托福写作必备语法
托福独立写作常用词汇disadvantage使用语法搭配细节实例讲解
托福独立写作常用词汇disadvantage使用语法搭配细节实例讲解托福独立写作因为其立论文的写作要求,所以某些特定词汇的使用频率会变得很高。
下面就和大家分享托福独立写作常用词汇disadvantage使用语法搭配细节实例讲解,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。
托福独立写作常用词汇disadvantage使用语法搭配细节实例讲解托福独立写作常用词汇disadvantage定义分析想要用好一个词汇,大家要做的第一件事是了解这个词汇的准确定义,disadvantage的定义是a quality or condition that puts something or someone in an unfavorable or inferior position compared to others. 这里需要注意的是compared to others这个细节部分,也就是说这个词是用来对比的,换句话说,很多时候所谓的disadvantage其实都是相对而说的,如果没有对比对象,那么这个词汇也是不能随意使用的,它和shortcome还是存在一定区别的。
托福独立写作常用词disadvantage搭配用法实例精讲1. disadvantage of sth.这个用法应该是disadvantage比较常见的一个用法了,也就是某件事的缺点坏处,来看下面这些例句:a. The disadvantage of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education.b. One disadvantage of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education.c. One of the disadvantages of living in the countryside is the poor quality of education.需要注意的是,disadvantage of sth.的用法最好用在句首部分,如果是虚词结构(expletive construction)的句式比如Thereis/are之类的句子,就不要再直接接上disadvantage of sth.了,否则这种句子读上去很不自然,一般老外是不会这么写的,比如下面这几个句子,中国考生可能看不出什么问题,但老外考官读起来说不定就不太舒服了:a. There are many disadvantages to living in the countryside.b. There are many disadvantages in living in the countryside.2. at a disadvantage这个用法是在进行明显对比时候会经常用到的一个搭配用法,而且经常搭配一些特定形容词来体现对比差异,比如和competitive, clear, distinct这类词汇放在一起,比如:a. At a clear disadvantageb. At a distinct disadvantagec. At a competitive disadvantage当然这种用法并不只是放在句首,也可以放在句子当中或者句尾部分,基本句式如下:a. ___ (something) puts/places ___ (someone or something) ata disadvantage.b. ___ (someone or something) is at a disadvantage.上面两个句式再各给大家两个例句参考一下:a. His lack of formal education puts him at a clear disadvantage in the business world.b. The new tariff policy will place my company at a competitive disadvantage in the marketplace.c. Youll be at a disadvantage playing tennis against someone as skilled as Jimmy.d. Children from poor families are at a distinct disadvantage in education.3. to one’s disadvantagedisadvantage和介词的另一个实用搭配就是to one’s disadvantage了,这个搭配的意思也很简单,就是某件事给某个人造成了一些困难,常用句式有三个,句中句末都有,大家来了解一下:___ (something) is to ___(one’s) disadvantage =___ (something) works to ___(one’s) disadvantage =___ (something) puts ___(someone) at a disadvantage看过句式以后如果还是不会用可以再来读一读实际例句:a. My lack of formal education is to my disadvantage in the business world.b. I hope my lack of experience wont be to my disadvantage.c. It is to your disadvantage to not take this opportunity.d. The new tariff policy will work to our disadvantage.4. disadvantage形容词disadvantageous怎么用?说完了disadvantage本身,下面再讲一个根据这个词拓展出来的形容词disadvantageous的用法,这个词的基本定义是不利的,可以直接使用,比如:a. We have to resell the property at a disadvantageous time.b. Minority groups find themselves in a disadvantageous position.而除了直接使用外,它也有比较常见的用法搭配,也就是be disadvantageous to,来看实例:a. Living off campus is disadvantageous to students.b. The company believes the new regulation is disadvantageous to the growth of its business.5. disadvantage形容词disadvantaged用法介绍除了disadvantageous以外,disadvantage还有另一个比较常见的形容词形式,那就是disadvantaged,这个词和disadvantageous的意思有很大区别,一般是指因为缺少某些东西(比如金钱或是教育等)而弱势的或是社会地位较低的,比如:a. Research shows that men from disadvantaged backgrounds experience lower rates of marriage.b. Nowadays employers are reaching beyond their usual networks and hire more people from disadvantaged populations.c. Aborigines are the most disadvantaged ethnic group in Australia.d. Scholarships, grants, and financial aid make studying abroad affordable for disadvantaged students.而因为其含义,这个词汇也常和economically以及socially 搭配在一起使用,比如:a. Research shows economically disadvantaged children enter school with less developed cognitive skills than their peers..b. In addition to higher smoking prevalence, socially disadvantaged workers smoke more heavily and are less successful in quitting smoking compared to other workers.托福写作:题库范文附思路解析1. A plant that Is important in your countryPlants can provide food, shelter, clothing, or medicine. What is one kind of plant that is important to you or the people in your country? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.『分析』比如松树。
托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要
目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
托福雅思写作高分语法规则
托福雅思写作高分语法规则规则1修饰语(描述事物的单词或短语)应靠近其修饰的单词或短语。
示例:Purchased last week, the new preparation materials helped the student study.常见错误:Purchased last week, the student studied with her new preparation materials.规则2确保代词指代一个特定的名词,并与其指代名词的单数或复数形式保持一致。
示例:The professor is a favorite at the university, but he is now taking a semester off.常见错误:The professor is a favorite at the university, but they were now taking a semester off.规则3牢记句子主语,确保主语始终与动词保持一致。
示例:Each of the authors involved in writing the book was a sociologist.常见错误:Each of the authors involved in writing the book were sociologists.规则4当一个句子中存在两个或多个并列成分时,应使用同类语法形式。
示例:The teacher thought he was a good student because he turned in his papers on time, tested well on exams and appeared enthusiastic.常见错误:The teacher thought he was a good student because he turned in his papers on time, tested well on exams and his enthusiasm was high.规则5当主语是动作的执行者时,选择主动语态(而非被动语态)。
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理托福考试必备托福英语语法参与托福考试必备的,英语语法学问点,趁现在就把握它吧。
下面是学习啦我给大家整理的托福英语语法,供大家参阅!托福英语语法:一般现在时的用法1)、常常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语:every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
留意:此用法假如消失在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、力量、性格、共性。
I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
托福英语语法:一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作。
雅思托福语法之被动语态、定语从句
将主动语态中的主语和宾语颠倒 位置,并将谓语动词变为被动形
式。
02 定语从句
定义与特点
定义
定语从句是一种修饰名词或代词的从 句,用于描述名词或代词的特征或属 性。
特点
定语从句通常紧跟在所修饰的名词或 代词之后,用关系代词(如that、 which、who等)引导,对名词或代 词进行限定或补充说明。
04 练习与巩固
被动语态练习题
总结词
掌握被动语态的基本结构和用法
详细描述
被动语态是英语语法中的重要部分,用于描述动作的接受者而不是执行者。通过 练习题,可以加深对被动语态的理解和运用,包括各种时态和语态的转换,以及 在复杂句型中的应用。
定语从句练习题
总结词
熟悉定语从句的规则和用法
详细描述
定语从句用于修饰名词或代词,对其属性或特征进行描述。通过练习题,可以熟悉定语从句的规则和用法,包括 关系代词的选择、从句的时态和语态等,以及在写作中的应用。
雅思托福写作练习题
总结词
提高雅思托福写作水平
详细描述
雅思托福写作考试要求考生具备良好的语法和表达能力。通过练习雅思托福写作题,可以锻炼考生的 思维逻辑、语言表达和语法运用能力,提高雅思托福写作水平。
THANKS
功能不同
定语从句主要用来修饰名词或代词,限定其范围或补充说明其特征,而同位语 从句则用来补充说明主语的身份、地位等信息。
03
雅思托福考试中的被动语态与 定语从句
雅思托福考试中被动语态的考查重点
被动语态的基本形式
雅思托福考试中常考查被动语态的基本形式,如“be+过去分词 ”等。
被动语态的时态变化
考生需要掌握被动语态的各种时态,如一般现在时、一般过去时、 将来时等。
托福写作常用句型技法:名词性从句
托福写作常用句型技法:名词性从句在托福写作中运用一些从句可以为我们的文章加分,为了帮助大家备考,下面小编给大家带来托福写作常用句型技法:名词性从句。
托福写作常用句型技法:名词性从句托福写作常用名词性从句一:主语从句最常见的主语从句形式莫过于以that从句为主语、it为形式主语的倒装结构,进一步又可细分为以下两种:1. It is + adj. + that...这种结构常翻译为“……的是”,用于强调表达某种客观事实。
It is undeniable that opportunities and choices could sometimes make all the difference in a person's life.不可否认的是,有时在一个人的人生中,机遇和选择能够扭转乾坤。
It is unanvoidable that the rapid progress of industry leads to severe pollution.工业的迅速发展不可避免的导致严重污染。
It is unquestionable that schooling plays an essential role in children's personal development.毋庸置疑,学校教育在孩子们的个人发展中起到了至关重要的作用。
2. It is + v.-ed + that...这种结构常翻译为“人们/有人……”,用于表达某种有代表性的主观观点。
It is assumed that education should start as early as possible.有人设想,教育应当尽可能早地开始。
It is generally held that robots are more effecient than human labors.众所周知的是,机器人比人工更有效率。
It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in oneor two days.据报道,近日气温将明显下降。
托福写作常用句型
托福写作常用句型托福写作常用句型托福写作其实并不难,只要你找到适合你学习的方法,为了帮助同学们度过这个难关,下面店铺为大家搜索整理了托福写作常用句型,希望能给大家带来帮助!1、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.例如: Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.2、表示原因1)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that...例如:There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or st but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.3、表示坏处1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm.3)It is harmfulto us.例如:However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.4、表示好处1)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如: Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.5、表示措施1)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如:The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.托福写作在语言上的考察点是非常高,所以新托福考试在语言上一定要引起极度重视,一篇好的文章是由一个个句子堆砌起来的,每一句话都是这篇文章的重点我们万万不可忽视,在这里面不仅仅体现了考生的'语法用词,还能体现考生对于题目的思路看法,以及对美国地道用语的运用。
托福基础语法(1)
一般过去时态
• It is high/about time that …did… • 现在是……时候了
• 现在是电子书籍完全取代纸质书籍的时 候了。
• It is about time that electronic books completely replaced paper books.
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一般现在时态
3. 客观真理、客观存在 哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。
Columbus proved that the earth was round. Columbus proved that the earth is round.
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一般过去时态
• 表示在过去时间里发生过的事情。
• 主语+ v过去式
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现在完成时态
过去发生,已经完成,对现在有影响 have/has + done
区别: I loved him. I have loved him.
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现在进行时态
2.go,come,leave,arrive,return(去来离到)等 动词现在进行时可以表示将要发生的、计 划好、安排好的事情。 You are going to Britain next year. He is arriving at 10 p.m. I'm leaving for Beijing.
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造句
•如果我们忽视环境保护,全球性的生态危 机就快到了。 •come/approach / ecological crisis / neglect
•A global ecological crisis is approaching, if we neglect environmental protection.
Eytfyvc新托福综合写作高分十大句型
-+懒惰是很奇怪的东西,它使你以为那是安逸,是休息,是福气;但实际上它所给你的是无聊,是倦怠,是消沉;它剥夺你对前途的希望,割断你和别人之间的友情,使你心胸日渐狭窄,对人生也越来越怀疑。
—罗兰新托福综合写作高分十大句型发布:北京雅思培训学校点击数:发布时间:2010-1-23 16:18:32十大经典句型博得新托福综合写作高分第一,定语从句。
这应该算是写作中最常用的一种句型之一。
适当地运用定语从句可以给你的文章增色不少。
例如,下面的这两个句子用上定语从句马上就变成了一个漂亮的复杂句。
Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex. source:veduchina→ Bad books, in which there might be much description ab out violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.第二,状语从句。
在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句,即原因状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句,时间状语从句和目的状语从句。
1. 原因状语从句:常由because, as, since和for引导Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.尽管如此,我还是赞成太空探险,因为它的好处远远大于坏处。
2. 让步状语从句:常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。
托福语法OG(官方指南)
OG(官方指南)对托福写作在“语言运用”方面的要求是“appropriate word choices”和“a variety of sentence structures”,也就是“词汇能恰当传达意思就好,句式多样就好”。
换句话说,托福写作在词汇和句式上没有任何“高大上”的要求。
英语写作中最简单的句式共2种:一是“主(S.)+谓(V.)+宾(O.)”;二是“主(S.)+系(V.)+表(P.)”。
前者为根本,在此称之为英语句式之“魂”。
以公式表达的话,“魂”=“主+谓+宾”= N.(名词) + V.(动词) + N.(名词),最少由3个单词组成。
比如说,Jack plays basketball。
但一篇300字以上的独立作文绝对不可能由100来句3个单词的句子构成。
所以,我们要帮“魂”进行“增肥”,也就是给它加内容。
那到底可以加哪些内容呢?在我认为,只须往里加4个词:名词(N.)、动词(V.)、形容词(Adj.)、副词(Adv.)。
五种基本句型:S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+PSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语Object=宾语(Oi=间接宾语,Od=直接宾语)Complement=补语Predicative=表语S+Vi(主谓)Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.S+V+O(主谓宾)Media violence affect children’s mental health.Frequent physical punishment contri butes to a child’s later crimes.练习:由于他老师的推荐,他顺利地找到了一份好工作。
He smoothly found a good job for his teacher’s recommendation.性格因人而异。
小托福常考语法知识点
小托福常考语法知识点小托福考试是许多学生在学习英语过程中必须面对的一项挑战。
在小托福考试中,语法知识点是一个非常重要的考试内容。
以下是小托福常考的语法知识点:1. 时态时态是英语语法中最基本的概念之一。
在小托福考试中,时态的使用是非常重要的。
英语中有12种时态,包括简单现在时、进行时、完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时等等。
学生需要掌握这些时态的用法,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
2. 主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致。
在英语语法中,主谓一致是非常重要的,因为它可以使句子更加清晰和易于理解。
在小托福考试中,学生需要掌握主谓一致的规则,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
3. 介词介词是英语语法中的一个重要部分。
介词用于连接名词、代词或动词与其他词语。
在小托福考试中,学生需要掌握介词的用法,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
4. 形容词和副词形容词和副词是英语语法中的两个重要部分。
形容词用于描述名词或代词,而副词用于描述动词、形容词或其他副词。
在小托福考试中,学生需要掌握形容词和副词的用法,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
5. 从句从句是一个包含主语和谓语的句子,它不能独立存在,必须依附于另一个句子。
在小托福考试中,学生需要掌握从句的用法,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
6. 并列句并列句是由两个或更多的句子组成的句子,它们之间用逗号、分号或连词连接。
在小托福考试中,学生需要掌握并列句的用法,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
7. 语态语态是指动词的形式,它可以表示动作的主动或被动。
在小托福考试中,学生需要掌握语态的用法,以便在考试中正确地使用它们。
总之,小托福考试中的语法知识点是非常重要的。
学生需要花费大量的时间和精力来学习这些知识点,并在考试中正确地使用它们。
只有这样,才能在小托福考试中取得好成绩。
托福写作词汇:dueto和becauseof的区别
托福写作词汇:dueto和becauseof的区别托福写作要解释原因的时候我们常常会用到due to和because of,那么这两者区别在哪里呢?下面一起来看看吧!托福写作词汇:due to和because of的区别due to和because of的区别简单概括一下上面的描述:due to相当于介词。
due to和because of是同义词,各种混用。
18世纪有一票人研究due和owing的区别,认为due to不能作介词。
due to就是介词,就是介词,就是介词。
好吧,韦氏字典你赢了,下面当然是……看看牛津字典怎么说:简单概括一下上面的描述:due to有一个意思是“由...引起的”due to还有一个意思是“因为...”所以说,牛津字典的观点是due to既可以作形容词,也可以作介词。
下面我们再来看看The Economist Style Guide是怎么说的:When used to mean caused by, due to must follow a noun, as in The cancellation, due to rain, of... Do not write It was cancelled due to rain. If you mean because of and for some reason are reluctant to say it, you probably want owing to. It was cancelled owing to rain is all right.仔细想想上面这段话写的不是很清晰,因为按照韦氏字典和牛津字典的描述,It was cancelled due to rain是对的,只不过这里的due to是因为的意思,而不是由...引起的意思。
那我们看看GMAT官方解释里说了啥:这道题大家都比较熟悉,是OG2016的句子改错第30题,我们重点看看关于due to说了什么:神马?官方直接给due to定性为修饰名词,意思是caused by。
托福雅思写作句型必背
托福雅思写作句型必背(总12页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面,使用请直接删除EVA句型团笔记DAY 1(主系表句型)平庸,甚至错误句型:there are more and more people study abroad[2个谓语动词]with the development of technology, friends become more and more important[没有逻辑关系]英文思维:主次分明,注重逻辑;(效率/不会产生歧义)主语:发出动作宾语:动作的接受者思维决定了语言表达中英文句型直观的差异:1.语序——先主干,后次要2.词性和成分一一对应——动词五大句子基本类型:1. 主谓2. 主谓宾3. 主系表4. 主谓宾1宾25. 主谓宾宾补核心思维:主系表句型eg1:新鲜空气对健康有益Fresh air is beneficial to health.Health can benefit from fresh air a lot.Fresh air contributes to promoting health.注意:有许多系动词可以使用,be动词是其中较为简单的一种。
句型一: A(人/物)+ be. + adj.(怎么回事) + to B(针对于谁来说)注意点:1. Be 2. 位置,语序A is beneficial/harmful/detrimental/superior/inferior to Beg2.过度的工作对工作者的身体有害(overwork v.)Excessive work is detrimental to worker’s health.Working for excessive hours does harm to worker’s health.It is unhealthy for workers to work excessively.Overworking throws shadow on worker’s health.英文基本原则:一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词eg3. 在家里工作比在办公室工作更好Working at home pales in front of office working.Working at home is superior to working at office.(结构的平行和公正)句型2: A is vulnerable /subject to BA易受B的影响 A取决于BEg4:新生特别容易受到学校里消极影响的伤害Freshmen are (especially) subject/vulnerable to negative school influences. Freshmen are susceptible to be negatively impacted by campus violence. Eg5: 经济学人:川普说美国的一个中国政策是可以再次被讨论的。
托福写作必备词汇:常用逻辑关系词整理
托福写作必备词汇:常用逻辑关系词整理在托福的写作过程中,除了词汇和句型力量的不断累积之外。
其实,对于托福写作对于每个同学的规律力量还是有着很高的要求。
下面,我们就为大家介绍一下在托福写作中常用的规律词汇有下面几类,盼望各位同学能娴熟把握.托福写作必备词汇:常用规律关系词1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 挨次关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently,in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的规律(句子):1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweighits disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that … bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But we can try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeed remarkable and impressive.托福写作(范文):A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become atreasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.托福写作范文:Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lotcapacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.托福写作范文:MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however, the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years, according to Philadelphia Museum of Art’s president.托福写作必备词汇:常用规律关系词文档内容到此结束,欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
托福作文常用句型
托福作文常用句型托福作文常用句型托福是由美国教育测验服务社(ETS)举办的英语能力考试,全名为"检定非英语为母语者的英语能力考试",下面请看带来的托福作文常用句型!①as the graph de//. /picethe focus of the society .②…has been playing anincreasingly important role in our day-to-day life .③Nowadays there is agrowing concern for …④Nowadays it ismon to hear /see …⑤…has bee a monourrence in our daily life .⑥Nowadays more andmore people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of …⑦It is only duringthe last /past few years that man has bee generally aware that …⑧There is an old /popular saying / proverb which says / goes …⑨In recent years ,there is a general tendency …⑩Nowadays … has beea problem we have to face .①Some people like /prefer …, while others are / feel inclined to …②There are differentopinions among people as to … Some believe … whole hold …③Some people claimthat … is superior to … Others , however , disagree with it .④Some people believe … Othersmaintain … Still others claim …⑤Some people suggest … Others ,howeve r , hold the opposite opinion .⑥On the one hand ,people tend to … On the other hand , they feel …⑦Some people arguethat … Others , in contrast ,believe that …⑧Although more andmore people e to believe … thereare still others who insist that …⑨On the contrary ,there are people in favor of …⑩There are somepeople who hold different opinionsabout …①My own experiencetells me that …②In my opinion , weshould attack more importance to …③As for my own ideaabout … I believe …④As far as I amconcerned , I plan to …⑤Personally , Iprefer …⑥In my view , bothsides are partly right in that …⑦But for me , I wouldrather …⑧My own point of viewis that …⑨In conclusion , Isupport the statement that …⑩As regards me , Itend to choose …①Thank you for yourletter of …②It is a pleasure forme invite you on behalf of … to aept …③Thanks so much foryour letter , which arrived …④I am writing to youwith reference to …⑤I am writing to youin connection with …⑥I would be gratefulif you could / would …⑦I would like to knowsome information on …⑧It will beappreciated if you can / could …⑨I would also like toknow if you can / could …⑩I look forward tohearing from you .①From what has beendiscussed / mentioned above , we may conclude that …②Therefore , it isnot difficult to draw / e to the conclusion that …③It is high time thatsomething was done about …④From all the reasons/ consideration above , it is evident / clear / obvious that …⑤Taking into aountall these factors , we may reach the conclusion that …⑥Given the reasons /consideration I have just outlined / discussed / presented , I stronglyremend that …⑦It is clear ,therefore , that …⑧All in all ,whatreally matters is , in fact , to …⑨It is essential thateffective measure be taken to …⑩From what has beendiscussed above , we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that …In conclusion ,the most important is …On the whole , it is high time that every one …As a result , we should take some effective steps to …Judging by the figures / statistics , it is notdifficult to seethat …Only in this way / in so doing , can be really …1、是否长短句交叉;2、是否会使用插入语;3、用词是否多样,准确,形象,尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词;4、关键词是否换用,切勿老用重复词;5、句型使用是否准确、地道。
托福语法基础 6
托福语法基础 61. When ---in arctic regions, the Aleuts construct igloos as temporary winter shelters.(A) travel(B) to travel(C) traveling them(D) traveling2. Most substances contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is ---of its liquid.(A) than the higher density(B) higher than the density(C) the density is higher than that(D) the higher the density3. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---clearly understood.(A) none(B) no(C) not(D) nor4. Desert animals ---a means of retaining moisture in such a hot, dry climate if they are to survive.(A) need(B) needing(C) to need(D) was needed5. ---state of Wyoming is also known as the “Equality State” because Wyoming women were the first in the nation to vote.(A) The(B) There is a(C) That the(D) As the6. Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter ---.(A) than cane sugar does(B) does cane sugar(C) cane sugar(D) than cane sugar7. Ground plans and contour maps of the Earth ---from aerial photographs.(A) can be drawn(B) can draw(C) to draw(D) drawn8. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert ---over art.(A) influence worldwide a great(B) a great worldwide influence(C) influence a great worldwide(D) a worldwide influence9. ---millions of galaxies exist in the vast space outside the Milky Way.(A) It is estimated that(B) An estimate that(C) That is estimated(D) That the estimated10. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil ---the plants grow.(A) which(B) which in(C) in which(D) in11. The operetta first ---as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century.(A) to emerge(B) emerging(C) has emerged(D) emerged12. ---complex organic catalysts originating in living cells.(A) Enzymes(B) Enzymes are(C) Enzymes which are(D) Enzymes while they13. In the eastern part of New Jersey ---, a major shipping and manufacturing center.(A) lies the city of Elizabeth(B) the city of Elizabeth lies there(C) around the city of Elizabeth lies(D) there lies the city of Elizabeth around14. Work in parapsychology, ---, has attracted a relatively small number of scientists.(A) is a very controversial field(B) which a very controversial field is(C) a very controversial field(D) a field very controversial which15. ---, the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.(A) In 1827 they drafted(B) The draft in 1827(C) In 1827 was drafted(D) Drafted in 182716. Sociological studies have found that deeply hold values and principles are highly resistant to change.17. For centuries large communities of people have living on houseboats in parts of the world where theclimate is warm and the waters are calm.18. Benjamin Franklin made the first bifocal spectacles for selfby sawing the lenses of his eyeglasses inhalf.19. Not only do artificial reefs providefish with food and shelter, they also serve as importantly underwaterlandmarks.20. The United States Department of Agriculture supervises the quality, clean, and purity of meat.21. All birds, alike most reptiles and a few primitive mammals, develop from embryos in eggs outside themother’s body.22. The expansion of adult training programs has resulted partially from the feminist movement, whichencouraging women to improve their skills for the job market.23. The most significant cosmological characteristic of the galaxies are the red shift in their optical spectra.24. James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names of some worksyears after their completion.25. Duke Ellington’s orchestra, playing his original compositions and arrangements, achieving a fine unityof style and made numerous innovations in modern jazz.26. Moles are almost completely blind, although itstiny eyes can distinguish light from dark.27. Noise is a psychological term referring toward unpleasant, unwanted, or intolerable sound.28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New YorkInfirmary, an institution that have always had a completely female medical staff.29. Criminal contempt, committed in the presence of the court, may consist of disorderly behavior,disrespectful, or disobedience of a judge’s orders.30. The Cubist movement in art was a reaction against traditional methods of portrayreality.31. During the 1600’s skilledshoemakers scarce were in what is now the United States.32. If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine chemically withother atoms.33. The National Education Association conductextensive research on a great many aspects of education.34. The pain-killing agent most commonly administered in dentistry is the local anesthetic, who producesloss of feeling only in a specific area.35. Certain types of computers work properly only in environments with controlled precisely temperatures.36. The gorilla, while not as curious than the chimpanzee, shows more persistence and memory retention insolving a problem.37. The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many countries includes talesof fairies and their relationship to humans.38. Acrylic paintenables artists to experiment with many colors effects.39. Salt Lake City, Utah’s capital and largest city, is industrial and banking center.40. A rat’s sharp teeth can gnaw through wood, plaster, or soft metallic such as lead.。
小托福词汇语法
小托福词汇语法一、词汇部分。
1. abandon [əˈbændən](动词)- 释义:放弃;遗弃;抛弃。
- 例句:Don't abandon your dreams easily.(不要轻易放弃你的梦想。
)2. ability [əˈbɪləti](名词)- 释义:能力;才能。
- 例句:He has the ability to solve difficult problems.(他有解决难题的能力。
)3. absent [ˈæbsənt](形容词)- 释义:缺席的;缺少的。
- 例句:Many students were absent from class today.(今天许多学生旷课了。
)4. absolute [ˈæbsəluːt](形容词)- 释义:绝对的;完全的。
- 例句:There is no absolute right or wrong in this matter.(在这件事上没有绝对的对与错。
)5. absorb [əbˈzɔːb](动词)- 释义:吸收;吸引……的注意。
- 例句:Plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil.(植物从土壤中吸收水分和养分。
)6. abstract [ˈæbstrækt](形容词/名词)- 作为形容词时,释义:抽象的;深奥的。
- 例句:This is an abstract concept.(这是一个抽象的概念。
)- 作为名词时,释义:摘要;抽象概念。
- 例句:Please write an abstract of this article.(请写这篇文章的摘要。
)二、语法部分。
(一)名词的单复数。
1. 一般情况,在名词后加 -s。
- 例如:book - books(书),pen - pens(钢笔)。
2. 以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,加 -es。
托福写作知识点
托福写作知识点托福写作,那可是个让人又爱又恨的家伙!就像爬山,看着山顶觉得美,爬的过程可不容易。
先来说说词汇吧,这可是写作的基石。
没有丰富的词汇,就像盖房子没有砖头,你能指望盖出啥样的房子?咱们得积累各种各样的词,比如说形容开心,别老是“happy”,“delighted”“ecstatic”也得会用。
这就好比做饭,调料多了,味道才能丰富不是?语法呢,那就是房子的框架。
主谓宾定状补,可别搞混了。
要是句子结构乱七八糟,就像歪歪扭扭的房子,能好看吗?什么时态、语态、从句,都得整明白。
逻辑,这可是托福写作的灵魂啊!没有清晰的逻辑,就像在迷宫里乱转,读者都被你绕晕了。
开头点明主题,中间论述有理有据,结尾总结升华,这一套下来,才能让人心服口服。
比如说你要论述“保护环境很重要”,那你得从环境破坏的现状、危害,到保护的措施和好处,一步步说清楚,别东一榔头西一棒槌的。
再讲讲内容的丰富度。
光说些大道理可不行,得有具体的例子来支撑。
这就像讲故事,光说“他很勇敢”,谁信呀?你得说“他在大火中救出了三个孩子,自己却受了伤”,这才让人觉得真实可信。
比如说你写“阅读能增长知识”,那你就讲讲自己读了哪本书,学到了什么具体的知识,这比空谈可强多了。
还有文章的结构,就像人的身材,得匀称才好看。
开头简短有力,引起读者兴趣;中间详细阐述,展示你的才华;结尾简洁明了,给人留下深刻印象。
别开头啰里啰嗦,中间草草了事,结尾不知所云。
字数也得控制好,不是越多越好,也不是越少越好。
就像吃饭,吃撑了难受,吃不饱还饿。
把该说的说明白,把观点阐述清楚,这才是关键。
说到这,你是不是觉得托福写作也没那么难了?其实啊,只要用心积累,多写多练,托福写作这道坎儿,咱一定能迈过去!你说是不是?加油吧,朋友们,相信自己,托福写作高分在向你招手!。
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短语:和传统语法中的短语定义并不相同,实际运用中频率很高,同位语和介词短语,曾经是心中永远的痛之一,可以理解为插入语,也可以是修饰成分1.名词短语:在写作中,多用名词短语而非单个名词做主语或宾语。
例如,The well-dressed young man named shawn.2.同位语短语:跟在一个名词或者代词后面补充说明的成分。
分为限定性和不限定性,这里的限定的定义也适合所谓的定语从句。
非限定性同位语用2个逗号将其和句子隔开,例如,shawn,a well-known teacher,was unemployed.shawn为人名,认识我的人一看就知道,已经非常具体了,因此后面的同位语并不是起到限定和区别的作用,除非天下有千千万万个shawn......限定性同位语不用逗号隔开,例如,A well-known teacher shawn was unemployed.出名的老师多了去了,加上一个shawn就限定这一个老师不是其他的著名的老师。
检验一个同位语是不是限定性可以将其去掉,看对前面的名词是否有影响。
3.动词短语系动词表语:一个名词短语,回指主语。
shawn becomes a well-known teacher.谓语形容词:一个描述性形容词,回指主语。
shawn is handsome.行为动词零补语:一个不及物动词。
shawn smiled.直接宾语:一个名词短语做宾语。
shawn loves the students.双重宾语:一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语。
shawn brings the students a present.辨别间接和直接宾语:间接宾语往往可以在前面加上“for或者to”。
例如,shawn brings a present for the students.宾语和宾补:两个名词短语,都指同一个人或事。
例如,shawn considered edison the man.(edison=the man)双重宾语与动词有关,是动词的内容;宾补结构只涉及两个名词短语宾语和形容词宾补:形容词要回指宾语。
例如,shawn believed edison capable.4.介词短语1)用作形容词的介词短语:The students in the neworiental school admired shawn.名词短语一般是这样的顺序,形容词+名词+介词短语,例如,The brilliant students from shawn's class are always happy.作为形容词的介词短语作为主语的一个问题就是主谓一致:A group of shawn's students are good at Chinese as well.这是经常性错误,这里的be动词应该用is2)用作副词的介词短语修饰动词:如果介词短语能够像副词一样,转移到句首,句子依旧正确,那么该介词短语就是修饰动词的介词短语。
例如:The students shake shawn's hand after class.也作:After class,the students shake shawn's hand.因此,after class是修饰动词shake,说明什么时候shake修饰表语形容词:Shawn is unhappy with the current situation.很明显,不能是修饰名词,也不可能修饰动词,因为介词短语的位置不能转移。
修饰副词:The prince and princess lived happily in the castle.in the castle修饰副词happily非谓语动词1、动名词短语注意:1.动名词短语永远是单数2.阅读中遇见动名词短语可以用it代替,提高阅读的效率。
3.写作中运用动名词短语可以变换句型,使句子简短。
4.如何区别表语和现在进行时:现在进行时是可以变成其他时态的,而充当表语的动名词短语却不行,动名词短语可以用it代替并且句子依旧成立。
His main activity is watching daytime TV.His main activity watched daytime TV.He is watching daytime TV.He watched daytime TV.2、分词短语注意:1.现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,一个boring的老师让学生烦,一个被学生烦恼的老师。
2.名词不要单独放,有三个选择可以修饰:形容词,形容性从句,分词短语。
不要滥用从句,分词短语使句子简洁。
3.用分词短语修饰名词然后做主语时,谓语单复数由名词决定,不要因为修饰成分而忘记了。
The reporters covering the news/The man wearing the silly shirtThe houses located on the beach4.用一用经常在阅读中出现的非限定性分词短语,显出长短句结合以及变化。
Shawn,muttering under his breath,returned to work.Shawn,upset by Yu,vowed revenge.5.阅读中的指示题经常会遇到,影响阅读效率之一的问题:非限定性分词短语可以从他修饰的名词移开,悬垂分词。
Muttering under his breath,Shawn returned to work.Upset by Yu,Shawn vowed revenge.当分词短语实际上没有修饰主语时,产生悬垂分词。
Wrapped in beatiful paper,Shawn gave Yu his Christmas surprise.3、不定式短语⑴注意:1.不定式做主语永远是单数,用不定式做主语可以达到变换句型,强调目的的作用。
⑵用作形容词的不定式短语The need to sleep was nearly overwhelming.We marked the items to be put on sale.Here is a list of drags for women to aviod during the pregnancy.注意:用作形容词的不定式短语可用代词替换来检验。
⑶用作副词的不定式短语I stayed up all night to finish my book.They sold the bonds to invest in stock market.We finally moved into a hotel for the kids to get some sleep.注意:1.用作副词的不定式短语一般用来回答why的问题,可在to前面加上in order来检验。
2.和副词一样,用作副词的不定式短语也可以移到句首,后面用逗号隔开,因此也要注意悬垂的问题。
⑷用于修饰表语形容词的不定式短语We are ready to go.I am anxious to start packing for our trip.They are ready for us to come in for dinner now.注意:与用作副词修饰动词的不定式短语的区别,可以用移位的方法。
快速提高托福写作水平的几个捷径:1、主语的丰富化:不定式、名词性从句、名词+形容词性从句、名词+介词短语、名词+插入语、动名词短语、分词短语、2、以副词性从句开头:时间:Before the movie even started,I had finished my popcorn.When the movie starts,the theater gets really quiet.地点:Where the accident had occurred,we found broken glass.Everywhere she went,the lamb followed mary.原因:Because she has to lock up tonight,Sue needs the key.Since it was getting pretty one-sided,we left the game early.条件:If I were you,I wouldn’t do that.Unless you want to go yourself,Fred will go to the meeting.让步:Although he didn’t want to,Fred went to the meeting.Even though none of us were very hungry,we went to dinner.3、形容性从句修饰名词:要注意关系代词在从句中充当成分I met with the real estate agent who sold us our house.She married a man whom she had met at work.I contacted the person whose car I bumped into.I finally read the book that you told me about.I took the test which is regarded as the most difficult one.4、名词性从句:作为名词用代词it检验What he does for a living is a big mystery.I know that you are right.We were aware of what we needed to do.That is what we wanted.5、复合复杂句:简单句:Shawn is unhappy with NOS.复合句:Shawn is unhappy with NOS,and he wants a raise.复杂句:Shawn wants a raise because he has to work during the vacation.复合复杂句:Shawn is unhappy with NOS,and he wants a raise because he has to work during the vacation.。