中国古典园林一些要素的中英文对照
风景园林常用专业术语中英文对照表
常用专业术语中英文对照表园林史园林史landscape history， garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林 royal garden私家园林 -private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林 Anglo-Chinese style garden 意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spainish style garden法兰西式园林-French style garden勒诺特尔式园林-Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园 manor,villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden,patio绿廊xystus迷阵-maze,labyrinth灵囿- Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼 -Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台 -Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑 -Shang-Lin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫 -Wei-Yang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄-Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林-Suzhou traditional garden悬园 Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
Chinese garden 中英对照
Chinese garden1.Garden is an artifact, made by someone. At the same time its elements are independent of man (they have a life of their own, which may take a different course beyond the designers’ intention, if not attended). The garden is created and received within a framework of conventions, but it can exist, although in deteriorated way, even if there is no gardener to keep it. Many Chinese gardens were in a state of deterioration when Siren visited them. The garden is designed to be perceived aesthetica lly, for the “production of aesthetic pleasure.” This pleasure is the joint result of all the values of the object, of the connoisseur’s contemplation and communion with the mysterious forces present in the garden and its design.1、园林是由人创造的。
同时它的组成元素又是独立于人的意志之外（他们有自己的生命，如果不是刻意照管，他们会超出设计者的意图，按另外的方式发展）。
中国园林文化中英文介绍
Ancient Chinese Tradition and Civilization--Take the Chinese Private Garden for Example Carl 140167 China is a large country with a long history of civilization. The Chinese nation is an industrious and ingenious nation. China has always relied on its own efforts to handle its own affairs . Various historical periods have witnessed that great achievements have been contributed to the world ranging from literary and ideological to scientific, technological, political and military aspects. China's history of civilization itself is the history of wonder.中国是有着悠久文明历史的大国，中华民族是勤劳智慧的民族，中国历来依靠自己的力量办自己的事情。
各个历史时期见证了伟大成就对世界的贡献，从文学思想到科学，技术，政治和军事方面。
中国文明的历史本身就是奇迹的历史。
As a part of ancient Chinese traditional culture,Chinese landscape architecture culture has created great influence on the world gardening culture.The garden is one of the important types of architectural art. It is essentially aimed at organizing an environment rich in temperament and interest and full of the beauty of artistic conception through the so-called four gardening elements including mountains, rivers,structures and plants, as well as the organic components such as roads, interior settings. In comparison to ordinary structures, the spiritual character of gardens is more outstanding, and it requires that artists have greater and higher ingenuity and imagination.作为中国古代传统文化的一部分，中国园林文化对世界园艺文化的影响很大。
中国古典园林全面介绍 中西对比 英文 Chinese Classical Garden
Chinese classical garden
the Elements & Design
■ the flowers and trees They represent nature in its most vivid form, and contrast with the straight lines of the architecture and immobility(静止) of the rocks.
West Lake ; Daming Lake
Chinese classical garden
◆ Temple Gardens
Chinese classical garden
cover large scale “garden of gardens”(园中之园) grand,prominent the strong symbol meaning of imperial power
■ borrowed scenery (借景) This could mean using scenes outside the garden, such as a view of distant mountains or the trees in the neighboring garden, to create the illusion(错觉) that the garden was much bigger than it was. Inside a Chinese garden, one scenic section always partially borrows the scenery of another section, not only to inspire the viewer’s curiosity for further discovery but also to enlarge the confined areas as well.
园林常用词汇中英文对照表
园林常用词汇中英文对照表园林中英文对比1.0001 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture 2.0004 观赏园艺学orn amental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术garden art 2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture 2.0008 园林建筑garden buildin g2.0009 园林工程garden engineering 2.0010 园林植物landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant 2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, pen jing2.0013 园林garden and park 2.0014 园林学史history of garden archi tecture 2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计garden design 2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine 2.0018 园林治理garden management2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology 2.0020 绿化greening, planting 2.0 021 环境绿化environmental greening 2.0022 绿地面积green area2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space 2.0024 都市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage 2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting 2.0027 车行道绿化drive way greening 2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening 2.0030 群众绿化mass planting mo vement 2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化highway greening 2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, ra ilway planting 2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening 2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening 2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening 2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden 2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden 2.0043 花园村garden village2.0044 园林都市landscape garden city 2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden2.0046 松柏园conifer garden2.0047 球根园bulb garden 2.0048 宿根园perennial garden 2.0049假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground 2.0051 街心花园street crossing center gar den 2.0052 小游园petty street garden 2.0053 水景园water garden 2.0054 铺地园paved garden 2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden 2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden 2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden 2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden 2.0062 水生植物园aquatic pl ants garden 2.0063 学校园school garden2.0064 室内花园indoor garden 2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park 2.0068 都市公园city park, urban park2.0069 区公园regional park2.0070 儿童公园children park 2.0071 体育公园sports park 2.0072森林公园forest park 2.0073 纪念公园memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park 2.0075 综合公园comprehens ive park 2.0076 文化公园cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园cent ral park 2.0079 天然公园natural park2.0080 海边公园seaside park, seabeach park 2.0081 古迹公园historic site park 2.0082 河滨公园riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park 2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park 2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park 2.0087 休憩公园recreation park 2.0088疗养公园sanatorium park 2.0089 国家公园national park2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park 2.0091 特种公园special park 2.00 92 植物园botanical garden 2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园alpine garden 2.0095 热带植物园tropical plants gar den 2.0096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden2.0097 绿地green space 2.0098 公共绿地public green space 2.0099 单位绿地unit green area 2.0100 都市绿地urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area 2.0102 居住区绿地r esidential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt 2.0106 附属绿地attached g reen space 2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery 2.0109 风景landscape, scenery 2.0110 自然景观n atural landscape2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape 2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape 2.0115 湖泊景观lake view 2. 0116 郊区景观suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观geological landscape 2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape 2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史 2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden 2.0 121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden 2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden 2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林royal garden 2.0126 私家园林private garden 2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta 02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden 2.0129 英国式园林English style garden 2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden 2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish sty le garden 2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden 2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Re naissance style villa 2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden 2.0138 庄园manor, villa garde n 2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio 2.0140 绿廊xystus2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林 2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 2.01 43 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace 2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Y uan 2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace 2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace 2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 2.0 151 圆明园Y uan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden 2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden 2. 0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park 2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebl eau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术 2.0159 景view, scenery, feature 2.0160 远景dista nt view 2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view 2.0163 借景borrowed scen ery, view borrowing 2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景leaking thr ough scenery 2.0167 框景enframed scenery 2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature 2.0170 副景secondary feature 2.0171 配景object ive view 2.0172 夹景vista line, vista 2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background 2.0175 景序order of sceneries 2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot 2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape 2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena 2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery2.0181 视野visual field 2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color 2.0183 园林空间garden space 2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space 2.0186 意境artistic conception, poetic i magery 2.0187 苍古antiquity 2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing 2.0190 静观in-position viewing 2.0191 视错觉visual illusion 2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平稳symmetrical balance 2.0194 不对称平稳asymmetrical bal ance 2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry 2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry2.0197 透景线perspective line 2.0198 轴线axis, axial line 2.0199 主轴ma in axis 2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis 2.0202 树冠线skyline 2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors 2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony 2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony 2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent 2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color 2.0209 冷色cool color 2.0210 色感color sense2. 0211 都市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统green space system 2.0213 公共绿地定额public green sp ace quota 2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局green space layout 2.0216 吸引圈attractive circle 2.0217 吸引距离attractive distance 2.0218 有效半径effective radius2.0219 绿地资源green space resource 2.0220 绿地成效green space effect 2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space2.0222 空间规划space planning 2.0223 形象规划image plan 2.0224 实施规划implementary plan 2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space 2.0227 利用频度usage freq uency 2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space 2.0230 环状绿型annular green space 2.0231 块状绿地green plot 2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space 2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped gree n space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space 2.0236 防音绿地noiseproof green spa ce 2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden 2.0239 公园规划park planning 2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning 2.0241 总平面规划site planning 2.0242 园林分区garden zoning 2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area 2.024 4 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot 2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place 2.0248 散步区pedestrian space 2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area 2.0251 观赏温室区display gree nhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区lawn space 2.0253 绿荫区shade tree section 2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青青年活动区youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区bird sanctuar y area2.0257 钓鱼区fishing center 2.0258 野营区camp site 2.0259 游人中心vis itors center 2.0260 服务中心service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground 2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area 2.0263 道路系统approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system 2.0265 方格形道路系统latticedroad system 2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system 2.0268 规整式道路系统form al road system 2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map 2.0271 园林规划讲明书garden pl anning direction 2.0272 都市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布distribution of parks 2.0274 公园类型park type, park cat egory 2.0275 公园间距distance between parks2.0276 公园形式park styles 2.0277 游玩区excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游玩区no-admittance area2.0279 办公区administrative area 2.0280 服务区service center 2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区static rest space 2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performa nce place 2.0284 要紧入口main entrance2.0285 次要入口secondary entrance 2.0286 人流量visitors flowrate 2.0287车流量vehicle flowrate 2.0288 公园道路park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio 2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capa city 2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation2.0292 风景学scenicology 2.0293 风景规划landscape plan 2.0294 风景设计landscape design 2.0295 游玩路线touring route2.0296 旅行资源tourism resource 2.0297 旅行地理tourism geography 2.02 98 旅行地质tourism geology 2.0299 历史名城famous historical city2.0300 文化名城famous cultural city 2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic 2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌natural geomorphology 2.0304 造型地貌imaginative geom orphologic figuration 2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site 2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot 2.0310 海边风景区seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot 2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district 2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round s cenic spot 2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot 2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidd en to tree cutting and hunting2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation 2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot 2.0321 自然爱护区nature protection area2.0322 科学爱护区protection area for scientific research 2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument 2.0324 生物圈爱护区biosphere protection area2.0565 沟植trench planting 2.0566 假植heeling in, temporary planti ng 2.0567 播种草坪seeding lawn 2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn 2.0569 假山工程rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平稳法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced 2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part2.0573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center ofgravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物foliage plant2.0578 观果植物fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches2.0580 指示植物indicating plant2.0581 主景植物accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant2.0585 市花city flower2.0586 市树city tree2.0587 国花national flower2.0588 国树national tree2.0589 芳香植物fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber2.0595 地被植物ground cover plant2.0596 阴生植物shade plant2.0597 装饰植物decorative plant2.0598 装缘植物edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物hedge plant2.0600 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物bedding plant2.0602 球根植物bulbous plant2.0603 宿根植物perennial plant, perennial2.0604 水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant2.0611 针叶植物needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant2.0613 斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物conifer2.0615 常绿植物evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料stone material2.0622 昆山石Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石stalactite2.0624 灵壁石Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石Yingde stone2.0626 青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石Xuan stone2.0628 房山石Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect02.8 园林机具设备2.0633 园林机械garden machine2.0634 园林工具garden instrument, garden implement 2.0635 园林设备garden equipment2.0636 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider2.0637 种植容器planting container2.0638 圆木桩log peg2.0639 喷射装置jet bubbler2.0640 滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator2.0641 环动喷灌器circle sprinkler2.0642 圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler2.0643 自控器automatic controller2.0644 管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler2.0645 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler2.0646 喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler2.0647 喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage2.0648 草坪加肥器lawn feeder2.0649 施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler2.0650 液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner2.0651 滴水喷头emitter, dripper2.0652 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net2.0653 苗木包装材料nursery stock package material2.0654 麻布袋burlap bag2.0655 铁丝篮wire basket2.0656 篮状种植器basket container2.0657 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican2.0658 播种盘seed tray2.0659 网孔盆mesh pot2.0660 含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot2.0661 盆栽机potting machine2.0662 换盆机repotting machine2.0663 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter 2.0666 松土除草机cultivator2.0667 旋转锄rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机foliage cutter2.0669 翻地犁uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机mounted spreader2.0671 前悬装土机front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机rear mounted loader2.0673 旋轴剪草机spindle mower2.0674 栽植机planting machine2.0675 植物覆盖plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机mulch spreader2.0677 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪pruning shear2.0679 播种器garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器bulb planter2.0681 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer2.0683 嫁接刀grafting knife2.0684 温室设备greenhouse equipment2.0685 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system2.0686 温室气候操纵器greenhouse climate controller 2.0687 温室覆盖greenhouse covering2.0688 喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 2.0689 二氧化碳发生器C02 generator2.0690 温度报警钟temperature alarm2.0691 游玩车park sightseeing bus2.0692 引剪草机lawn mower2.0693 动力剪草机power lawnmower2.0694 畜力剪草机horse lawnmower2.0695 手推剪草机hand lawnmower2.0696 游人调查visitors investigation2.0697 游人统计visitors statistics2.0698 游人分析garden visitors analysis2.0699 游人治理visitors management2.0700 导游图tourist map2.0701 导游解讲tour descri ption and direction2.0702 劳动治理labour management2.0703 物资治理material handling, goods handling2.0704 设备治理equipment management, facility management2.0705 财务治理financial management2.0706 安全治理safety management2.0707 环境监测environmental monitor2.0708 植物养护治理plant maintenance and management2.0709 园林技术治理garden technical management2.0710 质量治理quality management2.0711 园貌修理garden feature maintenance2.0712 植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning2.0713 植物病虫防治disease and insect control2.0714 园林治理规划management plan2.0715 游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions2.0716 游人规则visitors regulation2.0717 园内交通治理traffic control in park2.0718 园外交通治理traffic control out of park entrance2.0719 汽车停车规则parking rules2.0720 自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules2.0721 开放时刻opening time2.0722 日常清洁卫生治理daily sanitation and hygiene management 2.0723 人类生态环境human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统natural system2.0725 自然资源natural resource2.0726 自然爱护conservation of nature2.0727 自然储存natural preservation2.0728 环境爱护environmental protection2.0729 环境容量environment capacity2.0730 环境适宜性environment fitness2.0731 环境空气质量标准ambient air quality2.0732 共生symbiosis2.0733 互惠共生mutualism2.0734 公害public nuisance2.0735 生态绝灭ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统ecosystem2.0737 生态圈ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难ecological disaster2.0739 环境质量environmental quality2.0740 环境压力environment stress2.0741 生命坚持系统life-support system2.0742 反馈系统feedback system2.0743 自养生物autotroph2.0744 异养生物heterotroph2.0745 食物链foodchain2.0746 生物圈biosphere2.0747 濒危植物endangered plant, threatened plant 2.0748 主体群落major community2.0749 人工群落artificial community2.0750 绿色革命green revolution2.0751 户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource 2.0752 原始环境系统wilderness environment system 2.0753 近代环境系统modern environment system 2.0754 乡村生活模式country life-pattern2.0755 烟害smoke pollution, fume pollution2.0756 雾害fog pollution2.0757 霜害frost injury2.0758 水污染water pollution2.0759 土壤污染soil pollution, soil contamination2.0760 园林小气候garden microclimate2.0761 环境爱护植物environmental conservation plant 2.0762 引气候调剂climatic regulation2.0763 自动调剂机能homeostasis2.0764 生态平稳ecological homeostasis2.0765 森林生态系统forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem2.0767 滞尘植物dust holding plant。
Chinesegarden中英对照
Chinese garden1.Garden is an artifact, made by someone. At the same time its elements are independent of man (they have a life of their own, which may take a different course beyond the designers’ intention, if not attended). The garden is created and recei ved within a framework of conventions, but it can exist, although in deteriorated way, even if there is no gardener to keep it. Many Chinese gardens were in a state of deterioration when Siren visited them. The garden is designed to be perceived aesthetically, for the “production of aesthetic pleasure.” This pleasure is the joint result of all the values of the object, of the connoisseur’s contemplation and communion with the mysterious forces present in the garden and its design.1、园林是由人创造的。
同时它的组成元素又是独立于人的意志之外（他们有自己的生命，如果不是刻意照管，他们会超出设计者的意图，按另外的方式发展）。
中外各式园林中英文对照
中外各式园林中英文对照中国古典园林classical Chinese garden中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林western classical garden英国式园林English style garden中英混合式园林AngloChinese style garden意大利式园林Italian style garden西班牙式园林Spainish style garden法兰西式园林French style garden勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden庄园manor,villa garden廊柱园peristyle garden,patio绿廊xystus迷阵maze,labyrinth灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑ShangLin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫WeiYang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden悬园Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
中国古建筑名词中英对照讲课稿
中国古建筑名词中英对照中国古建筑名词中英对照居民点都城 capital city宫城 imperial city外城 outer city皇城 imperial palace里 neighbourhood街 street巷 lane胡同 hutong,alley关厢 outskirt城濠 city moat,city trench城堡 castle城邦 polis城市 city镇 township,town市区 city proper郊区 suburb工业城市 industrial city矿业城市 mining city港口城市 port city商业城市 commercial city大学城 campus city科学城 science city风景旅游城市 sceic-tourist city 休养城市 resort city小城市 small city中等城市 medium-sized city大城市 large city城市历史保护 urban conservation 历史建筑 historical building历史地段 historical site城市改建 urban redevelopment 城市更新 urban renewal中国古代建筑及构造宫 palace,temple殿 hall厅 hall 又称“堂”室 room房 house亭 pavilion台 platform坛 altar楼 storied building阁 pavilion廊 colonnade榭 pavilion on terrace水榭 waterside pavilion轩 windowed veranda民居 folk house四合院 courtyard house寨 stockaded village舫 boat house阙 que, watchtower牌楼 pailou, decorated gateway华表 huabiao, ornamental pillar塔 pagoda硬山 flush gable roof悬山 overhanging gable roof歇山 gable and hip roof庑殿 hip roof四阿 hip roof卷棚 round ridge roof重檐 double eave roof攒尖 pyramidal roof园攒尖 round pavilion roof大木 wooden structure大式 wooden frame with dougong小式 wooden frame without dougong 大木作 carpentry work小木作 joinery work抬梁式构架 post and lintel construction 穿斗式构架 column and tie construction井干式构架 log cabin construction檐柱 eave column金柱 hypostyle column内槽柱 hypostyle column 唐代术语内柱 hypostyle column 宋代术语山柱 center column角柱 corner column 唐、宋术语瓜柱 short column脊瓜柱 king post蜀柱 king post 宋代术语雷公柱 suspended column帐杆 suspended column 宋代术语侧脚 cejiao 宋代术语卷杀 entasis梭柱 shuttle-shaped column 宋代术语角背 bracket由戗 inverted V-shaped brace叉手 chashou, inverted V-shaped brace 宋代术语柁墩 wooden pier驼峰 tuofeng, camel-hump shaped suport 宋代术语梁 beam袱 beam 宋代术语月梁 crescent beam三架梁 3-purlin beam平梁 3-purlin beam 宋代术语四架梁 4-purlin beam五架梁 5-purlin beam四椽袱 5-purlin beam 宋代术语六架梁 6-purlin beam七架梁 7-purlin beam六椽袱 7-purlin beam 宋代术语九架梁 9-purlin beam八椽袱 9-purlin beam 宋代术语单步梁 one-step cross beam双步梁 two-step cross beam挑尖梁 main aisle exposed tiebeam乳袱 rufu, beam tie 宋代术语抱头梁 baotou beam穿插枋 penetrating tie角梁 hip rafer（木行） purlin (used with dougong) 大式檩 purlin (used without dougong) 小式抟 purlin 宋代术语脊（木行） ridged purlin 大式脊檩 ridged purlin 小式脊抟 ridged purlin 宋代术语金（木行） intermediate purlin 大式金檩 intermediate purlin 小式上中平抟 intermediate purlin 宋代术语老檐（木行） purlin on hypostyle 大、小式，宋代术语正心（木行） eave purlin 大式檐檩 eave purlin 小式下平抟 eave purlin 宋代术语额枋 architrave(used with dougong) 大式檐枋 architrave(used with dougong) 小式阑额 architrave 宋代术语由额垫板 cushion board 大式檐垫板 cushion board 小式枋 tiebeam脊枋 ridge tiebeam上金枋 upper purlin tiebeam下金枋 lower purlin tiebeam老檐枋 eave tiebeam 大式，指檐口构造檐枋 eave tiebeam 小式，指檐口构造顶椽 top rafter脑椽 upper rafter花架椽 intermediate rafter檐椽 eave rafter飞檐椽 flying rafter飞子 flying rafter 宋代术语连檐 eave edging瓦口 tile edging颔版 tile edging 宋代术语举架 raising the purlin举析 raising the purlin 宋代术语步架 horizontal spacing between purlins 材 cai栔 qi分 fen斗口 doukou,mortise of cap block斗拱 dougong,bracket set斗 dou, bracket set升 block with cross mortise大斗 cap block栌斗 cap block 宋代术语拱 gong,bracketarm翘 flower arm, petal华拱 flower arm 宋代术语昂 ang,lever槽升子 center block齐心斗 center block 宋代术语三才升 small block十八斗 connection block 交互斗 connection block 宋代术语正心拱 axial bracket arm泥道拱 axial bracket arm 宋代术语瓜拱 oval arm瓜子拱 oval arm 宋代术语万拱 long arm慢拱 long arm 宋代术语厢拱 regular arm令拱 regular arm 宋代术语单材拱 outer-side bracket arm撑头 small tie-beam枋 small tie-beam 宋代术语耍头 nose攒 set of bracket柱头科 bracket set on columns柱头铺作 bracket set on columns 宋代术语平身科 bracket sets between columns补间铺作 bracket sets between columns 宋代术语角科 bracket set on corner转角铺作 bracket set on corner 宋代术语出 extension of bracket出跳 extension of bracket 宋代术语cai跳 tiao 宋代术语雀替 sparrow brace搏缝板 gable eave board搏缝版 gable eave board 宋代术语木装修 joiner's work外檐装修 exterior finish work内檐装修 interior finish work框槛 door frame槛 stud抱框 jamb on door or window格栅 partition door抹头 window stool棂子 grill裙板 panel槛窗 sill wall window榻板 window sill支摘窗 removable window门枕 door bearing门簪 decorative cylinder门跋 door knocker门钉 decorative nails on door leaf门枕石 bearing stone抱鼓石 drum-shaped bearing stone天花 ceiling 帽儿梁 lattice framing支条 lattice framing井口天花 compartment ceiling海墁天花 flat ceiling藻井 caisson ceiling罩 shelf龛 niche博古架 antique shelf瓦石作 masonry檐墙 eave wall廊墙 partition wall扇面墙 horizontal partition wall隔断墙 vertical partition wall槛墙 sill wall樨头 gable wall head挑檐石 cantilever stone on eave五花山墙 stepped gable wall拔磉 corbel, hanging over叠涩 corbel, hanging over 宋代术语角柱石 corner pier阶条石 rectangular stone slab压阑石 rectangular stone slab 宋代术语台阶 steps踏道 steps 宋代术语踏垛 step踏 step 宋代术语斗板石 intermediate pier垂带 drooping belt stone副子 drooping belt stone 宋代术语象眼 triangular space御路 yulu, imperial path羌差 ramp须弥座 xumizuo圭角 guijiao上枋 upper fillet and fascia下枋 lower fillet and fascia上袅 upper cyma, recta下袅 lower cyma, reversa束腰 suyao钩栏 balustrade 宋代术语单钩栏 single frieze balustrade 宋代术语垂台钩栏 double frieze balustrade望柱 baluster望柱头 baluster capital栏版 frieze panel华版 frieze panel地伏 plinth stone寻杖 handrail 宋代术语柱顶石 capital stone柱础 column base踬 zhi碑碣 stone tablet赑屃 bixi, stone turtle 宋及宋前术语趺 fu, stone turtle 清代术语石像生 stone animal石人 stone human statue筒瓦 round tile板瓦 flat tile青瓦 black tile脊瓦 ridge tile琉璃瓦 glazed roof tile勾头 eave tile滴水 drip tile瓦当 tile end, eave tile with pattern正吻 zhengwen鸱尾 chiwei 宋及宋前术语正脊 main ridge垂脊 diagonal ridge for hip roof, vertical ridge for gable roof戗脊 diagonal ridge for gable and hip roof博脊 horizontal ridge for gable and hip roof仙人 celestial being走兽 animal砖雕 brick carving彩画 colored pattern, colored drawing苏式彩画 Suzhou style pattern旋子彩画 tangent circle pattern和玺彩画 dragons pattern天花彩画 ceiling pattern箍头 end portion of painted beam藻头 intermediate portion of painted beam 枋心 central portion of painted beam点金 gold pointing退晕 color change沥粉 embossed painting贴金 gold foil painting园林史中国古典园林 classical Chinese garden 中国传统园林 traditional Chinese garden 中国古代园林 ancient Chinese garden中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden皇家园林 royal garden私家园林 private garden江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta 西方古典园林 western classical garden英国式园林 English style garden中英混合式园林 Anglo-Chinese style garden 意大利式园林 Italian style garden西班牙式园林 Spainish style garden法兰西式园林 French style garden勒诺特尔式园林 Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林 Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林 Baroque style garden庄园 manor,villa garden廊柱园 peristyle garden,patio绿廊 xystus迷阵 maze,labyrinth灵囿 Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼 Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫 E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫 Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园 Yi-HE Yuan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄 Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden悬园 Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
Chinese garden 中英对照
Chinese garden1.Garden is an artifact, made by someone. At the same time its elements are independent of man (they have a life of their own, which may take a different course beyond the designers’ intention, if not attended). The garden is created and received within a framework of conventions, but it can exist, although in deteriorated way, even if there is no gardener to keep it. Many Chinese gardens were in a state of deterioration when Siren visited them. The garden is designed to be perceived aesthetica lly, for the “production of aesthetic pleasure.” This pleasure is the joint result of all the values of the object, of the connoisseur’s contemplation and communion with the mysterious forces present in the garden and its design.1、园林是由人创造的。
同时它的组成元素又是独立于人的意志之外（他们有自己的生命，如果不是刻意照管，他们会超出设计者的意图，按另外的方式发展）。
中国传统园林 英文介绍
IntroductionTraditional Chinese gardens stand as exquisite testaments to the profound cultural heritage and aesthetic sensibilities of China. These meticulously designed landscapes embody a unique fusion of art, nature, and philosophy, transcending mere recreational spaces to become immersive microcosms that reflect the harmony sought in human existence. This essay delves into the multifaceted aspects of these horticultural masterpieces, exploring their historical origins, design principles, symbolic elements, and the profound philosophical underpinnings that render them enduringly captivating.Historical Origins and EvolutionThe roots of Chinese garden design can be traced back over 3000 years to the Shang Dynasty (c.1600-1046 BCE), where enclosed royal hunting parks known as "Yuan" were established. Over time, these evolved into more ornamental gardens during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) and reached a zenith during the Tang (618-907 CE), Song (960-1279 CE), Ming (1368-1644 CE), and Qing (1644-1911 CE) Dynasties. Each period contributed distinctive elements, techniques, and styles, reflecting societal changes, artistic trends, and the prevailing philosophical thought of the time.Design Principles: Yin-Yang, Feng Shui, and the Five ElementsAt the core of traditional Chinese garden design lies the harmonious interplay of fundamental Taoist and Confucian principles. Chief among these is the concept of Yin-Yang, which posits the complementary duality of opposing forces in the universe. In the garden context, this translates into the balanced juxtaposition of light and shade, water and rock, movement and stillness, openness and seclusion.Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese practice of geomancy, further guides garden layout, ensuring the flow of auspicious 'Qi' energy. Key considerations include the orientation of buildings, water features, and pathways, as well as the use of strategic barriers or screens to deflect negative energies.The Five Elements theory (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) provides aframework for selecting materials, colors, and plant species, each representing a specific element and its associated attributes. These elements interact and transform, symbolizing the cyclical nature of life and fostering an environment of vitality and balance.Spatial Organization and the Principle of Borrowed SceneryTraditional Chinese gardens are characterized by a highly nuanced spatial organization that encourages exploration and discovery. They often comprise several distinct yet interconnected zones, such as the entrance court, the central lake, the scholar's studio, and the bamboo grove, each with its unique mood and function.A key design technique employed is "Jing Tuo Shanshui," or "borrowed scenery." This involves strategically situating openings, windows, or pavilions to frame external views, integrating distant landscapes into the garden as if they were part of the composition. This not only expands the visual boundaries of the garden but also creates a sense of continuity between the man-made and natural worlds, echoing the Taoist principle of unity between humanity and nature.Symbolic Elements: Water, Rock, Plants, and ArchitectureWater is a vital element in Chinese gardens, symbolizing life, purification, and renewal. It is often featured in various forms – tranquil ponds, meandering streams, cascading waterfalls, or reflective pools – and serves both aesthetic and functional purposes, providing habitats for aquatic life and cooling the surrounding environment.Rockeries, crafted from limestone or granite, represent the immutable strength and endurance of nature. Their shapes, textures, and placements are carefully chosen to evoke mountains, caves, or islands, creating miniature landscapes within the garden. The juxtaposition of rugged rocks and delicate flora underscores the concept of Yin-Yang.Plants play a crucial role in evoking seasonal change, poetic allusions, and moral virtues. Bamboo, for instance, symbolizes resilience and integrity;plum blossoms, perseverance in adversity; and lotus, purity amidst turmoil. Trees, flowers, and herbs are selected for their fragrance, color, and medicinal properties, enriching the sensory experience and fostering a connection with nature.Architecture in Chinese gardens is characterized by elegant simplicity, blending seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. Pavilions, bridges, pagodas, and verandas serve as vantage points, resting spots, or venues for cultural activities. Their designs often incorporate intricate latticework, calligraphy, and paintings, adding layers of meaning and cultural reference.Philosophical Underpinnings: Taoism, Confucianism, and BuddhismThe essence of traditional Chinese gardens lies in their embodiment of profound philosophical and spiritual concepts. Taoism's emphasis on naturalness, spontaneity, and the unity of opposites finds expression in the garden's organic forms, asymmetrical layouts, and the interplay of contrasting elements. The garden becomes a tangible manifestation of the Tao, inviting contemplation and inspiring a return to one's innate harmony with the cosmos.Confucian ideals of order, propriety, and self-cultivation are reflected in the structured spatial arrangements, the integration of scholarly pursuits such as poetry, painting, and calligraphy, and the use of symbolic elements that evoke moral virtues. Gardens often feature the "Scholar's Studio," a serene retreat for intellectual and artistic endeavors, reinforcing the connection between nature and wisdom.Buddhist influences, particularly Zen Buddhism, are evident in the emphasis on meditation, mindfulness, and the appreciation of transience. The garden's carefully choreographed vistas, the soothing sounds of water, and the changing seasonal flora encourage visitors to slow down, reflect, and cultivate inner peace.ConclusionTraditional Chinese gardens are not mere green spaces but living expressions of China's rich cultural heritage, philosophical depth, and artistic genius.Through their masterful integration of natural elements, architectural features, and symbolic motifs, they transcend physical boundaries, offering visitors a transcendent journey through time, space, and the human spirit. These verdant sanctuaries continue to inspire awe and contemplation, serving as timeless reminders of our innate connection to nature and the eternal quest for harmony and enlightenment.(Word Count: 1494)。
中国古代建筑及构造中英文对照
cap block
栌斗
cap block
宋代术语
拱
gong,bracketarm
翘
flower arm, petal
华拱
flower arm
宋代术语
昂
ang,lever
槽升子
center block
齐心斗
center block
宋代术语
三才升
small block
十八斗
connection block
水榭
waterside pavilion
轩
windowed veranda
民居
folk house
四合院
courtyard house
寨
stockaded village
舫
boat house
阙
que, watchtower
牌楼
pailou, decorated gateway
华表
huabiao, ornamental pillar
交互斗
connection block
宋代术语
正心拱
axial bracket arm
泥道拱
axial bracket arm
宋代术语p
瓜拱
oval arm
瓜子拱
oval arm
宋代术语p
万拱
long arm
慢拱
long arm
井干式构架
log cabin construction
檐柱
eave column
金柱
hypostyle column
内槽柱
hypostyle column
唐代术语
内柱
中国古典园林 英文
Development …
• Tang Dynasty : multiplied number • Song Dynasty : high art It was at this time Suzhou became the center of all intellectual life and garden design in China. • Ming Dynasty : peak • Qing Dynasty : degeneration ostentation and ornament (炫耀，装饰)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
• • • • • • • • • Humble Administrator‘s Garden拙政园 Lingering Garden留园 Master of the Nets Garden网师园 Mountain Villa with Embracing Beauty环 秀山庄 Great Wave Pavilion沧浪亭 Lion Grove Garden狮子林 Garden of Cultivation艺圃 Couple‘s Retreat Garden偶园 Retreat & Reflection Garden退思园
• Sixty-nine gardens in and around Suzhou are preserved as important national cultural heritage sites. • In 1997, UNESCO added four of the largest private gardens of Suzhou to the World Heritage List, and in 2000 UNESCO added five more gardens in Suzhou as extensions to the World Heritage Site.
中国古典园林 英文
Private Gardens
中国古典私家园林
Main contents
I. Brief introduction II. Features of Chinese private gardens III. Famous Chinese private gardens
The garden is known for the subtleties of its layout. Within limited space, ancient architects arranged a group of buildings at different levels and in a picturesque disorder.
II. Features of Chinese private gardens
Features of Chinese private gardens
Most private gardens are found in the South China. The private gardens are composed of rockeries(假山), ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees and flowers. Surrounding the beautiful scene are corridors(游廊)or walls with latticed(装 有格子的) windows or beautifully shaped doors.
The Small Penglai of the Lingering Garden(留园小蓬莱)
Cloud-Capped Peak (冠云峰)
中国园林建筑英语课文翻译
中国的建筑风格中国古代建筑以其独特的风格早已在世界建筑中闻名。
它采用不同的建筑材料，包括民间的材料，砖头材料，木质材料和竹制的材料。
有着各种各样的建筑风格如宫殿、塔、寺庙、花园和陵墓,一般可分为皇家建筑、宗教建筑、园林建筑和普通的建筑。
皇家建筑典型的特征就是它是只为中国的皇帝而建造的。
其中一个例子就是使用黄色屋顶瓦片；黄色是皇家的颜色,紫禁城的大部分建筑都是用黄色的屋顶瓦片来点缀。
天坛，却采用了蓝色的瓦片，象征着蓝天。
屋顶几乎全部采用了“斗拱”的结构，是一种大多数宗教建筑采用的风格。
木柱和墙壁的颜色，一般采用宝塔常用的红黑色，因为人们相信神灵的意思会通过黑色传达下来。
中国的龙，一种中国帝制的象征，常常被用于建筑之中，在房顶上，在梁上和柱子上，以及门上。
只有皇家建筑可以有九间（两根圆柱为一间）；只有皇帝的大门才可以有五进，以它为中心，当然，这是留给皇帝自己的。
中国自古就青睐红色。
坐北朝南是因为北方会有寒风吹过。
宗教建筑一般来说，宗教建筑的风格是仿造皇室建筑的。
一个大寺庙的前厅有一个菩萨，在大厅的后面是一个大佛。
两边住着和尚和尼姑。
例如建于是吧实际的普宁寺和普陀宗乘之庙，寺庙有时也会有宝塔，用来盛放释迦摩尼的遗迹。
旧的宝塔是四面型的，后期的宝塔一般都采用八边形。
道教建筑，另一方面，通常模仿民间风格。
它的主要入口，往往在侧面，这是因为在封建迷信中可以防止邪魔的入侵。
与佛教不同的是，道教的大厅往往摆放的是最主要的神灵，而其他较小的神灵则摆放在后面或者侧面。
中国近现代最高的建筑是建造用于宗教和军事目的的。
开元寺的料敌塔建于公元1055年，塔搞84米（275英尺）,尽管它一直作为河北定州的开元寺的最高级的宝塔，但它也是一个军事瞭望台，帮助宋朝的士兵可以早点发现辽国的敌人。
中国园林建筑总在商朝（公元前16世纪-公元前11世纪）和周朝（公元前11世纪到公元前221年），中国的王和贵族们就为了狩猎开发森林和树林。
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中国古典园林一些要素的中英文对照
额匾horizontal inscribed board
楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar
日晷sundial
石碑 stone tablet, stele
月洞门moon gate
月池new-moon pool
诗条石poem-engraved stone slab
不系舟immovable pleasure boat
石舫stone boat
画舫painted pleasure boat
楼廊two-storied gallery
爬山廊sloping gallery
曲廊zigzag veranda
水廊corridor on water
回廊cloister
茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk
竹亭bamboo pavilion
茅亭thatched pavilion
传统园林建筑traditional garden building 点景牌楼naming pailou, decorated archway 拱桥arch bridge 石板桥stone slab bridge 园桥garden bridge 亭桥pavilion bridge 曲桥zigzag bridge 扶手栏杆handrail 坐凳栏杆 seat rail 石洞stone cavern 石窟grotto 石阶stone steps 汀步stepping stone on water surface 花纹路pattern path 涉水踏步wading step 山石材料stone material 青石Qing stone 宣石Xuan stone 钟乳石stalactite 昆山石Kunshan stone 灵壁石Lingbi stone 房山石Fangshan stone 太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone 叠石stones laying 掇山piled stone hill, hill making 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling 等分平衡法method of making the rock
equa-tional and balanced 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center ofgravity of rocks 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials 散点石scattered stone 抱角石corner stone 屋基石foundation stone 排衙石guard stone 附壁石stone appended to wall 石花台stone flower bed 石凳stone bench 屏石screen stone 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound 石凳stone bench 水池pool 水塘pond 睡莲池water-lily pool 小瀑布cascade 水帘洞water curtain cave 古典园林名皇家园林royal garden 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 阿房宫E-Pang Palace 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 华清官Hua-Qing Palace 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden 颐和园
Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden 私家园林private garden 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta。