海上保险翻译
(金融保险)第二十章海上保险
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第二十章海上保险(Marine Insurance)第一节概述海上保险包括财产保险(Property Insurance)及责任保险(Liability Insurance)财产保险的标的(Subject Matter Insured):船舶、货物、运费等。
责任保险的标的:对第三人的责任(Liability to a third person),包括碰撞责任、管货责任等。
1 海上保险合同(Marine Insurance Contract)概述1.1 定义(《海商法》):指保险人(Insurer)按照约定,对被保险人(TheInsured)遭受保险事故(The Perils Insured)造成保险标的的损失和产生的责任负责赔偿,而由被保险人支付保险费(Insurance Premium)的合同。
1.2 特点:1.2.1 双务有偿性●被保险人支付保险费,保险人承担保险标的的风险。
一旦发生保险事故,保险人需向被保险人支付保险金。
●保险人对被保险人的赔偿以被保险人支付保险费为前提。
1.2.2 损害补偿性●被保险人不能通过投保而赢利。
1.2.3 符合性合同●保险人可以选择保险险别,但对具体保险条款不能作任意修改,只能用附加条款(Additional Clause)的形式作补充。
●对于符合性合同的具体条款,法院或仲裁机构应作出对接受条款的一方有利的解释。
2 海上保险合同的主要内容各国法律对保险合同的基本内容有具体规定我国《海商法》:2.1 保险人及被保险人的名称保险人:与投保人订立保险合同,并承担赔偿责任的保险公司。
投保人:与保险人订立保险合同,并支付保险费的人。
被保险人:其财产受保险合同保障,享有保险金请求权的人,被保险人可以是投保人。
注意:●一般,被保险人与投保人是一致的;但在保险合同转让(Transfer)后,投保人与被保险人是分开的。
●在保险事故发生时,被保险人必须对保险标的具有保险利益(Insurable Interest)。
1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版)
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1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版).txt我的人生有A 面也有B面,你的人生有S面也有B 面。
失败不可怕,关键看是不是成功他妈。
现在的大学生太没素质了!过来拷毛片,居然用剪切!有空学风水去,死后占个好墓也算弥补了生前买不起好房的遗憾。
1906海上保险法海上保险(Marine Insurance)第1条:海上保险的定义(Marine insurance defined)A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失,向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险(Mixed sea and land risks)2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protectthe assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, iscovered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, theprovisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to anycontract of insurance other than a contract of marineinsurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
MARINE INSURANCE
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MARINE INSURANCE(中英文要求必须掌握的)一、海上保险是以海上的财产及其利益、运费和责任为保险标的的,船舶、运输货物、钻井平台、运费和保赔责任等是它主要承保的标的的。
英国《1906年海上保险法》:海上保险合同是保险人按照约定的承保范围,在被保险人遭受海上损失即由于从事航海冒险所发生的损失时,对其负责赔偿的合同。
A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.二、The Category of Maritime perils按照海上风险的性质,可分为海难(Perils of the Sea)和海上外来风险(Marine Extraneous Risks)两种,海难又分为自然灾害和意外事故。
(一)perils of the sea 海难1、Marine Natural calamity 海上自然灾害(1)Heavy weather也叫Atrocious weather,恶劣气候(2)Lightning 雷电(3)Earthquake 地震(4)Tsunami海啸(5)Floating ice 浮冰(6)Flood 洪水(7)Volcanic Eruption 火山爆发2、Marine Fortuitous Accidents 海上意外事故(1)Fire 火灾(2)Explosion 爆炸(3)Sunk 沉没(4)Collision 碰撞(5)contact 触碰(6)Stranding 触礁(7)Grounding 搁浅(8)Overturn 倾覆(9)missing 失踪(二)Marine Extraneous Risks 外来风险1. General Extraneous Risks 一般外来风险(1)Theft,Pilferage 偷窃(2)Non-Delivery 提货不着(3)Fresh and Rain Water Damage 淡水雨淋(4)Shortage in Weight 短量(5)Contamination 沾污(6)Leakage 渗漏(7)Clashing and Breakage 碰损、破碎(8)Taint of Odour 串味(9)Sweating and Heating 受潮受热(10)Rusting 锈损(11)Hook Damage 钩损2. Specific Extraneous Risks 特殊外来风险(1)War 战争(2)strikes 罢工(3)Violent Theft by Persons 暴力盗窃(4)Piracy 海盗行为(5)Negligence or Barratry of the Master and Mariners 船长或船员的过失或恶意行为(6)Jettison 抛弃三、实际全损又称绝对全损(Absolute Total Loss),是指保险标的(船舶或货物)遭受保险承保范围内的风险而造成的全部灭失,或受损程度已使其失去原有形态和特性,以及无残余价值的一种实质性的物质型的损失。
英国海上保险法中英文对照
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1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版)海上保险(Marine Insurance)第1条:海上保险的定义(Marine insurance defined)A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失,向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险(Mixed sea and land risks)2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous toa marine adventure, is covered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, the provisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to any contract of insurance other than a contract of marine insurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
海上运输保险-名词解释
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1,海上风险(Marine Perils):一般是指船舶或货物在海上航行中发生的或随海上运输所发生的风险。
2,定值保险(Valued Insurance):定值保险是指保险人与被保险人事先对保险标的约定一个价值,按照该约定价值确定保险金额,作为保险人收取保费和保险标的发生保险责任范围内的损失计算赔款的依据。
3,不定值保险(Unvalued Insurance):不定值保险是指保险人与被保险人双方对保险标的事先不约定保险价值,保险合同上只注明保险金额,保险费依据保险金额计算。
4,航程保险(Voyage Insurance):航程保险是指按保险合同规定保险人以指明的港口之间的一次航程、往返程或多次航程为责任起讫。
5,定期保险(Term Insurance):定期保险承保一定航期内保险标的遭受的风险损失。
6,保险利益(Insurable Interest):是指投保人或者被保险人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益。
7,告知(Disclose):告知也称“披露”,是指被保险人在签订保险合同时,应该将其知道的或推定应该知道的有关保险标的的重要事实(Material Fact)如实向保险人进行说明,因为如实告知是保险人判断是否接受承保和确定保险费率的重要依据。
8,明示保证(Express Warranty):明示保证是在保险单中订明的保证,明示保证作为一种保证必须写入保险合同或写入与保险合同一起的其他文件如批单内。
9,默示保证(Implied Warranty):默示保证是指在保单中并未载明,但却为订约双方在订约时都非常清楚的一些重要保证。
10,近因(Proximate Cause):是引起保险标的损失的直接、有效、起决定作用的原因。
反之,引起保险标的损失的间接的、不起决定作用的因素,称为远因。
11,海上保险合同(Marine Insurance Contract):是财产保险合同的一种,是海上运输中的投保人或被保险人按规定向保险人交纳一定的保险费,保险人对投保人或被保险人遭受保险事故造成保险标的损失承担经济补偿的一种具有法律约束力的协议(Agreement)。
cif保险种类
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cif保险种类CIF保险(Cost, Insurance and Freight)是国际贸易中常见的一种保险种类,主要适用于货物贸易中,出口方向买方负责保险。
CIF保险是一种目的地到岸价保险,其涵盖了运输费用(Cost)、保险费用(Insurance)和运费(Freight)。
根据国际商会的规定,CIF保险责任承担于货物交交岸,即货物运抵目的港口之时开始。
以下是几种常见的CIF保险种类:1.CIF海洋运输保险:这是最常见也是最基本的CIF保险种类。
海洋运输保险承保在货物运输途中因海难、碰撞、火灾等意外事故造成的损失。
保险公司将负责赔付货物在运输途中发生的损失或损坏。
2.CIF空运保险:CIF空运保险适用于通过航空运输方式进行的货物运输。
由于空中运输的特殊性,其风险与海洋运输存在一些差异,因此需要专门的保险来覆盖飞机失事、意外碰撞等风险事件。
3.CIF内陆运输保险:CIF内陆运输保险是指在货物抵达港口或机场之后,需要通过内陆运输工具(如卡车、火车)运送到最终目的地的保险。
这种保险种类主要用于覆盖货物在内陆运输过程中发生的事故、损失或损坏。
4.CIF多式联运保险:多式联运保险是指货物通过不同的运输方式(如海运、陆运、空运等)进行运输的情况下,所需要的保险。
这种保险种类可以整合不同的运输环节,保障货物在整个运输过程中的安全。
5.CIF战争险和罢工险:在一些特定的情况下,如货物运输区域存在冲突或罢工等风险,CIF保险可以包含战争险和罢工险,以保障货物免受这些不可预见的事件造成的损失。
无论是哪一种CIF保险种类,保险公司通常会根据货物的价值、运输方式、运输路线、目的地国家等因素来确定保费。
同时,也需要注意到CIF保险只覆盖货物在运输途中发生的意外损失或损坏,不包括货物本身的质量问题或商业的亏损。
总之,CIF保险种类多样,可以根据不同的货物运输需求来选择适合的保险方案。
通过购买合适的CIF保险,买卖双方可以减少运输风险,确保货物在运输过程中的安全。
海上货物保险险别英语
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海上货物保险险别I.Basic risks:基本险1.FPA Free from Particular Average 平安险2.WPA(WA) With (Particular)Average 水渍险3.AR(A.R.) All Risks 一切险I.Extraneous/Additional risks include: 附加险1.General additional risks 一般附加险(1)TPND theft, pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃及提货不着险(2)FWRD fresh water and/or rain damage 淡水雨淋险(3)risk of shortage 短量险(4)risk of intermixture and contaminations 混杂、玷污险(5)risk of leakage 渗漏险(6)risk of clash and breakage 碰损、破碎险(7)damage caused by sweating and heating 受潮受热险(8)breakage of packing 包装破裂险(9)risk /taint of odo(u)r 串味险(10)risk of rust 锈损险(11)hook damage 钩损险2.Special additional risks 特殊附加险(1)SRCC strike, riots and civil commotions 罢工、暴动、民变险(2)war risk 战争险(3)additional expense –war risk 战争险的附加费用险(4)rejection risk 拒收险(5)failure to delivery 交货不到险(6)import duty risk 进口关税险(7)on deck risk 舱面险(8)aflatoxin risk 黄曲霉素险(9)Fire risk extension clauses for storage of cargo at destination HK, includingKowloon or Macao. 出口货物到香港(包括九龙在内)或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款。
1906英国海上保险法 MIA1906(中英文对照版)
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1906海上保险法海上保险(Marine Insurance)第1条:海上保险的定义(Marine insurance defined)A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失,向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险(Mixed sea and land risks)2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protectthe assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, iscovered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, theprovisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to anycontract of insurance other than a contract of marineinsurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
海船船长驾驶必备英语第六章海上保险条款
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第六章海上保险条款§6-1 中保船舶险PICC Marine Insurance (Hull Insurance Clauses)The subject matter of this insurance is the vessel, including its hull, lifeboats, machinery, equipments, instruments, tackles, bunkers and stores.This insurance is classified into Total Loss Cover an All Risk Cover.I. Scope of Cover1. Total Loss CoverThis insurance covers total loss of the Insured vessel caused by:1) earthquake, volcanic eruption, lightning or other natural calamities;2) grounding, collision, contact with any object, fixed, floating or otherwise, or other perils of the sea;3) fire or explosions;4) violent theft by persons from outside the vessel or piracy;5) jettison;6) breakdown of or accident to nuclear installations or reactors;7) this insurance also covers total loss of the Insured vessel caused by:(1) accidents in loading, discharging or shifting cargo or fuel;(2) any latent defect in a machinery or hull of the vessel;(3) wrongful acts will fully committed by the master or crew to the prejudiceof the Insured interest;(4) negligence of the master crew or pilots repairers or charterers;(5) acts of any governmental authority to prevent or minimize a pollutionhazard resulting from damage to the vessel caused by risks insured against,provided such loss has not resulted from want of due diligence by theInsured, Owners or Managers.2. All Risks CoverThis insurance covers total loss of or partial loss of or damage to the Insured vessel arising from the causes under the Total Loss Cover and also covers the under-mentioned liability or expense:1) Collision Liabilities(1) This insurance covers legal liabilities of the Insured as a consequenceof the Insured vessel coming into collision or contact with any othervessel, or any object, fixed, floating or otherwise. However, this clausedoes not cover any liabilities in respect of: loss of life, personal injuryor illness; cargo or other property on or engagements of the Insured vessel;removal or disposal of obstructions, wrecks, cargoes or any other thingwhatsoever; pollution or contamination of any property or thing whatsoever(including cost of preventive measures and clean-up operations) exceptpollution or contamination of the other vessel with which the Insuredvessels is in collision or property on such other vessel; indirect expensesarising from delay to or loss of use of any object, fixed, floating orotherwise.(2) Where the Insured vessel is in collision with another vessel and bothvessels are to blame, then unless the liability of one or both vesselsbecomes limited by law, the indemnity under this clause shall be calculatedon the principle of cross liabilities. This principle also applies whenthe Insured vessel comes into contact with an object.(3) The insurer’s liability (including legal costs) under this clause shallbe in addition to his liability under the other provisions of thisinsurance but shall not exceed the Insured amount of the vessel herebyinsured in respect of each separate occurrence.2) General Average and Salvage(1) This insurance covers the Insured vessel’s proportion of general average,salvage or salvage charges, but in case of general average sacrifice of thevessel, the Insured may recover fully for such loss without obtainingcontributions from other parties.(2) General average shall be adjusted in accordance with the relative contractand of governing law and practice. However, where the contract of affreightment or carriage does not so provide, the adjustment shall be according to the Beijing Adjustment Rules or similar provisions of other rules.(3) Where all the contributing interests are owned by the Insured, or whenthe Insured vessel sails in ballast and there ate no other contributing interests the provisions of the Beijing Adjusting Rules (excluding Article5), or similar provisions of other rules if expressly agreed, shall applyas if the interests were owned by different persons. The voyage for this purpose shall be deemed to continue from the port or place of departure until the arrival of the vessel at the first port or place of call for bunkering only. If at any such intermediate port or place there is an abandonment of the adventure originally contemplated the voyage shall thereupon be deemed to be terminated.3) Sue and Labour(1) Where there is loss or damage to the vessel from a peril insured againstor where the vessel is in immediate danger from such a peril, and as a result reasonable expenditure is incurred by the Insured in order to avert or minimize a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance, the Insurer will be liable for the expenses so incurred by the Insured. This clause shall not apply to general average, salvage or salvage charges or to expenditure otherwise provided for in this insurance.(2) The insurer’s liability under this clause is in addition to his liabilityunder the other provisions of this insurance, but shall not exceed an amount equal to the sum insured in respect of the vessel.II. ExclusionsThis insurance does not cover loss, damage, liability or expense cause by:1. Unseaworthiness including not being properly manned, equipped or loaded, providedthat the Insured knew, or should have know, of such unseaworthiness when the vessel was sent to sea;2. Negligence or intentional act of the Insured and his representative;3. Ordinary wear and tear, corrosion, rottenness or insufficient upkeep, or defectin material which the Insured should have discovered with due diligence, or replacement of or repair to any part in unsound condition as mentioned above.4. Risks covered and excluded in the Hull War and Strikes Clauses of this Company.III. Deductible1. Partial loss caused by a peril insured against shall be payable subject to thedeductible stipulated in the policy for each separate accident or occurrence (excluding claims under collision liability, salvage and general average, and sue and labour).2. Claims for damage by heavy weather occurring during a single sea passage betweentwo successive ports shall be treated as being due to one accident.This clause shall not apply to a claim for total loss of vessel, and the reasonable expense of sighting the bottom after grounding, if incurred specially for that purpose.IV. ShippingUnless previously approved by the insurer and any amended terms of cover and additional premium required have been agreed, this insurance does not cover loss, damage, liability and expense caused under the following circumstances:1. towage or salvage service undertaken by the Insured vessel;2. cargo loading or discharging operation at sea from or into another vessel (not being a harbor or inshore craft) including whist approaching, lying alongside and leaving;3. the Insured vessel sailing with an intention of being broken up or sold for breaking up.V. Period of InsuranceThis insurance is classified into Time Insurance and Voyage Insurance.1. Time Insurance: Longest duration is one year, the time of commencement andtermination being subject to the stipulation in the policy. Should the Insured vessel at the expiration of this insurance be at sea or in distress or at port of refuge or of call, she shall, provided previous notice be given to the insurer, be held covered to her port of destination with the payment of an additional pro rata daily premium. However, in case of a total loss of the vessel during such period of extension, an additional six moths premium shall be paid to the insurer.2. Voyage Insurance: to be subject of the voyage stipulated in the policy. The timeof commencement and termination to be dealt with according to the following provisions:1) With no cargo on board: to commence from the time of unmooring or weightinganchor at the port of sailing until the completion of casing anchor or mooring at the port of destination.2) With cargo on board: to commence from the time of loading at the port of sailinguntil the completion of discharge at the port of destination, but in no case shall a period of thirty days be exceeded counting from midnight of the day of arrival of the vessel at the port of distination.VI. Termination1. This insurance shall terminate automatically in the event of payment for totalloss of the Insured vessel.2. Unless previously agreed by the Insurer in writing, this insurance shall terminateautomatically at the time of any change of the Classification Society of the Insured vessel, change or cancellation or withdrawal of her Class therein, change in the ownership or flag, assignment or transfer to new management, charter ona bareboat basis, requisition for title. If the vessel has cargo on board or isat sea, such termination shall, if required, be deferred until arrival at hernext port or final port of discharge or destination.3. In case of any such breach of warranty as to cargo, voyage, trading limit, towage,salvage services or date of sailing, this insurance shall terminate automatically unless notice be given to the Insurer immediately after receipt of advice and any amended terms of cover and any additional premium required be agreed.VII. Premium and Returns1. Time Insurance: Full premium shall be due and payable on attachment, and if agreedby the Insurer payment may be made by installments, but in the event of total loss of the Insured vessel, any unpaid premium shall be immediately due and payable. Premium is returnable as follows:1) If this insurance is cancelled or terminated, premium shall be returned prorata daily net for the uncommenced day, but this clause shall not be applicable to clause .2) Where the Insured vessel is laid up in a port or a lay-up area approved bythe Insurer for a period exceeding thirty consecutive days irrespective of whether she is under repairs in dock or shipyard, loading or discharging, 50% (fifty percent) of net premium for such period shall be returned pro rata daily but in no case shall such return of premium be recoverable in the event of total loss of the vessel.In the event of any return recoverable under this clause being based on thirty consecutive days which fall on successive insurance effected for the same Insured, such return of premium shall be calculated pro rata separately for the number of days covered by each insurance.2. Voyage insurance: In no case shall voyage insurance be cancelable and the premiumthereof be returnable once it commences.VIII. Duty of Insured1. Immediately upon receipt of advice of any accident or loss to the Insured vessel,it is the duty of the Insured to give notice to the Insurer within 48 hours, andif the vessel is abroad, to the Insurer’s nearest agent immediately, and so take all reasonable measures for the purpose of averting or minimizing a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance.2. Measures taken by the Insured or the Insurer with the object of averting orminimizing a loss which would be recoverable under this insurance shall not be considered as waiver or acceptance of abandonment or otherwise prejudice the rights of either party.3. The Insured shall obtain prior agreement of the Insurer in determining theliabilities and expenses in respect of the Insured vessel.4. In submitting a claim for loss, the Insured shall transfer to the Insurer allnecessary documents and assist him in pursuing recovery against the third party in case of third party liabilities or expenses being involved.IX. Tender1. Where the Insured vessel is damaged and repairs are required, the Insured shalltake such tenders as a diligent uninsured owner would take to obtain the most favourable offer for the repairs of the damaged vessel.2. The Insurer may also take tenders or may require further tenders to be taken forthe repair of the vessel. Where such a tender is accepted with the approval of the Insurer, the allowance in respect of fuel and stores and wages and maintenance of the master and crew shall be made for the time lost between the dispatch of the invitations to tender required by the Insurer and the acceptance of a tender, but the maximum allowance shall not exceed the rate of 30% per annum on the Insured value of the vessel.3. The Insured may decide the place of repair of the damaged vessel, however, ifthe Insured in making such decisions does not act as a diligent uninsured owner, then the Insurer shall have a right of veto concerning the place of repair ora repairing firm decided by the owner or deduct any increased costs resultingtherefrom from the indemnity.X. Claim and IndemnityIn case of accident or loss insured against, no claim shall be recoverable should the Insured failed to submit claim document to the insurer within two years following the accident or loss.Total Loss1) Where the Insured vessel is completely destroyed or so seriously damaged asto cease to be a thing of the kind insured or there the Insured is irretrievably deprived of the vessel, it may be deemed a actual total loss, and the full insured amount shall be indemnified.2) Where no news is received of the whereabouts of the Insured vessel over aperiod of two months after the date on which she is expected to arrive at the port of destination it shall be deemed an actual total loss and the full insured amount shall be indemnified.3) Where an actual total loss of the Insured vessel appears to be unavoidableor the cost of recovery, repair and/or salvage or the aggregate thereof will exceed the Insured value of the vessel, it may be deemed a constructive total loss and the full insured amount shall be indemnified after notice of abandonment of the vessel is given to the Insurer irrespective of whether the Insurer accepts the abandonment. Once the Insurer accepts the abandonment, the subject matter insured belongs to the Insurer.Partial loss1) Claims under this insurance shall be payable without deduction new for old;2) In no case shall a claim be admitted in respect of scrapping derusting orpainting of the vessel’s bottom unless directly related repairs of plating, damaged by an insured peril;3) Where repairs for owner’s account necessary to make the vessel seaworthyand/or a routine drydocking are carried out concurrently with repairs covered by this insurance, then the cost of entering and leaving dock and the dock dues for the time spent in dock shall be divide equally.4) Where it is necessary to place the vessel in drydock for repair of the damagecovered by this insurance, the Insurer’s liability for the cost of docking shall not be reduced, should the Insured has surveys or other work carried out while the vessel is in dock provided the time for the work for the Insured’s account is not prolonged in dock or the cost of docking is not in any way increased.In no case shall any sum be allowed under this insurance either by way of remuneration of the Insured for time and trouble taken to obtain and supply information or documents or in respect of the commission or charges of any manager, agent, managing or agency company or the like, appointed by or on behalf of the Insured to perform such services, unless prior agreement has been obtained.Where the Insured amount is less than the agreed value or the contributory value in respect of general average or salvage, then the Insurer is only liable to pay that proportion of any loss or expense covered by this insurance that the amount insured bears to the agreed or contributory value.Where the Insured vessel comes into collision with or receives salvage services from another vessel owned by the Insured or under the same management, the Insurer shall be liable under this insurance as if the other vessel were owned by a third party.XI. Treatment of DisputesShould disputes arise between the insured and insurer and it is necessary to submit to arbitration or take legal action, such arbitration or legal action shall be carried out at the place where the defendant is domiciled.注释tackle, 索具。
Marine Insurance
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To Determine Insurance Premium Rates
The factors determining the insurance premium rates are summed up as below: The Carrying Vessel Natural of the Packing Used Type of Merchandise Involved Nature of Transit and Related WarehouseAccommodation Previous Experience The Extent of Cover Needed The Volume of Cargo Involved
To Apply for Marine Insurance
The applicant should fill in the special form--the proposal form, which gives all the details concering ownership, value, time span insurance will be for, risks and coverage, etc.
FPA is a limited form of cargo insurance cover under
which no partial loss or damage is recoverable. It only provides coverage for total losses and general average emerging form the actual "marine peril" like vessel being stranded,gounded or sunk
2019年1906英国海上保险法.doc
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1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版)来源:更新时间:1906海上保险法海上保险(Marine Insurance)第1条:海上保险的定义(Marine insurance defined)A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失,向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险(Mixed sea and land risks)2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, is covered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, the provisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to any contract of insurance other than a contract of marine insurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
英国1906海上保险法中英文对照版
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1906海上保险法海上保险(Marine Insurance)第1条:海上保险的定义(Marine insurance defined)A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the ass ured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses in cident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失,向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险(Mixed sea and land risks)2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extend ed so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be inci dental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, is covered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, the provisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applica ble to any contract of insurance other than a contract of marine insurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
海保英汉互译
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Insurance保险Propety insurance 财产保险Personal insurance 人身保险Marine insurance 海上保险(水险)non- marine insurance非水险Risk 风险pure risk 纯粹风险Perils insurance against 保险事故Original insurance 原始保险Reinsurance 再保险Insurance contract 保险合同Insurer 保险人Insured,assured 被保险人Cover 承保范围Subject-matter insured 保险标的Beneficiary 保险受益人Application 投保单for insurance 投保人Policy 保险单Benefits from the employment of ship 承包营运收入Seamen’s wage & other award 船员工资和其他报酬Liability to third party 对第三人的责任Other subject-matter insurance 其他海上保险的标的Insured amount 保险金额Insurance cercificate 保险凭证Duration of insurance 保险期间Insurance agent 保险代理人Insurance broker 保险经纪人Insurance surveyor 保险公证检验人Average adjuster 海损理算人General average 共同海损Lloy’s劳合社Foreign-related contract 涉外合同Contract of indemnity 保险合同Princeple of indemnity 赔偿原则Deductible 免赔额Under-insurance 不足额保险Subrogation 代位求偿权Double insurance 重复保险Contribution 分摊Contract of qualified indemnity 限制性赔偿合同Cover 赔偿责任范围Perils insured against 承保危险Losses covered 承保损失Principle of causation 因果关系原则Causa proxima 禁因原则Ordinary wear and tear 通常磨损Ordinary breakage、Leakage or loss 通常损耗Inherent vice or nature 本身的的缺陷和自然特性Intentional act 故意行为Exclusion 除外责任War risks 战争险Strike risks 罢工险Named risks 列明风险All risks 一切险Total loss only 全损险speculation 射倖合同Pinciple of insurance interest 保险利益原则Measurement of indemnity 财产保险赔偿的限度Contract on morality 对人合同Contract for economy assurance 经济保障合同Principle of good faith 诚实信用原则Duty of disclosure 告知义务Utmost good faith 最大诚信Contract of adhension 随意合同Contract proferemtem rule 逆利益解释法则Insurance interest 保险利益Premium 保险费Consideration 对价Call会费Scope of cover保险人的赔偿责任范围Risks covered 承包风险Warehouse to warehouse clause 仓库到仓库条款Transit clause 运送条款Priciple of insurable interest 保险利益原则Princeple of indemnity 赔偿原则Moral hazard 道德风险V alued insurance 定值保险Outsourcing 外包Lien holder 海事请求人Ship’s apparels 船舶属具Stores 物料Spare parts 备件Provisions 给养Dunnage 垫舱物料Ballast 压载物Living animals 活牲畜Deck goods 甲板货On deck risks 舱面险Co-insurance 共同保险Loss of hire insurance 运费保险Freight collected 待收运费Advanced freight 预付运费Anticipated freight 预期运费Chartered freight 租船运费Collision liability 船舶碰撞责任P&I club 船东互保协会Mortgagee 抵押权人Mortgagor 抵押人The particular object 特定物Under-insurance不足额保险Time insurance 定期保险V oyage insurance 航次保险Mixed insurance 混合保险Port of departure 起运港Slip 承包条Lien on policy 留置权Underwriting agent 签单代理人Survey agent 检验代理人Claim agent 理赔代理人Offer 要约counter-offer反要约Acceptance 承诺Warranty 保证Renewal 续订revival 恢复Cover note 暂保单Floating policy 浮动保险单Single policy 单一保险单Collective policy 集合保险单Fleet insurance船队保险Cancelation clause 解约条款Pre-contracted duty 合同前义务Prudent insurance 谨慎的保险人Automatic termination 自动终止Endorsement in blank 空白背书Assignor 让与人Assighee 受让人In good faith 善意Intention 合意Duty of disclosure 告知义务Ship’s seaworthiness 船舶适航Duty of sue & labour Abandonment 委托Limitation of time for claims 索赔时限Proximate cause 近因Chain of causation 因果链Total loss only 全损险Salvage charges 救助费用Docking expenses 干坞费用FPA –free from particular average 平安险W A-With average 水渍险Successive losses 连续损失Constructive total losses 推定全损Actual total losses 实际全损Reansonably necessary 合理必要的Special compensation 特别补偿共同海损:GA sacrifice 共同海损牺牲GA expenditure 共同海损费用Contribution value 分摊价值Improper packing 包装不当Latent defect 潜在缺陷Indirect loss 间接损失Correspondence 通信代理人Sisiteship clause 姐妹船条款Rateable proportion clause 比例分担条款Excess of loss insurance clause 超额责任保险条款Inchmaree clause 殷其玛瑞条款Perils of the seas 海上灾害Piracy 海盗Stranding 搁浅Grounding 擦浅Contact with FFO 触碰其他固定或浮动物体或其他物体Civil war 内战Revolution 革命rebellion 叛乱insurrection 造反Hostitle act 敌对行为Warlike operation 类似战争行为Seizure 扣押Confiscation 没收Strikes 罢工Malicious acts 恶意行为Deviation 绕航Forced discharge 被迫卸货Reshipment /transshipment 重新装载/转载一般附加险:Theft ,pilferage&non-delivery clause value EPND 偷窃、提货不着险Fresh water &/or rain damage clause 淡水、雨淋险条款Shortage clause 短量险条款Intermixture & contamination clause 混杂、玷污险条款Leakage clause 渗漏险条款Klash & breakage clause 破损、破粹险条款Tain of odour clause 串味险条款Sweat & heating clause 受潮、受热险条款Hook damage clause 够损险条款Breakage of packing clause 包装破裂险条款Rust clause 锈损险条款特别附加险Import duty clause 进口关税险条款On dece clause 舱面货物条款Aflatoxin clause 黄曲霉素险条款Rejection clause 拒收险条款Risks for frozen products 冷藏险All risks for frozen products 冷藏一切险Both to blame collision clause 双方有责任碰撞条款Defend 抗辩Hull insurance clauses 船舶险条款Leading underwriters 首席保险人Princeple of subrogation 代位求偿原则Open policy 预约保险单Floating policy 流动保险单Original policy 保险单正本Packing list 装箱单Weight memo 磅码单Survey report 检验报告Sea protest 海事报告Ceitification of loss or damage 货损货差证明Statement of claim 索赔清单Single liability principle 单一责任原则‘Cross liability principle 交叉责任原则。
第11章海上保险中英对照
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Chapter 11 MarineInsurance ContractOcean Marine Cargo Clauses (PICC) (Amended Jan,1,1981)Ⅰ. Scope of coverThis insurance is classified into the following three Conditions- Free From Particular Average (F.P.A.),With Average (W.A.) and All Risks. Where the goods insured hereunder sustain loss or damage,the Company shall undertake to indemnify therefore according to the Insured Condition specified in the Policy and the Provisions of these Clauses.1. Free From Particular Average (F.P.A.) This insurance covers:1) Total or Constructive Total Loss of the whole consignment hereby insured caused in the course of transit by natural calamities –heavy weather,lightning,tsunami,earthquake and flood,in case of constructive totals loss is claimed for,the Insured shall abandon to the Company the damaged goods and all his rights and title pertaining thereto. The goods each lighter take to or from the seagoing vessel shall be deemed a separate risk.“Constructive Total Loss” refers to the loss where an actual total loss appears to be unavoidable or the cost to be incurred in recovering or reconditioning the goods together with the forwarding cost to the destination named in the Policy would exceed their value on第11章海上保险合同海洋运输货物保险条款(中国人民保险公司)(1981年1月1日修订)Ⅰ责任范围本保险分为以下三部分:平安险、水渍险和一切险。
海上运输保险-名词解释
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1,海上风险(Marine Perils):一般是指船舶或货物在海上航行中发生的或随海上运输所发生的风险。
2,定值保险(Valued Insurance):定值保险是指保险人与被保险人事先对保险标的约定一个价值,按照该约定价值确定保险金额,作为保险人收取保费和保险标的发生保险责任范围内的损失计算赔款的依据。
3,不定值保险(Unvalued Insurance):不定值保险是指保险人与被保险人双方对保险标的事先不约定保险价值,保险合同上只注明保险金额,保险费依据保险金额计算。
4,航程保险(Voyage Insurance):航程保险是指按保险合同规定保险人以指明的港口之间的一次航程、往返程或多次航程为责任起讫。
5,定期保险(Term Insurance):定期保险承保一定航期内保险标的遭受的风险损失。
6,保险利益(Insurable Interest):是指投保人或者被保险人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益。
7,告知(Disclose):告知也称“披露”,是指被保险人在签订保险合同时,应该将其知道的或推定应该知道的有关保险标的的重要事实(Material Fact)如实向保险人进行说明,因为如实告知是保险人判断是否接受承保和确定保险费率的重要依据。
8,明示保证(Express Warranty):明示保证是在保险单中订明的保证,明示保证作为一种保证必须写入保险合同或写入与保险合同一起的其他文件如批单内。
9,默示保证(Implied Warranty):默示保证是指在保单中并未载明,但却为订约双方在订约时都非常清楚的一些重要保证。
10,近因(Proximate Cause):是引起保险标的损失的直接、有效、起决定作用的原因。
反之,引起保险标的损失的间接的、不起决定作用的因素,称为远因。
11,海上保险合同(Marine Insurance Contract):是财产保险合同的一种,是海上运输中的投保人或被保险人按规定向保险人交纳一定的保险费,保险人对投保人或被保险人遭受保险事故造成保险标的损失承担经济补偿的一种具有法律约束力的协议(Agreement)。
1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版)
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1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版).txt我的人生有A 面也有B面,你的人生有S面也有B 面。
失败不可怕,关键看是不是成功他妈。
现在的大学生太没素质了!过来拷毛片,居然用剪切!有空学风水去,死后占个好墓也算弥补了生前买不起好房的遗憾。
1906海上保险法海上保险(Marine Insurance)第1条:海上保险的定义(Marine insurance defined)A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失,向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险(Mixed sea and land risks)2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protectthe assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, iscovered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, theprovisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to anycontract of insurance other than a contract of marineinsurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。
1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照)
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1906英国海上保险法〔中英文对照版〕海上保险〔Marine Insurance〕第1条:海上保险的定义〔Marine insurance defined〕A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incident to marine adventure.海上保险合同,是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围,对与海上冒险有关的海上灭掉,向被保险人承担抵偿责任的合同。
第2条海陆混合风险〔Mixed sea and land risks〕2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extended so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be incidental to any sea voyage.(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous toa marine adventure, is covered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, the provisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto;but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applicable to any contract of insurance other than a contract of marine insurance as by this Act defined.(1)海上保险合同,得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯,扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损掉。
保险行业英语单词
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保险行业英语单词保险行业相关的英语单词有很多,以下是一些常见的保险行业英语单词:1. Insurance:保险2. Life Insurance:人寿保险3. Health Insurance:健康保险4. Auto Insurance:汽车保险5. Homeowners Insurance:房屋保险6. Liability Insurance:责任保险7. Property Insurance:财产保险8. Casualty Insurance:意外伤害保险9. Term Life Insurance:定期人寿保险10. Whole Life Insurance:终身人寿保险11. Critical Illness Insurance:重大疾病保险12. Disability Insurance:残疾保险13. Dental Insurance:牙科保险14. Vision Insurance:视力保险15. Employee Benefits Insurance:员工福利保险16. Workers Compensation Insurance:工伤补偿保险17. Professional Liability Insurance:专业责任保险18. Boiler and Machinery Insurance:锅炉和机器保险19. Marine Insurance:海上保险20. Surety Bond:保证金21. Underwriter:保险承保人22. Premium:保险费23. Claim:索赔24. Policy:保单25. Agent:代理人26. Broker:经纪人27. Risk Management:风险管理28. Actuary:精算师29. Certificate of Insurance:保险凭证30. Beneficiary:受益人这些是常见的保险行业英语单词,涵盖了保险的基本概念、种类、相关人员和业务流程等方面。
外贸英语中英互译保险及索赔
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外贸英语中英互译保险及索赔在外贸业务中,保险是非常重要的一项考虑因素。
保险旨在降低贸易风险,保护双方利益。
在这篇文章中,我们将讨论外贸英语中保险及索赔的相关术语和翻译。
1. Introduction(介绍)保险在外贸业务中的作用不可忽视。
它为出口商和进口商提供保障,确保货物在运输过程中能够受到保护。
保险的理解和索赔处理在外贸英语中显得尤为重要。
2. Types of Insurance(保险类型)2.1 Marine Insurance(海洋保险)Marine insurance covers the loss or damage of goods during transportation by sea. It provides financial protection to both the exporterand the importer. In case of any accidents or disasters, such as shipwrecks or piracy, marine insurance compensates for the loss.2.2 Freight Insurance(货运保险)Freight insurance covers the loss or damage of goods during transportation by any means, including sea, air, road, or rail. It provides coverage for the cost of transportation and protects against risks like theft, accidents, or natural disasters.2.3 Cargo Insurance(货物保险)Cargo insurance covers the loss or damage of the goods being transported. It can include both marine and freight insurance, depending on the specific terms of the policy. Cargo insurance ensures that the value of the goods is protected in case of any unfortunate events.3. Insurance Terminology(保险术语)3.1 Insurer(保险人)The insurer is the company providing the insurance coverage. They assess the risks, provide the policy, and handle claims in case of any loss or damage.3.2 Insured(被保险人)The insured refers to the party (exporter or importer) who purchases the insurance policy and is covered by the insurance in case of any loss or damage.3.3 Premium(保险费)The premium is the amount of money paid by the insured to the insurer for the insurance coverage. It is usually calculated based on the value and nature of the goods being insured, as well as the risk factors involved.3.4 Policy(保险单)The policy is the legal document that outlines the terms and conditions of the insurance coverage. It includes details such as the insured parties, coverage limits, deductibles, and exclusions.4. Claims and Compensation(索赔和赔偿)4.1 Filing a Claim(提出索赔)In case of any loss or damage covered by the insurance policy, the insured party needs to file a claim with the insurer. This typically involves providing evidence of the loss, such as photos, invoices, or shipping documents.4.2 Claim Settlement(索赔解决)Once a claim is filed, the insurer will initiate the claim settlement process. They will investigate the circumstances of the loss or damage and assess the claim based on the policy terms. If the claim is approved, the insurer will compensate the insured for the value of the loss or damage.4.3 Compensation(赔偿)The compensation is the amount of money paid by the insurer to the insured to cover the loss or damage. It may be based on the actual value of the goods, the insured amount stated in the policy, or a predetermined formula agreed upon by both parties.5. Conclusion(结论)外贸英语中的保险和索赔术语对于有效保护货物和降低贸易风险非常重要。
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联合船务有限公司北方海上保险有限公司兰顿法官和航海陪审员共同海损----------《安特卫普规则》,1924年,规则A,E和V----------由于突如其来的恶劣天气,原告拖船被发现停靠在波佐利(意大利一港市)海湾锚地--------有意让船舶抛锚在码头外端------船舶码头的损害-------作为货物的保险人,被告应当分摊共同海损-------不管是否构成共同海损-------V规则并不适用;船长的行为是A规则的共同海损行为时,即他是在有意而合理地牺牲自己的船,并且成功的将风险转移给船舶自己的风险;所以被告是有责任的。
就此项行为,汽船Seapool的船东,联合船运有限公司向北方海上保险有限公司索赔,作为货物煤,共同海损的分摊和其他费用的保险人,被告理应付这部分共同海损分摊费用,但是被告拒绝。
W,N,,Raebure先生,K.C.,和K.S.,Carpmael先生(受瑞士罗氏的先生们,坦玻利的代理,西哈特尔普尔的蒂莉和Hayward的指示)作为原告出席,C.T.Le Quesne先生和J.V.Naisby先生(受的Lightbounds, Jones & Bryan, Newcastle-on-Tyn的Messrs. Ingledew & Co.的代理指示)代表被告出席。
根据原告的案件,这批货物是从泰恩河运往意大利Bagnoli,根据1931年12月9日的租船合同,如果发上任何海损,都按照1924年《安特卫普规则》解决。
1932年1月1日,当Seapool抛锚在港外时,由于突然的恶劣天气,船舶开始拖锚并向码头岸边漂泊。
为了阻止Seapool的船尾撞击码头导致她的船舵和螺旋桨损害和搁浅的发生,以及船舶和货物全损的可能性,Seapool是自愿的,故意如此操纵船舶,向北方向移动时,为了保护船尾和螺旋桨的完好,船舶的左舷中间的位置撞到码头.由于撞击,船舶的左舷与码头都受到损害。
原告有责任支付这部分费用并且向码头赔偿损失。
随后,在码头操作时,Seapool执行操作并且进一步受损。
在他们的资料中,原告声称1931年12月31日大约晚上10:30,Seapool已经在锚地等待引航员,在Nisida岛的庇护下由引航员的指导离开Bagnoli, Seapool距离尼西达岛灯标400到500码(366m-457.5m)抛锚停泊,同时抛下两个锚,分别是右舷抛下97.7m水深的锚链,左舷抛下73.26m水深的锚链,那时候是5级东南偏南风,Seapool船迎风。
晚间,风向转成西南风,风力加强,与风相比,巨浪西流并且快速涨高,在凌晨3点时候,突然刮起大风并且袭击了正准备拖锚的Seapool。
其后,Seapool漂往岸边,巨浪盖过船头甲板和井型甲板。
锚链虽然被抛出,但是不久,左舷的锚链分开,于是这个引擎将全速向前并且命令拉起右舷锚,左舷链仍在海里。
然而,不久以后,这种操纵几乎确定使Seapool的船尾撞击了码头,有损坏船舵和螺旋桨的可能性,或船尾在码头南部或北部搁浅的可能性,这些将会导致船舶或货物的全损。
所以于是,船长自愿和特意使Seapool船尾的前锋部分沿着左舷下滑。
Seapool的引擎停止工作并且它的右舷锚链松弛,因为这样,在转舵时导致船舶的左舷中央部位与码头发生碰撞,导致码头和船舶自身的严重损坏。
在进行这些操纵时,风力增强,Seapool袭击码头,造成并且受到更严重的损失。
因此更长的锚链被抛出,通过船舶舵和引擎的使用,船舶的右锚被抬起后,使得船舶在她的右锚已经抛出的情况下沿着码头尾部绕行直至她的左舷迎风靠在码头北部。
在这样的情况下或者在这以后,船舶的底部与码头撞击,Seapool和码头都受到进一步的撞击,其后,右锚升起,Seapool在海上前进并且在巴亚抛锚。
原告声称在1932年1月5日的书面保证下,被告理应向原告支付共损、海上救助或者关于货物方面合法的费用;原告声称在保证下被告为此付费。
被告承认了保证,但是否认承担责任。
他们否认Seapool是自愿和特意如此操纵船舶以致左舷撞击码头。
首先,如果Seapool是自愿和特意如此操纵船舶而使其撞击码头(这是被否认的)他们主张这种操作是不合理的。
其次,他们主张Seapool的这种操纵行为时为了保护Seapool和船上货物脱离危险的目的是不被接受的。
再者,他们说Seapool不可避免地会开到码头或搁浅。
还有,被告声称Seapool造成的和受到的严重损害无论如何都不是由所宣称的或者任何自愿的或者深思熟虑的操纵行为或者那些行为的后果引起的。
裁判被保留1933,12,21,星期二判决书由公正的兰顿法官给予的判决:这是由于共同海损产生的索赔。
原告是Seapool轮船的船东,被告是在Seapool轮船上运载的煤炭的保险人。
Seapool是一艘单螺旋桨,4549总吨,392英尺长,376英尺宽,最大载重能力是8083吨的轮船。
她装满的货物,在从Dunston-on-Tyne到Ilva Pier at Bagnoli—即位于意大利西海岸的波佐利湾。
租船合约规定,装运的煤炭如果发生任何海损,将采用1924年《约克-安特卫普规则》解决。
事实和法律引起了更加严重的争论,也都让我感到了一些怀疑和犹豫。
我查到的事实是这样的,Seapool到达Bagnoli港外是在1931年12月31日晚上11点30分。
她在一个当地的引航员的带领下到了达西尼岛的一个表面上安全的位置抛锚停泊的。
她的两个主锚都被抛下,右舷锚抛在水深为97.7m水下,,左舷锚抛在水深为73.26m的水下。
当时是5级的东南偏南风,Seapool轮的位置朝向风向。
她在达西尼岛灯塔的北方的366m-457.5m处抛锚停泊,在这个位置她离Ilva码头南部312倍船长,,距离码头西部4倍船长。
在1932年1月1日早上大约3点的时候,风向突然改变为西南方向,而且急剧增大为暴风。
一定数量的海水涌进了比较狭窄的海湾,同时向西的增大的风进入了海湾。
在这种情况下Seapool轮开始拖拽她的两个锚。
每个锚链的节卸扣都放出了,但是,或者是因为两边的锚链的长度不等,左舷的锚链比较短,左舷的锚链被带走了。
这艘船向东北偏北方向漂泊了两个船长。
发动机是开启的保持了165磅的压强,在主锅炉上有可能达到180磅。
当左舷缆绳被带走时,船员有序的全速前进意图向海中航行。
当左舷缆绳分开后,这艘船仍被拖着向码头靠近,但是在船距离码头三分之二船长时发动机最终停止了,码头在他的左舷的前方。
在这个位置,当她要转舵向海中行驶时她仅仅有一个少量的空间来进行必要的调整。
我不知道说她舷侧顶风是否正确,但是她在一个风吹向她右舷的位置,除非她使风吹向她的左舷,否则她不可能收回她的锚并且驶向海中。
Seapool轮的船长做了一个在我看来仔细可靠的计算关于她后来的调整,并且详细列明了这种他可能遇到的困境。
他说在他面前的选择是“(1)让他的船被拖向岸边;(2)企图转向海中;(3)让他的船从旁边漂向码头。
我认为,在三个选择中最坏的是让我的船漂向岸边。
我这样可能失去我的螺旋桨,几乎肯定损坏我的船舵,而且我船的背部可能撞到岸边。
初看之下最有吸引力的选择是,试图向下转左舵,使风吹向左舷方向然后驶开。
但是我已经太靠近码头了,这时我想调整对我的船尾有危险,我的螺旋桨和船舵有可能撞上码头而损坏,第三个选择是我采用的,起初是用发动机开动,然后关掉发动机,让她随风漂移,使她的舷侧免于撞向码头”。
他做了进一步的选择在驶过码头和试图在码头南边驶向大海之间,但是我怀疑在这个重要的时刻他脑海里这个二选一的选择是否明确。
Seapool轮船长所描述的细节被Mr. Fenwick一个极为能干的大副所证实,当他本人在法庭上作证时他已经是Seapool轮的船长。
依我看来,他是一个极好的证人,到目前为止,我们都明白他如果说一个虚假的事实不会得到任何好处,也不用害怕(不论如何,他不用为当时Seapool轮发生的不幸事故负责)告诉我们真相即使和船长描述的不同。
我认为这个完全有可能的工作中的船长在第二天风平浪静时离开去了海湾的另一边,他们当时记录下的那个故事(这个重要的记录不是在同一天记录下的)已经有了一定的确定的间隔,有可能在1月1日早上面临一个突然的事故事时,他们脑海中没有出现这些完善的细节。
他们俩都经历了彻底仔细的询问,这两个证人和后来的证人在他们的证词中出现了一些时间和细节上的不同。
通过盘问其实际的位置,涨水的具体方向,海水怎样冲击船舶,如何写日记、消除和改写日记,和他们所说的,和信中所被遗漏的和关于这个事件写下和做出的抗议,怀疑被消除了。
我仔细的考虑这一切;我考虑了我所看见及听见的证人们的态度;并且认真小心的衡量这全部,我不认为他们这些合理且中庸的批判会动摇我对这些证人们的信任在他们拿出证据时。
我非常坚定的相信证人们的可靠性。
船长和大副这俩个都非常聪明的人将会编出一个非常类似的谎言,事例里的灾难是不可抵挡的。
他们会简单的说:“我们就被甩撞到码头边上,我们没有任何反应机会,大风起的非常突然,水手们都来不及采取措施去阻止这场灾难”。
似乎对这个结果没有任何理由,第二天的突然结果以及基于相当多和仔细的细节,我毫不犹豫的得出结论这个故事是真的。
这个故事最主要的特征是在SEAPOOL的桥上船长和大副发生了一段关于在当时被我形容为进退两难的情况下要做些什么的商讨,证明他们的在场,事实上是在桥上的几个二副三副中一个证实了确实有这么一段对话,但是大概意思如下。
船长提议并且大副同意最好的措施不是尝试去让船舶突然转向,这样就会撞击码头进而破坏船舶的螺旋桨及舵,但是故意的让船漫无目的的飘动去撞码头。
这就是对话的详细内容并且得到大副确认以及我认为实际所发生的;很显而易见我并没有听到任何有关让船滑过码头并向南行驶建议的对话。
因此,我不诋毁船长及大副所说过的任何话,虽然可能是细节的一部分,但对他们的不信任静静的闯进我的脑海里。
在船长做出这决定的时候,已经明确知道后果(不能假装不知道),他所作的选择很可能会对船舶以及码头造成严重的影响。
任何一个船长都不希望选择让船舷侧与码头相撞这个决定,但是船长面临这三个选择,一个是任其船舶漂浮,或是船舶转向,还可能是船舶的关键部位受损,螺旋桨和舵受到严重损害,这将不但对货而且对船舶都造成很严重的损害。
并且我认为在当时船长合理的考虑他操纵避让码头的行为,至少这样做不会对货物产生伤害以及不破坏到船舶的重要部位。
因此,我非常确定搁浅,当我说这两种选择出现于船长意识中即那时他做出选择撞击码头和靠岸二者之一时,他更加情愿选择更糟糕的情况撞击码头。
船的损坏不少于6719英镑,码头的损坏程度已经被估算,据我了解,大约7898英镑,这个事实证明那是一个不小的错误。
但是,选择让他的船对着码头漂流并撞击码头时,他可以做到避免,通过操纵发动机,我认为向后,进入码头的北边,那样的话,可以使他的船顺着海湾的风,那样就可以向前加速,提起90英寻剩余的右舷电缆,远离海湾的另一边。