The Minor Process of English__ Word-formation

1) Front clipping: chute (from parachute)降落伞 quake (from earthquake) copter (from helicopter)直升机 2) Back clipping: cosec (from cosecant)余割 French fries (from French fried potatoes) memo (from memorandum)备忘录 taxi (from taxicab, cab used in the U.S) dorm (from dormitory), 3) Front and back clipping: flu (from influenza)流行性感冒 script (from prescription)处方，药方，对策 tec (from detective)
a) The letters represent full words. c/o ---- ( in ) care of COD ---- [BrE] cash on delivery;(货到付款） [ AmE ] collect ( payment ) on delivery（货到收款） EEC ---- European Economic Community （欧共体） VIP ---- very important person MIT---- Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理 工学院） DIY----[ BrE ] ---- do-it-yourself, e.g. a DIY kit, DIY enthusiasts
2) Acronyms are pronounced as a word, e.g.
Fax (1948 ) ---- ( by shortening and alteration ) facsimile（传真）, a device used to send or receive facsimile communications. LAN (1948) ---- Local Area Network（局域网） UNESCO ----United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization （联合国教育科学文 化组织 ） TOEFL----Test of English as a Foreign Language
Acronyms may be subdivided into six groups according to their usage.
acronyms expressing the names of organizations, etc. AFL ---- American Football League(美国足球联盟) AFL-CIO ---- American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization （美国劳工总会与产业劳工组织） CIA ---- Central Intelligence Agency（中央情报局） CNN ---- Cable News Network（美国有线新闻网） FBI ---- Federal Bureau of Investigation（美国联邦调查局） NSC ---- National Security Council （国家安全委员会） NSF ---- National Science Foundation（国家科学基金会） RAF ---- [BrE] Royal Air Force（英国国家空军） TUC ---- [BrE] Trade Union Congress (英国劳工联合会) a)
4) Middle clipping
curtsy (from curtsey)礼貌，恩惠 maths/math (from mathematics) specs (from spectacles) 眼镜
5) Phrase clipping
lube (from lubricating oil) 润滑油 nylons (from stockings made by nylon)尼龙长袜 Three-D (from three-dimensional film or form; an image or a picture produced in it.)三维的 zoo-zoological garden 动物园
1 Clipping or shortening（缩短法） （缩短法）
• By：黄敏瑜
1 Clipping or shortening（缩短法） （缩短法）
• Clipping or shortening is a method of shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original without changing its meaning. e.g. gas (from gasoline)汽油 汽油 bus (from omnibus)公共汽车 公共汽车 • In Modern English phrases also can be replaced by the use of clipping. e.g. prefab (from prefabricated structure/house) 预制品 • Clipping is an important device of forming new words in Modern English.
aflamericanfootballleague美国足球联盟aflcioamericanfederationindustrialorganization美国劳工总会与产业劳工组织ciacentralintelligenceagency中央情报局cnncablenewsnetwork美国有线新闻网fbifederalbureauinvestigation美国联邦调查局nscnationalsecuritycouncil国家安全委员会nsfnationalsciencefoundation国家科学基金会rafbreroyalairforce英国国家空军tucbretradeunioncongress英国劳工联合会acronymsrepresentingmechanisms

Seven types of clipping:
1) Front clipping 2) Back clipping 3) Front and back clipping 4) Middle clipping 5) Phrase clipping 6) Journalist clipping 7) Back clipping + suffix
e) acronyms representing common words: aka ---- also known as (亦称为) OK or O.K. or Okay ---- initials of Old Kinderhook, the nickname of Martin Van Buren, whose birthplace was Kinderhook in the state of New York OC ---- oral contraceptive （口服避孕药） f）semi-acronyms（半缩略语） ） D Notice ----Defense Notice （国防机密通知） H-bomb ---- hydrogen bomb（氢弹） N-bomb ---- nuclear bomb （核弹） T-shirt ---- (1920) a collarless short –sleeved or sleeveless cotton undershirt
Three major means of word-formation
2)Conversion 3)Compounding
4)Clipping 5)Acronymy 6)Blending 7)Back-formation 8) Analogy 9) Onomatopoeia
Minor Processes of English Word-formation
5-2-2 The Minor Processes of English Word-formation
Review
Word-formation in English : 1)Affixation
Prefixation Suffixation
Conversion to noun Conversion to verb Minor categories of conversion
b) acronyms representing the names of mechanisms: ERTS ---- Earth Resources Technology Satellites (地球资 源技术卫星) SST---- supersonic transport ( 超音速运输机 ) c) acronyms denoting scientific terms: ABD ---All But Dissertation (准博士 ) ESL ---- English as a Second Language TEFL ----Teaching English as a Foreign Language d) acronyms expressing the title of a technical or professional post MA ---- Master of Arts DA ---- Doctor of Arts DE ---- Doctor of Engineering （工程学博士） PhD ---- Doctor of Philosophy（哲学博士） DSC ---- Doctor of Science (理学博士)
2 Acronyms (首字母缩略词)
By：翟慧芯 ：
2 Acronyms(首字母缩略词)
The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or alphabetisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.
Abbreviations ：any shortened form of a word. Initialisms: words pronounced letter by letter.
e.g. “u es em cee” for USMC（美国海军陆战队 ）, an alphabetism derived from the United States Marine Corps.
Acronyms: words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.
e.g. NATO / ‘neitəu / = North Atlantic Treaty Organization（北大西洋公约组织）
1）Acronyms which are pronounced as ） sequence of letters can be called alphabetisms, e.g. COD.
6) Journalistic clipping
Cwlth (from the Commonwealth)联合体，联邦 Dept (from department)部门，系
7) Back clipping + suffix
1. n. aggression + -o 暴力行为，恼怒 2. adj. aggressive 激进的，挑衅的 comfy (from comfortable) 舒适的，充裕的 hanky/hankie (from handkerchief ) 手帕 aggro:
b) The letters represent elements in a compound or just parts of a word. ID ---- identification card (身份证) TB ---- tuberculosis(肺结核) TV---television c) The letters represent one word: BBQ ( 1709 ) ---- barbecue ( American Spanish barbecoa ) a framework for supporting meat over a fire; a social gathering especially in the open air at which barbecued food is eaten; an often portable fireplace over which meat and fish are roasted.