高考英语语法词汇专项突破：诠释考点分布 解读名词用法

高考英语语法词汇专项突破：诠释考点分布解读名词用法
[名词考题呈现]
【考题1】（2021全国乙卷）It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas - both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the (develop) of the local areas.
答案与解析：development。

考查名词。

依据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处填入名词development，表示“进展”，作动词benefits的宾语。

故填development。

句意：这不同于传统的旅游，由于它能让旅行者了解这个地区——无论是地理环境还是文化特色，并且经常为环境爱护供应资金，并有利于当地的进展。

【考题2】（2021新高考I卷）The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we (human) are.
答案与解析：humans。

考查名词复数。

human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。

一般man的复数用men，但是有例外，如: humans, Normans, Romans, Germans。

故填humans。

句意：当你站在黄山山顶观察波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。

（2021浙江1月卷）It is calculated by dividing a 163 (person) weight in kg by their height 【考题3】
in meters squared. and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered (consider) healthy.
答案与解析：person’s。

考查名词全部格。

person是修饰名词weight，用person的名词全部格person’s。

故填person’s。

句意：它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方，BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。

分析句子结构可知，
【考题4】（2020·海南·高考）Also, technological know-how has become a 173 （require）for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most 174 （profession）答案与解析：requirement; professions。

考查名词。

动词become后接名词作宾语，依据前面的不定冠词a可知，用名词的单数形式。

故填requirement。

名词profession为可数名词，依据前面的most修饰可知用复数形式。

故填professions。

句意：此外，在日益数字化的世界中，技术学问已成为大多数工作的必备条件，由于计算机已成为大多数职业的通用工具。

[命题热点]
近年名词考点呈现出攀升的趋势。

重点考查：名词和冠词搭配、名词的数、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词与修饰词的关系、名词的词义辨析、名词与介词搭配、动词与名词搭配、名词作主语的主
谓全都等。

本文从名词用法和考点讲解，结合典型考题分析，期望能对考生备考有所挂念。

考点一、名词的数
（一）名词有可数名词和不行数名词之分，通常物质名词、抽象名词是不行数名词，这些名词不能直接用不定冠词或数词修饰，与某些特定的单位名词连用表示量的概念。

如：a piece of news/advice, an article of clothing/furniture。

常考的不行数名词有：information, progress, traffic, trouble, weather, harm, wealth, clothing, furniture, fun, value, importance, homework, paper, sugar, music, news, advice, bread, butter, baggage, work等。

（二）可数名词要留意加复数的规章。

大部分直接加s。

要留意：
1、以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加es, 读/iz/, 如:bus—buses, watch—watches；以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加s, 读/iz/, 如:license—licenses；以辅音字母+y结尾的词, 变y为i, 再加es, 读/z/, 如:baby—babies。

比较：stomach—stomachs (ch /k/)
2、以o 结尾的名词变复数时,分以下几种状况:
(1)加s,如: photo—photos, piano—pianos, radio—radios, zoo—zoos。

(2)加es, 如: Negro—Negroes, hero-heroes, tomato—tomatoes, potato—potatoes。

(可记作：黑人英雄爱吃番茄烧土豆)
(3)加s或es均可, 如:zero—zeros / zeroes
3、以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时,分以下几种状况:
(1)加s, 如: cliff, hoof, chief, stiff, roof, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief, gulf
(可记作：悬崖勒马失前蹄，首领拐杖屋顶去。

农奴信任有证据，手帕漂在海湾里。

注：handkerchief 的复数也可以写作handkerchieves。

)
(2)去f或fe 加ves, 如: thief, wife, loaf, half, leaf, knife, wolf, oneself, life。

（可记作：小偷妻子切面包，半片树叶当作刀。

切开里面一条狼，方知自己命难保。

注：oneself代表反身代词，其复数形式包括ourselves, themselves, yourselves。

）
(3)加s或去f加ves均可。

如: handkerchief—handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。

3、单复数同形的名词
fish, sheep, bison（野牛）, deer, Chinese（中国人）, Japanese(日本人), Vietnamese（越南人），Swiss(瑞士人), aircraft（飞机），headquarters（总部），crossroads（十字路口），li,jin, liang, yuan, series(系列)，works （作品），species（物种，种类），means（方法）。

（可记作：鲜字鱼羊左右边，北美野牛味道鲜，中日越鹿在前瑞士飞机在中间，总部设在十字路边。

汉语里有斤两元，系列作品物起源，巧法妙记复不变。

注：
deer的复数也可以用deers；bison的复数也可以用bisons。

）
4、名词复数的不规章变化
child—children, ox-oxen, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, man—men, woman—women, woman teacher—women teachers, man teacher—men teachers, brother-in-law，brothers-in-law，son-in-law—sons-in-law, passer-by—passers-by, German—Germans, man doctor—men doctors, bacterium—bacteria, medium—media, bacterium—bacteria
（三）只用名词复数形式的部分单词
1、表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜), trousers, shoes, compasses(圆规)等。

若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双), suit(套)等。

如：a pair of glasses，two pairs of trousers。

2、thanks, clothes, remains, ashes, goods, sports, sales等。

（四）集体名词的复数
1、police, youth, people, cattle表示复数意义。

作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

2、family，army，audience，government，public，team，committee（委员会）, crew, staff（工作人员）等常以单数形式消灭。

侧重整体概念时表示单数意义，作主语谓语动词用单数；若表示多个这样的整体时有复数变化形式，作主语时谓语动词用复数；侧重整体中的成员表示复数意义，作主语时谓语动词用复数。

3、poetry，jewelry，scenery，clothing，furniture，machinery，baggage，luggage，equipment等总是不行数，作主语时谓语动词只用单数形式。

（五）部分名词的单复数形式意义不同
1、penny 指硬币的个数时，复数形式为pennies; 指面值时，复数形式为pence。

2、people指民族时，复数形式为peoples, 指人们时复数形式为people。

（六）部分短语要求用名词复数形式
make preparations for/make friends with sb. / shake hands with sb./take pains to do sth./ give regards to
sb./make both ends meet/ fix one eyes upon/keep ties with / be in high spirits /in one’s thirties(…) / do repairs/ have words with sb. / in words / thousands(millions…)of / scores (dozens…) of /in the 1990s(…) / take turns/give my best wishes (regards) to/ Congratulations!
（七）通常在数字、字母、单词及符号的后面加上“’s”，有时“’”也省掉，即直接加上“s”。

如：
1、in the 1870s ( or: 1870’s)；
2、My 5’s look like 6’s.
3、There are three s’s in the word “assistant”.
4、You shouldn’t use too many but’s and if’s in your article.
（八）加上s后意义发生变化的词
下面列出同学们常见加上“s”之后赐予新意的名词，以供同学们参考。

【典例】He gained his _______by printing _______of famous writers.
A. wealth; work
B. wealths; works
C. wealths; work
D. wealth; works
考点二、不行数名词
一般状况下，专出名词、物质名词、抽象名词为不行数名词。

不行数名词一般没有复数形式，但有些名词在不同的语境下，会有不同的含义，从而也表现出可数与不行数性。

同是不行数名词之间的意义区分
成为名词重要考点。

（一）中学课本中常见的不行数名词
物质名词有：milk/ water/ rain/ ice/ sweat/ tea/ coffee/ soup/ grass/ cloth/ clothing/ iron/ copper/ rice/ meat/ food/ wheat/ bread/ fruit/ money/ oil/ ink/wind/ porridge/ moustache/ cotton/ dirt/ electricity/ energy/ quality/ coal/ corn/ cream/ mutton/ beef/ blood/ luggage/ housework/ daylight/ chalk/ chicken/ chocolate/ beancurd/ flour/ flesh/ equipment/ jewellery/ mud/ salt/ silver/ sugar/thirst/ sunshine/ soap/ steam/ pork/ powder/ music/ mutton/ nature/ hay/ oxygen/ rubbish等
抽象名词有：advice/ information/ knowledge/ pollution/ work/ youth/ democracy(民主)/ Relation. Importance/ fun/ beauty(美)/agriculture/ architecture/ attention/ progress/ biology/ botany/ business/ citizenship/friendship/ courage/ childhood/ darkness/ death/ depth/ comfort/ happiness/ freedom/ independence/ sickness/ success/ failure/ weight/ wealth/ willingness/ wisdom/ worship/ weather/ irrigation/ labor/ justice/ poverty/ goodness/ education/ graduation/ socialism/ practice/ pressure/ satisfaction/ silence/ slavery/ smoking/ translation/ shade/ treatment/ training/ safety/ revolution/ liberation/ luck/ peace/ mercy/ humor/value/ experience等。

（二）具有可数和不行数双重性质名词
此时主要是依据语境确定其具体的意义。

见下表：
【典例】Many people agree that ___________ knowledge of English is a must in ______ international trade today.
A. a; /
B. the; an
C. the ; the
D. /; the
【典例】There were six people at the table, and they asked the waiter for ______and _______.
A. two cups of tea; four coffee
B. two teas; four coffee
C. two teas; four coffees
D. two cup of tea; four cup of coffee
考点三、名词全部格
名词的格有一般格和全部格之分，一般格就是名词的本身形式，全部格是在名词后面加上“’”，再加上-s。

主要用于：
（一）指人或时间、距离、重量、价值、国家、城镇、天体、团体和机构等的名词之后。

如：Peter’s brother/ a children’s hospital/men's room/Teachers’ Day（老师节）
【典例】The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk.
A. a four hour
B. a four hour’s
C. a four—hours
D. a four hours’
【典例】Some ________ were talking about _______ film when I came into the office.
A. woman teachers; yesterday's
B. women teachers; yesterday
C. women teachers; yesterday's
D. woman teachers; yesterday
【考例】The ____________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________ car.
A. girl’s; Tom’s
B. girls’; Toms’
C. girls’; Tom’s
D. girl’s; Toms’
（二）表示两者全部
1、两者共同拥有时全部格的s加在最终一个名词上。

如：Mary and Tom’s furniture(两人共同拥有的家具)
2、两者分别拥有时全部格的s加在最终各自名词上。

如：Mary’s and Tom’s furniture(两人都有个人自己的家具)
（三）在店铺或其它处所的前面的表示职业或某人的名词用全部格，同时在意义较为明确不至于引起歧义的状况下，可以省掉全部格后面的名词。

如：at the barber’s shop = at the barber’s 在理发店/ at the doctor’s 在医生诊所
【典例】例题：She often drops in at ______ on her way home.
A. her uncle
B. her uncle’s
C. she uncle
D. she uncle’s
【典例】-- Where have you been?
-- I've just been to the ________ to have a physical examination.
A. hospital's
B. doctor's
C. farm
D. factory
考点四、名词所作成分
名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补足语、定语和状语等成分。

（一）作主语
主要考查主谓全都关系。

通过作主语的名词是单数、不行数名词、带有复数的专出名词或看作整体的集体名词确定谓动用单数；通过作主语的名词是可数名词复数、表示个体的集体名词确定谓动用复数。

【考例】All the scientific evidence that increasing use of chemicals in farming ______ damaging our health.
A. show; are
B. shows; are
C. show; is
D. shows; is
（二）作定语
1、名词作定语通常表示被修饰名词的用途、材料、类别等，起修饰作用的名词通常用单数，如：shoe factory/ tooth brush/ tea cup等。

但是也有部分要求用复数形式作定语的，如：clothes shop / sports man /sports meet /salesman / customs officer等。

【典例】The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop
B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop
D. bicycles’ shop
2、数词+名词作定语时，常用连字符，其中的名词用单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs, a ten-mile walk, two-hundred trees, a five-year plan.
【典例】-- I understand you have a relative visiting you?
--Yes, my ______ grandmother.
A. ninety-year-olds
B. ninety-old-year
C. ninety-years-old
D. ninety-year-old
3、man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers，women teachers，gentlemen officials，a women doctor。

请比较：a girl friend
【典例】In this school, the _________are getting on very well with the__________.
A. boy students; woman teachers
B. boy students; women teacher
C. boy students; women teachers
D. boys students; women teachers
（三）作状语
有时在及物动词或不及物动词后面有表示时间、距离、价值、程度等的名词，这些名词有时实际上是状语，但是有的同学会误以为是宾语。

如：
The meting will last two hours.这个会议要开两个小时。

The story happened twenty years ago.这个故事发生在二十年以前。

I have told you many times.我已经告知你好多次了。

考点五、名词辨析和搭配
名词词义辨析和名词与介词搭配是高考的重点内容。

（一）名词词义辨析
1、词义相近的名词用法辨析。

如：
value/cost/price, scenery/scene/view, state/country/nation, work/job/profession, cry/shout/scream,
means/approach/access/way/method; number/average/amount/quantity等。

【考例】–Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
-- Well, you know, English is my _______. So it is my best choice.
A. strength
B. talent
C. ability
D. skill
2、词形相近的名词词义辨析。

如：
expectation/ reputation/ contribution/ civilization/ reflection; silence/ patience/ distance/ importance, intelligence/ diligence/ consequence/ competence/ independence, quality/ quantity, position/ situation, expectation/ reputation/ contribution/ civilization, sound/ voice/ noise，bargain/ trade/deal/ business, bill/ expense/ price/ charge/ passage/ fare/ fee，power/ strength/ force/ energy, affair/ event/ matter/business/ accident, tip /top /peak/pole, sign/ signal/ symbol/ mark, thought/idea/sense/feeling，hobby/ habit/ custom，benefit/ profit/ interest等。

【考例】My first ____ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.
A. expression
B. attention
C. satisfaction
D. impression
【考例】Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _______.
A．consequence B．independence C．competence D．intelligence
（二）名词与介词搭配
1、介词+名词
in +detail(general/ vain/ need/ short/ brief/ despair/ charge/ place/ time/ turn/ peace/ relief; on + purpose (business/duty/ show/ time; under + construction (repairs/ investigation); out of +question(the question/ control/ sight/ order/ place/ reach); in good condition, beyond one’s control (power), at + war(night/daybreak/ noon/
dawn); in fact/as a matter of fact, as a result(consequence), by chance(accident)/ by mistake, on the country, in the distance, on sale/for sale, as follows等。

【考例】The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks in the garden of a traditional home.
A. out of question
B. out of order
C. out of sight
D. out of place
【考例】—Thank God you’re safe!
— I stepped back, just ______ to avoid the racing car.
A. in time
B. in case
C. in need
D. in vain
2、名词+介词
key/entrance/solution/ way/ approach/ note/ clue/ access+ to, agreement/ contact/ connection/ communication/ problems/ trouble+with, answer / appeal /approach / invitation/ reference/ devotion/ barrier＋to, advantage /quarrel / victory /control+over, attack /dependence /emphasis/influence /effect/ operation /remark/ impression /stress /congratulation+ on, capability / cause/ habit/ shortage/ lack/ description +of, confidence/ faith/ improvement / success/ trust/ delight/ increase/ progress/ interest/skill+in, absence / protection/ difference/relief +from, ability /charge/cure /excuse/pity /talent/ambition /anxiety /desire /hope /reason/ ticket +for, concern /doubt /remark /opinion +about, arrival in(at)等。

3、介词+名词+介词
in terms of/ in need of/ in favor of/ in praise of/in memory of/ in honour of/ in search of, by means of, in addition to, with the help of, in common with，at the age of/at the (very) beginning of/ at the bottom of/ at the end of/ at the mercy of/ at the speed of/ at the cost of, on account of等。

【考例】China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ______ all its citizens.
A. in charge of
B. for the purpose of
C. in honor of
D. for the benefit of
4、动词+名词+介词
take pride in, make one’s acquaintance with, have a gift for, lose one’s heart to, attach importance to, take part in, catch sight of, have difficult (trouble) with/in, pay attention to, pay a visit to, play jokes (a trick/tricks) on, have fun with, make fun of, make use of, take a message for, take the place of, have mercy on, show mercy to, lose one’s heart to等。

5. 动词+名词
keep one’s word(promise), make (lose/ feel/ fight) one’s way, lose heart, hold one’s breath, take place, take a
chance, make a face(faces), make a speech等。

【考例】You were working too hard. You’d better keep a ________between work and relaxation.
A. promise
B. lead
C. balance
D. diary
6. 动词+介词+名词
come into being, come to life, bring to light(揭露, 暴露, 发觉), come into fashion(流行，入时)，come to light（显露, 为大家所周知），go to waste（铺张），put into force（生效, 开头执行），take by surprise（出其不意地攻击, 使某人吃一惊），put into practice（实施, 实行）, get into trouble等。

【牛刀小试】
1. --- What would you like to drink?
--- ______ and ________.
A. Two cup of tea; four coffees
B. Two cups of tea; four coffees
C. Two cups of teas; four coffee
D. Two cup of teas; four coffee
2. --How did you spend the holiday yesterday?
--My patents took me to the ________, and we had a good time there.
A. Children’s' Park
B. Child's Park
C. Children's Park
D. Children' Park
3. It's easier to write plays for _______ than for________.
A. television; the radio
B. television; radio
C. the television; radio
D. the television; the radio
4. I went out of the _______ with my composition which was said,” Don’t use so many _______ when you make
sentences.
A. teacher's; ands'
B. teachers'; and
C. teacher's; and’s
D. teachers; ands
5. Wu Dong told me that he was______ and they were________.
A. the Chinese; Americans
B. Chinese; American
C. Chinese; the American
D. a Chinese; Americans
6. The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk.
A. a for hour
B. a four hour’s
C. a four—hours
D. a four hours’
7. She often drops in at ______ on her way home.
A. her uncle
B. her uncle’s
C. she uncle
D. she uncle’s
8. ---I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.
---There is no _______for this while you are on duty.
A. reason
B. excuse
C. cause
D. explanation
9. We all know that _______speak louder than words.
A. movements
B. performances
C. operations
D. actions
10. He dropped the _____ and broke it.
A. cup of coffee
B. coffee’s cup
C. cup for coffee
D. coffee cup
11. The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop
B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop
D. bicycles’ shop
12. it is to have a cold drink on such a hot day!
A. What a fun
B. How fun
C. What fun
D. How a fun
13. _______ happened to meet one of my old classmates at ______ yesterday afternoon.
A. It; Mr. Zhang
B. I; the Mr. Zhang's
C. It; the Mr. Zhangs'
D. I; Mr. Zhang's
14. Through trade and travel the Europeans had come into ______ with the Arabs of the Mediterranean area and the Near East.
A. contact
B. fashion
C. use
D. practice
15. People think human beings have ______ over the present and future, but we really don't.
A. entrance
B. skill
C. lack
D. control
16. Thank you. I'm pleased to tell you that the 40,000 dozen T-shirts have arrived in good _______ and are selling well.
A. manners
B. condition
C. vain
D. duty
17. The Siu Sai Wan Sports Ground has come into operation. Another secondary school and the two remaining footbridges are still _______ construction.
A. in
B. on
C. under
D. at
18. Not only have I passed CET-6, but more important I can communicate with others freely in English. My ability to write and speak English is _______.
A. out of question
B. out of the question
C. out of control
D. out of order
19. I have full confidence ______ your courage, devotion ________duty and skill ____battle.
A. for; to; in
B. in; to; in
C. in; at; at
D. of; on; at
20. The _______ between the two reports suggests that one person wrote both.
A. sample
B. shadow
C. similarity
D. symptom
21. The moment the news that Xi Jinping has been elected president of the People's Republic of China is announced, messages of _______ have been pouring in from around the world for newly-elected Chinese President Xi Jinping.
A. preparations
B. attentions
C. addictions
D. congratulations
22. —Where is the plane？I can’t see it.
—It went off its________ to keep away from the sudden storm.
A. road
B. course
C. flight
D. direction
23. As a result of heavy snow，the highway has been closed up until further________.
A．news B．knowledge C．notice D．message
24.---- Hello, Jessica! What happened?
---- I could not hear you clearly because my mobile phone could not receive a good _____.
A. sign
B. signal
C. symbol
D. mark
25. President Xi told Treasure Secretary Jacob Lew in Beijing that he wants to build a new type ______ with US centered on core interests.
A. reputation
B. civilization
C. relationship
D. worship
26. The ______ of a huge number of dead pigs around Shanghai has again focused attention on food industries.
A. achievement
B. consideration
C. amusement
D. discovery
27. You know I don't go away from home often, and I came up here ______ to tell you this.
A. on purpose
B. on earth
C. on sale
D. on average
28. Currently，many American women are still faced with the _____ of choosing between work and family commitments.
A. desperation
B. dilemma
C. confusion
D. concern
29. The Congress would not want to run the risk of placing a supposedly inexperienced man_____ foreign affairs.
A. in search of
B. in honor of
C. in favor of
D. in charge of
30. — I heard that there were a lot of shouts and screams at yesterday’s party. It must have been terrible.
— Oh, no. ________, I enjoyed every minute.
A. On the contrary
B. In the end
C. As a result
D. On the other hand
Keys: 1-5 BCBCD 6-10 DBBDD 11-15 BCDAD 16-20 BCABC 21-25 DBCBC 26-30 DABDA。