯·爱迪生”。

——父亲在1910年西奥多·沃尔夫观察了辐射能辐射塔的顶部和底部,发现顶部超过预期,从而检测是什么今天称为宇宙射线。

——1912年2月4日,奥地利裁缝Franz Reichelt跳60米后死于埃菲尔铁塔的第一甲板与他自制的降落伞。

——1925年,骗子维克多拉斯帝格塔废金属“出售”。

——1930年,塔失去了世界上最高的结构的标题在纽约克莱斯勒大厦时完成。

——从1925年到1934年,照明标志雪铁龙装饰三塔的四方,使其成为当时世界上最高的广告空间。

——1940年的纳粹占领巴黎,电梯电缆被法国,阿道夫·希特勒不得不爬上山顶的步骤。

部件修理他们据称无法获得,因为战争。

1940年德国士兵爬上绞车纳粹党所用的十字记号,但国旗是大吹走了几个小时后,取而代之的是一个较小的一个。

参观巴黎的时候,希特勒选择呆在地上。

据说希特勒征服法国,但没有征服埃菲尔铁塔。

在德国占领法国人爬塔挂了法国国旗。

1944年8月,盟军接近巴黎时,希特勒下令将军迪特里希·冯·Choltitz巴黎的军事长官,拆除塔以及其他城市。

冯Choltitz违反了订单。

塔的电梯正常工作小时内解放巴黎。

——1956年1月3日,一场大火破坏了塔的顶端。

——1957年,目前的无线电天线被添加到顶部。

——在1980年代,一个古老的餐厅,它支持铁脚手架中途塔被拆除,这是购买和重建圣查尔斯大街在新奥尔良,路易斯安那州,由企业家约翰Onorio和丹尼尔?博诺特?最初参观埃菲尔铁塔餐厅,最近被称为红色的房间。

餐厅从11000件佐,横跨大西洋40英尺(12米)货物集装箱。

——3月31日,1984年,罗伯特?莫里亚蒂飞的拱门的巨大豪客比奇塔。

——1985年的詹姆斯·邦德动作/冒险电影为了杀死,罗杰·摩尔爵
士作为詹姆斯·邦德追逐五一女演员扮演的格蕾丝·琼斯埃菲尔铁塔。

她从结构脱离降落伞。

的视频电影的主题曲,由集团杜兰杜兰乐队还包括几个场景上演在塔上镜头的剪辑电影。

20年前,邦德电影霹雳弹(1965)特色的远景大厦作为邪恶的缓慢的,由阿道夫?Celi,公园在巴黎总部外的幽灵。

——1995年7月14日,巴士底日,法国合成器音乐家Jean Michel贾尔音乐会进行公差的塔在联合国教科文组织的援助。

免费的音乐会被估计有150万人参加,填马尔斯广场。

音乐会照明和投影效果为特色的塔,和一个巨大的烟火。

整整3年之后,他回到了同一地点更面向舞蹈音乐节目,电子。

——在1999年新年前夜,埃菲尔铁塔在巴黎的年庆典。

烟花爆炸的整个长度塔以一种惊人的显示。

一个展览在食堂一楼是为了纪念这一事件。

——2000年,闪烁的灯光和四个大功率探照灯被安装在塔上。

自那以后,灯光秀已经成为夜间活动。

探照灯在塔使它成为一个灯塔在巴黎的夜空。

——塔在2002年获得的第200000000个客人历史。

——在第19章20节于2003年7月22日,一场火灾发生在塔的顶部广播设备的房间。

整个塔被疏散,40分钟后,大火被扑灭,没有伤亡报告。

埃菲尔铁塔——自2004年以来,举办了一个滑冰场在冬天期间在一楼。

——在法国担任欧盟轮值主席国的开始在2008年下半年,欧洲的十二黄金星星国旗被安装在底座上,和全塔沐浴在蓝色的光线。

72年的名字
古斯塔夫?埃菲尔塔上刻着七十二名法国科学家,工程师和其他值得注意的人。

这个雕刻画在二十世纪初,但恢复在1986 - 1987年由法国中篇小说d 'exploitation de la参观埃菲尔,公司承包经营业务相关的塔。

图像版权声明
塔的图片一直在公共领域,然而,在2003年拉丁(法国兴业中篇小说
d 'exploitation德拉图尔埃菲尔)安装一个新的照明显示在塔上。

的效果是把任何夜间形象塔及其照明显示受版权保护。

因此,它不再是合法出版当代晚上塔的照片未经许可在一些国家。

实行版权一直存在争议。

文档主任拉丁,Stephane上帝,说2005年1月,“它只是一种管理商业用途的图像,以便它不使用的方式我们不批准。

”然而,它的影响也可能禁止夜间旅游塔的照片被发布以及阻碍非营利和半商业性出版的图像塔。

在最近的一次决定,上诉法院裁定,版权不能声称对图像包括版权建筑如果这张照片包含一个更大的区域。

这似乎表明,拉丁不能声明版权巴黎将点燃塔的照片。

在某些司法辖区,这要求版权是明确禁止的。

在爱尔兰版权法,作品“永久坐落在公共场所或前提对公众开放“自由可能包括在视觉复制品。

在流行文化中
作为全球地标,埃菲尔铁塔是出现在媒体包括电影、视频游戏和电视节目。