GovernanceandDecentralizationDecentralization...
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
INDONESIA
7
Decentralization in Indonesia
Decentralization in Indonesia
28 to 33 propinsis 300 to 432 LGs 16,000 employees transferred
Source:
Praja: online complaint system about public officials [see: ]
Fixmystreet; SeeClickFix
IT enables tracking the decision making processes
1.03 billion population 18 official languages
26 to 35 states 3500 to 5161 municipalities
Source: Census of India ()
INDIA
9
Decentralization in India
8
Decentralization in India
Nehruvian “democratic socialism”
Village Panchayats (1959) Decline between 1964 and 1977
Rajiv Gandhi’s liberalization
Failure of 64th constitutional amend., 1989
Pop: 232 million Diverse & dispersed
- Over 17,000 islands - 300 languages - 20 cultural groups
Source: Access Indonesia project (/~indo) INDONESIA
5
Urban governance
Urbanization Institutional structures
Fiscal Administrative Political
Role of Civil Society Organizations
Decentralization in Indonesia
Political Decentralization
Local democratic institutions
4
Decentralization dimensions
Decentralization
Transfer of authority/ powers
Deconcentration
Dispersion of central control
Coordinating role
Obligatory functions of Local Govts.
Bidang pemerintahan wajib: Health, education, environment, infrastructure
Community/ private participation in development planning in urban areas
INDONESIA
Indonesia’s Urbanization, 2000: 42 percent
Cities with over 1 Million popln: 8
Kabupaten: 325
Kotas:
91
பைடு நூலகம்
Source: Access Indonesia project (/~indo) INDONESIA
Accountability
Accountability refers to taking responsibility in decision making process Public oversight of decision making Justification by decision makers
1
Institutions and governance
Institutions as constraints and opportunities
Formal: laws, rules, contracts, constitution Informal: customs, norms, practices
Radical decentralization
Asian economic crisis (Krismon), 1997 Political crises (separatists’ actions)
Big Bang Reformasi
Regional Governance Law No. 22,1999 Fiscal Decentralization Law No.25, 1999
Role of civil society Collective action
Government intervention
Rationale
To correct shortages or surpluses To regulate and correct where there is perceived
Does central planning work?
Good governance
Good governance
Reduction of corruption Participation, fairness, decency, efficiency
Transparency
Transparency refers to the openness of the decision making process Public access to information Fairness in decision making
Comparative Institutional Analysis
Similarities
Diversity: Cultural, ethnic, natural resources
Institutions as government bodies
Division between executive, military, legislative body, and judiciary
Regulation formation/ enforcement mechanisms
Governance <> Government
Prospects
Local knowledge by local administrators Local accountability Works in heterogeneous groups No spillovers among jurisdictions
Problems
Capture by local elites/ interest groups Leakage effects Corruption
inequality or inefficiency “Protect” individuals and groups in society and
provide a safety net for those unable to help themselves To correct spillovers/ market failures To reduce transaction costs
Emails, videos, other audio-video and written documents are permanent records that can be accessed more easily
Good governance & Decentralization
Impetus for decentralization
Europe’s Subsidiarity principle American Federalism
Fiscal Decentralization
Expenditure & Revenue Assignment
Administrative Decentralization
Bureaucratic responsibilities
Devolution
Transfer of governance responsibilities
Delegation
Assignment of functional responsibilities
Privatization
Non-governmental entities
Problems and Prospects
6
Decentralization in Indonesia
Suharto’s New Order (1966-98)
Unsuccessful Regional Autonomy efforts
Law No. 1/ 1957 Law No. 5/ 1974
Experimental implementation, 1996
3
Good governance and IT
IT broadens public access to information
IT can allow broader participation in interacting with legislators
IT allows citizen publicizing complaints more easily
Governance and Decentralization
PAD 6838/ 7865: Lecture 7
Outline
Institutions and Governance Decentralization Dimensions Decentralization in Indonesia Decentralization in India Comparative Institutional Analysis Conclusion
1991 fiscal crisis & economic impact 1992 Constitutional Amendments
73rd: Panchayati Raj (Rural institutions) 74th: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
INDIA
Decentralization in India
Decentralization in India
Urbanization, 2001: 27.6 %
Source: Census of India ()
INDIA
Cities with over Million popln.: 27
INDIA
10
INDONESIA
Decentralization in Indonesia
Limited Central Government functions
Defense, international relations, religion, finance, development planning
Limited Deconcentration to Province
Political mechanism/ values:
Taxation, subsidies Property rights Public goods
2
Government failures
Market distortion Welfare impact Disincentives Politicization/ electoral pressure Politicization/ regulatory capture
7
Decentralization in Indonesia
Decentralization in Indonesia
28 to 33 propinsis 300 to 432 LGs 16,000 employees transferred
Source:
Praja: online complaint system about public officials [see: ]
Fixmystreet; SeeClickFix
IT enables tracking the decision making processes
1.03 billion population 18 official languages
26 to 35 states 3500 to 5161 municipalities
Source: Census of India ()
INDIA
9
Decentralization in India
8
Decentralization in India
Nehruvian “democratic socialism”
Village Panchayats (1959) Decline between 1964 and 1977
Rajiv Gandhi’s liberalization
Failure of 64th constitutional amend., 1989
Pop: 232 million Diverse & dispersed
- Over 17,000 islands - 300 languages - 20 cultural groups
Source: Access Indonesia project (/~indo) INDONESIA
5
Urban governance
Urbanization Institutional structures
Fiscal Administrative Political
Role of Civil Society Organizations
Decentralization in Indonesia
Political Decentralization
Local democratic institutions
4
Decentralization dimensions
Decentralization
Transfer of authority/ powers
Deconcentration
Dispersion of central control
Coordinating role
Obligatory functions of Local Govts.
Bidang pemerintahan wajib: Health, education, environment, infrastructure
Community/ private participation in development planning in urban areas
INDONESIA
Indonesia’s Urbanization, 2000: 42 percent
Cities with over 1 Million popln: 8
Kabupaten: 325
Kotas:
91
பைடு நூலகம்
Source: Access Indonesia project (/~indo) INDONESIA
Accountability
Accountability refers to taking responsibility in decision making process Public oversight of decision making Justification by decision makers
1
Institutions and governance
Institutions as constraints and opportunities
Formal: laws, rules, contracts, constitution Informal: customs, norms, practices
Radical decentralization
Asian economic crisis (Krismon), 1997 Political crises (separatists’ actions)
Big Bang Reformasi
Regional Governance Law No. 22,1999 Fiscal Decentralization Law No.25, 1999
Role of civil society Collective action
Government intervention
Rationale
To correct shortages or surpluses To regulate and correct where there is perceived
Does central planning work?
Good governance
Good governance
Reduction of corruption Participation, fairness, decency, efficiency
Transparency
Transparency refers to the openness of the decision making process Public access to information Fairness in decision making
Comparative Institutional Analysis
Similarities
Diversity: Cultural, ethnic, natural resources
Institutions as government bodies
Division between executive, military, legislative body, and judiciary
Regulation formation/ enforcement mechanisms
Governance <> Government
Prospects
Local knowledge by local administrators Local accountability Works in heterogeneous groups No spillovers among jurisdictions
Problems
Capture by local elites/ interest groups Leakage effects Corruption
inequality or inefficiency “Protect” individuals and groups in society and
provide a safety net for those unable to help themselves To correct spillovers/ market failures To reduce transaction costs
Emails, videos, other audio-video and written documents are permanent records that can be accessed more easily
Good governance & Decentralization
Impetus for decentralization
Europe’s Subsidiarity principle American Federalism
Fiscal Decentralization
Expenditure & Revenue Assignment
Administrative Decentralization
Bureaucratic responsibilities
Devolution
Transfer of governance responsibilities
Delegation
Assignment of functional responsibilities
Privatization
Non-governmental entities
Problems and Prospects
6
Decentralization in Indonesia
Suharto’s New Order (1966-98)
Unsuccessful Regional Autonomy efforts
Law No. 1/ 1957 Law No. 5/ 1974
Experimental implementation, 1996
3
Good governance and IT
IT broadens public access to information
IT can allow broader participation in interacting with legislators
IT allows citizen publicizing complaints more easily
Governance and Decentralization
PAD 6838/ 7865: Lecture 7
Outline
Institutions and Governance Decentralization Dimensions Decentralization in Indonesia Decentralization in India Comparative Institutional Analysis Conclusion
1991 fiscal crisis & economic impact 1992 Constitutional Amendments
73rd: Panchayati Raj (Rural institutions) 74th: Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
INDIA
Decentralization in India
Decentralization in India
Urbanization, 2001: 27.6 %
Source: Census of India ()
INDIA
Cities with over Million popln.: 27
INDIA
10
INDONESIA
Decentralization in Indonesia
Limited Central Government functions
Defense, international relations, religion, finance, development planning
Limited Deconcentration to Province
Political mechanism/ values:
Taxation, subsidies Property rights Public goods
2
Government failures
Market distortion Welfare impact Disincentives Politicization/ electoral pressure Politicization/ regulatory capture