语法

定语从句
That的特殊用法
1.最高级形容词+先行词+that
He is the most boring speaker that I have ever heard.
2. 人+动物或事物（共同作形容词）+that
Look at the girl and her dog that are crossing the bridge.
3. 前面已有疑问词Who或Which时
Who that knows him would trust him?
4. 先行词前有下列代词修饰时：the first, the last, the only, the very, all, no, every
He is the last person that I want to see.
5. 先行词前为下列情况或附有下列修饰语时：much, little, none, everything, everybody, nothing, nobody
There‟s nothing in the world that can frighten him.
As的用法: 通常与such, the same, as并用
I will buy the same watch as you have.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
As much money as is necessary must be collected.
Do not trust such men as praise you to your face.
1. Tom ate more food ( ) was good for his health.
A.that
B. as
C. than
D. which
2. Ahead of me I saw a woman ( ) I thought was my aunt.
A. who
B. whom
C. of whom
D. whose
让步状语从句
（1）although; though引导
e.g. Wrong: He could not sleep, although he was tired.
Right: Although he was tired, he could not sleep.
Right: He could not sleep, though he was tired.
（2）adj. / adv. / p.p. / n. (无冠词) + as + S. + V. = Although + S. + V.
Y oung as he is, he knows a lot of things.
Tired as he was, he sat up late studying last night.
Heavily as it rained, the football match has been decided not to be put off.
Shoe-maker as he was, he was a man of principle.
（3）V. + as + S. + may (or might; will; would)
Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
（4）e.g. No matter how hard it may be, I will carry it out.
Whatever you may do, you must do it well.
Y ou may come and talk to me whenever you feel lonely.
名词从句
1.最常见的all, all that, what
I really mean what I say. →I really mean the thing which I say.
→I really mean all that I say.
→I really mean all I say.
2. That引导的主语从句, 表语从句
That he is a rich man is know to all in the city.
The reason why I burst into tears is that I don‟t want to part from my mother.
3. If 与whether的不同
1) Whether … or not e.g. It doesn‟t matter whether we need it or not.
2) Whether … is … e.g. Whether we need it is a different matter.
3) … is whether… e.g. The problem is whether we need it.
4) whether to go or not e.g. I don‟t know whether to go or not.
同位语从句
1.Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of wolves, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plains.
2.I was astonished at the fact that bees can communicate with each other.
3.There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down.
4.I had no idea (that) it was going to be so expensive.
5.We are not investigating the question whether he is trust-worthy.
6.She left no message when she would be back from the beach.
7.The fact that the majority voted for the man surprised many people.
Cf. With the pay that he received and saved, he went on with his studies at university, where he received a doctor‟s degree.
动名词和不定式
1.动词+ doing
admit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免complete 完成
consider 认为delay 耽误deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受
enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱prevent阻止fancy 想象finish 完成
imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone 推迟practice 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resist 抵抗resume 继续risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续
2. 词组后接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to
object to stick to be busy look forward to (to为介词）no good,
no use It…s worth…,as well as, can‟t help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent … from…
3.动词+ 宾语+ 不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn remind
4. 用作介词的to ：To + 名词/动名词：
admit to 承认，confess to 承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持turn to 开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意
分词
1.Being seriously ill, he was sent to hospital by his classmates.
2.Encouraged by his mother, John studied art in Florence.
3.Not having seen her for years, we could hardly recognize her.
4.Having a written exam, I am forced to study hard.
pared with his brother, he is not so clever.
6.Forgetting his manners, he put up his feet on the desk.
7.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
8.Turning off the light, he went to bed.
9.Having finished her shopping, she went home.
10. Having been served lunch, the members of the club discussed the problem.
独立主格结构
1.Mother being ill in bed, I can‟t go to school.
Compare: Being ill in bed, I can‟t go to school.
2. He went away, without a word spoken.
3. The old man sat reading, with his dog sleeping beside him.
4. Nobody being in the room, I did not go in.（表原因）
5. All things considered, her paper is better than yours.（表条件）
6. They matched down the street, their red flags waving.（表伴随状态）
7. The shower being over, we continued our journey. （表时间）
虚拟语气
（1）与现在事实相反
might
were would
If + S. + 动词过去时…… S. + could + V.
过去时助动词should
e.g. If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.
If you had more time, would you study French？
（2）与过去事实相反
might
would
If + S. + had + 过去分词…… S. + could + have +过去分词
should
e.g. She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.
（3）与将来事实相反
1）不可能的假设
might
were would
If + S. + were + to + V. , S. + could + V.
过去时助动词should
e.g. If I were to be twenty years old, I would take this course.
2）可能的假设
might
would
If + S. + should + V. , S. + could + V.
should
e.g. I don‟t think I shall fail. But if I should fail, I would try again.
It is quite impossible that it will rain tomorrow. But if it should rain,
I would still go to the cinema.
（4）虚拟语气中的条件句省略if的方法
1.虚拟语气中的条件句省略if时，主语与were (or should; had)的位置互换
2. 只有were, had, should, could等可以放在主语前形成疑问句的词才可以采用这种省略
e.g. Were it not for his illness (If it were not for his illness), he could do better.
Had I had time, I would gone over to see her.
Had I driven a little slower, I could not have missed seeing you.
Could I do it, I would.
Should he fail, he would never touch the book.
（5）wish后的虚拟语气
1. S. + wish + S. + 过去时
2. S. + wish + S. + had + 过去分词
3. S. + wish + S. + could / would / might + V.
e.g. I wish I had a typewriter.
He wish he hadn‟t wasted his time when he was young.
I wish we could go with my brother when he flies to England next week.
（6）what if …? （如果……该怎么办?）
e.g. — He would go to see you.
— What if he did not come?
（7）使用以及省略should的情况
1.表命令或建议时
order; demand; insist; command; advise; suggest; request; etc.
e.g. We demanded that he pay the bill by the end of the month.
It was ordered that no smoking be allowed in the library.
The suggestion was made that they follow our advice.
2. 形容词短语和名词短语的情况
It is + (natural; important; necessary; essential; surprising; strange;
funny; a pity; a matter of regret; etc) + that + S. +should + V.
e.g. It is strange that he say so.
It is a pity that he miss such a golden opportunity.
It is very important that she give me all the information.
3. It is / was + about time / high time / time + S. + V.-ed
倒装句
1. So / Nor / Neither + 助动词/ be动词+ 主语
2. So / Nor / Neither + 主语+ 助动词/ be动词
3. Here / There + 动词+ 主语（名词）
4. 否定词+助动词/ be动词+ 主语
by no means; hardly; never; no sooner…than; in no time; little; not a bit;
not only…but also; not until; seldom; nowhere; not (+ 副词/副词短语)
e.g. Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of your story.
No sooner had they heard the news than they rushed out into the street.
5. 副词only（+ 副词/ + 副词短语/ +副词从句）+ 助动词(or be)+ 主语
e.g. Only then did I take pity on her.
Only in the evening does the old man take a walk in the garden.
Only when one loses health does one know its value.
6. 副词/ 副词短语+ 不及物动词+ 主语（名词）
e.g. Next came John.
Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor when the policemen pointed a gun at him On his left sits his wife, who was dressed in black.
Well did I know him and well did he know me.
7. 副词+ 代名词+ 动词（不及物）
e.g. Off he went. / Over it turns.
8. 副词+ with + 代名词
e.g. Away with them! = Take them away!
Down with it! = Take it down!
9. 表语+ 谓语动词+ 主语
e.g. Under his arm was a pair of shoes.
Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body.
10. As（=though; although）形成的倒装
名词（无冠词）/ 形容词/ 副词/ 分词+ as + 主语+ 动词
e.g. (参阅“让步状语从句”中的例句)。