大学词汇学第一章
英语词汇学Chapter 01
e. g. • can-opener • dip • persuader
(all-purpose key) (pick-pocket) (dagger)
e. g. • beauty (AusE: excellent, great) • auld (Scot: old) • hame (Scot: home) • lough (Irish: lake)
• This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’ (Lodwig and Barrett, 1973)
1.5 Classification of Words • The English vocabulary, multifarious in nature, consists of words of all kinds. They can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes.
e. g. • In medicine: photoscanning, hepatitis, indigestion, penicillin • In education: audiovisual, megauniversity, microteaching
e. g. • In business: bottom line, balloark figures • In horse-racing: hold him back, hold him in • In medicine: paranoid, persona, hypo
英语词汇学第一章
重点、难点讲解在我们做具体讨论之前，有必要弄清楚有关词和词汇的一些基本概念。
词是一个很模糊的概念，所以在讨论前要先仔细思考一番。
声音和意义的关系，声音与形式的关系，词与词汇的关系，也都需要讨论。
此外，本章我们还将对词汇分类的常用标准进行考察，并对个别词类作一些说明。
1．词的定义(What Is a Word)什么是词?这一问题长期受到语言学家的关注，虽然人们提出了很多的定义，但似乎没有一个看起来完美无缺，迄今为止，学者们也未能在词的定义这个问题上达成一致。
当我们谈论词时，我们往往从词的视觉角度来考虑。
按照这一思路词可以定义为横向书写或印刷在纸上的一组有意义的字母。
从口语的角度下定义，词是用人类发音器官有意识地发出来的一个或一个声音组合。
语义学家认为，词是一个意义单位。
语法学家则认为，词是一个自由形式可以在句子中起作用。
总的来说，词的定义包括下列几点：①是语言最小的自由形式；②是声音统一体；③是意义单位；④在句子中能独立起作用的形式。
由此，我们可以下这样一个定义：词是二门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
无论是简单词，还是复杂词，都必须符合以上的定义标准。
Man和fine是两个简单词，但都有声音、意义和句法功能，都可以在句子中单独起作用，所以它们是词。
有些词结构复杂，如mis·for·tune和man·age·ment。
两个都是多音节词，在句子中能起“主语”、“宾语”和“表语”的作用。
虽然misfortune能再分成mis-和fortune，前缀mis-并不能独立成词。
同样，management也可以分为manage和-ment，-ment也不能自由使用。
Blackmail可以分为black和mail，这两个部分在句子中都可以单独使用，但汇合后的词义绝对不是两个词意义的叠加。
Black是一种颜色，与“白”相对，而mail的含义则是“邮件”。
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
.
14
3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
13
Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
[英语考试]高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点
![[英语考试]高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d2891ed3a8956bec0875e307.png)
content words and functional words
• By notion,words can be grouped into content words and functional words.
• Content words (notional word) – denote clear notions.
Non-basic vocabulary --
• (1)Terminology(术语) • (2)Jargon（行话） • (3)slang（俚语） • (4)Argot（暗语） • （5）Dialectal words(方言) • (6) Archaisms（古语） • (7) Neologisms（新词语）
• There is no logical relationship between
the sound and meaning. • The relationship between them is
arbitrary and conventional.
relationship between the sound and form
• In the earliest stage of English,the written
form agreed with the oral form.
• In other words, the sound was similar to
the form.
• The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.
which can be grouped into
an Eastern set, and a Western set.
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 11.1 What Is a Word词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）词包含以下几点：① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式② a sound unity.一个声音统一体③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的1.2 Sound and Meaning声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个声音。
词汇学第一章汇总
English Lexicology 英语词汇学Fall 2012Irene FlorenteHow do we communicate?Making soundsGesturesWritingWordsAnything else?Write down 10 English words you like on a piece of paperDo you know where these words came from (what languages)?Can they be spelled differently?What part of speech are they? (Noun, verb, adverb, etc)Do these words have more than one meaning or have different meanings when used in idioms?Where do words come from?How are they created?How do they change as history changes?How do they change as people speaking other languages invade or immigrate to their countries?What are the different types of words?Is language alive?(these questions are just for discussion and reflection)Some new words you will learn in this class morphemes, affix, polysemy, vocabulary, characteristics of words, collocations, neologisms, archaisms, characteristics of native words, types of borrowed wordsWhat does lexicology mean?What words do you see in the word?Lexicon/Lexis-ologyAnyone want to take a guess?1. What is lexicology (词汇学)?The literal meaningof lexicology is the “science of the word” It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a given language. Why is it important to study lexicology? lexicologyLexis/lexicalology (Greek for“of words”) (science of)Topics to be discussed this semesterWhat is a word? How are words created?Where do English words come from?How do languages acquire vocabulary?Different types of vocabulary and word meaningChanges in word structure and word meaning Sense relationsEnglish IdiomsEmail to find class ppts, textbookand notesLogin: lexlinglot@Password: 800morphemesLogin: lexlinglot@Password: 800morphemesSo there’s no need to come and copy the ppts at the end of each class since it will be late when class ends. ☺(the class textbook is already there)What’s in a word?A minimal free form of a languageA sound unityA unit of meaningA form that can function alone in a sentence The term word refers to the fundamental unitof a given language, with sound and meaning (lexical and grammatical), capable of performing a given syntactic function.What’s in a word?Sound and Meaning: A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. represents a concept which can be communicated with meaning.A word consists of one or more morphemes Each culture has come to agree that a certain sound represents a certain meaning and there is no “logical relationship”How to say “dog” in differentlanguagesArabic = calbChinese = gouDanish = hundFrench = chienGreek = skylosItalian = caneJapanese = InuSpanish = perroMy point is that these sounds have no logical relation to the actual animal and yet they are all words that mean “dog!”But Chinese characters aredifferent!VocabularyThe term vocabulary refers to all the words of a given languageAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabularyReviewWhat is a root word?What is a prefix?What is a suffix?These are all examples of affixes.Example of a root word with affixesAffix：A word element, such as a prefix or suffix, that can only occur attached to a base, stem, or root.Root word: “foot”What are some words we can make with “foot?”“Foot” with affixes: Football, footpath, footprint, footageRoot word: “dog”What are some words we can make with “dog?”“Dog” with affixes: doghole, doghouse, dogpaddle, doglikeHow many English words can you make with the letters below? Ekamon (You don’t have to use all letters)MONK MAKE AMOK KENONAME OMEN MANE AMENMOAN MEAN NOM MANMEN AEON EM OM MA MEAM ONE EONON NO ANWhat is a morpheme(形态素,词素)?Definition:A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.It is the smallest part of a word that still contains meaning.(a morpheme is not the same as a syllable)UnladylikeHow many morphemes are in the word, unladylike?The word un ladyl ike consists of three morphemes and four syllables.Morpheme breaks:un- 'not'lady '(well behaved) female adult human'-like 'having the characteristics of'None of these morphemes can be broken up any more without losing all sense of meaning.Lady cannot be broken up into "la" and "dy," even though "la" and "dy"are separate syllables. Note that each syllable has no meaning on its own.We will learn more about morphemes in Chapter 3.Classification of Morphemes Morphemes can be classified in various ways.Free (word)or bound (cannot be a word by itself)root (basic meaning of word) or affix (prefix or suffix added to root word) Inflectional(word meaning stays the same when affix is added to word) orderivational (word meaning changes when affix is added to word)Example: the words footprint and doghouse are examples of “free”morphemes.Why?They can stand alone as two different words that contains meaning. Don’t worry, we will talk more about these in Chapter 3. ☺Morpheme classification (just for reference)Organizing wordsIf you had to remember a list of 100 words, how would you memorize them?If you had to create a dictionary for these 100 words, how would you organize your dictionary? How would you order the words? What would you write for each word?How are words classified?How often are they used? Or not at all? Are they native or foreign?Are they modern or archaic?Are they simple or complicated?What do they denote or represent?What is the usage of these words?Do these words have meaning or just function words?4 groups of word classification 1.The basic word stock (存货) and non basicvocabulary by use frequency2.Content words and functional words by notion3.Native words and borrowed words by notion4.Simple words, (compounds (复合字) and derived(vt. 得自vi. 起源 ) words by morphology*(I will discuss content, function and borrowedwords in more detail towards the end of the ppt)Basic Word StockWords of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.Natural phenomena: rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, wind, hillHuman body and relations: hand, head, mother Names of plants and animals: oak, chicken, dog Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions: one, you, but, till, whoPolysemy (意义的分岐 )Polysemy: words belonging to the basic word stock often possess plurality of meaningsReason: because most of them have undergonetransformations in semantic structure in the course ofuse and become polysemousPoly = a prefix, often meaning more than one or many (eg, polyvalent - capable of many valences) Semy (archaic word) = changes in meaningWhat is the meaning of the word “trip”in this sentence #1?1. She took a trip to Florida.A. Be careful, or you will trip!B. We planned our trip together.C. Don’t trip, Man! Its no big deal!2. I turned on the light so I could see better.A. The feather was very light.B. She wore light colors because it was going to be a hot day.C. There is only one light in the living room.What is the meaning of the word“light” in this sentence #2?Do you know what these American slang words mean? They allmean veryinteresting,very great!CollocationsWhat does the word “colloquial” mean?Is it easy to understand the local slang or vocabulary of different cities or even countries?Why does slang exist? Where do they come from? How do they develop?Do people in certain professions have their own specialized vocabulary that are related to their field or study, such as medicine or technology?Collocation:Collocation (n. 排列,安排,布置) This is when basic words become set expressions, idioms or proverbsare usually only understood among people of a common workplace, field of study, residence, location, culture, etc. (Colloquialism)A lot of these expressions, idioms, proverbs and slang cannot be defined literally word by word and must therefore be learned/memorized as a whole expression or idiom.They are often difficult for non-native speakers of that language to understand.The next slides are examples of collocations.Types of collocationsTerminology-technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areasJargon (n. 专门术语,行话,梦话,土语 ) –specialized vocabulary by which members of the particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselvesTypes of collocations Continued Slang- informal words related to a particular segment of a population or informal use of an actual wordFor example, “dough” is what you use to make bread but it is also a slang word for “money”Argot (n. 隐语,暗语,暗号): This is the combined cant (a characteristic or secret language used only by members ofa group, often used to conceal the meaning from thoseoutside the group.) and jargon of criminalsDialectal words – the same word in the same language spoken with phonetic and pronunciation differences inrelation to the speakers of a certain region and/or country.Archaisms and NeologismsArchaisms (n. 古语,古体,拟古主义)– Words or forms that were once in use but are now restricted only to specialized of limited use. Mainly found today in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech. Such as thou, thee, wilt. Shakespeare used a lot of archaic words!Neologisms (n. 新语,使用新语,创造新语) –Newly-created words or expressions or words that takeon new meanings. Such as Aids, internetContent WordsContent words denote clear notions (n. 概念,观念,主张,打算,想法)and thus are known as notional words. Notions are a mental image or representation; an idea or conception, a belief or opinion.They are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote notions of objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity, slowly etc.Examples: run, people, books, never, eightContent words constitutes the main body of the English vocabularyFunction WordsFunctional words do not have notions (n. 概念,观念,主张,打算,想法)of their own. They are often called empty words.Their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as betweensentences, they are known as form words.Prepositions (upon, on), conjunctions (connects a sentence: but, and or, yet, so), auxiliary verbs (be, do, have, am) and articles (the, a) belong to this category.Native wordsNeutral in style– they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions and at all times, Therefore not stylistically specific.Frequent in use-native ones are most frequently use in everyday speech and writing.Borrowed WordsWords taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words, loan words or borrowings.English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other major languages of the word.It is estimated that English borrowings constitutes 80% of the modern English vocabulary.There are 4 types of borrowed words.Types of borrowed wordsDenizens– words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.Examples, port from the latin Portus, pork from the French porc and so on. (n. 居民,外籍居民,外来语vt. 给...居住权,移植)Types of borrowed wordsAliens– borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. They are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Examples are: kowtow (Chinese), bazaar (Persian), Kimono (Japanese) and mosquito Spanish)Types of borrowed wordsTranslation loans– are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.Example: mother tongue directly translated from the Latin lingua materna, ketchup from the Chinese Dialect “fanqiejiang”Types of borrowed wordsSemantic Loans: Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but to the meaning. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.Example: The word “dream” originally meant “joy” and “ music” but its modern meaning was taken from the Norse.Chinese words borrowed from otherlanguages 中文外来词拜拜 bye-bye、可口可乐 Coca-cola、咖啡coffee、巧克力 chocolate、汉堡包hamburger、巴士 bus 、卡通 cartoon、台风typhoon、黑客 hacker、因特网 Internet.高尔夫 golf/?p=1259Do you know which Englishwords come from Arabic?bedouin, emir, jakir, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravanWords from European languages V. Modern English (1650-present)Borrowed words from FrenchFrench continues to be the largest single source of new words outside of very specialized vocabulary domains (scientific/technical vocabulary, still dominated by classical borrowings).High culture —ballet, bouillabaise, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang froid, savoir faireWar and Military —bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, pallisade, rebuff, bayonetOther—bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, jean(s), niche, shockFrench Canadian—chowderLouisiana French (Cajun)—jambalayaBorrowed words from Spanish andItalianSpanisharmada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar,marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla,vigilanteItalianalto, arsenal, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, gazette (via French), ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, madrigal, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima donna, regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violinfrom Italian American immigrants—cappuccino, espresso, linguini, mafioso, pasta, pizza, ravioli, spaghetti, spumante, zabaglione,zucchiniBorrowed words from Dutch andGermanDutch, FlemishShipping, naval terms—avast, boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yachtCloth industry—bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart, nap (of cloth), selvage, spool, stripeArt—easel, etching, landscape, sketchWar—beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaughtFood and drink—booze, brandy(wine), coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffleOther—bugger (orig. French), crap, curl, dollar, scum, split (orig. nautical term), uproar Germanbum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, zwieback, (beer)stein, lederhosen, dirndl20th century German loanwords—blitzkrieg, zeppelin, strafe, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, bundt (cake), spritz (cookies), (apple) strudelBorrowed words from Yiddish, Scandinavianlanguages and RussianYiddish (most are 20th century borrowings – traditional language spoken mainly among Jewish people)bagel, Chanukkah (Hanukkah), chutzpah, dreidel, kibbitzer, kosher, lox, pastrami (orig. from Romanian), schlep, spiel, schlepp, schlemiel, schlimazel, gefilte fish, goy, klutz, knish, matzoh, oy vey, schmuck, schnook,Scandinavian languagesfjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbordRussianapparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka。
1英语词汇学第一章引言
characteristics of native elements -- all-national character -- great stability -- word-forming ability -- wide collocability -- plurality of meanings -- stylistically neutral
(b) Aliens舶来词 舶来词 ---- borrowed words which have kept their original pronunciation and spelling.
coup d'etat [ku: dei’ta:] vis-à-vis [vi: za:vi:] resume elite
Further readings: 1.莫塞 英语简史 外语教学与研究出版社 莫塞 2.汪榕培，卢小娟 英语词汇学 上海外语教育出版社 汪榕培， 汪榕培 卢小娟. 3. 张韵斐 .现代英语词汇学概论 北京师范大学出版社 现代英语词汇学概论 4. 秦秀白 英语语体和文体要略上海外语教育出版社 秦秀白. 5．汪榕培 王之江 英语词汇学高级教程读本 上海外 ．汪榕培, 王之江.英语词汇学高级教程读本 语教育出版社
means to borrow foreign elements (a) Denizens归化词 归化词 --- words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. call, die, husband
Native elements denote words of Anglo-Saxon origin. They belong to original English stock. Foreign elements refer to words taken over from any other languages.
词汇学第一章 The Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyPPT
1.4 Sound and Form
Task 1 Say the following words by yourself.
cough
thought
though
thorough
tough
through
Question: why is there the disparity?
The international reason Changes Borrowings
1.3 Sound and Meaning
In how many languages do you know the name of the animal in this picture?
Task 1 Say the name of the animal in
as many languages as you can.
content words and which are functional words? denote never and run notion upon seven Christmas have would
1.5.3 Native words & borrowed words
Task
Guess whether the statements are true or false.
non-basic vocabulary
Not all the words of the basic word stock have these features.
Non-basic vocabulary include:
Terminology 专业术语 Jargon 行话 Slang 俚语 Argot 隐语 Dialectal words 方言词 Archaisms 古词语 Neologisms 新词语
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
第一章 词汇学之绪论
现代汉语词汇学
绪论
在语言的诸要素中，词语和文化的关系最为密切。
(1)大量词语本身就直接反映了多 姿多彩的中国文化； (2)许多词语意义烙上了深深的民族文化的印记； (3)词语的 形式结构也受到民族文化的深刻影响； (4)在词语的产生、形成和消亡的过程中，民族文化因素 起着重要的作用； (5)外来词语融入汉语词汇时，往往受到中国文化的制约。 中国文化对汉语词语的影响，或者说汉语词语对文化的反 映都是多方面的。文化制约着词汇的产生和发展，或者说词汇 受文 化的影响，这一点已经在学术界达成了共识。
现代汉语词汇学
绪论
3、现代汉语词汇学的研究范围，经过很长时间才形 成；而理论架构，也是不久前才稍具规模。
词汇学内各个范围，在这百多年里，经常以专题形式受 讨论。提出“词汇学”和词汇体系的，最早很可能是周祖谟 的《词汇和词汇学》，这篇文章强调了“词汇构成一个统一 的词汇体系”的观点。 黄景欣在1963年发表《试论词汇学中几个问题》 刘叔新在1964年发表《论词汇体系问题》 张永言1982年出版《词汇学简论》，之后，才有较多著作采 用“词汇学”这词语 刘叔新的《汉语描写词汇学》1990年出版后，词汇体 系才有一较为完整的理论架构。直到现在，词汇体系 仍在建构之中。
现代汉语词汇学
绪论
（二）汉语近代至现代的词汇学发展
这段时期的汉语词汇研究，有几个特点
1、中国现代语言学兴起之后，汉语词汇研究，长期成为语法 研究的附庸。
研究词，只是研究语法的一个分支。语法学中的词法学最容易 混同于词汇学，它研究词的构成、变化和分类的规律,探求词的语法 形式和语法形式所负载的语法意义。
现代汉语词汇学
绪论
3.从词汇研究与语法研究的关系来看词汇研究的意义
英语词汇学-第一章
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入 标题
02
01
04
03
Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.
词汇学-chapter 1
2. The Development of Vocabulary 英语发展阶段 A. Old English (Anglo-Saxon Period) (449---1100) B. Middle English (1100---1500) C. Modern English (1500---present) 重点学习 changes after World War II Shakespeare: thou thee 1) progress of science and technology
• 区分 区分China English: cadre • 从以上的例子看出，学习英语是一项 从以上的例子看出， 浩繁而又艰巨的工程，痛定思痛， 浩繁而又艰巨的工程，痛定思痛，想 学好英语必须从点滴做起， 学好英语必须从点滴做起，又要兼顾 方方面面，这其中首推词汇 词汇。 方方面面，这其中首推词汇。 • brick, money
比如: 比如 1) American English In the 1980s (TV) ---- present (test, meeting) British English----American English
• 由于美国综合国力强大促进了美语的地位和 进一步推广反过来美语的发展也反作用于美 国社会甚至全世界. 国社会甚至全世界 • colour---color • practice (v. n.) • rubber---eraser • queue---line trousers---pants underground---subway flat---apartment lift---elevator (escalator)
说明: 美语口语的一个典型误区: 说明 美语口语的一个典型误区 -r • cold, so, meal, industrial--- horse, clear 2) Chinese 过去学汉语的人很少,现在出现汉语热 现在出现汉语热,从 过去学汉语的人很少 现在出现汉语热 从 侧面反映中国综合实力和整体发展势头 相当好. 相当好 (Rank 2) 过去大山 一人代表,现在 过去大山 (Mark Roswell)一人代表 现在 一人代表 郝歌, 很多 (郝歌 陆大伟等 郝歌 陆大伟等) Work hard to make Chinese the global language. (人, 范围 就业 人 范围; 就业)
词汇学PPT chapter 1
• The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language (Quirk 1978).
1.4 Sound and Form
1.5 Classification of Words
1. the basic word stock & nonbasic vocabulary 2. content words & functional words 3. native words & borrowed words … 1=2=3=English vocabulary 1. use frequency 2. by notion 3. by origin
1.5.3 native words & borrowed words
native words • Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. • They also have the features of the basic word stock.
1.3 Sound and Meaning
• There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. • It is only a symbolic connection. • In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1
Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.
a new waste paper basket
The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit.
Farmer Rethink Spoonful all of a sudden as usual.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of lanபைடு நூலகம்uage, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural languages, from the meaning of complex utterances in specific context to that of individual sounds in syllables.
大学英语词汇学Chapter 1 English Lexicology--Introduction
• Stylistics is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. • Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. .
A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, Providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent . That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles.
• Raise their awareness of meaning and usages, and enable them to use words more accurately and appropriately • Improve learners’ skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study • Ultimately improves learners’ receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production
词汇学第一章
words in a language. 但词汇也可以指一种方言、一本书、
Classification of words
Full words: content/notional words They are meaningful in themselves. (nouns, verb, adj, adv, numerals) Form words: grammatical/functional words They are meaningful only when combining with other words. So they have no independent meanings proper(狭义的，严格意义上的). (articals, prep, conj, pron, pronominal adverbs) (代副词: when, where)
The Riddle Game
1. A mouse has a large pocket. What is it? 2. What room has no walls, no doors, no windows, and no floors? 3. I begin with T and end with T,and I am full of T. What am I? 4. How do we know the ocean is friendly? 5. What will you break once you say it? 6. Who is closer to you, your mom or your dad? 7. What letter is a question?
词汇学第一章听写资料
现代英语词汇学单词听写资料Chapter 11. bishop ['biʃəp] n. 主教2. creed [kri:d] n. 信条，教义3. font [fɔnt] n. 洗礼盘，圣水器4. monk [mʌŋk] n. 僧侣，修道士；和尚5. priest [pri:st] n. 牧师；神父；教士6. pardon ['pɑ:dn] n. 原谅；赦免；宽恕7. conquer ['kɔŋkə] vt. 战胜，征服；攻克，攻取8. archer ['ɑ:tʃə] n.弓箭手9. repent [ri'pent] vi.忏悔10. ransom ['rænsəm] vt. 赎回，赎11. baron ['bærən] n. 男爵12. mantle ['mæntl] n. 斗篷13. vestment ['vestmənt] n. （作礼拜时教士的）法衣；官服14. feast [fi:st] n. 筵席，宴会15. sauce [sɔ:s] n.沙司；调味汁16. rhapsody ['ræpsədi] n. [音]狂想曲；狂诗17. tonic ['tɔnik] n. 主调音或基音18. dogma ['dɔɡmə] n. 教条，教理19. trophy ['trəufi] n. 奖品；战利品；纪念品20. attic ['ætik] n. 阁楼；顶楼21. sonnet ['sɔnit] n. 十四行诗22. vista ['vistə] n. 远景，展望23. soprano [sə'prɑ:nəu, -'præ-] n. [音]女高音24. quartet [kwɔ:'tet] n. 四重奏25. dock [dɔk] n. 码头；船坞；26. carouse [kə'rauz] vi. 畅饮；欢宴27. plunder ['plʌndə] n. 战利品；掠夺品28. cobra ['kəubrə] n. 眼镜蛇29. booze [bu:z] n. 酒；酒宴vi. 豪饮；痛饮30. tackle ['tækl] n. 滑车；装备；用具31. roc [rɔk] n. 大鹏，巨鸟32. dingo ['diŋɡəu] n. 澳洲野狗33. sampan ['sæmpæn] n. 舢板；小船34. ketchup ['ketʃəp] n. 蕃茄酱35. yoghourt ['jɔɡət, 'jəu-] n. 酸奶36. safari [sə'fɑ:ri, -'fæ-] n. 旅行；狩猎远征37. tycoon [tai'ku:n] n. 太君38. judo ['dʒu:dəu] n. （日）柔道39. sushi ['su:ʃi] n. 寿司（生鱼片冷饭团）40. favela [fæ'velə] n. 贫民区41. autopista [,ɔːtə(ʊ)'piːstə] n. 高速公路（西班牙语）42. hamam ['hæ'mɑːm] n. 大众浴室，公共澡堂（伊朗的）43. astronaut ['æstrənɔ:t] n. 宇航员44. cartology [kɑː'tɒlədʒɪ] n. 地图学；海图学；图志学45. cryotron ['kraiətrɔn] n. [电子] 冷子管；[电子] 低温管46. aqualung ['ækwəlʌŋ] n. 水中呼吸器；水肺47. montage [mɔn'tɑ:ʒ] n. 蒙太奇（电影的基本结构手段和叙事方式）48. angst [ɑ:ŋst] n. 焦虑；担心49. denotation [,di:nəu'teiʃən] n.外延50. connotation [,kɔnəu'teiʃən] n. 内涵考试形式：老师读英文单词，学生默写单词及汉语意思。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2 weeks 1 week 1 weeks 2 weeks 1 weeks 1 weeks 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week
考Hale Waihona Puke 形式1. 平时成绩50%（出勤、作业）。 2. 提交论文50%（3000—8000字）。
Introduction
1476年，Sir William Caxton发明印刷机。 早期现代英语（Early Modern English）逐渐形成。 文艺复兴（The Renaissance, 14-17世纪） 代表人物：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗等 英国剧作家莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,15641616）
Danish Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish
Gothic*
German Dutch Flemish Frisian Afrikaans Yiddish
Old English(Anglo-Saxon):(AD400-1100) ---449 First landing of the Germanic warriors in Britain ---1066 Norman Conquest in Britain Middle English:(1100-1500) ---1476 Introduction of the Printing Press by Sir Willian Caxton ---1492 Discovery of the New World Early Modern English:(1500-1800) --- 1755 Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson ---1776 American Revolution Modern English:(1800-present) ----20th C World wars, scientific breakthrough Contemporary English:(present and onwards)
罗马对英国的统治只要限于东南部。公元 二世纪以后，罗马统治下的英国内部趋于 稳定，而外部则受到欧洲其他部族的骚扰。 其中包括西部爱尔兰（Irish），北部苏格兰 （Picts）和东部北海对面日耳曼部族萨克逊 （Saxons）。 罗马人于公元410年撤出英国。 罗马带来的语言上的影响：拉丁语。
参考书目
如何利用本课程
课前阅读 课上笔记 课后练习 快乐学习
课程安排
week ： 英语词汇学导言 第2-4 周： 英语词汇的来源和发展 第5周： 词的形态和结构 第6-7 周：英语词汇的构词方法: 派生法和转类法 第8-9 周：英语词汇的构词方法: 复合法和其它方法 第10-12 周：词义和词义关系 第13-14 周：成语、谚语和短语动词 第15 周： 词语的使用和理解 第16 周： 英语词汇的国别特征 第17周： 英语词典
古英语中也有一些外来语，主要是古希腊 语和拉丁语的词汇，有些是原先已经有的， 有些则是基督教传入以后吸收的宗教词语。 古英语吸收的外来语还包括原住民凯尔特 人（Celts）语言中的语汇，很多是地名。
英国历史上最大的事件： Norman Conquest(1066) 当时的法国称为Normandy,法国人称为 Normans. Duke William of Normandy(1027-87) 此后进入诺曼统治时期，英语随后进入中古 英语时期（1100-1500） 这一时期对英语的影响最大，贵族全部使用 法语，法语词汇进入英语。
中古英语时期最重要的著作是Geoffrey Chaucer(1345-1400)的《坎特伯雷故事集》 （The Canterbury Tales, 1387-1400）。这是 一个诗体的长篇故事集，出现在14世纪末， 我们看一下中古英语：
Here bygynneth the Book of the tales of Caunterbury Whan that Aprille, with hise shoures soote, The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every reyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne And smale foweles maken melodye That slepen al the nyght with open eyeSo priketh hem Nature in hir coragesThanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
第一个有记载的英国历史事件是公元前55 年罗马人的入侵。 虽然此次罗马人落脚时间不长，但对凯尔 特的社会形态产生了巨大的影响。 当时罗马帝国迅速扩张，全因有了大将凯 撒（Julius Caesar,100-44B.C.E）他先于前58 年取高卢，继而进军英国。
Roman Conquest:罗马人第二次征服英国是 公元43年，其时罗马统治者Emperor Claudius(10.B.C.E---54C.E.,在位41—54 C.E.) 罗马在前27年成为“罗马帝国”，由一人 统治，不复凯撒时期的共和体制。
课程安排
Chapter One： Chapter Two: Chapter Three: Chapter Four: Chapter Five : Chapter Six: Chapter Seven: Chapter Eight: Chapter Nine: Chapter Ten : Chapter Eleven: Chapter Twelve: Review : Exam:
Germanic
North East
West
English Old English(AD400-1100)
Middle English(1100-1500) Early Modern English(1500-1800) Modern English(1800-present) Contemporary English(present and onwards)
古英语有5万左右的词汇 和复杂的语法规则， 这些词汇中只有15% 左右现在仍在使用， 现代英语的语法体系 也大大简化了。 这一时期流传下来的主要文字记载是英雄 史诗（Beowulf贝奥武夫），约成书于8世纪， 一说成书于1000年前后。
古英语流传到现代英语里的词汇，主要是 与日常生活密切相关的词语，也包括重要 的语法助词。比如代词、连词、助动词、 介词、否定词not，亲属词，以及基本的名 词、动词、形容词等。
1. On angynne gescë op God Bheofonan and eorð an. In [the]beginning created God heavens and earth. 2. Së o eorð e wæs sô ð lice idel ɑnd ǣmtiɡ, ɑnd pȇostrɑ. The earth was truly void and empty and darknesses wǣron ofer ðǣre nywelnysse brȃdnysse, and Godes were over the abyss’s surface, and God’s gȃst wǣs geferod ofer wǣteru. spirit was brought over [the] water
Indo-European
Indo-European
Germanic Italic Celtic Balto-Slavic Hellenic English Latin* Irish Russian Greek German Spanish Welsh Polish Dutch French Swedish Italian Danish Portuguese * indicates a dead, or extinct language. Indo-Iranian Albanian Sanskrit* Albanian Hindi Bengali Persian
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
前言
1.词汇学就是研究英语词汇的普遍规律内容。 2.从这几个分支去看： 词汇的来源和发展演 变、构词方法、词义的变化、词义关系。 学这门对提高运用英语的实际能力很有帮 助。
1. 陆国强：《现代英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999 2. 汪榕培、卢晓娟：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社， 1997 3. 张维友：《英语词汇学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2000 4. 张韵斐，周锡卿：《现代英语词汇学概论》，北京师范大学出 版社，1988 5. 张永言，《词汇学简论》，华中工学院出版社，1982 6．拉耶芙斯卡娅，《英语词汇学引论》，商务印书馆，1960 7. Arnold I.V. The English Word. Leningrad, 1986. 8. Ullman S. Semantics. An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Л., 1975. 9. Palmer, F.R. Semantics. A New Outline. Moscow, 1982. 10. Jackson, Howard & Amvela, Etinne Ze, Words, Meaning, and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, 2000, Cassell