mpa英语学习笔记

学习笔记
作文的8项原则：（得分派，作文没有标准答案）
一、硬件：字数够不够》120字，缺10字扣1分。

标点符号不算，不够时解决方
法：
i.把字写大一些、学会啰嗦 a lot of=much/many,in a first place /last but not the
least
ii.学会举例子是啰嗦的最高境界。

iii.本文123个word标注，
二、软件：认真审题，不能跑题》》》头两段，尤其是第一段的前两句话是否跑题，
破题作文为0分，应该花3分钟的时间研究考试指令
三、写得干净不干净：得分技巧，不干净扣印象分4分，改卷子不累》》》怜香惜玉，
不会扣分，否则容易导致老师讨厌，扣分。

切记乱涂乱画，（作文如人生，一
次性，没有回头路，一次过，20岁以后人生的选择比努力更重要，难免出错，
不能打草稿，但可以列提纲）。

写错后：不要乱划
四、用词难一点、造句长一点：分数高低的尺度（核心），作文是书面语。

i.造句有难度
she is my girlfriend(<7分)
she is my girlfriend who is beautiful. (<10分)
写主语从句That is a truth that my girlfriend is beautiful. (<12分)
It is a truth who is my girlfriend. (<14分)
ii.用词有难度
写一些不同的字，不能光写中学词，常见词，适当写一写大学，甚至
四六级词汇，词汇要有难（宽）度，至少写2-3个（一定要保证准确
度）就可以120字中，有意识准备一些
字不会时，怎么办？1、写草书，甚至写狂草； 2.换字，勤劳
--hardwork 繁荣-busy，需要脑子急转弯。

动词不会可用：be have make take get do give等代替
these phenomen is very ungliy
it will benefit for our econormy
五、想好写什么：写提纲outline--可以写到准考证的背面--（依据题目及要求），准
备素材（写出关键词，再变成英文的句子）。

》》》》》练习方法：拿到题目自己先
列一列，再看答案。

树
树是人类的好朋友
树可以净化空气
树还可以保护和改善环境
六、写（英文表达）背3-5篇新概念2册的文章，练练语感，先吃桑叶再吐丝，再
写》》》写好漂亮英文的6个条件：
i.我写的句子主语是哪四种形式吗？（名词类、ving、to+动词、句子）
ii.我写的句子每一句话是一个谓语动词吗？(句号、分好、从句，可以并列)，这一个谓语动词不是原形就是过去式，对吗?他的时态（过去、
现在、将来）、语态（主动或被动）、语气（虚拟）正确吗？他在情态动词
（can could /may might/must/shall should will would ）或助动词
（be/have/do/shall should will would）后用了原型吗？除这个谓语动词外，
这一句话的其他动词消灭了吗？消灭动词有三招（ing \ed\to）,我消的方
法正确吗？消灭之后的三种动词可以做句子中除谓语之外的其他成分。

iii.我写的句子宾语正确吗？
切记：英文的主谓宾与中文一模一样
iv.我的句子定状语正确吗？（定语：除形容词放在名词前，其他定语要放名词后，包括5中：介词词组、ing词组、ed词组、to不定式、句子）[除
副词外，英语的状语也包括5中：介词词组、ing词组、ed词组、to不定
式、句子，放在句子前后、动词后]
v.我写的句子主谓一致吗？（单复数）
vi.我写的句子单词拼写正确吗？不会写：草书、换词、万般无奈是宁可写拼音也不能写汉字，一定要在考前一周重温英语不规则动词表
笨招：
1.先写中文
2.中文的主谓宾写成英文，
3.检查谓语
4.加定状
七、交卷前一定要检查，尤其是动词（不规则动词7/15）？
八、背点东西：背5篇作文（找语感）、背不规则动词表（为少扣分）、背模板套路
（把作文写漂亮）
2.翻译的四项原则：翻译没有标准答案，只有参考答案，但
要坚持意向四项原则：
1.尽量的直译。

（宁死不活）
2.有时可以加字，有时可以减字，可以意译
3.尽量少用被动句（只许州官放火不许百姓点灯）
4.定状语多时，可以拆开说，
非双宾语动词：remind /accuse / provide / deprive
Remind sb of sth
Accuse sb of sth
Deprive sb of sth
Provide sb with sth = offer sb sth
双宾语动词：tell, bring, buy, offer,
He told (me) the story=he told the story to me
虚拟语气用法
用于以下几种情况
1.if引导的从句+wish 从句+as if /as though>>>事态倒退原则
主句+ if + 从句= If 从句，+ 主句》》》坚持三原则：虚拟+时态倒退+将来时情态原则
大于事态原则be 用were
If they treated me as a slave, I would have to resign.= I would have to resign if they treated me as a slave.
I wish that I had taken the advice
I wish she were here
It looks as though we'll have to come
2.介词短语but for (要不是), without（如果没有）引导虚拟语气
But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.
They wouldn’t have reached t he agreement so easily without that common ground.
3.固定句式：
a)在命令order command/建议sugest propal reconmmend advise/希望expect
desire/要求demand require requst+从句>>>>>should+动词原形/动词原形（句
子中出现be原级一定是虚拟语气）
b)It is重要+必要+自然important/necessary/
urgent/essential/desirable/vital/advisable/natural
+that 从句》》》》从句中用should + 动词原形或者动词
原形表示虚拟It is necessary that some immediate
effort be made
c)for fear that / in order that/ lest /insist+ 从句从句中
用should + 动词原形或者动
He kept quiet lest he disturb her
She insisted that the seats be booked in advance.
d)it is ( high/about) time that + 从句: 该是做什么的时候
了
从句中用过去式表示虚拟It is high time that we were off
用于以下几种特殊情况（考点）
a)条件从句中如果有were, had, should, 和could 时，可以省略if，
而把were,had, should, 和could 放在主语前，用倒装结构。

Were it necessary, I might resign=if it were necessary, I might
resign
b)交叉虚拟--错综时间条件句主句和从句动作发生时间不一致时，
主句和从句谓语动作要根据各自不同的时间选用虚拟形式。

注意此时一般具有明显的不同时间标志(仍用时态倒退原则)
If I had worked hard at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now.（句子中出现be原级一定是虚拟语气）
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future.
学习英语要了解美国的历史、概况，如下图
学习英语记单词，要分类记
记单词是学习语言最难的，因为他表达了人的思想，尤其是灰字（一词多义）
英语句子的构成
主语：构成：名词类（名词、代词、数词）、动名词、不定式、句子
宾语：构成：名词类（名词、代词、数词）、动名词、不定式、句子、形容词（补语）谓语：英语一个句子只能有一个动词。

动词有五种形式：
原形：write （be am is are）(have has)
过去式：wrote
过去分词：written（非谓语动词）
动名词：writting（非谓语动词）
动词不定式：to write（非谓语动词）
英语是个奇怪的语言，因为他每一句话里只能有一个动词（可以并列），这一个谓语动词不是原形就是过去式，这句话的其他动词必须消灭，消灭动词有三招：但意思各不相同
过去分词：written：表过去或被动，
动名词：writting：表主动或进行，
动词不定式：to write：表一般或将来
以上3种
主谓宾简单但主要，如树干，语序与中文一致
定语、状语：如树叶，次要但复杂，语序与中文不一致
定语：修饰名词，与汉语一致，但中文再长100%放在名词前，“的”为标志，
英语：简单的放前面（5%，形容词），复杂的放后面（95%，包括词组、短语、从句，目的是为了防止宣兵夺主。

）词组包括：介词词组、ing词组、ed词组、to词组,这几种情况均要翻译成“的”，要倒着翻译。

介词词组：介词，也叫前置词（preposition）in 、on 、between 等要放在名词前,可以放在名词后做定语，动词后做状语，砍掉后不影响句子的主干意思，所以在阅读理解等情况时一般可以砍掉
阅读理解的黄金定律一：找主语，找谓语，主谓宾语顺着翻译，主谓中间加的是定语，倒着翻译
状语：由副词、介词词组、ing词组、ed词组、to词组,
位置：句子前面的，正着翻译
动词后面的，倒着翻译
句子后面的，试三次，放句子前面（30%），放动词前面（30%），放句子后面---原位置（40%），哪儿合理放哪儿
阅读理解的黄金定律二：定语状语倒解连环，即指多个定语
或状语时，从后往前翻译
阅读理解的黄金定律三：当名词受到到定语的包围应先翻译
后面的，再翻译前面的，最后翻译名词
. 一般认为each other 指两者，one another指三者或三者以上。

但在实际运用中，这两个短语常可互换：We respect each other [one another]. 我们互相尊重(对方)。

The sea and the sky seemed melt into one another [each other].
大海和蓝天似乎融为一体。

except表示“除去，不包括”，强调所排除的“不包括在内”，一般表示同类之间的关系，常同nothing, all, none, nobody, any等不定代词以及every连用。

except 经常接名词或代词，但也可接副词，介词短语，例如：
①The office is open every day except Sundays.除了星期日这家公司每天都营业。

（除外的是同一类）
②You can have any of the cakes except this one. 除了这块蛋糕，你哪块都能吃。

（3）except for也表示“除…以外”，指对某种基本情况进行具体的细节方面的修正。

它同
except的区别是：except for后接的词同句子中的整体词（主语）
不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节，一个方面；而except
后接的词同整体词（主语）一般是同类，指在同类的整体中
除去一个部分。

例如:
⑩Your writing is good except for a few grammar mistakes. 除了几处语法错误外，你的作文写
得很好。

Honesty Is Gold
Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair and upright in act. He who lies and cheats is dishonest. Those who gain fortunes not by hard labour but by other means is dishonest.
time,you’ll
be Honesty is a good virtue. If you are honest all the
trusted and respected by others. Once you lie, people will never believe you even if you speak the truth.
However, Nowadays, more and more people believe in money at
understand that honesty is the biggest the cost of honesty. They don’ｔ
fortune humans own, and that it is the most importance for doing everything well. I think these people are to be pitied.
In short, honesty is gold. Honest, your reputation will become great;dishonest, your name will be spoiled. Therefore, we should insist honesty in our minds.
NEET
“Not NEET is a word which was first used in Great Britain.It means
and more
in Education, Employment or Training”.Nowadays,more
young people from different areas of the world join in this group. They have already been able to make money to themselves, But still rely on their parents to make a living.
The reason of this phenomenon is in morden society the social press of the young people is become more and more heavier.Some young people did not study well in their childhood,so they can not find comfortable jobs when they grew older. But many of these young people were well educated,they still can not find jobs because their social practice are too weak.
I think the NEET in our society is a very bad phenomenon.We must practice ourselves especially in practical ability when we were very very young so that we can find our jobs in the future.
1、近几年兴起了一股报考国家公务员的热潮
2、分析产生这一现象的原因
3、你对此的看法是……
Every year thousands of people in China take civil service exams and hope of becoming government employees.
In the first place, One there is many reasons explaining this case.
of the traditional concept in China is that the more stable the work will be，happier. Civil servant, as one of the most stable professions in China, becomes their perfect choice. in the second place, in today’ｓ
recent years, the salary and welfare of civil servants also ranks high among various professions, which attracts many graduates. Last but not the least place is that the high social status of civil servants.
so my coclusion is that we should objective recognize the civil servant craze,students should not regard being a civil servant as their only choice.
食品安全英文作文
Not long ago. Sanlu milk powder event once again draw the
attention of food safety.
From this incident,we can see that there are still more things to be done. Firstly,the government should be possible to ensure the quality of products,particularly the safety of food. Secondly, the government should set up credit system for the producers of food. Honest is very important to protect food safety issue. the producers should never try to pursue profit or economy at the cost of health and life of people. Thirdly,our consumers must develop an awareness of how to protect our legal rights if cheated.
I firmly believe this problem will be solved in the near future.
Why food safety is always at risk?
I think there are probably two reasons. For one thing, the illegal business add a number of unsafe things into the food driven by the profit and economy. For another thing, the country's supervision system is inadequate, so that criminals can take advantage of the opportunity. Therefore, we should take some measures to prevent unsafe food.
First of all, the government should strengthen supervision and punished illegal food producers. moreover, when consumers buy food should depends on its production date and shelf-life. In short, to solve the food security issues need a long way to go, it needs the joint efforts of all sides.
关于城市交通拥堵的英语作文
How to Solve the Problem of Traffic jam?
Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the Traffic jam. It has seriously influenced people's daily life and economic development. To solve the problem, some advice are put forward.
Some people suggest that more streets and roads should be built. In this way, the traffic density can be reduced , traffic flow can be improved.But the new roads and streets will be filled with many cars and buses soon.
Some people advise to limit the number of cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other hand, this will affect the economy.
In my view, the number of private cars should be control. And at the same time, goverment should organize to develop public transport, design special bus line which cannot be used by other private cars. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly.
Causes and Effects of Air Pollution
Nowadays , air pollution is a common problem in many developed and developing countries. With the development of our economy and society, the issue of air pollution has been brought to public attention.
There are many reasons e xplaining the severe case. Growing population and the increase o f factories and vehicles n eed consume more energy ,at the ame time ,will be release more waste gases. it is true that the number of private cars can be considered as the sign of development of a city, but increasing n umber of private cars also causes a great many problems. So the government should control growing population and the increase of factories and vehicles to protect the environment.
It may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a "clean" world. But nearly all of the countries are trying hard to control air pollution and protect the environment. As long as every citizen also
realizes its importance and makes efforts, the day people can take in only clean air will come soon.(180)
.As the world that we living today, people turns to /things turns to:在当今社会里，人民总是（或者）事物总是（这句话可以替代，nowadays. ) From my point of view , that .....从我的想法里，。

、（这句话可以替代，I think)
Soon after that :紧接着。

(可以替代AFTER.)、
As this result turns out to be.....(最后这个结果会。

）
still as the result of been.........(最后的结果还是。

）
On the other hand of this / the a rgument:(但是从另一方面想。

）
To the point that i can no longer think of:( 我已近想不出。

）Personlly i think that (我个人认为。

）
the consequnce will be.....( 这个是最终会。

）一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Zhang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

形容词+ than 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +
to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。

（再怎么强
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
调...的重要性也不为过。

）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

（不可否认的...）
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...
例句：There is no denying t hat the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create
(produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词+ be + 主词+ that + 句子（如此...以致于...）
例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means
一点也不} satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V,
~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V,
（愈...愈...）
~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

追问：
我都说了，不要模版，我要一篇作文
回答：
高中英语作文万用模板-图标作文As is shown by the figure/percentage in the table/picture,____ has been on rise/ decrease, significantly/dramatically r ising/decreasing f rom ____ in _____ to
_____ in _____. From the sharp rise/decline in the chart, it goes without saying that _____. There are at least two good reasons accounting f or _____. In one hand, ____.In the other hand, _____ is due to the fact that ______.In addition, ______ is responsible for _____. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ______.But itis generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am
sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
高中英语作文万用模板-书信作文模板Your address Month, Date,
year Receiver's address Dear ..., I am extremely pleased to hear from
you. And I would like to write a letter to tell you that_____. ……greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/I
am looking f0rward to your replies at your earliest convenience. Best
高中英语作文万
regards for your health and success. Sincerely yours,
用模板-话题作文Nowadays, there are more and more __ _ in __ _. It
is estimated that ___. Why have there been so many ____? Maybe the
reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is ______. Besides,_____.
The third one is _____. To sum up, the main cause of it is due to _____.
It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,_____.
For another thing, _____. All these measures will certainly reduce the
number of _____. 高中英语作文万用模板-对比观点作文_____ is
becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of
opinions of it. Some people say ____ is their favorite. They hold their
view for the reason of ____. What is more,_____。

Moreover,______.
While others think that _____ is a better choice in the following three
reasons. Firstly,_____. Secondly (besides),______. Thirdly
(finally),_____. From my point of view, I think _____. The reason is that
_____. As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my
choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice.
（此处填数
As is shown by the figure/percentage in the table/picture,_
据代表的项目，如：人民消费水平之类）___ has been on rise/ decrease, significantly/dramatically rising/decreasing from _
（填之前的数据）___
in _（对应年份）____ to （之后的数据）____ in （对应年份）_____. From the sharp rise/decline in the chart, it goes without saying that _（现象）____. There are at least two good reasons accounting for
（现
象）_____. In one hand, _解释其中一个原因___.In the other hand, __（现象）___ is due to the fact that _（另一个原因）_____.In addition,
__现象____ is responsible for _（第三个原因）____. Maybe there are
（现象）_____.But itis generally believed some other reasons to show _
that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that __
（写自己的观点）_____.
高中英语作文
I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
万用模板-书信作文模板Your address（写你的地址，注意按照西方
的顺序）Month, Date, year（某月/某日/某年）Receiver's a ddress （收信人地址，注意同前）Dear ...,（省略号填对方的称呼）I am extremely pleased to hear from you. And I would like to write a letter
to tell you that_（写信的目的）____. ……I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/I am looking f0rward
to your replies at your earliest convenience. B est regards f or your health and success. Sincerely yours,
（换行下方写姓名）高中英语作
文万用模板-话题作文Nowadays, there are more and more _（阐述现
象_ in _（该现象发生的地方）_ _. It is estimated that 统计数据等___. Why have there been so many _现象___? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is __原因一____. Besides,__原因二___. The third one is ____原因三_. To sum up, the main cause of it is due to ___最主要的原因四__. It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing,__对策一___. For another thing, _对策二____. All these measures will certainly reduce the number of __现象___. 高中
英语作文万用模板-对比观点作文__现象/事物___ is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say __该现象/事物__ is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of __原因一__. What is more,__原因二___。

Moreover,__原
因三____. While others think that _另一种选择（事物）____ is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,__原因1___. Secondly (besides),_原因2_____. Thirdly (finally),_原因3____. From my point of view, I think _阐述自己观点____. The reason is that __说明自己观点
的原因___. As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice.。