南京大学真题2005年

13.南京大学2005年
ⅠVocabulary
Part A
Directions: In questions 1 - 15, each sentence has an underlined word. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best matches the underlined word. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
1. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that in most humans the left half of the brain controls language.
A. fields of study
B. groups of experts
C. seminars
D. regulations
2. Your analogy was not a good one because the two situations are not similar.
A. comparison
B. categorization
C. classification
D. cognition
3. Until she was 11 years old, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was confined to her home by her tyrannical father.
A. constricted
B. drawn
C. tied
D. restricted
4. The conquerors stole not only the gold and silver that were needed to replenish the badly depleted treasure but also the supplies that were vital to the nation.
A. substitute
B. recollect
C. restock
D. resume
5. Human population growth is a menace to nonhuman life forms on our planet.
A. hindrance
B. misfortune
C. catastrophe
D. threat
6. Project Hond Start which was inaugurated in the United States in 1965 is a federally funded preschool for economically and culturally disadvantaged children.
A. initiated
B. celebrated
C. installed
D. proposed
7. The editorial described drug abuse as the greatest calamity of our age.
A. catalyst
B. disaster
C. casualty
D. retaliation
8. Our hospital has an affiliation with the medical school of the City University.
A. organization
B. administriation
C. connection
D. cooperation
9. Whenever be goes, he readily accommodates to new circumstances.
A. finds a lodging in
B. makes a close study of
C. provides lodging for
D. adapts himself to
10. The scholar discoursed at great lengths on the unconventional poetic style of Walter Whitman, the 19th century American poet.
A. indicated
B. conversed
C. fabricated
D. repudiated
11. Even after ten years her name conjures up such beautiful memories.
A. covers up
B. reveals
C. brings to mind
D. makes up
12. Students learning about how life began on Earth may be presented with the perplexing question, "Which came first, the chicken or the egg?"
A. pressing
B. puzzling
C. patronizing
D. penetrating
13. Many of his arguments have no pertinence to the subject under discussion.
A. significance
B. value
C. enlightenment
D. relevance
14. The family was too obstinate to evacuate the house when the flood began.
A. scared
B. stubborn
C. secure
D. cautious
15. The new administration will adopt a policy of laissez-faire toward industry.
A. encouragement
B. limitation
C. noninterference
D. interference
Part B
Directions: In questions 16 - 30, each sentence had four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are markede by A, B, C, and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer
Sheet.
16. Satellite technology (means) (that people) can watch the same TV programs in (other) parts of the world (like) in America.
A. means
B. that people
C. other
D. like in
17. (Depictions) of animals and hunting scenes (can found) (in) the prehistoric cave paintings of (nearly every) continent.
A. Depictions
B. can found
C. in
D. nearly every
18. Perhaps the most typically American (types) of feature movie, the western, (has been) a resurgence (in) popularity (in recent years).
A. types
B. has been
C. in
D. in recent years
19. The groundhog comes (out its) burrow (after) hibernating (through) winter, and wanders about the prairie (looking) for food.
A. out its
B. after
C. through
D. looking
20. The immune system (protects) the body (by) recognizing and destroying (abnormally) or foreign cells, as well as (providing) antibodies to fight bacteria.
A. protects
B. by
C. abnormally
D. providing
21. Public health experts say that (the) money one spends (avoiding) illness is (less) than the cost (to be) sick.
A. the
B. avoiding
C. less
D. to be
22. Crustaceans, (alike) insects, are invertebrate animals (that) (possess) external (skeletons).
A. alike
B. that
C. possess
D. skeletons
23. D.W. Griffith, (directing) and producing his own silent movies, (achieving) great popularity (and was) a pioneer of (modern) cinema.
A. directing
B. achieving
C. and was
D. modern
24. Cheap labor (scarcity was) in the cotton plantations (of the) American South, and (slaves) became (standard) practice.
A. scarcity
B. of the
C. slaves
D. standard
25. A pacifist is a person (with) a deeply (hold) belief (in solving) disputes only (via) peaceful means.
A. with
B. hold
C. in solving
D. via
26. (In) the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians (lived) in the Northern Hemisphere grew (their) crops on river bottom (lands).
A. In
B. lived
C. their
D. lands
27. (The) number of leprosy cases around the world (has been) cut (of) ninety (percent) during the past ten years.
A. The
B. has been
C. of
D. percent
28. (In) the same way that (news services) have changed (since) the invention of television. So(does) entertainment.
A. In
B. news services
C. since
D. does
29. Some (research) suggests (what) there is a (link between) the body's calcium balance (and) tooth decay.
A. research
B. what
C. link between
D. and
30. The ozone layer (must be protected) because (it) shields the Earth (from) excessive ultra-vilolet (radiations).
A. must protected
B. it
C. from
D. radiations
Part C
Directions:For each blank for questions 31 -40 in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given following the passage. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators (31) effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to (32) themselves to the new medium (33) When working (34) radio for example, they had
become (35) to seeing on behalf of the listener. This art of seeing for others means that the commentator had to be very good at taling. (36) all he has to be able to create a continuous sequence of visual images which add meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the case of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, (37) is completely different. He is there to make sure that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him focus on particular things, and (38) the images on the television screen. Unlike his radio colleague, he (39) know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments (40) the pictures speak for themselves.
31. A. were able to be equally B. were able to be equal
C. were able being equally
D. were able to be equal
32. A. turn B. adapt C. alter D. modify
33. A. was technical B. was technically
C. were technical
D. were technically
34. A. on B. at C. with D. behind
35. A. experienced B. determined C. established D. accustomed
36. A. After B. Above C. Of D. In
37. A. however B. after all C. therefore D. in effect
38. A. exhibit B. demonstrate C. expose D. interpret
39. A. should B. must C. can D. would
40. A. if B. when C. which D. as
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Directions: In this section you will read four passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. For questions 41 - 70, you are to choose the best answer from A, B, C, or D to each question. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
Passage One
As individuals, we are inherently more bruited than a community. Although we can consult books and friends and critics, in the end we are limited to our own single perspectives. We are only one person--looking at the world from one place, one history, one pattern of knowing.
A community, on the other hand can see things through many eyes, many histories, many ways of knowing. The question is whether it dismisses or creatively makes use of and integrates that diversity.
Communities are wise to the extent they use diversity well. The wisest know that every viewpoint represents a part of the truth and that it is through the cooperative creative interplay of the viewpoints that the wisest, most comprehensive and powerful truths emerge. So they engage in that interplay, that dialogue--a creative controversy or consensus process that winds its way to wise public judgment.
The best government is that government which enables communities to do this--to nurture and utilizes their wisdom and resources--especially their diversity--in such a way that they require less and less government.
A community that can manage itself in a wise and sustainable manner is one that has mastered democracy. They know they can't depend on leaders to do things for them. They know that democratic citizens and leaders work best in partnership with each other, co-creating each other's power. They know that leaders work must be seen as living extensions of their own will and wisdom, which must be kept active. They know that passive "followership" abandons leaders, deprives them of the wisdom and creativity of the community, and opens them up to the corruptions of alienated power. A democratic community grows beyond dependence and paternalism. In a sense, the more democratic a society is, the more it has "come of age". Movements for democracy might even be seen as the maturation process of a culture. A mature society knows how to handle itself in dynamic context with others, drawing on its inner resources (its diverse members) and relating responsively and creatively with its environment.
41. The writer believes that individuals ______.
A. are inevitably more narrow-minded and less resourceful
B. are able to develop lasting friendship within a limited circle
C. can focus on one history or one aspect of knowledge
D. must decide whether or not to take advantage of the diversity
42. The writer compares individuals and communities in order to ______.
A. argue that communities are wiser than individuals
B. criticize community's lack of friendliness and perspective
C. prove that each has its own merits and advantages
D. show how community wisdom comes from individuals
43. According to the passage, the best truth comes when ______.
A. all different communities are equally smart
B. the wisest men are chosen to stand for the whole community
C. people of various opinions work together in a productive way
D. people hold debates and put on plays to find out the wise judgment
44. It can be concluded that the best goverment is one ______.
A. that guides communities to make wise judgment
B. that encourages communities to work for the government
C. that makes use of community's wisdom and diversity to perform its function
D. that leaves governing to the wisdom of communities and governs least
45. According to the passage, in a democratic society ______.
A. collective wisdom is employed in the management of the community
B. government is regarded as useless and unnecessary
C. leaders must be powerful and wise enough to guide people
D. people are allowed to do whatever they want to do
46. In the last paragraph, the phrase "come of age" is closest in meaning to ______.
A. arrival of a new time
B. reaching maturation
C. being advanced
D. catching up with the trend
Passage Two
Most new words are made up from other earlier words; language-making is a conservative process, wasting little. When new words unfold out of old ones, the original meaning usually hangs around like an unrecognizable scent, a sort of secret.
There are two immense words from Indo-European, gene and bheu, each a virtual anthill in itself, from which we have constructed the notion Of everything. At the beginning or as far back as they are traceable, they meant something like being. Gene signified beginning, giving birth, while bheu indicated existence and growth. Gene turned itself successively into kund jaz (Germanic) and gecynd (Old English), meaning kin or kind. Kind was at first a family connection, later an elevated social rank, and finally came to rest meaning kindly or gentle. Meanwhile, a branch of gene became the Latin gens which emerged as genus, genius, genital, and generous; then still holding on to its inner significance it became "nature" (out of gnasci).
While gene was evolving into "nasture" and "kind" bheu was moving through similar transformations. One branch became the English word "build". It also moved into Greek, as phuein, meaning to bring forth and make grow; then as phusis, which was another word for nature. Phusis became the source of physic which at first meant natural science and later was the word for medicine. Still later, physic became physics.
Both words, at today's stage of their evolution, can be taken together to mean, literally, everything in the universe. You do not come by words like this easily; they cannot just be made up from scratch. They need long lives before they can signify. "Everyting," C. S. Lewis observed in a discussion of the words, "is a subject on which there is not much to be said." The words themselves must show the internal marks of long use; they must
contain their own inner conversation.
47. The passage is mainly concerned with ______.
A. how to coin new words
B. where to trace the origin of language
C. the evolution of words
D. language and nature
48. When a new word is formed from an old one ______.
A. the original meaning of the old dies out
B. it is hard to know the secret of the development of the word
C. the new word carries with itself some of the original meaning
D. the meaning of the new word is often confusing
49. Why does the writer say "gene" and "bheu" are immense words?
A. Because they are rich in meaning.
B. Because they come from a very old language.
C. Beacuse they remind us of anthill.
D. Because they mean beginning and birth.
50. The word "gene" develops into the following meaings and words EXCEPT ______.
A. beginning
B. growth
C. generous
D. gentle
Passage Three
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—perious, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It has also had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature, can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjetcs come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What happened?" and "How did it happen?" have given way to the question "Why did it happen?" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical context. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this practical use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed not just to psychology in general, but to Frendian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their rightness of their theses. Psychohisotrians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); ii also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity, Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all
circum stances.
51. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?
A. The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently popular even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
B. Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
C. Areas of sociological study such as childhood and word are of little interest to traditional historians.
D. The psychological assessment of an individual's behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
52. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually ______.
A. views past events as complex and having their own individuality
B. relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events
C. interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended
D. turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events
53. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?
A. The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.
B. Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
C. Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.
D. Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.
54. It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by psyehohistorians probably prevent them from ______.
A. producing a one-sided picture of an individual's personality and motivation
B. uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question their own conclusions
C. offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historical events
D. recognizing connections between a government's political actions and the aspirations of government leaders
55. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT ______.
A. describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians
B. question the adequacy of the psychohistorians' interpretation of events
C. point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians' application if their methods
D. contrast the underlying assumptions of psychohistorians with those of traditional historians.
Passage Four
Dearest Scottie:
I don't think I will be writing letters many more years and I wish you would read this letter twice--bitter as it may seem. You will reject it now, but at a later period some of it may come back to you as truth. When I'm talking to you, you think of me as an older person, an "authority," and when I speak of my own youth what I say becomes unreal to you--for the young can't believe in the youth of their fathers. But perhaps this little bit will be understandable if I put it in writing.
When I was your age I lived with a great dream. The dream grew and I learned how to speak of it and make people listen. Then the dream divided one day when I decided to marry your mother after all, even though I knew she was spoiled and meant no good to me. I was sorry immediately I had married her but, being patient in those days, made the best of it and got to love her in another way. Yor came along and for a long time we made quite a lot of happiness out of our lives. But I was a man divided-- she wanted me to work too much for her and not enough for my dream. She realized too late that work was dignity, and the only dignity, and tried to atone for it by working herself, but it was too late and she broke and is broken forever.
……
The mistake I made was in marrying her. We belonged to different worlds--she might have been happy with a kind simple man in a southern garden. She didn't have the strength for the big stage-- sometimes she pretended, and pretended beautifully, but she didn't have it. She was soft when she should have been hard, and hard when she should have been yielding. She never knew how to use her energies--she's passed that failling onto you.
For a long time I hated her mother for giving her nothing in the line of good habit-- nothing but "getting by" and conceit. I never wanted to see again in this world women who were brought up as idlers. And one of my chief desires in life was to keep you from being that kind of persons, one who brings ruin to themselves and others. When you began to show disturbing signs at about fourteen, I comforted myself with the idea that you were too precocious socially and a strict school would fix things. But sometimes I think that idlers seem to be a special class for whom nothing can be planned, plead as one will with them--their only contribution to the human family is to warm a seat at the common table.
……
56. Why does the father talk about his youth in the form of writing a letter?
A. Because the father decides that he won't write any letters in the future.
B. Because the written letter appears more authoritative and formal.
C. Because the father intends his daughter to find the truth hidden in the letter by carefully reading it.
D. Because the father views this as a better way for his daughter to know him.
57. How did the marriage affect the father's ambition?
A. Ever since his marriage, the father could not speak to people any more.
B. His mismatched marriage exerted a negative effect on his dream and career.
C. Dissatisfied with the marriage, the father worked harder to fulfill his dream.
D. Taking too much care of the sick mother, the father had little time to work for his dream.
58. In the eyes of the father, the mother should ______.
A. settle for a quiet and peacefull life instead of having a high aspiration
B. work for herself and gain dignity by great achievement
C. know her power and learn to be strong
D. never give up her energy nor yield to failure
59. It can be inferred that the father disapproves of idlers because ______.
A. these idlers are proud for no good reason
B. these idlers need special care from their parents
C. idleness is destructive to life
D. the idle person cannot be a bread earner in the family
60. Which of the following statements does the letter justify?
A. The father explained his reason why he divorced his wife.
B. Daughter was rebellious because of lack of family love.
C. The birth of the daughter brought happiness to the family.
D. The father was upset that his daughter was an idler.
Section ⅢTranslation
Part A
Directions: Put the following passages into Chinese.
1. Academic circles had long recognized that regulatory agencies were often "captured" by a regulated industry. The public would become aroused by the revelation of an abuse in a certain industry and a regulatory agency would be created, staffed initially by people responsive to the public interest, or at least highly critical of the industry. But eventually, public attention would turn to other problems, and only the regulated industry itself would maintain an interest in who was appointed to the agency and what decisions it rendered. In the long run,
people sympathetic to the regulated industry would be appointed to the regulatory agency, and rulings would be made in the interest of the industry rather than in the interest of the public.
2. In recent years there has been considerable discussion of the relation between science and the humanities. The differences in attitudes are related in part to the different objectives of science and the humanities. In gross terms, one objective of science is to achieve precise and parsimonious statements about the structure and processes of the animate and inanimate world. Ideally, these statements allow us to describe, understand, and predict something about that world. As stated earlier, elegance or aesthetic appeal have their place in the world of the scientist, but these qualities can be expressed in terms of precision and parsimony. A primary objective of the humanities is to enrich the life of the beholder by arousing some sensual experience, emotion, or feeling. Some of these feelings are quite complex and intricate, and need developing an activity that requires a great deal of talent. There are a number of ways in which the humanities and sciences are alike. One of the principal likenesses is the motivations for both groups.
Part B
Directions: Put the following sentences into English.
1．美国在1940年代崛起为军事和经济强国，他们在各个领域的卓越成就让东方人为之神往。

话虽如此，美国人却又一次转向中国文化，以丰富他们的生活。

这个趋势方兴未艾。

2．青少年人格上的缺陷反映的是教育思想和教育观念的偏差，而教育思想和教育观念的偏差往往又与传统文化观念上的误区相对应。

3．《中国研究生英语教学导论》是十五规划重点研究课题的一项成果。

希望借此向南京大学研究生院表示感谢。

我还要特别感谢我的152名研究生，他们来自南京大学各个学科。

15年来，我是在他们慷慨给予的赞扬和热情中成长起来的，他们是我青春人生的导师。

因为他们，我一直是充满着激情走进了每一间课堂。

这本书献给与我相遇的每一位研究生，为了我和他们青春的纪念!
4．宇宙永无止境。

事实上，它是在不断地开始，而且将永不停止。

它始终忙于创造新的自然景观、新的客观实在以及新的世界。

它所完成的工作与扩展于其上的时间有关系。

它唯一要求的是永恒，以便使广阔无垠的无限量、无终端的世界以及无限延伸的空间充满活力。

(康德)
5．吾人在世，不可厌“今”而徒回思“过去”，梦想“未来”，以徒耗“现在”的努力；又不可以“今”境自足，毫不拿出“现在”的努力，谋取“将来”的发展。

宜善用“今”，以努力为“将来”之创造。

参考答案与解析
Section ⅠStructure and V ocabulary
Part A
1．[答案] A
句意：不同领域的科学证据证明绝大部分人左半区是控制语言的；discipline学科，科目；seminar研究会，讨论会；regulation规则，规章。

2．[答案] A
句意：你的类比不好，因为这两种情况不一样；analogy类比，类推；comparison比较，对照；categorization 分类；classification分类，分级；cognition认知，识别。

3．[答案] D
confine把……局限于，限制于；restrict限制，约束；constrict压缩，压紧。

4[答案] C
replenish补充，装满；restock补充，使备新货；substitute代替，替换；recollect记起，想起；resume恢复，重新开始。

5．[答案] D
menace威胁；threat威胁，恐吓；hindrance障碍，妨碍；misfortune不幸，灾祸；catastrophe灾难。

6．[答案] B
inaugurate为新建筑举行落成典礼；celebrate庆祝，举行仪式(典礼)；install安顿，安置，使正式就职；initiate 创始，发起；propose建议，向……求婚。

7．[答案] B
calamity灾难，不幸事件；disaster灾难，灾祸；catalyst催化剂；casualty人员伤亡；retaliation报复，复仇。

8．[答案] D
affiliation加盟，合作关系；cooperation合作，协作；administration管理，经营；connection关系，联系。

9．[答案] D
accommodate to适应，顺应；adapt to适应，适合。

10．[答案] A
discourse论述，讲授；indicate指示，指出；converse谈话，交谈；fabricate编造，捏造；repudiate否认，驳斥。

11．[答案] C
conjure up使浮现于脑际；bring to mind使想起；cover up掩盖错误；make up 编造，捏造，组成。

12．[答案] B
perplexing 复杂的，令人困惑的；puzzling 使入迷惑的；pressing 紧迫的；patronizing屈尊俯就的；penetrating 敏锐的，有洞察力的。

13．[答案] D
pertinence有关性，相关性；relevance有关系，关联；significance意义，重要性；value价值，评估；enlightenment 启迪，教化。

14．[答案] B
obstinate顽固的，倔强的；stubborn顽固的，固执的；scared恐惧的，吓坏的；cautious谨慎的，小心的。

15．[答案] C
laissez-faire自由放任政策；noninterference不干涉；encouragement鼓励，支持；limitation限制，局限性；interference冲突，干涉。

Part B
16．[答案] D改为as。

原句为the same... as结构。

17．[答案] B改为can be found。

Depictions与谓语动词find是被动关系。

18．[答案] A改为type。

与单数谓语动词has been及整个句意保持—致。

19．[答案] A改为out of its。

词组come out of意为“从……中走出来”。

20．[答案] C改为abnormal。

形容词修饰名词cells。

21．[答案] D改为on to be sick。

意为“花费在某方面的……”。

22．[答案] A改分unlike。

句意：与昆虫不同的是，甲壳虫是有内部骨骼的无脊椎动物。

23．[答案] B改为achieved。

and连接achieved和was，做并列谓语。

24．[答案] B改为in the。

25．[答案] B改为held。

belief与hold是被动关系，用过去分词表被动。

26．[答案] B改为living。

现在分词短语做定语，修饰Mohave Indians．
27．[答案] C改为by。

意为“减少了90%”。