能量饮料对儿童有害

能量饮料对儿童有害
Energy drinks packed full of caffeine may be harmful for children. That’s the conclusion of a new report from the University of Miami. Study author Judith Schaechter said popular drinks like Red Bull and Monster Energy have no health benefits. Many of the ingredients used to make them are not regulated. Dr. Schaechter warned that children with conditions such as diabetes, mood swings and heart, kidney or liver diseases may have negative reactions to the drinks and could even die after drinking them. Report co-author Steven Lipshultz said: ―Pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks.‖ He advised that: ―Toxicity surveillance should be improved and regulations of…sales…should be based on appropriate research assessing energy drink safety.‖
breaking.jpg
Nearly a third of American children between the ages of 12 to 14 regularly buy these beverages. Sales are steadily rising in the U.S. from $6.5 billion in 2008 to $6.9 billion in 2009. Sales for 2010 are expected to be much higher. American teens say the drinks help them at school. Tracy Wong, 18, said she needs them because, ―it pumps my system full of caffeine. That's why I have energy. Caffeine energizes you and keeps you awake." A Red Bull spokesman said: ―Red Bull Energy Drink is available in over 160 countries because health authorities across the world have concluded that [it] is safe to consume.‖ However, it is banned in Germany and Taiwan for containing minute traces of cocaine.
1.conclusion n.结论；结局
Most voters believe the result is a foregone conclusion.
多数投票者认为这个结果是意料之中的。

2.regulate vt.调节，调整
The AA called for laws to regulate clamping firms.
英国汽车协会呼吁立法，规范夹车公司的行为。

3.negative adj.消极的，否认的
So far 57 have taken the test and all have been negative.
到目前为止，参加测试的有57人，测试结果均呈阴性。

4.appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的
It is appropriate that Irish names dominate the list.
名单上大部分是爱尔兰名字，这没什么不合适的。

5.energize vt.加强，给与…以活力
He helped energize and mobilize millions of people around the nation.
他帮助激励和动员了全国数百万人。

1.Pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks.
be aware of知道
He doesn't seem to be aware of the problems.
他好像没有意识到这个问题。

2.Toxicity surveillance should be improved and regulations of…sales…should be based on appropriate research assessing energy drink safety.
based on以…为依据
Canadian libel law is based on English common law.
加拿大的诽谤法是以英国的习惯法为基础的。

含有咖啡因的能量饮料或许对儿童有害。

这是迈阿密大学一份新报告得出的结论。

研究作者Judith Schaechter表示，红牛和怪物高能饮料(Monster Energy)等受欢迎的饮料没有任何健康益处。

制作这些饮料的许多成分没有进行监管。

Schaechter博士警告称，患有糖尿病，情绪波动和心脏病，肾病或肝病的儿童可能会对这些饮料产生负面反应，甚至会在饮用这些饮料后死亡。

报告联合作者Steven Lipshultz表示：“小儿科医师需要意识到能量饮料的可能影响。

”他建议：“毒性检测应该加强，监管措施应该基于评估能量饮料安全性的恰当研究。

”
近三分之一的12岁至14岁的美国儿童经常购买能量饮料。

2008年至2009年间，美国能量饮料的销售额从65亿美元稳步上升至69亿美元。

2010年的销售额将会更高。

美国青少年表示，能量饮料对他们在学校的表现有所帮助。

18岁的Tracy Wong表示她需要能量饮料，因为“它让我整个整个身体系统都充满咖啡因。

我需要能量。

咖啡因让你精力充沛，让你保持清醒。

”红牛一名发言人表示：“160多个国家都能买到红牛能量饮料，因为全世界的卫生部门都得出结论，能量饮料是安全的。

”然而，由于含有少许可卡因，德国和台湾禁止这种饮料。

HARI SREENIV ASAN: We begin with politics tonight and new questions surrounding President-elect Donald Trump's private foundation.
Lisa Desjardins has our report.
LISA DESJARDINS: 'Tis the season for charitable giving, but charity has been a long-running and controversial topic for President-elect Trump, one that he reignited last night.
He posted two tweets, staunchly defending the Donald J. Trump Foundation, his private charity, as both generous and efficient. But those tweets ricocheted. Some say they are misleading or plain false.
So what do we know? Let's start with this.
Mr. Trump tweeted: "I gave millions of dollars to DJT Foundation." And he did. Tax filings confirm Mr. Trump and his companies donated $6 million of his own money to the foundation.
DONALD TRUMP (R), President-Elect: I wanted to make this out of the goodness of my heart.
特朗普慈善基金
LISA DESJARDINS: But here's the issue: Timing. Tax filings show he donated nothing to the foundation in recent years. Instead, most of the foundation's funding, about $9.5 million, has come from outside donors, including Vince and Linda McMahon, the professional wrestling tycoons. Linda McMahon is now the Trump nominee to head the Small Business Administration. The couple gave $5 million in two years.
Next, this claim from Trump: that all of his foundation money is given to charity. Again, context is critical here. Most of Trump Foundation money did go to nonprofits or charities, but philanthropy may not have been the only motivation. Public documents show foundation funds also went to help settle lawsuits against Mr. Trump, or to political allies, as The Washington Post's David Fahrenthold recently explained to the "NewsHour."
DA VID FAHRENTHOLD, The Washington Post: They gave to this group called And Justice For All, which is a political campaign committee helping Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, who, at the time, just happened to be considering, her office was considering whether to pursue an investigation against Trump University. They, later on, after the money came in, decided not to pursue that investigation. Trump paid that money out of the Trump Foundation, which is against the law.
LISA DESJARDINS: Finally, Trump tweeted that his foundation "never paid fees, rent, salaries or any expenses."
That is true. His children serve as the foundation's board, and the foundation is run by the staff of the Trump Organization, his business.
Now, that creates an efficient family charity, but has raised some serious questions. Charities are not supposed to directly benefit or overlap with for-profit businesses like the Trump Organization, and that's one reason the New York state attorney general is investigating the charity.
And all that leads us to what's next for the Trump Foundation. The president-elect has announced he plans to close it. But, legally, he's not allowed to do that until the New York investigation is over.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm Lisa Desjardins.
This is Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Erika Beras.
Got a minute?
Ever wonder how the citizens of Metropolis somehow could not recognize Clark Kent once he ditched the glasses and became Superman? Well, now there's an actual scientific explanation: When a person alters their appearance, even in small ways like adding a pair of glasses, it can
indeed lessen the ability of others who do not know that person to recognize his or her face.
The study is in the journal Applied Cognitive Psychology.
Psychologists Robin Kramer and Kay Ritchie from the University of York in the U.K. showed volunteers pictures of unknown people—not celebrities. The photos came from Google Images, and featured people in various poses, with different facial expressions and changing lighting.
The participants saw two photos at the same time—either two pictures of the same person or a different person in each picture. Three possible pairs of pictures were presented: both people wore glasses; neither person wore glasses; or only one of the pair of people had glasses on.
Then the researchers asked the volunteers whether the pictures were of the same person or of two different people.
克拉克·肯特和超人.jpg
When the folks in both pictures were in the same condition—either both with glasses or both without—the participants were about 80 percent accurate in telling whether it was the same person or a different person in the two pics. But accuracy fell to 74 percent when glasses were worn in only one of the pictures.
The researchers noted that the appearance of the eyes may be the most important aspect of facial recognition, so a change to the eyes could be expected reduce recognition. But trained examiners, such as TSA agents, may be less fooled by such simple modifications.
The researchers concluded their paper by writing [quote]: "While we may still find it hard to believe that the inhabitants of Metropolis are unable to match Clark Kent with the numerous appearances of Superman in newspapers and on television, we can at least understand why Kent has chosen glasses as his aid to anonymity."
Thanks for the minute for Scientific American — 60-Second Science Science. I'm Erika Beras.
这里是科学美国人——60秒科学。

我是艾丽卡·贝拉斯。

有一分钟时间吗？
你有没有想过，为什么克拉克·肯特摘下眼镜成为超人的时候，大都市的市民就不认识他了？现在关于这个问题有了一个切实的科学解释：当一个人改变自己的面貌时，即使是只戴上一副眼镜这样的小改变，也可以弱化对此人不熟悉的人对他或她的识别能力。

该研究结果发表在《应用认知心理学》期刊上。

来自英国约克大学的心理学家罗宾·克莱默和凯·里奇向志愿者们展示了一些陌生人的照片，这些人并不是名人。

这些照片来自于谷歌图片，这些陌生人变换不同的姿势、不同的面部表情并且改变周围的亮度。

志愿者会同时看到两张照片，这两张照片要么为同一人要么为不同的人。

一共呈现的照片有三组：两人都戴眼镜；两人都不戴眼镜；两人中只有一人戴眼镜。

然后研究人员询问这些志愿者两张照片是否为同一人。

当照片中的人物情形相同，即都戴眼镜或者都不戴眼镜时，志愿者分辨两张照片是否为同一人的正确率为80%。

但是，若两张照片中只有一张戴眼镜，那正确率则会下降到74%。

研究人员指出，眼睛可能是面部识别中最重要的部位，所以，眼睛部位发生改变会减少辨识度。

但是安全审查人员等训练有素的检查员，不太会被这些微小的变化所欺骗。

研究人员在论文的结尾处写道：“虽然我们仍然很难相信大多数人无法将都市居民克拉克·肯特和在电视以及报纸上经常露面的超人联系到一起，但是，至少我们可以理解为什么肯特选择戴眼镜来帮助自己隐藏身份。

”
谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。

我是艾丽卡·贝拉斯。

重点讲解：
1. at the same time 同时；
例句：They arrived here at the same time.
他们同时抵达这里。

2. either...or... （表示在两者或多者中择其一）或者，要么；
例句：Tom is going to buy either a guitar or a piano.
汤母不是要买一把吉他就是要买一架钢琴。

3. such as (用于举例)例如，像，诸如；
例句：We are particularly interested in phenomena such as telepathy and levitation.
我们对心灵感应及空中漂浮这样的现象特别有兴趣。

4. be unable to do sth. 不能…的；无法…的；
例句：He is unable to do such a difficult job now.
他现在还不能做这样困难的工作。

Sunshine Can Improve Cancer Odds
From VOA Learning English, this is the Health and Lifestyle report.
We should all let the sunshine in as much as possible –and not just because it makes us feel good. Exposure to sunlight produces vitamin D in our skin. This is why we call vitamin D the "sunshine vitamin."
Vitamin D is good for everybody. In fact, research shows this "sunshine vitamin" could help women with breast cancer live longer.
Breast cancer patients who have high blood levels of Vitamin D have a better a prognosis than women who don't. A prognosis is how quickly a doctor expects a patient to recover or how long a doctor expects a patient to live.
Researchers found that these women had less aggressive cancers. They were also 30 percent less likely to die from the cancer or to get it again.
Researcher Song Yao led the study for the Roswell Park Cancer Institute. He said the study showed that high Vitamin D levels improved the patients' prognosis no matter what type or how advanced their cancer was.
Other benefits of vitamin D
Besides fighting breast cancer, Vitamin D helps the body in other ways.
Most importantly, Vitamin D controls how the body absorbs calcium. It also makes sure the body's immune system works normally.
Getting enough Vitamin D is important for normal growth of bones. If you don't get enough, you are at risk of developing osteoporosis, a disease that makes your bones fragile, brittle, or easy to break.
Several studies show that Vitamin D also strengthens the immune system and helps the body fight disease.
Vitamin D may help reduce your risk of developing heart disease, according to a 2008 study published in the journal Circulation. And, it may also help protect you against getting the flu. Other studies have shown that vitamin D might help people suffering from depression.
But how do we get enough vitamin D?
Factors in the environment may limit our exposure to sunlight and, therefore, Vitamin D. These factors include pollution, using too much sunscreen, spending too much time inside and living in areas with little sunlight.
So, if you can't get enough sunshine, eat foods that are rich in Vitamin D: egg yolks, cheese and fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, tuna or mackerel.
Some foods such as orange juice, yogurt and cereals are fortified with Vitamin D. They are also good sources.
How much Vitamin D you need is a debated topic. The best way to know if you need more Vitamin D is to get tested by a doctor.
And that's the Health and Lifestyle report.
I'm Anna Matteo.
1.let in 让...进入；嵌入
We opened the windows and let in the glorious evening air.
我们打开窗户，让傍晚那沁人心脾的空气流进室内。

2.be rich in 富含
Angola was a country rich in natural resources
安哥拉是一个自然资源丰富的国家。

3.egg yolks 蛋黄
High cholesterol diet are liver, egg yolks, tearing, various animal fats.
高胆固醇食物有动物内脏、蛋黄、鱼子、各种动物油。

4.exposure to 曝光；显露
Continuous exposure to sound above 80 decibels could be harmful.
持续暴露在强度高于80分贝的噪声中可能有害。

1.Other studies have shown that vitamin D might help people suffering from depression.
suffering from 遭受；经历
I learned that he was suffering from cancer.
我听说他患了癌症。

I realized he was suffering from shock.
我意识到他休克了。

2.If you don't get enough, you are at risk of developing osteoporosis, a disease that makes your bones fragile, brittle, or easy to break.
at risk of 处于...危险中
He saved three children alive at risk of his life.
他拼命救出了三个孩子。

An estimated seven million people are at risk of starvation
估计有700万人面临着饿死的危险。

多晒太阳降低患癌风险
这里是VOA慢速英语健康生活报道。

我们应该尽量让室内充满阳光，阳光的作用不仅可以让我们放松身心。

阳光照射在皮肤上会产生维生素D。

所以我们常称维生素D为“阳光维生素”。

维生素D对人体大有裨益。

有研究表明，“阳光维生素”可以延长患乳腺癌女性的寿命。

多晒太阳有助于降低患癌风险.png
血液中含维生素D较高的女性乳腺癌患者，其预后结果比维生素D含量低的患者更为理想。

预后指的是医生预期患者康复的速度，或医生预期患者的存活时间。

研究人员发现这些女性患侵略性癌症的概率低。

其因癌症死亡或复发的概率也降低了30％。

研究员宋珧（Song Yao）主导了罗斯韦尔公园癌症研究所（Roswell Park Cancer Institute）的这项研究。

他表示，研究显示无论哪种癌症或病情到哪种程度，高含量的维生素D都可以改善患者的预后。

除对抗乳腺癌外，维生素D还有助于强健身体机能。

最重要的是，维生素D可以调节钙吸收。

此外还可确保身体的免疫系统正常运作。

充足的维生素D对于骨骼正常发育十分重要。

若补充维生素D不足，那么就容易患上骨质疏松症，这种疾病会导致骨骼脆弱、易折。

多项研究表明，维生素D还能提高免疫力，帮人体抵抗多种疾病。

2008年，《循环》杂志发表的一项研究表明，维生素D有利于降低患心脏病的风险。

它还能保护人体免受流感侵袭。

其他研究显示，维生素D可能对患有抑郁症的人也有所功效。

But how do we get enough vitamin D?
但是应该如何补充足量的维生素D呢？
环境因素可能会阻碍我们吸收阳光，即维生素D。

所谓的环境因素包括空气污染，防晒霜使用过量，久待室内和生活在阳光较少的地区。

如果你无法享受充足的日光，那么就多食用富含维生素D的食物，如蛋黄、奶酪以及多脂鱼类，如鲑鱼、沙丁鱼、金枪鱼或鲭鱼。

橙汁、酸奶和谷物类食品都富含维生素D。

这些食物都可以补充维生素D。

人体需要补充多少维生素D，这是个颇具争议的话题。

是否需要补充更多维生素D的最直接方法就是找医生测验。

以上为健康生活报道的内容。

安娜·马特奥为您播报。

The rolling hills of Tennessee's Cumberland Plateau are home to some of the nation's most beautiful and productive fields and forests. Underneath those fields is a very different kind of beauty.
在田纳西州的坎伯兰高原上，分布着一群连绵起伏的山丘，那里有着全国最美丽也是最多产的田地和森林。

而在这片田野之下，则是一派完全不同的美妙景象。

On most Saturdays, hundreds of music fans from all over the world trek a kilometer into the Cumberland Cavern to enjoy the American music form 110 meters below ground.
在大多数周六的时候，来自全世界的数百名音乐爱好者总会徒步两里地，到坎伯兰高原的山洞中，在地下110米的地方尽享美国专属的音乐形式。

Bluegrass Underground was launched in 2008.The show features artists playing so-called American Roots Music, developed by immigrants from the British Isles who settled in the hills above in the late 18th century.
蓝草地下音乐于2008年推出。

该节目邀请艺术家来演奏所谓的美国草根音乐，这种音乐形式其实是由来自不列颠群岛的移民开创的，18世纪末，这些移民定居在山洞上方的山丘上。

The performances are staged in a large cavern called The V olcano Room. The acoustics are nearly perfect. That fact was not lost on Tennessee music promoter, Todd Mayo.
演出的举办地点定于一个名为"火山室"的大洞穴中。

洞中的音响效果堪称完美。

而田纳西州音乐的倡导者托德·梅奥则十分清楚这个事实。

洞穴表演将蓝草音乐推向新高度
"Inside the cave we took the tour and you get down into the V olcano Room and there is this giant chandelier. And I looked up and I looked around and I said to the tour guide, 'Do you all have live music around here?' And she said, 'No, but that would be a good idea,' and it just sort of all came to me."
"我们先在洞穴里面参观了一圈，走到火山室的时候，你会发现里面有个大吊灯。

我上下四周打量了一番，然后问导游，'你们这里会有现场音乐表演吗？'她回答我说，'这个还真没有，不过这想法相当不错。

'就这样，我心里差不多有了这么个主意。

"
More than 180,000 guests later, Bluegrass Underground is gathering an international following.
之后，蓝草地下音乐吸引了超过18万的音乐迷，现在它正在聚集来自全世界的追随者。

"We have had people from Ireland and Japan. And they literally said they came to America, the impetus was to come to this cave and see this show."
"我们还有来自爱尔兰和日本的粉丝。

"他们表示，支撑自己到美国来的动力就是亲临这个洞穴，看一场我们的演出。

As the audience filed out of the cave, Bluegrass fan Gwynn Lanaus said the music seemed to fit the setting.
观众们纷纷从洞穴里面走出来，格温·拉纳斯也是蓝草音乐的一名粉丝，他表示，音乐风格跟周围的环境很搭调。

"The Bluegrass that we saw today, it kind of blended. You know, it might not be a venue for all kinds of music, but it was certainly appropriate for the day."
"我们今天所看到的蓝草音乐，其实是有点混合的味道。

可能不是所有的演出都适合在这里举办，但它绝对适合我们今天欣赏到的这场音乐盛宴。

"
Austin Thompson, lead singer of The Way Down Wanderers, says the cave setting also match the nature-themed songs his group often performs. He was impressed as well with the cave's natural acoustics.
奥斯丁·汤普森是The Way Down Wanderers的主唱，因为乐队经常演唱以自然为主题的歌曲，所以他跟大家一样，也觉得洞穴环境特别适合自己团队的风格。

同时，对于洞穴中自然的音响效果，他也是叹为观止。

"I thought it was really great. I mean, on both sides of the spectrum, being on stage and as a listener in the audience, you know, it was a really full... a really full sound.
"我觉得那种环境真是棒呆了。

我是说，在声谱的两边，置身于舞台上，作为众多观众当中的一员，那种声音效果真是太饱满了。

"
Todd Mayo says he hopes to give music fans who attend the show an even fuller experience in the
near future. He wants to develop a weekend long Tennessee program that would include visiting some of the state's many scenic parks and forests.
托德·梅奥称，在不久的将来，他希望能向参加演出的音乐迷们提供更加完美的视听体验。

同时也想要制定出一份周末田纳西计划，其中包括到美国一些风景优美的公园和森林进行巡回演出。