英语语言文化史
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Inflectional (Fusional) languages 屈折语: words consist of stem and affixes which often mark several grammatical categories simultaneously. Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Russian.
3. Ma tulen uuest kohvikust.
Definition of Language Functions of the Language The Origin of Language Families of Languages The Indo-European Family Languages Change
3
What is Language?
7
Five Theories of the Origins of Language
The 'Bow-Wow' Theory The 'Pooh-Pooh' Theory The 'Ding-Dong' Theory The Ýo-he-Ho' Theory The 'La-la 'Theory
Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) , Danish linguist
11
Typologcial classification is to group the langauges into structural types, on the basis of phonology, grammar or vocabulary rather than in terms of any real or assumed historical relationshop.
(1957) :
乔姆斯基（1957）：语言是一套句子的集合，每句长度 有限，且由有限的语言成分组成。
4
Human Symbols System Communication
5
Funtions of Language??
6
The Origin of Language
The Tower of Babel
D. Crystal, (2001) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
9
Language Families
10
Types of Linguistic Classification
Genetic Classification 谱系分类法 Typological classification 类型分类法
A Cultural History of
the English Language
1
Agenda
Introduction Old English Middle English Early Modern English Present-Day English World Englishes
2
Introduction
e.g. The biggest boys have been asking.
15
Agglutinating languages : 粘着语: words are built up out of a long sequentce of units, with each unit expressing a particular grammatical meaning, in a clear one-to-one way. Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Swahili斯瓦希里人语, Turkish, Japanese form words in this way.
Examples in Estonian
1. Ta on kohvikus.
he is coffee–house–in ‘He is in the coffee house.’
2. Lähme kohvikusse.
go–we coffee–house–into ‘Let us go into the coffee house.’
Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Sapir (1921)
萨丕尔（1921）: 语言是人类的非本能的交际方式，通过有 意发出的声音或写出语言符号等手段，来达到传递思想、交 流感情和满足欲望的目的。
Language is a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. Chomsky
8
The top 20 languages
1. Mandarin Chinese 2. English 3. Spanish 4. Hindi 5. Arabic 6. Portuguese 7. Bengali 孟加拉语
8. Russian 9. Japanese 10. German 11. French 12. Javaness 13. Korean 14 Italian
12
Isolating, analytic or root languages Inflectional (Fusional) languages Agglutinating languages Polysynthetic languages
13
Isolating, analytic or root languages : words consist of single morphemes; most words consist only of a root. Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese; 孤立语 我 买 橘子 吃
Inflectional (Fusional) languages 屈折语: words consist of stem and affixes which often mark several grammatical categories simultaneously. Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Russian.
3. Ma tulen uuest kohvikust.
Definition of Language Functions of the Language The Origin of Language Families of Languages The Indo-European Family Languages Change
3
What is Language?
7
Five Theories of the Origins of Language
The 'Bow-Wow' Theory The 'Pooh-Pooh' Theory The 'Ding-Dong' Theory The Ýo-he-Ho' Theory The 'La-la 'Theory
Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) , Danish linguist
11
Typologcial classification is to group the langauges into structural types, on the basis of phonology, grammar or vocabulary rather than in terms of any real or assumed historical relationshop.
(1957) :
乔姆斯基（1957）：语言是一套句子的集合，每句长度 有限，且由有限的语言成分组成。
4
Human Symbols System Communication
5
Funtions of Language??
6
The Origin of Language
The Tower of Babel
D. Crystal, (2001) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
9
Language Families
10
Types of Linguistic Classification
Genetic Classification 谱系分类法 Typological classification 类型分类法
A Cultural History of
the English Language
1
Agenda
Introduction Old English Middle English Early Modern English Present-Day English World Englishes
2
Introduction
e.g. The biggest boys have been asking.
15
Agglutinating languages : 粘着语: words are built up out of a long sequentce of units, with each unit expressing a particular grammatical meaning, in a clear one-to-one way. Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Swahili斯瓦希里人语, Turkish, Japanese form words in this way.
Examples in Estonian
1. Ta on kohvikus.
he is coffee–house–in ‘He is in the coffee house.’
2. Lähme kohvikusse.
go–we coffee–house–into ‘Let us go into the coffee house.’
Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Sapir (1921)
萨丕尔（1921）: 语言是人类的非本能的交际方式，通过有 意发出的声音或写出语言符号等手段，来达到传递思想、交 流感情和满足欲望的目的。
Language is a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. Chomsky
8
The top 20 languages
1. Mandarin Chinese 2. English 3. Spanish 4. Hindi 5. Arabic 6. Portuguese 7. Bengali 孟加拉语
8. Russian 9. Japanese 10. German 11. French 12. Javaness 13. Korean 14 Italian
12
Isolating, analytic or root languages Inflectional (Fusional) languages Agglutinating languages Polysynthetic languages
13
Isolating, analytic or root languages : words consist of single morphemes; most words consist only of a root. Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese; 孤立语 我 买 橘子 吃