托福阅读学科背景 3考古 历史

Classical Greek Art
Copied by the Romans Set lasting standards Other achievements in literature, art, drama, etc., many considered classics today. Many Europe's traditions/cultural standards began with “Golden Age” Greeks emphasized the individual—thus excelled 胜出at portraying the human form In both painting and sculpture Portray 画，描绘 Sculpture 雕塑
Machu Picchu
3. Largest of all Mesoamerican civilizations. Government
1. All-powerful emperor：Descendant of the Sun God. 2. Class system – Priests, soldiers, artisans, farmers & slaves. Economy 1. Based on Agriculture
历史考古 History and Archeology
董笛
SPARTA 斯巴达
Sparta was a Greek city-state. Sparta was very powerful and had its own army. Sparta conquered other city-states to gain wealth and power. Sparta warriors 勇士： Young boys were taken from their parents and trained to be soldiers as well as good in sports such as running.
The Aztecs 1200-1521
Geography South-central Mexico： Mountainous area. Tenochtitlan: Capital city A. Island in present day Mexico City. B. Chinampas: “floating gardens” Religion Polytheistic – Over 1000 gods. Sun God Human sacrifice
Ancient ROME 和希腊的对比
The ancient Romans were realists现实主义者, not idealists理想主义者. The Greeks made statues of perfect people. The Romans created real life statues. The Romans built roads all over the empire, and all roads led to Rome.
Plato 柏拉图
He started a school called The Academy. Plato's writing took the form of a dialogue between teacher and student.
Aristotle
Aristotle was another Greek philosopher and student of Plato. He wrote about science, art, law, poetry, and government.
IncaInca Empire (1200-1535)
1. Located on the west coast of S. America in the Andes Mts.
2. Largest of all the Mesoamerican civilizations
Geography 1. West coast of South America. 2. Andes Mountains.
Gቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnges 恒河
美索不达米亚平原和古埃及
Sumerians 苏美尔人were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil. 1. Irrigation ditches 灌溉沟渠 2.Built city walls with mud bricks 3.Traded with people around them for products they lacked. Babylonian Empire 巴比伦 Famous Code of Law Hammurabi
After a period of exploration by people from various European countries, Spanish, Dutch, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established.
A fable is a story that ends with a lesson to be learned. A legend is a popular story that has been told over and over again about something that happened in the near or far past. A myth is a story about one or more magical deities.
Demography 人口统计学 Epidemic 流行的，传染的；流行病，时疫 Democrat 民主主义者 Democracy 民主；民主政治，民主政体 常见的时间标志 B.C. =Before Christ 主前 A.D.=Anno Domini 主后
Socrates 苏格拉底 Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient Greece. Socrates taught by asking questions. This method of questioning is still called the Socratic method.
The Odyssey
The story of the journey of Ulysses and his men trying to get home after the Trojan War. 10 years an epic about humans on the journey of life overcoming temptations along the way. Sirens - group of females who lured sailors by their singing
Unlike Sumeria, no independent city-states in Egypt The Pharaoh– the ruler of Egypt Type of government where the political rulers are thought to be divinely-guided, or even divine themselves is a theocracy. Theocracy 神权政体
Illiad:Story of the last year of the Trojan War
The War lasted 10 years.
Troy was defeated when Ulysses and his men were able to get inside the walls of Troy concealed within the body of the Trojan
Mayan Civilization (1000 BC- 1500 AD)
Geography---Located in today’s Mexico, at the Yucatan Peninsula
1.Religion A.The Sun God B.Temples pyramid-like buildings. C.Human sacrifice. 2.Astronomy A.Built observatories. B.Calendar based on movements of the sun. Hieroglyphs – system of picture writing. 象形文字
Colonization
Third Voyage * May 30, 1498 Columbus leaves from Sanlucar, Spain. He finally lands on the mainland of South America. (Present-day Venezuela委内瑞拉)
荷马史诗：
Epic史诗: A long narrative 叙事的poem about a legendary hero. Homer荷马: Wrote the Illiad 伊利亚特and the Odyssey 奥德赛- stories about the war between the Trojans and the Greeks which had happened between 900 and 700 B.C.E.
Greek Women: In ancient Greece, except in Sparta, women had no rights. They were the property of their husband. Roman Women: During the 500 years that Rome was a Republic, Roman women could go to shops, chat with friends, and visit a temple, all without asking their husband for permission.
Athens 雅典
Athens became the world’s first democracy around 508 B.C. A democracy is a government in which all citizens can vote and have equal say in what happens.
ROANOKE ISLAND The Lost Founded for economic reasons by the English. 1st permanent English settlement
Formation of the United States of America (1776–1789) The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776. American Revolutionary War
Terrace 梯田 farming – carved flat surfaces on mountains to allow farming. 2. Irrigation system to water crops. 3. Extensive road system. 4. Mita – every citizen must work for the government for part of the year. A. Received care in return. B. Similar to socialism.