微生物英语
微生物专业英语
Animalcule microbe microorganism 微生物Bound end horizon limit 限度Back-check check-up examine inspect jerque look-over red-pencil 检查Endotoxin 内毒素reduced endotoxin还原内毒素Limulusn. [动]鲎Amebocyten.[医]阿米巴样细胞,变形细胞Lysaten.[生化]溶解产物(尤指溶菌液)Reagentn.反应力, 反应物, 试剂Characterizevt.表现...的特色, 刻画的...性格Portionn.一部分, 一分Chapter (书籍)章Harmonizev.协调Correspondingadj.相应的, 通讯的Pharmacopeian.处方汇编；药典Symboln.符号, 记号, 象征Testn.测试, 试验, 检验v.测试, 试验, 检验Bacterialadj.细菌的Bacterian.细菌aqueous extract 水提(出)物circulating adj.循环, 流通horseshoe crabn.[动] 鲎Formationn.公式, 规则, 客套语Photometricadj.光度计的, 光度测定的Turbidimetric(混)浊度的, 浊度计的Turbidityn.混浊, 混乱Cleavagen.劈开, 分裂Endogenousadj.[生]内长的, 内生的Substraten.(=substratum)底层,下层,[地]底土层,基础,本源,[生]培养基,[生化]酶作用物,[摄](胶片)感光底层Chromogenicadj.发色的, 发色体的Syntheticadj.合成的, 人造的, 综合的Peptiden.缩氨酸Chromogenn.色原体, 媒染染料的一种Chromogenicadj.发色的, 发色体的chromogenic reaction显色反应chromogenic reagent显色试剂Proceedvi.进行, 继续下去, 发生Indicatevt.指出, 显示, 象征, 预示, 需要, 简要地说明Monographn.专论Monographern.专题论文作者Disputev.争论, 辩论, 怀疑, 抗拒, 阻止, 争夺(土地,胜利等)n.争论, 辩论, 争吵Endpoint端点, 终点Dilutionn.稀释, 稀释法,冲淡物Materialn.材料, 原料, 物资, 素材, 布料adj.物质的, 肉体的, 具体的, 重要的, 实质性的Directadj.径直的, 直接的, 直系的, 直率的, [天]由西向东运行的, 顺行的adv.直接地vt.指引, 指示, 指挥, 命令, 导演vi.指导, 指挥Comparisonn.比较, 对照, 比喻, 比较关系。
微生物专业英语
微生物专业英语2020.2.241、微生物：microorganism [ˌmaɪkroʊˈɔːrɡənɪzəm]释：微生物小的鲜活生物，只有使用显微镜才能看到。
A microorganism is a very small living thing which can only be seen by a microscope.2、固体废弃物：(solid waste)[ˈsɑːlɪd]释：一般所说的垃圾，是人类新陈代谢排泄物和消费品消费后的废弃物品。
Generally speaking, soild waste is the waste products of human metabolism and consumer products after consumption.3、浸出：leach [liːtʃ]释：浸出是通过溶剂从固体中提取可溶性成分的过程。
Leaching is the process of extracting a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent.4、油污泥：oily sludges[slʌdʒ]5、市政污泥civil sludge/ municipal sludge释：主要指来自污水厂的污泥Mainly refers to sludge from sewage plants6、土壤改良：soil improvement释：针对土壤的不良质地和结构，采取相应的物理、生物或化学措施，改善土壤性状，提高土壤肥力，增加作物产量，以及改善人类生存土壤环境的过程。
Soil improvement is the process of taking appropriate physical, biological, or chemical measures to improve soil properties, soil fertility, crop yields, and improving the soil environment of human existence in response to the poor texture and structure of the soil.句子：一、目的研究微生物-植物联合对稠油污染土壤的修复效果，为石油污染土壤生物修复技术的应用提供依据。
高中micro前缀单词
高中micro前缀单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：高中生在学习英语的过程中，会接触到各种各样的单词。
micro前缀单词是一个非常常见且重要的前缀。
micro取自希腊语，意为小、微小，因此在组成单词时，micro前缀通常表示“微小的”、“微型的”、“微观的”等意思。
今天，我们就来一起探讨一下关于高中micro前缀单词。
1. MicroscopicMicroscopic这个词的micro前缀直接表明了这个词的意思，即“微观的、显微的”。
在生物学或医学领域中，我们经常听到microscopic这个词，用来形容那些只能在显微镜下看到的微小细胞或微生物。
2. MicrobeMicrobe是由micro和be组成的单词，指的是微生物，常指细菌或其他微小的生物体。
在生物学上，微生物是一类极小的生物体，有些对人类有害，有些对人类有益。
3. MicroorganismMicroorganism是由micro和organism组成的单词，指微生物，包括细菌、真菌、病毒等。
在自然界中，微生物是非常重要的一部分，它们在生态系统中扮演着重要的角色。
4. MicrochipMicrochip是由micro和chip组成的单词，指的是微型芯片。
随着科技的发展，微型芯片在电子产品中得到了广泛的应用，如手机、电脑等。
5. MicroscopeMicroscope是由micro和scope组成的单词，指显微镜。
显微镜是一种用来观察微小物体的仪器，对于生物学或化学实验来说十分重要。
7. MicroclimateMicroclimate是由micro和climate组成的单词，指微型气候。
在地理学或气象学中，微型气候是指某一特定地点的气候特征，往往受到地形等影响。
8. MicroeconomicsMicroeconomics是由micro和economics组成的单词，指微观经济学。
在经济学中，microeconomics关注的是个体、家庭、公司等微观经济主体的行为与决策。
微生物英语
微生物英语第一章微生物：microorganisms酶：enzyme质粒：plasmid降解：degradation降解性质粒：degradative plasmid环境微生物学：environmental microbiology第二章细菌：bacteria原生质体：protoplast聚β-羟基丁酸：poly- β-hydroxybutyric acid, PHB荚膜：capsule菌胶团：zoogloea芽孢：spore菌落：colony纯培养：pure culture放线菌：actinomycete光合细菌：photosynthetic bacteria，PSB 真菌：fungus霉菌；mould酵母菌：yeast藻类：algae病毒：virus亚病毒：subviruses噬菌体：bacteriophage鉴定：identification属：genus种：species亚种：subspecies变型：var.菌株：strain分离物：isolate第三章生长因子：growth factor固体培养基：solid medium半固体培养基：semisolid medium液体培养基：liquid medium基础培养基：minimum medium加富培养基：enrichment medium选择培养基：selective medium鉴别培养基：differential medium合成代谢：anabolism分解代谢：catabolism有氧呼吸：aerobic respiration无氧呼吸：anaerobic respiration 发酵作用：fermentation三羧酸循环：tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA世代时间：generation time纯培养：pure culture分批培养：batch culture生长曲线：growth curve迟缓期：lag phase对数期：log phase稳定期：stationary phase衰亡期：decline phase内源呼吸：endogenous respiration 连续培养：continuous culture第五、六章生物圈：biosphere生态系统：ecosystem微生物生态系统：microbial ecosystem生物地球化学循环：biogeochemical cycle分解作用：decomposition矿化作用：mineralization产甲烷作用：methanogenisis氨化作用：ammonification硝化作用：nitrification反硝化作用：denitrification第七章生物降解：biodegradation生物转化：biotransformation;bioconversion可生物降解性：biodegradability 共代谢：cometabolism多氯联苯：polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB多环芳烃：polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs第九-十二章固体废弃物：solid waste城市生活垃圾：municipal solidwaste, MSW废气：waste gas生物修复：bioremediation原位生物修复：in situ bioremediation异位生物修复：ex situ bioremediation植物修复：phytoremedying生物表面活性剂：biosurfactant单细胞蛋白：single cell protein, SCP第八章污水：waste water持久性污染物：persistent organic pollutants, POPs全需氧量：total oxygen demand, TOD化学需氧量：chemical oxygen demand, COD生物化学需氧量：biochemical oxygen demand, BOD总有机碳：total organic carbon, TOC总氮：total nitrogen, TN总磷：total phosphorus, TP深度处理：advanced treatment活性污泥：activated sludge污泥容积指数：sludge volume index, SVI 驯化：acclimation污泥膨胀：bulking of activated sludge生物膜：biological film; biofilm流化床：fluid bed沼气：methane gas升流式厌氧污泥床反应器：upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB颗粒污泥：granular sludge湿地处理系统：wetland system固定化酶：immobilized enzyme固定化细胞：immobilized cell生物吸附：biological adsorption第三篇严重急性呼吸道综合症：severe acuterespiratory syndrome, SARS致突变物：mutagen致癌物：carcinogen人类免疫缺陷病毒：human immunodeficiency virus, HIV获得性免疫缺陷综合症：acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS亚硝胺类：nitrosamines腐殖质：humus水体富营养化：eutrophication赤潮：red tide水华：water bloom第四篇指示微生物：indicatormicroorganism细菌总数：total bacteria count总大肠菌群：total coliform大肠菌群：coliform group;coliform最大可能数法：most probable number, MPN空斑形成单位：plaque form unit, PFU急性毒性：acute toxicity生物毒性：biotoxicity半数有效浓度：50% effective concentration，EC50半数抑制浓度：50% inhibition concentration, IC50发光细菌：luminous bacteria探针：probe第四章遗传性：inheritance变异性：variation遗传型：genotype表型：phenotype基因工程：gene engineering遗传工程：genetic engineeringDNA重组技术：DNA recombination technology基因工程菌：genetically engineered microorganism, GEM。
微生物学英语词汇（2）_生物化学英语词汇
辅酶 m coenzyme m 微量营养 micronutrient特需营养要求型 idiotroph微[量]动[力]作用 oligodynamic action 抗代谢物 antimetabolites索状因子 cord factor异株克生物质 allelopathic substances 光能无机营养 photolithotrophy光能有机营养 photoorganotrophy化能无机营养 chemolithotrophy化能有机营养 chemoorganotrophy 光营养 phototrophy兼性营养 amphitrophy腐生营养 saprophytic nutrition甲基营养 methylotrophy化能营养 chemotrophy自养 autotrophy光能自养 photoautotrophy化能自养 chemoautotrophy半自养 mesotrophy异养 heterotrophy氮平衡 nitrogen balance碳平衡 carbon balance磷平衡 phosphorus balance同化作用 assimilation异化作用 dissimilation氨化作用 ammonification硝化作用 nitrification反硝化作用 denitrification固氮作用 nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用 asymbiotic nitrogen fixation 光同化作用 photo-assimilation巴氏效应 pasteur effect葡萄糖效应 glucose effect种间分子氢转移 interspecies h transfer发酵 fermentation发酵[能]力 fermentation capacity可发酵性 fermentability同型发酵 homofermentation异型发酵 heterofermentation厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration厌氧生活 anaerobiosis需氧呼吸 aerobic respiration需氧生活 aerobiosis反馈抑制 feed back inhibition内源变量 endogenenous variable异养潜能 heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用 hypholytic action溶菌作用 bacteriolysis费氏[溶菌]现象 pfeiffer's phenomenon自溶[现象] autolysis裂殖 schizogenesis芽殖 budding二分分裂 binary fission不等分裂 unequal fission断裂 fragmentation复分裂 multiple fission隐蔽期 eclipse period比生长速率 specific growth rate同步生长 synchronous growth双峰生长曲线 diauxie growth curve延滞期 lag phase一步生长[曲线] one step growth时间-存活曲线 time-survival curve倍增时间 doubling time指数生长 exponential growth衰亡期 decline phase稳定期 stationary phase对数期 log phase时间节律 temporal rhythm隐生现象 cryptobiosis休眠 dormancy衰老型 involution form静息细胞 resting cell光复活作用 photoreactivation交叉复活 cross reactivation热[致]死时 thermal death time热[致]死点 thermal death point原生质体再生 protoplast regeneration [噬菌体]接合分裂 conjugate division [噬菌体]裂解阻抑 lysis inhibition[噬菌体]裂解量 burst size[噬菌体]生产性感染 productive infection [噬菌体]自愈 curing病毒复制 replication of virus复制周期 replicative cycle裂解周期 lytic cycle[病毒]侵入 penetration病毒入胞现象 viropexis[病毒]脱壳 uncoating[病毒]装配 assembly蚀斑 plaque蚀斑形成单位 plaque forming unit,pfu成斑效率 efficiency of plating强毒株 virulent strain[狂犬病]固定毒 fixed virus[狂犬病]街毒 street virus病毒抑制作用 viral inhibition病毒诱导 virus induction[流感病毒]α抑制物α-inhibitor[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物 chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor 干扰素 interferon干扰[现象] interference溶原化 lysogenization溶原性 lysogeny溶原现象 lysogenesis抗生素 antibiotic阿克拉霉素 aclacinomycin放线酮 actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素 actinomycin阿霉素 adriamycin氨丁苷菌素 ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸 7-aminocephalosporinic acid 6-氨基青霉烷酸 6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素 amphotericin安丝菌素 ansamitocin抗蠕霉素 anthelmycin抗霉素 antimycin阿泊拉霉素 apramycin除疟霉素 aplasmomycin曲霉菌素 aspergillin除虫菌素 avermectin杆菌肽 bacitracin双环霉素 bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素 blasticidin博来霉素 bleomycin丁苷菌素 butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素 candicidin卷曲霉素 capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素 carriomycin洋红霉素 carminomycin天青菌素 celesticetin头孢菌素 cephalosporin氯霉素 chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素 chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素 chromomycin创新霉素 chuangxinmycin棒酸 clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素 clindamycin粘菌素 colistin鬼伞菌素 coprinin蛹虫草菌素 cordycepin香菇菌素 cortinellin环孢菌素 cyclosporin环丝氨酸 cycloserine松胞菌素 cytochalasin胞霉素 cytomycin道诺霉素 daunomycin越霉素 destomycin偏端霉素 distamycin红霉素 erythromycin抑酯酶素 esterastin扁枝衣霉素 everninomicin间型霉素 formycin健霉素 fortimicin磷霉素 fosfomycin, phosphonomycin 镰孢菌酸 fusarinic acid艮他霉素 gentamicin胶霉毒素 gliotoxin谷氏菌素 gougerotin短杆菌肽 gramicidin灰霉素 grisein灰黄霉素 griseofulvin除莠菌素 herbicidin除莠霉素 herbimycin全霉素 holomycin潮霉素 hygromycin岛霉素 ilamycin天神霉素 istamycin双氢除虫菌素 ivermectin交沙霉素 josamycin卡那霉素 kanamycin春日霉素 kasugamycin柱晶白霉素 leucomycin林可霉素 lincomycin美登素 maytenin酒霉素 methymycin光神霉素 mithramycin丝裂霉素 mitomycin莫能菌素 monensin菌霉素 mycomycin霉酚酸 mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素 mydecamycin, midecamycin 暗霉素 nebramycin新霉素 neomycin纺锤菌素 netropsin诺卡菌素 nocardin新生霉素 novobiocin制霉菌素 nystatin竹桃霉素 oleandomycin蛇孢菌素 ophiobollin展青霉素 patulin青霉酸 penicillic acid青霉素 penicillin多氧菌素 polyoxin多粘菌素 polymyxin灵菌红素 prodigiosin制反转录酶素 revistin核糖霉素 ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素 rifamycin龟裂杀菌素 rimocidin瑞斯托菌素 ristocetin蔷薇霉素 rosamicin红比霉素 rubidomycin相模霉素 sagamicin盐霉素 salinomycin肉瘤霉素 sarkomycin制唾酸酶素 siastatin紫苏霉素 sisomicin壮观霉素 spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素 spiramycin链霉素 streptomycin链黑菌素 streptonigrin链丝菌素 streptothricin枯草菌素 subtilin杀鱼菌素 teleocidin土霉素 terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素 tetracycline噻烯霉素 thienamycin硫藤黄素 thiolutin妥布拉霉素 tobramycin木霉菌素 trichodermin抗滴虫霉素 trichomycin衣霉素 tunicamycin泰乐菌素 tylosin焦曲菌素 ustin有效霉素 validamycin缬氨霉素 valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素 vancomycin疣孢菌素 verrucarine优胜霉素 victomycin紫霉素 viomycin巴龙霉素 paromomycin遗传转化 genetic transformation供体 donor受体 recipient转化体 transformant感受态 competence光滑型 smooth type粗糙型 rough type无性型 anamorph克隆 clone有性型 teleomorph异源性 heterology同源性 homology转导 transduction局限转导 restricted transduction转染 transfection溶原性转换 lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移 antigenic drift抗原性转变 antigenic shift高频重组 high frequency of recombination, hfr 重组 recombination接合[作用] conjugation重组体 recombinant互补 complementation杂合[现象] heterozygosis重组子 recon接合阶段 zygophase接合 zygosis质粒 plasmid粘粒 cosmid噬粒 phasmid质粒不相容性 plasmid incompatibility相容性 compatibility致育因子 fertility factor性因子 sex factor大肠杆菌素生成因子 colicinogenic factor突变 mutation表型 phenotype环状染色体 ring chromosome基因型 genotype原养型 prototroph原养菌 prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型 auxotroph多重营养缺陷型 polyauxotroph诱变 mutagenesis诱变剂 mutagen诱发变异 induced variation突变体 mutant渗漏突变体 leaky mutant条件突变株 conditional mutant条件致死 conditional lethal温敏突变株 temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑 cococarde噬斑突变株 plaque mutants宿主范围突变株 host range mutant扇形突变 secter mutationh-o 变异 h-o variation弱毒株 low virulent strain减毒株 attenuated strain凝固酶因子 coagulase factor耐药[性决定]因子 resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因子 resistance transfer factor, rtf 抗药性 drug-resistance抗药因子 resistance factor抗药基因 drug resistant gene抗药性菌株 drug resistant strain基因簇 gene cluster复制 replication启动子 promotor操纵子 operon单形现象 monomorphism双态现象 dimorphism多形现象 polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒 defective interfering particle 重分配 redistribution表型混杂 phenotypic mixing基因转移 gene transfer原生质体融合 protoplast fusion趋合子性 zygotaxis向合子性 zygotropism兔化毒 lapinized virus缺损病毒 defective virus[病毒]缺损突变株 defective mutant[流感病毒]o-d相变异 o-d variation病毒基因 virogene[病毒]早期基因 early genes[病毒]晚期基因 late genes微生物生态系统 microbial ecosystem趋化性 chemotaxis趋氧性 aerotaxis趋光性 phototaxis向化性 chemotropism向氧性 oxytropism向光性 phototropism内共生 endosymbiosis捕食作用 predation拮抗作用 antagonism初级合作 protocooperation共生 symbiosis互利共栖 mutualism偏害共栖 amensalism偏利共栖 commensalism互养共栖 syntrophism兢争[共栖] competition寄生 parasitism无关共栖 neutralism卫星现象 satellitism协同共栖 synergism异种克生[现象] allelopathy代谢共栖 metabiosis共生生物 symbiont聚生体 consortium伴生种 companions致坏死寄生物 necroparsite根际微生物 rhizospheric microorganism 叶际微生物 phyllospheric microorganism 悉生生物 gnotobiote腐生现象 saprophytism分解者 decomposer含菌细胞 mycetosome嗜狭高温生物 stenothermophiles广温微生物 eurythermal microorganism 狭温微生物 stenothermal microorganisms 暂居微生物 transient microbe原生演替 primary succession次生演替 secondary succession异养演替 heterotrophic succession自养演替 autotrophic succession顶极群落 climax community菌群 flora区系 flora微生物区系 microflora土著菌群 indigenous flora土著区系 indigenous flora菌群失调 dysbacteriosis水华 blooms生物量 biomass生物质 biomass生物圈 biosphere前发酵 primary fermentation后发酵 secondary fermentation浅盘发酵 shallow tray fermentation深层发酵 submerged fermentation固态发酵 solid state fermentation液态发酵 liquid state fermentation主发酵 main fermentation连续发酵 continuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵 semicontinuous fermentation [罐]批发酵 batch fermentation敞口发酵 open fermentation上面发酵 top fermentation下面发酵 bottom fermentation上面酵母 top yeast下面酵母 bottom yeast阿明露法 amylo process酿造 brewing酿造技术 brewing technique陈酿化 aging发酵罐 fermenter种子罐 seeding tank手动气锁 manual airlock自动气锁 automatic airlock超滤膜 ultrafiltration membrane超滤法 ultrafiltration消泡剂 antifoam agent醋化作用 acetification酸化作用 acidification糖化作用 saccharification糖化剂 sacchariferous agents曲 qu(raw starter)大曲 daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor) 小曲 xiaoqu(raw starter complex)日本酒曲 koji麸曲 bran koji液体曲 liquid koji起子 starter, culture starter酒母 seeding yeast活性干酵母 active dry yeast单细胞蛋白 single cell protein, scp菌丝球 mycelium pellet活性污泥 activated sludge醪液 mash固定化细胞 immobilized cell共固定化作用 co-immobilization酸败 spoilage平[罐]酸败 flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌 flat sour bacteria需氧量 oxygen requirement生物致劣 deterioration微生物传感器 microbial sensor微生物浸矿 microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂 microbial pesticide 病毒杀虫剂 viral pesticide根瘤 root nodule菌根 mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂 nitragin植物杀菌素 phytocidin昆虫病原微生物 entomopathogen [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病 foulbrood固氮菌剂 azotogen亚麻浸渍 flax retting生物防治 biological control沤麻 retting青贮饲料 silage沼气 biogas无菌植物 germ-free plant侵染 infection侵染性 infectivity侵染中心 infectious center侵染剂量 infective dose, id病毒尿症 viruria病毒血症 viremia菌血症 bacteremia食物中毒 food poisoning真菌中毒 mycetism标准血清 standard serum混合分型血清 pooled typing serum抗血清 antiserum抗白喉血清 antidiphtheric serum结核菌素反应 tuberculin reaction卡介苗 bcg vaccine抗毒素 antitoxin旧结核菌素 old tuberculin, ot结核菌素单位 tuberculin unit, tu致热原 pyrogen病原体 pathogen带[病]毒者 carrier带菌者 carrier感染 infection传染 infection原发性感染原 primary invader继发性感染原 secondary invader机会致病菌 opportunistic pathogen条件致病菌 conditioned pathogen正常菌群 normal flora感染性 infectivity感染中心 infectious center攻击力 aggressivity侵袭力 invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素 dermatonecrotoxin毒素 toxin毒力 virulence感染剂量 infective dose, id半感染剂量 infectious dose 50%, id 50半数组织培养感染量 50% tissue culture infective dose, tcid 50 致病性 pathogenicity致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, cpe半数致死量 50% lethal dose, ld 50细菌毒力 bacterial virulence神经毒力 neurovirulence类毒素 toxoid神经毒性 neurotoxicity最小感染量 minimal infecting dose, mid最小抑菌浓度 minimal inhibitory concentration, mic 最小致死量 minimal lethal dose, mld生物制品 biological products鞭毛抗原 flagellar antigen菌体抗原 o antigen[细菌]包被抗原 envelope antigen菌苗 bacterial vaccine疫苗 vaccine活疫苗 live vaccine活菌苗 live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗 univalent vaccine单价菌苗 univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗 polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗 polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗 triple vaccine联合疫苗 combined vaccine亚单位菌苗 subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗 subunit vaccine兔化法 lapinization减毒作用 attenuation自身疫苗 autovaccine自身菌苗 autovaccine菌苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法 chemotherapy疫苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy 疫苗再接种 revaccination再接种 reinoculation自身接种 autoinoculationvi 抗原 vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原 hbcag乙型肝炎表面抗原 hbsag扩散因子 spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原 hbeag溶血[作用] haemolysis[抗菌素的]协同作用 synergism抑菌作用 bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂 sporicide杀病毒剂 virucide抗溶[菌]素 antilysin杀菌剂 germicides消毒剂 disinfectant抑菌剂 bacteriostat抗微生物剂 antimicrobial agent抗菌剂 antibacterial agent抗真菌剂 antifungal agent杀细菌剂 bactericide杀真菌剂 mycocide抑真菌剂 fungistat消毒 disinfection腐败 putrefaction防腐 antisepsis石炭酸系数 phenol coefficient药物敏感性 drug susceptibility防腐剂 antiseptic大肠菌类 coliform group大肠[杆]菌值 colititre大肠[杆]菌指数 coli-index指示菌 indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验 microscopic widal agglutination test敏化细菌 sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物 specific pathogen free animals, spfa无菌动物 germ-free animal硫磺[样]颗粒 sulfur granule显微镜 microscope双目显微镜 binocular microscope倒置显微镜 invert microscope明视野显微镜 bright field microscope暗视野 dark-field暗视野显微镜 dark-field microscope暗视野显微术 dark-field microscopy相差显微镜 phase contrast microscope[分辨]干涉差显微镜differential interference contrast microscope, dicm荧光显微镜 fluorescence microscope电[子显微]镜 electron microscope透射电[子显微]镜 transmission electron microscope, tem扫描电[子显微]镜 scanning electron microscope, sem超薄切片术 ultramicrotomy超薄切片 ultrathin section目镜 ocular物镜 objective透镜 lens补偿目镜 compensative eyepiece消色差透镜 achromatic lens全消色差透镜 apochromatic lens低倍物镜 low power objective高倍物镜 high power objective油浸物镜 oil immersion objective显微镜集光器 microscope condenser镜台测微计 stage micrometer目镜测微计 ocular micrometer显微操作 micromanipulation显微操作器 micromanipulator盖玻片 cover glass载玻片 slide凹玻片 concave slide香柏油 cedar oil涂片 smear悬滴法 hanging drop method热固定 heat fixation镜检 microscopic examination分辨率 resolving power放大率 magnification染色法 staining染色反应 staining reaction负染[色法] negative staining鉴别染色法 differential staining对染[法] counterstaining两极染色 bipolar staining萋-尼染色法 ziehl-neelsen staining method 抗酸细菌染色法 acid-fast staining革兰氏染色 gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色 leifson's flagella staining 墨汁荚膜染色 india-ink capsule staining阿氏染色 albert's staining麦氏[立克次氏体]染色 macchiavello's staining瑞氏染色 wright's staining富尔根染色 feulgen staining染色剂 stain鲁戈氏碘液 lugol's iodine solution吕氏甲烯蓝 loeffler's methylene blue石炭酸品红 carbol fuchsin孔雀石绿溶液 malachite green solution柯斯特染料 koester's stain培养基 medium营养琼脂 nutrient agar营养肉汤 nutrient broth远藤培养基 endo's medium沙氏葡萄糖琼脂 sabouraud's dextrose agar吕氏血清培养基 loeffler's serum medium伊红甲烯蓝琼脂 emb agar沙门-志贺氏琼脂 salmonella-shigella agar, s.s.agar麦氏培养基 macconkey medium庖肉培养基 cooked meat medium马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 potato dextrose agar, pda豆芽汁培养基 bean sprouts medium[蛋白]胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium分离培养基 isolation medium鉴别培养基 differential medium富集培养基 enrichment medium基础培养基 basic medium确定成分培养基 defined medium合成培养基 synthetic medium半合成培养基 semisynthetic medium液体培养基 liquid medium半固体培养基 semisolid medium固体培养基 solid medium滋养培养基 enriched medium生化培养基 biochemical medium完全培养基 complete medium干燥培养基 dehydrated medium天然培养基 natural medium选择性培养基 selective medium平板 plate聚硅酸盐平板 polysilicate plate梯度平板 gradient plate补加培养基 supplemented medium琼脂平板 agar plate琼脂 agar肉膏 meat extract牛肉膏 beef extract牛肉汁 beef broth麦芽汁 malt wort酵母汁 yeast water酵母膏 yeast extract paste酵母提取粉 yeast extract powder[水解]酪蛋白氨基酸 casamino acids [蛋白]胨 peptone琼脂斜面 agar slant杜氏发酵管 durham's fermentation tube 传代 transfer of culture分离 isolation划线[分离] streaking稀释平板分离法 dilution-plate method 无菌检查 sterility test无菌 sterile污染 contamination污染物 contaminant菌株 strain接种物 inoculum接种 inoculation, inoculating, inoculate 无菌操作 aseptic technique移种 culture transfering平板接种 plating穿刺 stab平板划线 plate streaking细胞系 cell line细胞株 cell strain培养 cultivation纯化 purification纯性培养 axenic cultivation纯培养 pure cultivation玻片培养 slide cultivation穿刺培养 stab cultivation传代培养 subculturing分部培养[法] fractional cultivation分批培养 batch cultivation滚管培养法 rolling tube cultivation滚管技术 rolling tube technique混合培养 mixed cultivation划线培养 streak cultivation静止培养 static cultivation连续培养 continuous cultivation倾注培养[法] pour plate method平板培养 plate cultivation肉汤培养 broth cultivation深层培养 submerged cultivation双相培养 biphasic cultivation同步培养 synchronous cultivation 透析培养 dialysis cultivation涂布培养法 spread plate method 协同培养 co-cultivation斜面培养 slant cultivation需氧培养 aerobic cultivation厌氧培养 anaerobic cultivation摇合培养 shake cultivation原位培养 in situ cultivation振荡培养 shake cultivation组织培养 tissue culture盲传 blind passage影印培养法 replica plating开放生长系统 open growth system 封闭生长系统 closed growth system 培养物 culture玻片培养物 slide culture穿刺培养物 stab culture传代培养物 subculture纯性培养物 axenic culture纯培养物 pure culture划线培养物 streak culture混合培养物 mixed culture平板培养物 plate culture划线平板 streak plate肉汤培养物 broth culture斜面培养物 slant culture原始培养物 primary culture老培养物 old culture模式培养物 type culture储用培养物 stock culture冻干[保藏]法 lyophilization深低温保藏[法] cryopreservation液氮保藏[法] liquid nitrogen cryopreservation 鉴定 identification灭菌 sterilization灭菌器 sterilizer高压灭菌器 autoclave干热灭菌 dry heat sterilization高压灭菌 autoclaving间歇灭菌法 tyndallization过滤除菌 filtration sterilization连续灭菌 continuous sterilization烧灼灭菌 incineration巴氏消毒法 pasteurization曼德勒尔滤器 mandler filter赛氏[细菌]滤器 seitz filter素陶滤菌器 unglazed porcelain filter薄膜滤器 membrane filter微孔滤器 millipore filter流通蒸汽灭菌器 arnold steam sterilizor弗氏[细胞]压碎器 french cell pressx[细胞]压碎器 x press接种针 inoculating needle接种环 inoculating loop涂布器 spreader超净台 super clean bench接种箱 inoculation hood培养箱 incubator恒浊器 turbidostat恒化器 chemostat烛罐 candle jar厌氧培养室 anaerobic chamber培养皿 petri dish培养瓶 culture flask克氏瓶 kolle flask冯巴赫瓶 fernbach flask稀释法 dilution method生长谱测定[法] auxanography生长谱 auxanogram抗生谱 antibiotic spectrum杯碟法 cylinder plate method牛津杯 oxford cup菌落计数器 bacterial colony counter最大机率法 most probable number method, mpnm 最大机率数 most probable number, mpn效价 titer硝酸盐还原试验 nitrate reduction test明胶液化 gelatine liquefication硫化氢试验 hydrogen sulfide production test石蕊牛奶 litmus milk柯氏氧化酶试剂 kovac's oxidase reagent柯氏试剂 kovac's reagent氧化酶试验 oxidase test吲哚试验 indole test科氏试验 kolmer test甲基红试验 methyl red test伏-波试验 voges-proskauer test吲哚、甲基红、v-p、柠檬酸试验 imvic test蓝氏链球菌分群试验 lancefield's streptococcal grouping test gc值 gc values甲烯蓝还原试验 methylene blue reduction test荚膜膨胀试验 quellung test[马]鼻疽菌素试验 mallein test痘疱试验 pock assay埃姆斯试验 ames test临界杀菌浓度 critical killing dilution中和试验 neutralization test毒素中和试验 toxin neutralization test菌落形成单位 colony forming units, cfu生物测定 bioassay氯化三苯基四氮唑法triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method, ttcm血清学特异性 serological specificity血清学鉴定 serological identification免疫粘连血凝测定immune adherence hemagglutination assay, iaha溶血试验 hemolytic test血细胞凝集 hemagglutination, ha血细胞吸附 hemadsorption, hd血凝抑制 hemagglutination inhibition溶[细]菌反应 bacteriolytic reaction体外 in vitro体内 in vivo。
微生物和细菌英语作文
微生物和细菌英语作文（中英文版）Microorganisms and bacteria are tiny organisms that are not visible to the naked eye.They are present everywhere, including in the air, water, soil, and even inside our bodies.Although they are small, they play a crucial role in various biological processes.微生物和细菌是肉眼无法看到的微小生物。
它们存在于空气中、水中、土壤中，甚至存在于我们体内。
尽管它们体积很小，但在各种生物过程中起着关键作用。
One of the most important roles of microorganisms is in the decomposition of organic matter.They break down dead plants and animals into simpler substances, which are then used by other organisms as nutrients.This process is known as decomposition and is essential for the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.微生物最重要的作用之一是在有机物的分解中。
它们将死亡的植物和动物分解成更简单的物质，然后这些物质被其他生物作为营养素使用。
这个过程被称为分解，对于生态系统中营养素的循环至关重要。
In addition to decomposition, microorganisms also play a key role in the nitrogen cycle.Some bacteria have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants.This process, known as nitrogen fixation, is essential for plant growth and the production of food crops.除了分解作用外，微生物在氮循环中也起着关键作用。
微生物专业英语
微生物学 microbiology病毒学 virology噬菌体学 bacteriophagology细菌学 bacteriology鉴定细菌学 determinative bacteriology 系统细菌学 systematic bacteriology真菌学 mycology原生生物学 protistology原生动物学 protozoology普通微生物学 general microbiology微生物分类学 microbial taxonomy微生物生理学 microbial physiology微生物生物化学 microbial biochemistry 微生物遗传学 microbial genetics微生物生态学 microbial ecology古微生物学 pale microbiology土壤微生物学 soil microbiology水生微生物学 aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学 marine microbiology悉生生物学 gnotobiology医学微生物学 medical microbiology兽医微生物学 veterinary microbiology农业微生物学 agricultural microbiology工业微生物学 industrial microbiology石油微生物学 petroleum microbiology食品微生物学 food microbiology乳品微生物学 diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学 rumen microbiology诊断微生物学 diagnostic microbiology病原学 etiology国际微生物学会联合会 International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会 Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会 World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会 China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM 美国模式培养物保藏所 American Type Culture Collection, ATCC自然发生说,无生源说 spontaneous generation, abiogenesis始祖生物 progenote古始生物界 archetista古细菌 archaebacteria原生生物 protista原生动物 protozoan原生植物 protophyte真核生物 eukaryote原核生物 prokaryote裂殖植物 schizophyte微生物 microorganism数值分类法 numerical taxonomy 模式目 type order模式科 type family模式属 type genus模式种 type species模式株 type strain真菌 fungi捕食真菌 predacious fungi地下真菌 hypogeal fungi虫生真菌 entomogenous fungi 菌根真菌 mycorrhizal fungi 木腐菌 wood-decay fungi霉菌 mold, mould半知菌 imperfect fungi子囊菌 ascomycetes粘菌 slime mold, slime mould 壶菌 chytrid卵菌 oomycetes接合菌 zygomycetes担子菌 basidiomycetes核菌 pyrenomycetes盘菌 cup fungi块菌 truffles锈菌 rust fungi蘑菇 mushrooms毒蘑菇 poisonous mushroom无孢子酵母菌 asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌 sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌 smut fungi双态性真菌 dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌 ectothrix毛内癣菌 endothrix完全真菌 perfect fungi黑粉病 smut disease锈病 rust disease菌丝 hypha菌髓 trama假菌丝体 pseudomycelium气生菌丝体 aerial mycelium基内菌丝体 substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体 racquet mycelium结节状菌丝 nodular mycelium梳状菌丝 pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝 spiral mycelium次生菌丝体 secondary mycelium有隔菌丝 septate hypha无隔菌丝 nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体 reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体 vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体 sterile mycelium菌丝体 mycelium黄癣菌丝 favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝 ascogenous hypha产囊体 ascogonium原植体 thallus粘菌体 aethalium合胞体 syncytium虫菌体 hyphal body盾状体 clypeus子实体 fruiting body产孢体 gleba子实层体 hymenophore子实下层 subhymenium菌丝层 subiculum菌丝段 hyphal fragment菌丝束 coremium菌丝索 funiculus菌核 sclerotium器菌核 pycnosclerotium菌环 annulus菌裙 indusium 菌盖 pileus顶体 apicle藏卵器 oogonium雄器 antheridium锈菌性孢子器 pycnium锈子器 aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体 cystidium粉孢子梗 oidiophore小梗 sterigma接合孢子柄 zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄 suspensor孢子梗 sporophore分生孢子梗 conidiophore雄器柄 androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗 phialide梗基 metulae芽孔 germ pore芽管 germ tube芽缝 germ slit孢丝 capillitium 周丝 periphysis类周丝 periphysoid侧丝 paraphysis拟侧丝 pseudoparaphysis类侧丝 paraphysoid孢子外壁 exosporium外生菌根 ectomycorrhiza内生菌根 endomycorrhiza内外生菌根 ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza刺突 spike弹丝 elater刚毛 seta微体 microbody泡囊 vesicle隔膜 septum假隔膜 pseudoseptum分生孢子盘 acervulus分生孢子座 sporodochium精子团 spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基 hypothecium囊层被 epithecium囊间丝 hamathecium囊托 apophysis囊领 collarette 囊轴 columella孔口 ostiole菌托 volva孢子角 cirrus孢子球 spore ball孢子印 spore print聚簇 cluster 菌丝融合 anastomosis孢子切落 abjunction孢子缢断 abstriction多态现象 polymorphism缢缩作用constriction粉孢子 oidium孢子 spore掷孢子 ballistospore厚壁孢子 chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子 arthrospore卷旋孢子 helicospore腊肠形孢子 allantospore孔出孢子 porospore星形孢子 staurospore线形孢子 scolecospore砖格孢子 dictyospore侧生孢子 aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子 phialospore无梗孢子 thallospore分生孢子 conidium大分生孢子 macroconidium小分生孢子 microconidium节分生孢子 arthroconidium芽分生孢子 blastoconidium器孢子 pycnidiospore无隔孢子 amerospore双胞孢子 didymospore多隔孢子 phragmospore休眠孢子 hypnospore顶生孢子 acrospore顶生厚壁孢子 fuseau内分生孢子 endoconidium担孢子 basidiospore双孢担孢子 dispore同形孢子 isospore 柄生孢子 stylospore锈菌性孢子 pycniospore产雄器孢子 androspore锈孢子 aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore冬孢子 teliospore四分孢子 tetraspore粘孢子 myxospore多核孢子 coenospore 孢囊孢子 sporangiospore子囊孢子 ascospore多核细胞 coenocyte分生孢子果 conidiocarp分生孢子器prosporangium多核孢子囊 coenosporangium休眠孢子囊 hypnosporangium子囊 ascus接合孢子 zygospore拟接合孢子 azygospore原囊壁子囊 prototunicate ascus单囊壁子囊 unitunicate ascus双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果 ascocarp子囊壳 perithecium闭囊壳 cleistothecium闭囊果 cleistocarp盘状子囊果 discocarp孢囊果 sporangiocarp接合子 zygote单性合子 azygote多核合子 coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核 zygotonucleus游动合子 planozygote担子 basidium半担子 hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子 holobasidium有隔担子 phragmobasidium内生担子 endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子 epibasidium下担子 hypobasidium同担子 homobasidium担子果 basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子 gamete原配子 progamete雄配子 androgamete雄核发育 androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子 heterogamete游动配子 zoogamete多核配子 coenogamete配子囊 gametangium配子母细胞 gametocyte同形配子囊 isogametangium原配子囊 progametangium小孢子囊 sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞 foot cell脚胞 foot cell固着器 holdfast附着枝 hyphopodium吸盘 sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合 clamp connection偶核细胞 zeugite卵球 oosphere卵质 ooplasm孢原质 sporoplasm 卵配子 oogamete卵孢子 oospore球状胞 sphaerocyst子囊腔 locule子囊盘 apothecium子囊座 ascostroma 缝裂壳 hysterothecium下子座 hypostroma包被 peridium子座 stroma壳心 centrum拟包被 pseudoperidium 无融合生殖 apomixis同宗配合 homothallism准性生殖 parasexuality异宗配合 heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖 heterogamy无配生殖 apogamy配囊交配 gametangial copulation交配型 mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期 uredostage冬孢子堆 teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆 uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成 sporulation细菌 bacteria薄壁细菌类 gracilicutes硬壁细菌类 fermicutes疵壁细菌类 mendosicutes无壁细菌类 tenericutes柔膜细菌 mollicutes真细菌 eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌 anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌 oxyphotobacteria放线菌 actinomycetes螺旋菌spirilla粘细菌 slime bacteria鞘细菌 sheathed bacteria柄细菌 caulobacteria弧菌 vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌 sulfate reducting bacteria硫细菌 sulfur bacteria铁细菌 iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌 purple nonsulfur bacteria产甲烷菌 methanogen硝化细菌 nitrobacteria反硝化细菌 denitrifying bacteria固氮细菌 nitrogen fixing bacteria甲基营养菌 methylotrophic bacteria产乙酸菌 acetogen同型产乙酸细菌 homoacetogenic bacteria光合作用细菌 photosynthetic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌 hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria同型发酵乳酸菌 homofermentative lactic bacteria异型发酵乳酸菌 heterofermentative lactic bacteria产氢菌 hydrogenogens产气菌 aerogen不产气菌 anaerogen发光细菌 luminous bacteria产色细菌 chromogenic bacteria化能异养菌 chemoheterotrophic bacteria化能自养菌 chemoautotrophic bacteria光能异养菌 photoheterotrophic bacteria光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria化能有机营养菌 chemoorganotrophic bacteria化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria光能有机营养菌 photoorganotrophic bacteria光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria有机营养菌 organotrophic bacteria无机营养菌 lithotrophic bacteria贫营养细菌 oligotrophic bacteria一氧化碳营养菌 carboxydotrophic bacteria自养菌 autotrophic bacteria 异养菌 heterotrophic bacteria光养菌 phototrophic bacteria需氧菌 aerobe微需氧菌 microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria厌氧菌 anaerobe兼性厌氧菌 facultative anaerobe专性厌氧菌 obligate anaerobe 溶原性细菌 lysogenic bacteria腐生菌 saprophytic bacteria苛求菌 fastidious microorganism极端细菌extreme bacteria嗜压菌 barophilic bacteria嗜盐菌 halophilic bacteria嗜铁菌 siderophilic bacteria 嗜高渗细菌 osmophilic bacteria微嗜氮菌 oligonitrophilic bacteria嗜冷细菌 psychrophilic bacteria 嗜酸菌 acidophilic bacteria嗜硫菌 thiophilic bacteria中温菌 mesophilic bacteria耐热细菌thermophilric bacteria氢营养菌 hydrogenotrophic bacteria肠道细菌 intestinal bacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体 bacteriosome微生子 gonidium蓝细菌 cyanobacteria蓝细菌连锁体 hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体 phycobilisome静息孢子 akinete滑行 gliding异形囊胞 heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型 chemovar血清型 serotype血清变型 serovar致病型 pathotype致病变型 pathovar生物型 biotype生物变型 biovar形态型 morphotype形态变型 morphovar革兰氏阳性菌 Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌 Gram-negative bacteria球菌 coccus双球菌 diplococcus四联球菌 tetrads八叠球菌 sarcina 球杆菌 coccobacillus杆菌 rod双杆菌 diplobacillus棒状菌 corynebacteria细菌毛状体 trichome单鞭毛菌 monotricha周鞭毛菌 peritricha丛鞭毛菌 lophotricha两端单鞭毛菌 amphitrichate单端丛鞭毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌 gliding bacteria细菌L-型 L-form of bacterium菌落 colony酵母型菌落 yeast type colony类酵母型菌落 yeast like colony次生菌落 secondary colony粗糙型菌落 rough colony光滑型菌落 smooth colony丝状型菌落 filamentous type colony子菌落 daughter colony深层菌落 deep colony 粘液型菌落 mucoid colony巨大菌落 giant colony侏儒型菌落 dwarf colony菌苔 lawn菌胶团 zoogloea菌膜 pellicle菌醭 mycoderm, pellicle群游现象 swarming菌柄 stipe菌体附器 appendage鞭毛 flagellum 周质鞭毛 periplasmic flagella轴丝 axial filament菌毛 pilus性丝 sex pilus外生孢子 exospore内生孢子 endospore芽孢 spore芽孢形成 sporulation终端芽孢 terminal spore近端芽孢 subterminal spore中生芽孢 central spore前芽孢 forespore芽孢皮层 cortex芽孢外膜 exitine芽孢内膜 intine外壁 exine伴胞晶体 parasporal crystal菌蜕 ghost鞘 sheath荚膜 capsule粘液层 slime layer微荚膜 microcapsule壁膜间隙 periplasmic space原生质体 protoplast原生质球 spheroplast气泡 gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体 mesosome载色体 chromatophore鞭毛基体 flagellar basal body异染质 volutin异染粒 matachromatic granules致死颗粒 killer particle紫膜 purple membrane噬菌体 bacteriophage无囊盖类 inoperculatae超显微微生物 ultramicroscopic organism真菌噬菌体 mycophage噬藻体 phycophage烈性噬菌体 virulent phage温和噬菌体 temperate phage前原噬菌体 preprophage原噬菌体 prophage隐性前噬菌体 cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体 vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体 lambda particles phage可诱导噬菌体 inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体 homoimmune phage噬菌体分型 bacteriophage typing 噬菌体型 phagetype噬菌体变型 phagevar噬斑 plaque噬菌体聚合头部 polyhead噬菌体聚合尾鞘 polysheath 噬菌体伞毛 fimbrium噬菌体颈须 whisker噬菌体先导蛋白 pilot protein噬菌体尾丝抗原 fiber antigen噬菌体顶体 apex噬菌体基片插孔 base-plate hub噬菌体基片丝 base-plate fibril噬菌体基片楔突 base-plate wedge噬菌体串联体 concatemer噬菌体颈部 collar噬菌体顶部壳粒 apical capsomere噬菌体尾丝 tail fiber 噬菌体畸形体 monster噬菌体颈圈 connector噬菌体髓部 core噬菌体头部 head噬菌体尾部 tail噬菌体尾管tail tube噬菌体尾鞘 tail sheath类病毒 viroid病毒 virus真病毒 euvirus亚病毒 subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒 virusoid卫星病毒 satellite virus假型病毒 pseudotype virus慢病毒 slow virus辅助病毒 helper virus过客病毒 passenger virus多分体病毒 multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒 entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒 granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒 polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒 nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV质型多角体病毒 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒 multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒 singly embedded virus伴随病毒 associated virus浓核病毒 densovirus,DNV 内源病毒 endogenous virus潜伏病毒 latent virus肠道病毒 enterovirus艾柯病毒 ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒 adenovirus腺伴随病毒 adeno associated virus真菌病毒 mycovirus肿瘤病毒 oncovirus 逆转录病毒 retro virus坏死病毒 necrosis virus虹彩病毒 irido virus泛嗜性病毒 pantropic virus毒株strain原生小体 elementary body包含体 inclusion body顾氏小体 Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体 Negri's body病毒粒体 virion裸露病毒粒体 naked virion假病毒体 pseudovirion立体对称 cubical symmetry二十面体对称 icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称 helical symmetry病毒五邻体 pentomer,pentons病毒六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称 complex symmetry包膜突起 peplomerbody包膜 envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope病毒包膜抗原 envelope antigen病毒壳体 capsid病毒壳粒 capsomer, capsomere二十面体壳体 icosahedron capsid核心 core核壳 nucleocapsid病毒原质体 viroplasma病毒束 virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白 polyhedrin颗粒体 granule颗粒体蛋白 granulin类核 nucleoid内含颗粒 inclusion granuleX体 X-body病毒早期蛋白 early protein病毒晚期蛋白 late protein负链 negative strand正链positive strand复制子 replicon病毒发生基质 virogenic stroma衣原体 chlamydia衣原体始体 initial body立克次氏体 rickettsia假肽聚糖 pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖 peptidoglycan磷壁酸 teichoic acid胞壁酸 muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸 dipicolinic acid, DPA脂多糖类 lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白 flagellin菌毛蛋白 pilin杀白细胞素 leucocidin豆血红蛋白 leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白 phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白 phycocyanin藻红蛋白 phycoerythrin藻青素 cyanophycin藻蓝素 algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素 phycobilin藻红胆素 phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素 phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素 allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素 carotenoids细菌淀粉粒 granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐 poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白 staphylococcal protein A, SPA纯化蛋白衍生物 purified protein derivative, PPD葡萄球菌凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ细胞溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶 permease胞内酶 intracellular enzyme胞外酶 extracellular enzyme果胶酶 pectinase逆转录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶 coagulase受体破坏酶 receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶 cellulase链道酶 streptodornase,SD链激酶 streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶 penicillinase溶菌酶 lysozyme细菌紫膜质 bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin细菌叶绿素 bacteriochlorophyll自溶素 autolysin亲菌素 bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素 ablastin粘附素 adhesin菌红素 bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素 prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素 lepromin葡萄球菌素 staphylococcin伞菌氨酸 agarfitine苏云金菌素 thuricin肠球菌素 enterococcin布氏菌素 brucellin大肠菌素 colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素 syringacin黄色粘球菌素 xanthacin链球菌素 streptocin流产菌素 abortin绿脓菌素 pyocyanin红假单胞菌素 rhodopseudomonacin 绿脓菌荧光素 pyofluorescein白喉毒素 diphtheria toxin杯伞素 clitocybine白细胞溶素 leucolysin表皮溶解毒素 epidermolytic toxin产气荚膜梭菌素 perfringocin肠毒素 enterotoxin毒蝇碱 muscarine肺炎球菌毒素 pneumotoxin鬼笔毒环肽 phalloidin根霉蝶呤 rhizopterin肺炎链球菌溶血素 pneumolysin黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸 mycolic acid齿孔酸 eburicoic acid根霉促进素 rhizopin蘑菇素 agaricin蘑菇溶血素 pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素 staphylolysin真菌毒素 mycotoxin曲霉毒素 aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸 kojic acid破伤风菌痉挛毒素 tetanospasmin溶葡萄球菌素 lysostaphin破伤风菌溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶 fibrinolysin溶血素 hemolysin鼠疫菌素 pesticin神经毒素 neurotoxin杀细菌素 bactericidin外毒素 exotoxin内毒素 endotoxin细菌毒素 bacteriotoxin血凝素 hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素 sterigmatocystin毒植物素 phytotoxin真菌醇 mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素 exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素 bacteriofluorescein放线菌土臭味素 geosmins土壤杆菌素 agrobacteriocin产甲烷作用 methanogenesis生物转化 bioconversion生长因子 growth factor420 因子 factor 420V 因子 V factorX 因子 X factor辅酶 M coenzyme M微量营养 micronutrient特需营养要求型 idiotroph微量动力作用 oligodynamic action抗代谢物 antimetabolites索状因子 cord factor异株克生物质 allelopathic substances光能无机营养 photolithotrophy光能有机营养 photoorganotrophy化能无机营养 chemolithotrophy化能有机营养 chemoorganotrophy光营养 phototrophy兼性营养 amphitrophy腐生营养 saprophytic nutrition甲基营养 methylotrophy化能营养 chemotrophy自养 autotrophy光能自养 photoautotrophy化能自养 chemoautotrophy半自养 mesotrophy异养 heterotrophy氮平衡 nitrogen balance碳平衡 carbon balance磷平衡 phosphorus balance同化作用 assimilation异化作用 dissimilation氨化作用 ammonification硝化作用 nitrification反硝化作用 denitrification固氮作用 nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用 asymbiotic nitrogen fixation葡萄糖效应 glucose effect种间分子氢转移 interspecies H transfer 发酵 fermentation发酵能力 fermentation capacity可发酵性 fermentability同型发酵 homofermentation异型发酵 heterofermentation厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration厌氧生活 anaerobiosis需氧呼吸 aerobic respiration需氧生活 aerobiosis反馈抑制 feed back inhibition内源变量 endogenenous variable异养潜能 heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用 hypholytic action溶菌作用 bacteriolysis费氏溶菌现象 Pfeiffer's phenomenon自溶现象 autolysis裂殖 schizogenesis芽殖 budding二分分裂 binary fission不等分裂 unequal fission断裂 fragmentation复分裂 multiple fission隐蔽期 eclipse period比生长速率 specific growth rate同步生长 synchronous growth双峰生长曲线 diauxie growth curve延滞期 lag phase一步生长曲线 one step growth时间-存活曲线 time-survival curve倍增时间 doubling time指数生长 exponential growth衰亡期 decline phase稳定期 stationary phase对数期 log phase时间节律 temporal rhythm隐生现象 cryptobiosis休眠 dormancy衰老型 involution form静息细胞 resting cell光复活作用 photoreactivation交叉复活 cross reactivation热致死时 thermal death time热致死点 thermal death point噬菌体接合分裂 conjugate division噬菌体裂解阻抑 lysis inhibition噬菌体裂解量 burst size噬菌体生产性感染 productive infection噬菌体自愈 curing病毒复制 replication of virus复制周期 replicative cycle裂解周期 lytic cycle病毒侵入 penetration病毒入胞现象 viropexis病毒脱壳 uncoating病毒装配 assembly蚀斑 plaque蚀斑形成单位 plaque forming unit,PFU成斑效率 efficiency of plating强毒株 virulent strain狂犬病固定毒 fixed virus狂犬病街毒 street virus病毒抑制作用 viral inhibition病毒诱导 virus induction流感病毒α抑制物α-inhibitor流感病毒朱氏抑制物 Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor 干扰素 interferon干扰现象 interference溶原化 lysogenization溶原性 lysogeny溶原现象 lysogenesis抗生素 antibiotic阿克拉霉素 aclacinomycin放线酮 actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素 actinomycin阿霉素 adriamycin氨丁苷菌素 ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸 7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸 6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素 amphotericin安丝菌素 ansamitocin抗蠕霉素 anthelmycin抗霉素 antimycin阿泊拉霉素 apramycin除疟霉素 aplasmomycin曲霉菌素 aspergillin除虫菌素 avermectin杆菌肽 bacitracin双环霉素 bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素 blasticidin丁苷菌素 butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素 candicidin卷曲霉素 capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素 carriomycin洋红霉素 carminomycin天青菌素 celesticetin头孢菌素 cephalosporin氯霉素 chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素 chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素 chromomycin创新霉素 chuangxinmycin棒酸 clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素 clindamycin粘菌素 colistin鬼伞菌素 coprinin蛹虫草菌素 cordycepin香菇菌素 cortinellin环孢菌素 cyclosporin环丝氨酸 cycloserine松胞菌素 cytochalasin胞霉素 cytomycin道诺霉素 daunomycin越霉素 destomycin偏端霉素 distamycin红霉素 erythromycin抑酯酶素 esterastin扁枝衣霉素 everninomicin间型霉素 formycin健霉素 fortimicin磷霉素 fosfomycin, phosphonomycin镰孢菌酸 fusarinic acid艮他霉素 gentamicin胶霉毒素 gliotoxin谷氏菌素 gougerotin短杆菌肽 gramicidin灰霉素 grisein灰黄霉素 griseofulvin除莠菌素 herbicidin除莠霉素 herbimycin全霉素 holomycin潮霉素 hygromycin岛霉素 ilamycin天神霉素 istamycin双氢除虫菌素 ivermectin交沙霉素 josamycin卡那霉素 kanamycin美登素 maytenin酒霉素 methymycin光神霉素 mithramycin丝裂霉素 mitomycin莫能菌素 monensin菌霉素 mycomycin霉酚酸 mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素 mydecamycin, midecamycin暗霉素 nebramycin新霉素 neomycin纺锤菌素 netropsin诺卡菌素 nocardin新生霉素 novobiocin制霉菌素 nystatin竹桃霉素 oleandomycin蛇孢菌素 ophiobollin展青霉素 patulin青霉酸 penicillic acid青霉素 penicillin多氧菌素 polyoxin多粘菌素 polymyxin灵菌红素 prodigiosin制反转录酶素 revistin核糖霉素 ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素 rifamycin龟裂杀菌素 rimocidin瑞斯托菌素 ristocetin蔷薇霉素 rosamicin红比霉素 rubidomycin相模霉素 sagamicin盐霉素 salinomycin肉瘤霉素 sarkomycin制唾酸酶素 siastatin紫苏霉素 sisomicin壮观霉素 spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素 spiramycin链霉素 streptomycin链黑菌素 streptonigrin链丝菌素 streptothricin枯草菌素 subtilin杀鱼菌素 teleocidin土霉素 terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素 tetracycline噻烯霉素 thienamycin抗滴虫霉素 trichomycin衣霉素 tunicamycin泰乐菌素 tylosin焦曲菌素 ustin有效霉素 validamycin缬氨霉素 valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素 vancomycin疣孢菌素 verrucarine优胜霉素 victomycin紫霉素 viomycin巴龙霉素 paromomycin遗传转化 genetic transformation供体 donor受体 recipient转化体 transformant感受态 competence光滑型 smooth type粗糙型 rough type无性型 anamorph克隆 clone有性型 teleomorph异源性 heterology同源性 homology转导 transduction局限转导 restricted transduction转染 transfection溶原性转换 lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移 antigenic drift抗原性转变 antigenic shift高频重组 high frequency of recombination, Hfr 重组 recombination接合作用 conjugation重组体 recombinant互补 complementation杂合现象 heterozygosis重组子 recon接合阶段 zygophase接合 zygosis质粒 plasmid粘粒 cosmid噬粒 phasmid质粒不相容性 plasmid incompatibility相容性 compatibility致育因子 fertility factor大肠杆菌素生成因子 colicinogenic factor突变 mutation表型 phenotype环状染色体 ring chromosome基因型 genotype原养型 prototroph原养菌 prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型 auxotroph多重营养缺陷型 polyauxotroph诱变 mutagenesis诱变剂 mutagen诱发变异 induced variation突变体 mutant渗漏突变体 leaky mutant条件突变株 conditional mutant条件致死 conditional lethal温敏突变株 temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑 cococarde噬斑突变株 plaque mutants宿主范围突变株 host range mutant扇形突变 secter mutationH-O 变异 H-O variation弱毒株 low virulent strain减毒株 attenuated strain凝固酶因子 coagulase factor耐药性决定因子 resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因子 resistance transfer factor, RTF 抗药性 drug-resistance抗药因子 resistance factor抗药基因 drug resistant gene抗药性菌株 drug resistant strain基因簇 gene cluster复制 replication启动子 promotor操纵子 operon单形现象 monomorphism双态现象 dimorphism多形现象 polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒 defective interfering particle重分配 redistribution表型混杂 phenotypic mixing基因转移 gene transfer原生质体融合 protoplast fusion趋合子性 zygotaxis向合子性 zygotropism兔化毒 lapinized virus病毒缺损突变株 defective mutant流感病毒O-D相变异 O-D variation病毒基因 virogene病毒早期基因 early genes病毒晚期基因 late genes微生物生态系统 microbial ecosystem趋化性 chemotaxis趋氧性 aerotaxis趋光性 phototaxis向化性 chemotropism向氧性 oxytropism向光性 phototropism内共生 endosymbiosis捕食作用 predation拮抗作用 antagonism初级合作 protocooperation共生 symbiosis互利共栖 mutualism偏害共栖 amensalism偏利共栖 commensalism互养共栖 syntrophism兢争共栖 competition寄生 parasitism无关共栖 neutralism卫星现象 satellitism协同共栖 synergism异种克生现象 allelopathy代谢共栖 metabiosis共生生物 symbiont聚生体 consortium伴生种 companions致坏死寄生物 necroparsite根际微生物 rhizospheric microorganism 叶际微生物 phyllospheric microorganism 悉生生物 gnotobiote腐生现象 saprophytism分解者 decomposer含菌细胞 mycetosome嗜狭高温生物 stenothermophiles广温微生物 eurythermal microorganism 狭温微生物 stenothermal microorganisms 暂居微生物 transient microbe原生演替 primary succession次生演替 secondary succession异养演替 heterotrophic succession自养演替 autotrophic succession菌群 flora区系 flora微生物区系 microflora土着菌群 indigenous flora土着区系 indigenous flora菌群失调 dysbacteriosis水华 blooms生物量 biomass生物质 biomass生物圈 biosphere前发酵 primary fermentation后发酵 secondary fermentation浅盘发酵 shallow tray fermentation深层发酵 submerged fermentation固态发酵 solid state fermentation液态发酵 liquid state fermentation主发酵 main fermentation连续发酵 continuous fermentation半连续型发酵 semicontinuous fermentation罐批发酵 batch fermentation敞口发酵 open fermentation上面发酵 top fermentation下面发酵 bottom fermentation上面酵母 top yeast下面酵母 bottom yeast阿明露法 amylo process酿造 brewing酿造技术 brewing technique陈酿化 aging发酵罐 fermenter种子罐 seeding tank手动气锁 manual airlock自动气锁 automatic airlock超滤膜 ultrafiltration membrane超滤法 ultrafiltration消泡剂 antifoam agent醋化作用 acetification酸化作用 acidification糖化作用 saccharification糖化剂 sacchariferous agents曲 Quraw starter大曲 Daqu massive raw stater for alcholic liquor 小曲 Xiaoquraw starter complex日本酒曲 koji麸曲 bran koji液体曲 liquid koji酒母 seeding yeast活性干酵母 active dry yeast单细胞蛋白 single cell protein, SCP 菌丝球 mycelium pellet活性污泥 activated sludge醪液 mash固定化细胞 immobilized cell共固定化作用 co-immobilization酸败 spoilage平罐酸败 flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌 flat sour bacteria需氧量 oxygen requirement生物致劣 deterioration微生物传感器 microbial sensor微生物浸矿 microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂 microbial pesticide病毒杀虫剂 viral pesticide根瘤 root nodule菌根 mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂 nitragin植物杀菌素 phytocidin昆虫病原微生物 entomopathogen蜜蜂幼虫腐臭病 foulbrood固氮菌剂 azotogen亚麻浸渍 flax retting生物防治 biological control沤麻 retting青贮饲料 silage沼气 biogas无菌植物 germ-free plant侵染 infection侵染性 infectivity侵染中心 infectious center侵染剂量 infective dose, ID病毒尿症 viruria病毒血症 viremia菌血症 bacteremia食物中毒 food poisoning真菌中毒 mycetism标准血清 standard serum混合分型血清 pooled typing serum抗血清 antiserum抗白喉血清 antidiphtheric serum结核菌素反应 tuberculin reaction卡介苗 BCG vaccine抗毒素 antitoxin旧结核菌素 old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位 tuberculin unit, TU致热原 pyrogen病原体 pathogen带病毒者 carrier带菌者 carrier感染 infection传染 infection原发性感染原 primary invader继发性感染原 secondary invader机会致病菌 opportunistic pathogen条件致病菌 conditioned pathogen正常菌群 normal flora感染性 infectivity感染中心 infectious center攻击力 aggressivity侵袭力 invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素 dermatonecrotoxin毒素 toxin毒力 virulence感染剂量 infective dose, ID半感染剂量 infectious dose 50%, ID 50半数组织培养感染量 50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50致病性 pathogenicity致细胞病变效应 cytopathic effect, CPE半数致死量 50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒力 bacterial virulence神经毒力 neurovirulence类毒素 toxoid神经毒性 neurotoxicity最小感染量 minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度 minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量 minimal lethal dose, MLD生物制品 biological products鞭毛抗原 flagellar antigen菌体抗原 O antigen细菌包被抗原 envelope antigen菌苗 bacterial vaccine疫苗 vaccine活疫苗 live vaccine活菌苗 live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗 univalent vaccine单价菌苗 univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗 polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗 polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗 triple vaccine联合疫苗 combined vaccine亚单位菌苗 subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗 subunit vaccine兔化法 lapinization减毒作用 attenuation自身疫苗 autovaccine自身菌苗 autovaccine菌苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法 chemotherapy疫苗疗法 vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy疫苗再接种 revaccination再接种 reinoculation自身接种 autoinoculationVi 抗原 Vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原 HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原 HBsAg扩散因子 spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原 HBeAg溶血作用 haemolysis抗菌素的协同作用 synergism抑菌作用 bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂 sporicide杀病毒剂 virucide抗溶菌素 antilysin杀菌剂 germicides消毒剂 disinfectant抑菌剂 bacteriostat抗微生物剂 antimicrobial agent抗菌剂 antibacterial agent抗真菌剂 antifungal agent杀细菌剂 bactericide杀真菌剂 mycocide抑真菌剂 fungistat消毒 disinfection腐败 putrefaction防腐 antisepsis石炭酸系数 phenol coefficient药物敏感性 drug susceptibility防腐剂 antiseptic大肠菌类 coliform group大肠杆菌值 colititre大肠杆菌指数 coli-index指示菌 indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验 microscopic Widal agglutination test 敏化细菌 sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物 specific pathogen free animals, SPFA无菌动物 germ-free animal硫磺样颗粒 sulfur granule显微镜 microscope双目显微镜 binocular microscope倒置显微镜 invert microscope明视野显微镜 bright field microscope暗视野 dark-field暗视野显微镜 dark-field microscope暗视野显微术 dark-field microscopy相差显微镜 phase contrast microscope分辨干涉差显微镜 Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜 fluorescence microscope电子显微镜 electron microscope透射电子显微镜 transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电子显微镜 scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切片术 ultramicrotomy超薄切片 ultrathin section目镜 ocular物镜 objective透镜 lens补偿目镜 compensative eyepiece消色差透镜 achromatic lens全消色差透镜 apochromatic lens低倍物镜 low power objective高倍物镜 high power objective油浸物镜 oil immersion objective显微镜集光器 microscope condenser镜台测微计 stage micrometer目镜测微计 ocular micrometer显微操作 micromanipulation显微操作器 micromanipulator盖玻片 cover glass载玻片 slide凹玻片 concave slide香柏油 cedar oil涂片 smear悬滴法 hanging drop method热固定 heat fixation镜检 microscopic examination分辨率 resolving power放大率 magnification染色法 staining染色反应 staining reaction负染色法 negative staining鉴别染色法 differential staining对染法 counterstaining两极染色 bipolar staining萋-尼染色法 Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染色法 acid-fast staining革兰氏染色 Gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色 Leifson's flagella staining墨汁荚膜染色 India-ink capsule staining阿氏染色 Albert's staining麦氏立克次氏体染色 Macchiavello's staining瑞氏染色 Wright's staining富尔根染色 Feulgen staining染色剂 stain鲁戈氏碘液 Lugol's iodine solution吕氏甲烯蓝 Loeffler's methylene blue石炭酸品红 carbol fuchsin孔雀石绿溶液 malachite green solution柯斯特染料 Koester's stain培养基 medium营养琼脂 nutrient agar营养肉汤 nutrient broth远藤培养基 Endo's medium沙氏葡萄糖琼脂 Sabouraud's dextrose agar吕氏血清培养基 Loeffler's serum medium伊红甲烯蓝琼脂 EMB agar麦氏培养基 MacConkey medium庖肉培养基 cooked meat medium马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂 potato dextrose agar, PDA豆芽汁培养基 bean sprouts medium蛋白胨酵母膏葡萄糖培养基 peptone-yeast extract-glucose medium 分离培养基 isolation medium鉴别培养基 differential medium富集培养基 enrichment medium基础培养基 basic medium确定成分培养基 defined medium合成培养基 synthetic medium半合成培养基 semisynthetic medium液体培养基 liquid medium半固体培养基 semisolid medium固体培养基 solid medium滋养培养基 enriched medium生化培养基 biochemical medium完全培养基 complete medium干燥培养基 dehydrated medium天然培养基 natural medium选择性培养基 selective medium平板 plate聚硅酸盐平板 polysilicate plate梯度平板 gradient plate补加培养基 supplemented medium琼脂平板 agar plate琼脂 agar肉膏 meat extract牛肉膏 beef extract牛肉汁 beef broth麦芽汁 malt wort酵母汁 yeast water酵母膏 yeast extract paste酵母提取粉 yeast extract powder水解酪蛋白氨基酸 casamino acids蛋白胨 peptone琼脂斜面 agar slant杜氏发酵管 Durham's fermentation tube传代 transfer of culture分离 isolation划线分离 streaking稀释平板分离法 dilution-plate method无菌检查 sterility test无菌 sterile污染 contamination污染物 contaminant菌株 strain接种物 inoculum接种 inoculation, inoculating, inoculate 无菌操作 aseptic technique移种 culture transfering平板接种 plating穿刺 stab平板划线 plate streaking细胞系 cell line细胞株 cell strain培养 cultivation纯化 purification纯性培养 axenic cultivation纯培养 pure cultivation玻片培养 slide cultivation穿刺培养 stab cultivation传代培养 subculturing分部培养法 fractional cultivation分批培养 batch cultivation滚管培养法 rolling tube cultivation滚管技术 rolling tube technique混合培养 mixed cultivation划线培养 streak cultivation静止培养 static cultivation连续培养 continuous cultivation倾注培养法 pour plate method平板培养 plate cultivation肉汤培养 broth cultivation深层培养 submerged cultivation。
微生物和细菌英语作文
微生物和细菌英语作文英文回答：Microbes and bacteria are both prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. However, there are some key differences between the two.Size: Bacteria are typically larger than microbes, ranging in size from 0.1 to 5 micrometers in diameter. Microbes, on the other hand, are typically smaller than 0.1 micrometers in diameter.Shape: Bacteria can have a variety of shapes,including rod-shaped, spherical, and spiral-shaped. Microbes, on the other hand, are typically spherical orrod-shaped.Motility: Bacteria are able to move around using flagella or pili, which are hair-like appendages. Microbes,on the other hand, are typically non-motile.Metabolism: Bacteria can be either aerobic or anaerobic, meaning they can either grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. Microbes, on the other hand, aretypically anaerobic.Pathogenicity: Bacteria can cause a variety ofdiseases in humans and animals. Microbes, on the other hand, are typically harmless.中文回答：微生物和细菌。
有关微生物的英语作文
有关微生物的英语作文英文回答：Microorganisms are a diverse group of organisms that include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. They are found in all environments on Earth, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains. Microorganisms play a vital role in the cycling of nutrients, the decomposition of organic matter, and the production of oxygen. They are also responsible for a wide range of human diseases, from the common cold to tuberculosis.The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microbiologists use a variety of techniques to study microorganisms, including microscopy, culturing, and molecular biology. Microscopy allows microbiologists to visualize microorganisms and study their morphology. Culturing allows microbiologists to grow microorganisms in the laboratory and study their growth and metabolism. Molecular biology allows microbiologists to study thegenetic material of microorganisms and understand how they function.Microorganisms have a wide range of applications in industry, medicine, and agriculture. In industry, microorganisms are used to produce a variety of products, including antibiotics, enzymes, and biofuels. In medicine, microorganisms are used to develop vaccines and antibiotics. In agriculture, microorganisms are used to improve soil fertility and crop yields.The study of microorganisms is essential for understanding the role they play in the environment and for developing new ways to use them to benefit humanity.中文回答：微生物是一个多样化的生物群，包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生动物。
常用微生物学英语词汇
常用微生物学英语词汇落 secondary colony粗糙型菌落 rough colony光滑型菌落 smooth colony丝状型菌落 filamentous type colony 子菌落 daughter colony深层菌落 deep colony粘液型菌落 mucoid colony巨大菌落 giant colony侏儒型菌落 dwarf colony菌苔 lawn菌胶团 zoogloea菌膜 pellicle[菌]醭 mycoderm, pellicle群游现象 swarming菌柄 stipe[菌体]附器 appendage鞭毛 flagellum周质鞭毛 periplasmic flagella轴丝 axial filament菌毛 pilus性丝 *** pilus外生孢子 exospore内生孢子 endospore芽孢 spore芽孢形成 sporulation终端芽孢 terminal spore近端芽孢 subterminal spore中生芽孢 central spore前芽孢 forespore[芽孢]皮层 cortex芽孢外膜 exitine芽孢内膜 intine外壁 exine伴胞晶体 parasporal crystal菌蜕 ghost鞘 sheath荚膜 capsule粘液层 slime layer微荚膜 microcapsule壁膜间隙 periplasmic space原生质体 protoplast原生质球 spheroplast气泡 gas vacuole甲烷粒体 methanochondria间体 mesosome载色体 chromatophore鞭毛基体 flagellar basal body异染质 volutin异染粒 matachromatic granules致死颗粒 killer particle紫膜 purple membrane噬菌体 bacteriophage无囊盖类 inoperculatae超显微微生物 ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体 mycophage噬藻体 phycophage烈性噬菌体 virulent phage温和噬菌体 temperate phage前原噬菌体 preprophage原噬菌体 prophage隐性前噬菌体 cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体 vegetative phage载体噬菌体 carrier phageλ噬菌体 lambda particles phage [可]诱导噬菌体 inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体 homoimmune phage噬菌体分型 bacteriophage typing噬菌体型 phagetype噬菌体变型 phagevar噬斑 plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部 polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘 polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛 fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须 whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白 pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原 fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体 apex[噬菌体]基片插孔 base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片丝 base-plate fibril[噬菌体]基片楔突 base-plate wedge [噬菌体]串联体 concatemer[噬菌体]颈部 collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒 apical capsomere [噬菌体]尾丝 tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体 monster[噬菌体]颈圈 connector[噬菌体]髓部 core[噬菌体]头部 head[噬菌体]尾部 tail[噬菌体]尾管 tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘 tail sheath类病毒 viroid病毒 virus真病毒 euvirus亚病毒 subvirus原病毒 provirus拟病毒 virusoid卫星病毒 satellite virus假型病毒 pseudotype virus慢病毒 slow virus辅助病毒 helper virus过客病毒 passenger virus多分体病毒 multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒 entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒 granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒 polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒 nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV 质型多角体病毒 cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV多粒包埋型病毒 multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒 singly embedded virus伴随病毒 associated virus浓核病毒 densovirus,DNV内源病毒 endogenous virus潜伏病毒 latent virus肠道病毒 enterovirus艾柯病毒 ECHO virus虫媒病毒 arbovirus腺病毒 adenovirus腺伴随病毒 adeno associated virus真菌病毒 mycovirus肿瘤病毒 oncovirus逆[转]录病毒 retro virus坏死病毒 necrosis virus虹彩病毒 irido virus泛嗜性病毒 pantropic virus毒株 strain原[生小]体 elementary body包含体 inclusion body顾氏小体 Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体 Negri's body病毒[粒]体 virion裸露病毒[粒]体 naked virion假病毒体 pseudovirion立体对称 cubical symmetry二十面体对称 icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称 helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体 pentomer,pentons[病毒]六邻体 hexonmer,hexons复合对称 complex symmetry包膜突起 peplomerbody包膜 envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜 protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原 envelope antigen[病毒]壳体 capsid[病毒]壳粒 capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体 icosahedron capsid核心 core核壳 nucleocapsid病毒原质体 viroplasma病毒束 virus bundle多角体 polyhedron多角体蛋白 polyhedrin颗粒体 granule颗粒体蛋白 granulin类核 nucleoid内含颗粒 inclusion granuleX体 X-body[病毒]早期蛋白 early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白 late protein负链 negative strand正链 positive strand复制子 replicon病毒发生基质 virogenic stroma衣原体 chlamydia[衣原体]始体 initial body立克次氏体 rickettsia假肽聚糖 pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖 peptidoglycan磷壁酸 teichoic acid胞壁酸 muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸 dipicolinic acid, DPA脂多糖类 lipopolysaccharides多糖包被 glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白 flagellin菌毛蛋白 pilin杀白细胞素 leucocidin豆血红蛋白 leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白 phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白 phycocyanin藻红蛋白 phycoerythrin藻青素 cyanophycin藻蓝素 algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素 phycobilin藻红[胆]素 phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素 phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒 cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素 allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素 carotenoids细菌淀粉粒 granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐 poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白 staphylococcal protein A, SPA 纯化蛋白衍生物 purified protein derivative, PPD [葡萄球菌]凝固酶 staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶 permease胞内酶 intracellular enzyme胞外酶 extracellular enzyme果胶酶 pectinase逆[转]录酶 reverse transcriptase凝固酶 coagulase受体破坏酶 receptor destroying enzyme, RDE 透明质酸酶 hyaluronidase纤维素酶 cellulase链道酶 streptodornase,SD链激酶 streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶 neuraminidase青霉素酶 penicillinase溶菌酶 lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质 bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素 bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素 bacteriochlorophyll自溶素 autolysin亲菌素 bacteriotropin攻击素 aggressin抑殖素 ablastin粘附素 adhesin菌红素 bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素 prodigiosus toxin细菌素 bacteriocin麻风菌素 lepromin葡萄球菌素 staphylococcin伞菌氨酸 agarfitine苏云金菌素 thuricin肠球菌素 enterococcin布氏菌素 brucellin大肠菌素 colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素 syringacin黄色粘球菌素 xanthacin链球菌素 streptocin流产菌素 abortin绿脓[菌]素 pyocyanin红假单胞菌素 rhodopseudomonacin绿脓菌荧光素 pyofluorescein白喉毒素 diphtheria toxin杯伞素 clitocybine白细胞溶素 leucolysin表皮溶解毒素 epidermolytic toxin产气荚膜梭菌素 perfringocin肠毒素 enterotoxin毒蝇碱 muscarine肺炎球菌毒素 pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽 phalloidin根霉蝶呤 rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素 pneumolysin黑粉菌酸 ustilagic acid分枝菌酸 mycolic acid齿孔酸 eburicoic acid根霉促进素 rhizopin蘑菇素 agaricin蘑菇酸 agaricinic acid红斑毒素 erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素 aflatoxin菌丝酰胺 mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素 pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素 staphylolysin真菌毒素 mycotoxin曲霉毒素 aspertoxin赭曲毒素 ochratoxin曲酸 kojic acid破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素 tetanospasmin溶葡萄球菌素 lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素 tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶 fibrinolysin溶血素 hemolysin鼠疫菌素 pesticin神经毒素 neurotoxin杀[细]菌素 bactericidin外毒素 exotoxin内毒素 endotoxin细菌毒素 bacteriotoxin血凝素 hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素 sterigmatocystin毒植物素 phytotoxin真菌醇 mykol链球菌溶血素 streptolysin剥脱性毒素 exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素 bacteriofluorescein[放线菌]土臭味素 geosmins土壤杆菌素 agrobacteriocin产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis生物转化 bioconversion生长因子 growth factor420 因子 factor 420V 因子 V factorX 因子 X factor微生物学 microbiology病毒学 virology噬菌体学 bacteriophagology细菌学 bacteriology鉴定细菌学 determinative bacteriology系统细菌学 systematic bacteriology真菌学 mycology原生生物学 protistology原生动物学 protozoology普通微生物学 general microbilogy微生物分类学 microbial taxonomy微生物生理学 microbial physiology微生物生物化学 microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学 microbial genetics微生物生态学 microbial ecology古微生物学 paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学 soil microbiology水生微生物学 aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学 marine microbiology悉生生物学 gnotobiology医学微生物学 medical microbiology兽医微生物学 veterinary microbiology农业微生物学 agricultural microbiology工业微生物学 industrial microbiology石油微生物学 petroleum microbiology食品微生物学 food microbiology乳品微生物学 diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学 rumen microbiology诊断微生物学 diagnostic microbiology病原学 etiology国际微生物学会联合会 International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会 Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会 World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所 American Type Culture Collection, ATCC自然发生说，无生源说 spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界 urkingdom始祖生物 progenote古始生物界 archetista古细菌 archaebacteria原生生物 protista原生动物 protozoan原生植物 protophyte真核生物 eukaryote原核生物 prokaryote裂殖植物 schizophyte微生物 microorganism数值分类法 numerical taxonomy模式目 type order模式科 type family模式属 type genus模式种 type species模式株 type strain真菌 fungi捕食真菌 predacious fungi虫道真菌 ambrosia fungi地下真菌 hypogeal fungi虫生真菌 entomogenous fungi菌根真菌 mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌 wood-decay fungi霉菌 mold, mould半知菌 imperfect fungi子囊菌 ascomycetes粘菌 slime mold, slime mould壶菌 chytrid卵菌 oomycetes接合菌 zygomycetes担子菌 basidiomycetes核菌 pyrenomycetes盘菌 cup fungi块菌 truffles锈菌 rust fungi蘑菇 mushrooms毒蘑菇 poisonous mushroom酵母菌 yeast无孢子酵母菌 asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌 sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌 smut fungi双态性真菌 dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌 ectothrix毛内癣菌 endothrix完全真菌 perfect fungi黑粉病 smut disease锈病 rust disease菌丝 hypha菌髓 trama假菌丝体 pseudomycelium气生菌丝体 aerial mycelium基内菌丝体 substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体 racquet mycelium结节状菌丝 nodular mycelium梳状菌丝 pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝 spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝 stolon次生菌丝体 secondary mycelium有隔菌丝 septate hypha无隔菌丝 nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体 reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体 vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体 sterile mycelium菌丝体 mycelium黄癣菌丝 favic chandelier mycelium产囊丝 ascogenous hypha产囊体 ascogonium原植体 thallus粘菌体 aethalium合胞体 syncytium虫菌体 hyphal body盾状体 clypeus子实体 fruiting body产孢体 gleba子实层体 hymenophore子实层 hymenium子实下层 subhymenium菌丝层 subiculum菌丝段 hyphal fragment菌丝束 coremium菌丝索 funiculus菌核 sclerotium器菌核 pycnosclerotium菌环 annulus菌裙 indusium菌盖 pileus顶体 apicle藏卵器 oogonium雄器 antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器 pycnium 锈子器 aecium精子器 spermogonium囊状体 cystidium粉孢子梗 oidiophore小梗 sterigma接合孢子柄 zygosporophore孢囊柄 sporangiophore配囊柄 suspensor孢子梗 sporophore分生孢子梗 conidiophore雄器柄 androphore帚状枝 penicillus瓶梗 phialide梗基 metulae芽孔 germ pore芽管 germ tube芽缝 germ slit孢丝 capillitium周丝 periphysis类周丝 periphysoid侧丝 paraphysis拟侧丝 pseudoparaphysis类侧丝 paraphysoid[孢子]外壁 exosporium外生菌根 ectomycorrhiza内生菌根 endomycorrhiza内外生菌根 ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza 刺突 spike弹丝 elater刚毛 seta微体 microbody泡囊 vesicle隔膜 septum假隔膜 pseudoseptum分生孢子盘 acervulus分生孢子座 sporodochium精子团 spermatium囊基膜 hypothallus囊层基 hypothecium囊层被 epithecium囊间丝 hamathecium囊托 apophysis囊领 collarette囊轴 columella孔口 ostiole菌托 volva孢子角 cirrus孢子球 spore ball孢子印 spore print聚簇 cluster[菌丝]融合 anastomosis[孢子]切落 abjunction[孢子]缢断 abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子 oidium孢子 spore掷孢子 ballistospore厚壁孢子 chlamydospore环痕孢子 annellospore节孢子 arthrospore卷旋孢子 helicospore腊肠形孢子 allantospore。
大三专业英语作业(微生物翻译)
微生物的范围难以界定促使罗杰Dtanier提议，这个领域不仅要从它研究对象的
大小，而且要从它研究的方法技巧等方面来定义。
Add you title
一个微生物学家首先 把一个特定的微生物
A microbiologist usually first isolates a specific microoorganism from a population and then cultures it.
不清楚地生物体的研究，也就是研究微小生物。
Add you title
Its subjects are
viruses,bacteria,many
它研究的对象有病毒，细 菌，各种藻类，菌类和原 生动物。
algae and fungi,and
protozoa.
Add you title
Yet other members of these groups,particularly some of the algae and fungi,are larger and quite visible.
text
text text
余的显微镜使用者----荷
兰的列文虎克
Part one
Add Your Text Leeuwenhoek earned his living as a draper and haberdasher ,but spent much of his spare time
constructing simple microscopes lamo Fracastoro 认为疾病是由看不见得生活生
disease was caused by
invisible living creatures.
微生物和细菌英语作文
微生物和细菌英语作文Microorganisms and bacteria are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but they actually refer to different things. Microorganisms, or microbes for short, are tiny living organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. They include bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. On the other hand, bacteria are a specific type of microorganism that are single-celled and have a prokaryotic cellular structure.Microorganisms play a crucial role in various aspects of our lives. They can be found everywhere, from the soil we walk on to the air we breathe. Some microorganisms are beneficial, such as those found in our gut that help with digestion, while others can be harmful, causing diseases like pneumonia or food poisoning.Bacteria, as a type of microorganism, have their own unique characteristics. They are prokaryotic, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Thisallows them to reproduce quickly and adapt to different environments. Bacteria can be found in various shapes, including spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla).Bacteria are incredibly diverse and can survive in extreme conditions. For example, there are bacteria that thrive in hot springs, deep-sea vents, and even in the icy waters of Antarctica. Some bacteria are also capable of photosynthesis, producing their own food using sunlight, while others are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients from organic matter.In addition to their ecological significance, bacteria also have important industrial applications. They are used in the production of antibiotics, enzymes, and other pharmaceutical products. Bacteria are also involved in the fermentation process, which is used to make various foods and beverages, such as yogurt, cheese, and beer.However, bacteria can also be pathogenic and cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. For example,Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for pneumonia, while Escherichia coli can cause severe gastrointestinal infections. Understanding the characteristics and behavior of bacteria is crucial in developing effective treatments and preventive measures against bacterial infections.In conclusion, microorganisms and bacteria are closely related but distinct terms. Microorganisms encompass a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Bacteria, on the other hand, are a specific type of microorganism that are single-celled and have a prokaryotic cellular structure. They play important rolesin various aspects of our lives, from digestion to industrial applications. However, they can also be harmful and cause diseases. Understanding the characteristics and behavior of bacteria is essential in managing their impact on human health and the environment.微生物和细菌是两个常常被混淆使用的术语，但它们实际上指的是不同的事物。
微生物专业英语
微生物学microbiology病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology系统细菌学systematic bacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学general microbiology微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微生物生理学microbial physiology微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物生态学microbial ecology古微生物学pale microbiology土壤微生物学soil microbiology水生微生物学aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学marine microbiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medical microbiology兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology农业微生物学agricultural microbiology工业微生物学industrial microbiology石油微生物学petroleum microbiology食品微生物学food microbiology乳品微生物学diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, CCCCM 美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, A TCC自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical taxonomy 模式目type order模式科type family模式属type genus模式种type species模式株type strain真菌fungi捕食真菌predacious fungi虫道真菌ambrosia fungi地下真菌hypogeal fungi虫生真菌entomogenous fungi菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌wood-decay fungi霉菌mold, mould半知菌imperfect fungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slime mold, slime mould壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidiomycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cup fungi块菌truffles锈菌rust fungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi双态性真菌dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfect fungi黑粉病smut disease锈病rust disease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium基内菌丝体substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium结节状菌丝nodular mycelium梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondary mycelium有隔菌丝septate hypha无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体sterile mycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝ascogenous hypha产囊体ascogonium原植体thallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphal body盾状体clypeus子实体fruiting body产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphal fragment菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium菌环annulus菌裙indusium菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cystidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germ pore芽管germ tube芽缝germ slit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid[孢子]外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza 刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子球spore ball聚簇cluster[菌丝]融合anastomosis[孢子]切落abjunction[孢子]缢断abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子oidium孢子spore掷孢子ballistospore厚壁孢子chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium小分生孢子microconidium节分生孢子arthroconidium芽分生孢子blastoconidium器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore锈孢子aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢[子]囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium 休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium 子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus 单囊壁子囊unitunicate ascus 双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp[接]合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogametangium 原配子囊progametangium 小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection 偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心centrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖parasexuality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangial copulation交配型mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成sporulation细菌bacteria薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes无壁[细]菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria放线菌actinomycetes螺[旋]菌spirilla粘细菌slime bacteria鞘细菌sheathed bacteria柄细菌caulobacteria弧菌vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌sulfate reducting bacteria硫细菌sulfur bacteria铁细菌iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria产甲烷菌methanogen硝化细菌nitrobacteria反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria产乙酸菌acetogen同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria 同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria产氢菌hydrogenogens产气菌aerogen不产气菌anaerogen发光细菌luminous bacteria产色细菌chromogenic bacteria化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria 光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria 光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria自养菌autotrophic bacteria异养菌heterotrophic bacteria光养菌phototrophic bacteria需氧菌aerobe微需氧菌microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria厌氧菌anaerobe兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria腐生菌saprophytic bacteria苛求菌fastidious microorganism极端细菌extreme bacteria嗜压菌barophilic bacteria嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria嗜硫菌thiophilic bacteria中温菌mesophilic bacteria耐热细菌thermophilric bacteria氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria肠道细菌intestinal bacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体bacteriosome微生子gonidium蓝细菌cyanobacteria[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome静息孢子akinete滑行gliding异形[囊]胞heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar血清型serotype血清变型serovar致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar生物型biotype生物变型biovar形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 球菌coccus双球菌diplococcus四联球菌tetrads八叠球菌sarcina球杆菌coccobacillus杆菌rod双杆菌diplobacillus棒状菌corynebacteria[细菌]毛状体trichome单鞭毛菌monotricha周[鞭]毛菌peritricha丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌gliding bacteria细菌L-型L-form of bacterium菌落colony酵母型菌落yeast type colony类酵母型菌落yeast like colony次生菌落secondary colony粗糙型菌落rough colony光滑型菌落smooth colony丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 子菌落daughter colony深层菌落deep colony粘液型菌落mucoid colony巨大菌落giant colony侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌苔lawn菌胶团zoogloea菌膜pellicle[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle群游现象swarming菌柄stipe[菌体]附器appendage鞭毛flagellum周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella 轴丝axial filament菌毛pilus性丝sex pilus外生孢子exospore内生孢子endospore芽孢spore芽孢形成sporulation终端芽孢terminal spore近端芽孢subterminal spore中生芽孢central spore前芽孢forespore[芽孢]皮层cortex芽孢外膜exitine芽孢内膜intine外壁exine伴胞晶体parasporal crystal菌蜕ghost鞘sheath荚膜capsule粘液层slime layer微荚膜microcapsule壁膜间隙periplasmic space原生质体protoplast原生质球spheroplast气泡gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体mesosome载色体chromatophore鞭毛基体flagellar basal body 异染质volutin异染粒matachromatic granules 致死颗粒killer particle紫膜purple membrane噬菌体bacteriophage无囊盖类inoperculatae超显微微生物ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体mycophage噬藻体phycophage烈性噬菌体virulent phage温和噬菌体temperate phage前原噬菌体preprophage原噬菌体prophage隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体lambda particles phage[可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar噬斑plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub[噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril[噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge [噬菌体]串联体concatemer[噬菌体]颈部collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere [噬菌体]尾丝tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体monster[噬菌体]颈圈connector[噬菌体]髓部core[噬菌体]头部head[噬菌体]尾部tail[噬菌体]尾管tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘tail sheath类病毒viroid病毒virus真病毒euvirus亚病毒subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒virusoid卫星病毒satellite virus假型病毒pseudotype virus慢病毒slow virus辅助病毒helper virus过客病毒passenger virus多分体病毒multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV 多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus伴随病毒associated virus浓核病毒densovirus,DNV内源病毒endogenous virus潜伏病毒latent virus肠道病毒enterovirus艾柯病毒ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒adenovirus腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus真菌病毒mycovirus肿瘤病毒oncovirus逆[转]录病毒retro virus坏死病毒necrosis virus虹彩病毒irido virus泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus毒株strain原[生小]体elementary body包含体inclusion body顾氏小体Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体Negri's body病毒[粒]体virion裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion假病毒体pseudovirion立体对称cubical symmetry二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons[病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称complex symmetry包膜突起peplomerbody包膜envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen [病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 核心core核壳nucleocapsid病毒原质体viroplasma病毒束virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白polyhedrin颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin类核nucleoid内含颗粒inclusion granuleX体X-body[病毒]早期蛋白early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein负链negative strand正链positive strand复制子replicon病毒发生基质virogenic stroma衣原体chlamydia[衣原体]始体initial body立克次氏体rickettsia假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖peptidoglycan磷壁酸teichoic acid胞壁酸muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA 脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白flagellin菌毛蛋白pilin杀白细胞素leucocidin豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻青素cyanophycin藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素phycobilin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素carotenoids细菌淀粉粒granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA 纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD [葡萄球菌]凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶permease胞内酶intracellular enzyme胞外酶extracellular enzyme果胶酶pectinase逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶coagulase受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶cellulase链道酶streptodornase,SD链激酶streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶penicillinase溶菌酶lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll自溶素autolysin亲菌素bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素ablastin粘附素adhesin菌红素bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素lepromin葡萄球菌素staphylococcin伞菌氨酸agarfitine苏云金菌素thuricin肠球菌素enterococcin布氏菌素brucellin大肠菌素colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素syringacin黄色粘球菌素xanthacin链球菌素streptocin流产菌素abortin绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein白喉毒素diphtheria toxin杯伞素clitocybine白细胞溶素leucolysin表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin 产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin肠毒素enterotoxin毒蝇碱muscarine肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin 黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸mycolic acid齿孔酸eburicoic acid根霉促进素rhizopin蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin菌丝酰胺mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素staphylolysin真菌毒素mycotoxin曲霉毒素aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸kojic acid破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素tetanospasmin 溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin溶血素hemolysin鼠疫菌素pesticin神经毒素neurotoxin杀[细]菌素bactericidin外毒素exotoxin内毒素endotoxin细菌毒素bacteriotoxin血凝素hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素sterigmatocystin毒植物素phytotoxin真菌醇mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis生物转化bioconversion生长因子growth factor420 因子factor 420V 因子V factorX 因子X factor辅酶M coenzyme M微量营养micronutrient特需营养要求型idiotroph微[量]动[力]作用oligodynamic action 抗代谢物antimetabolites索状因子cord factor异株克生物质allelopathic substances 光能无机营养photolithotrophy光能有机营养photoorganotrophy化能无机营养chemolithotrophy化能有机营养chemoorganotrophy光营养phototrophy兼性营养amphitrophy腐生营养saprophytic nutrition甲基营养methylotrophy化能营养chemotrophy自养autotrophy光能自养photoautotrophy化能自养chemoautotrophy半自养mesotrophy异养heterotrophy氮平衡nitrogen balance碳平衡carbon balance磷平衡phosphorus balance同化作用assimilation异化作用dissimilation氨化作用ammonification硝化作用nitrification反硝化作用denitrification固氮作用nitrogen fixation非共生固氮作用asymbiotic nitrogen fixation 光同化作用photo-assimilation巴氏效应Pasteur effect葡萄糖效应glucose effect种间分子氢转移interspecies H transfer发酵fermentation发酵[能]力fermentation capacity可发酵性fermentability同型发酵homofermentation异型发酵heterofermentation厌氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration厌氧生活anaerobiosis需氧呼吸aerobic respiration需氧生活aerobiosis反馈抑制feed back inhibition内源变量endogenenous variable异养潜能heterotrophic potential溶菌丝作用hypholytic action溶菌作用bacteriolysis费氏[溶菌]现象Pfeiffer's phenomenon自溶[现象] autolysis裂殖schizogenesis芽殖budding二分分裂binary fission不等分裂unequal fission断裂fragmentation复分裂multiple fission隐蔽期eclipse period比生长速率specific growth rate同步生长synchronous growth双峰生长曲线diauxie growth curve延滞期lag phase一步生长[曲线] one step growth时间-存活曲线time-survival curve倍增时间doubling time指数生长exponential growth衰亡期decline phase稳定期stationary phase对数期log phase时间节律temporal rhythm隐生现象cryptobiosis休眠dormancy衰老型involution form静息细胞resting cell光复活作用photoreactivation交叉复活cross reactivation热[致]死时thermal death time热[致]死点thermal death point原生质体再生protoplast regeneration[噬菌体]接合分裂conjugate division[噬菌体]裂解阻抑lysis inhibition[噬菌体]裂解量burst size[噬菌体]生产性感染productive infection[噬菌体]自愈curing病毒复制replication of virus复制周期replicative cycle裂解周期lytic cycle[病毒]侵入penetration病毒入胞现象viropexis[病毒]脱壳uncoating[病毒]装配assembly蚀斑plaque蚀斑形成单位plaque forming unit,PFU成斑效率efficiency of plating强毒株virulent strain[狂犬病]固定毒fixed virus[狂犬病]街毒street virus病毒抑制作用viral inhibition病毒诱导virus induction[流感病毒]α抑制物α-inhibitor[流感病毒]朱氏抑制物Chu-inhibitor ,β－inhibitor 干扰素interferon干扰[现象] interference溶原化lysogenization溶原性lysogeny溶原现象lysogenesis抗生素antibiotic阿克拉霉素aclacinomycin放线酮actidione, cycloheximide放线菌素actinomycin阿霉素adriamycin氨丁苷菌素ambutyrosin7-氨基头孢菌酸7-aminocephalosporinic acid6-氨基青霉烷酸6-aminopenicillanic acid两性霉素amphotericin安丝菌素ansamitocin抗蠕霉素anthelmycin抗霉素antimycin阿泊拉霉素apramycin除疟霉素aplasmomycin曲霉菌素aspergillin除虫菌素avermectin杆菌肽bacitracin双环霉素bicyclomycin杀稻瘟素blasticidin博来霉素bleomycin丁苷菌素butirosin, butyrosin杀假丝菌素candicidin卷曲霉素capreomycin, capromycin腐霉素carriomycin洋红霉素carminomycin天青菌素celesticetin头孢菌素cephalosporin氯霉素chloromycetin, chloramphenicol 金霉素chloroteracycline, aureomycin 色霉素chromomycin创新霉素chuangxinmycin棒酸clavulanic acid氯林肯霉素clindamycin粘菌素colistin鬼伞菌素coprinin蛹虫草菌素cordycepin香菇菌素cortinellin环孢菌素cyclosporin环丝氨酸cycloserine松胞菌素cytochalasin胞霉素cytomycin道诺霉素daunomycin越霉素destomycin偏端霉素distamycin红霉素erythromycin抑酯酶素esterastin扁枝衣霉素everninomicin间型霉素formycin健霉素fortimicin磷霉素fosfomycin, phosphonomycin 镰孢菌酸fusarinic acid艮他霉素gentamicin胶霉毒素gliotoxin谷氏菌素gougerotin短杆菌肽gramicidin灰霉素grisein灰黄霉素griseofulvin除莠菌素herbicidin除莠霉素herbimycin全霉素holomycin潮霉素hygromycin岛霉素ilamycin天神霉素istamycin双氢除虫菌素ivermectin交沙霉素josamycin卡那霉素kanamycin春日霉素kasugamycin柱晶白霉素leucomycin林可霉素lincomycin美登素maytenin酒霉素methymycin光神霉素mithramycin丝裂霉素mitomycin莫能菌素monensin菌霉素mycomycin霉酚酸mycophenolic acid麦迪霉素mydecamycin, midecamycin 暗霉素nebramycin新霉素neomycin纺锤菌素netropsin诺卡菌素nocardin新生霉素novobiocin制霉菌素nystatin竹桃霉素oleandomycin蛇孢菌素ophiobollin展青霉素patulin青霉酸penicillic acid青霉素penicillin多氧菌素polyoxin多粘菌素polymyxin灵菌红素prodigiosin制反转录酶素revistin核糖霉素ribostamycin, vistamycin利福霉素rifamycin龟裂杀菌素rimocidin瑞斯托菌素ristocetin蔷薇霉素rosamicin红比霉素rubidomycin相模霉素sagamicin盐霉素salinomycin肉瘤霉素sarkomycin制唾酸酶素siastatin紫苏霉素sisomicin壮观霉素spectinomycin, actinospectacin 螺旋霉素spiramycin链霉素streptomycin链黑菌素streptonigrin链丝菌素streptothricin枯草菌素subtilin杀鱼菌素teleocidin土霉素terramycin, oxytetracycline四环素tetracycline噻烯霉素thienamycin硫藤黄素thiolutin妥布拉霉素tobramycin木霉菌素trichodermin抗滴虫霉素trichomycin衣霉素tunicamycin泰乐菌素tylosin焦曲菌素ustin有效霉素validamycin缬氨霉素valinomycin, aminomycin万古霉素vancomycin疣孢菌素verrucarine优胜霉素victomycin紫霉素viomycin巴龙霉素paromomycin遗传转化genetic transformation供体donor受体recipient转化体transformant感受态competence光滑型smooth type粗糙型rough type无性型anamorph克隆clone有性型teleomorph异源性heterology同源性homology转导transduction局限转导restricted transduction转染transfection溶原性转换lysogenic conversion抗原性漂移antigenic drift抗原性转变antigenic shift高频重组high frequency of recombination, Hfr 重组recombination接合[作用] conjugation重组体recombinant互补complementation杂合[现象] heterozygosis重组子recon接合阶段zygophase接合zygosis质粒plasmid粘粒cosmid噬粒phasmid质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility相容性compatibility致育因子fertility factor性因子sex factor大肠杆菌素生成因子colicinogenic factor突变mutation表型phenotype环状染色体ring chromosome基因型genotype原养型prototroph原养菌prototrophic bacteria营养缺陷型auxotroph多重营养缺陷型polyauxotroph诱变mutagenesis诱变剂mutagen诱发变异induced variation突变体mutant渗漏突变体leaky mutant条件突变株conditional mutant条件致死conditional lethal温敏突变株temperature sensitive mutants半透明型突变噬斑cococarde噬斑突变株plaque mutants宿主范围突变株host range mutant扇形突变secter mutationH-O 变异H-O variation弱毒株low virulent strain减毒株attenuated strain凝固酶因子coagulase factor耐药[性决定]因子resistance determining factor 耐药性转移因子resistance transfer factor, RTF 抗药性drug-resistance抗药因子resistance factor抗药基因drug resistant gene抗药性菌株drug resistant strain基因簇gene cluster复制replication启动子promotor操纵子operon单形现象monomorphism双态现象dimorphism多形现象polymorphism干扰缺损颗粒defective interfering particle重分配redistribution表型混杂phenotypic mixing基因转移gene transfer原生质体融合protoplast fusion趋合子性zygotaxis向合子性zygotropism兔化毒lapinized virus缺损病毒defective virus[病毒]缺损突变株defective mutant[流感病毒]O-D相变异O-D variation病毒基因virogene[病毒]早期基因early genes[病毒]晚期基因late genes微生物生态系统microbial ecosystem趋化性chemotaxis趋氧性aerotaxis趋光性phototaxis向化性chemotropism向氧性oxytropism向光性phototropism内共生endosymbiosis捕食作用predation拮抗作用antagonism初级合作protocooperation共生symbiosis互利共栖mutualism偏害共栖amensalism偏利共栖commensalism互养共栖syntrophism兢争[共栖] competition寄生parasitism无关共栖neutralism卫星现象satellitism协同共栖synergism异种克生[现象] allelopathy代谢共栖metabiosis共生生物symbiont聚生体consortium伴生种companions致坏死寄生物necroparsite根际微生物rhizospheric microorganism叶际微生物phyllospheric microorganism悉生生物gnotobiote腐生现象saprophytism分解者decomposer含菌细胞mycetosome嗜狭高温生物stenothermophiles广温微生物eurythermal microorganism狭温微生物stenothermal microorganisms暂居微生物transient microbe原生演替primary succession次生演替secondary succession异养演替heterotrophic succession自养演替autotrophic succession顶极群落climax community菌群flora区系flora微生物区系microflora土著菌群indigenous flora土著区系indigenous flora菌群失调dysbacteriosis水华blooms生物量biomass生物质biomass生物圈biosphere前发酵primary fermentation后发酵secondary fermentation浅盘发酵shallow tray fermentation深层发酵submerged fermentation固态发酵solid state fermentation液态发酵liquid state fermentation主发酵main fermentation连续发酵continuous fermentation半连续[型]发酵semicontinuous fermentation[罐]批发酵batch fermentation敞口发酵open fermentation上面发酵top fermentation下面发酵bottom fermentation上面酵母top yeast下面酵母bottom yeast阿明露法amylo process酿造brewing酿造技术brewing technique陈酿化aging发酵罐fermenter种子罐seeding tank手动气锁manual airlock自动气锁automatic airlock超滤膜ultrafiltration membrane超滤法ultrafiltration消泡剂antifoam agent醋化作用acetification酸化作用acidification糖化作用saccharification糖化剂sacchariferous agents曲Qu(raw starter)大曲Daqu (massive raw stater for alcholic liquor) 小曲Xiaoqu(raw starter complex)日本酒曲koji麸曲bran koji液体曲liquid koji起子starter, culture starter酒母seeding yeast活性干酵母active dry yeast单细胞蛋白single cell protein, SCP菌丝球mycelium pellet活性污泥activated sludge醪液mash固定化细胞immobilized cell共固定化作用co-immobilization酸败spoilage平[罐]酸败flat-sour spoilage平罐酸败菌flat sour bacteria需氧量oxygen requirement生物致劣deterioration微生物传感器microbial sensor微生物浸矿microbial leaching微生物杀虫剂microbial pesticide病毒杀虫剂viral pesticide根瘤root nodule菌根mycorrhiza根瘤菌剂nitragin植物杀菌素phytocidin昆虫病原微生物entomopathogen [蜜蜂]幼虫腐臭病foulbrood固氮菌剂azotogen亚麻浸渍flax retting生物防治biological control沤麻retting青贮饲料silage沼气biogas无菌植物germ-free plant侵染infection侵染性infectivity侵染中心infectious center侵染剂量infective dose, ID病毒尿症viruria病毒血症viremia菌血症bacteremia食物中毒food poisoning真菌中毒mycetism标准血清standard serum混合分型血清pooled typing serum 抗血清antiserum抗白喉血清antidiphtheric serum 结核菌素反应tuberculin reaction 卡介苗BCG vaccine抗毒素antitoxin旧结核菌素old tuberculin, OT结核菌素单位tuberculin unit, TU 致热原pyrogen病原体pathogen带[病]毒者carrier带菌者carrier感染infection传染infection原发性感染原primary invader继发性感染原secondary invader 机会致病菌opportunistic pathogen 条件致病菌conditioned pathogen 正常菌群normal flora感染性infectivity感染中心infectious center攻击力aggressivity侵袭力invasiveness皮肤坏死毒素dermatonecrotoxin毒素toxin毒力virulence感染剂量infective dose, ID半感染剂量infectious dose 50%, ID 50半数组织培养感染量50% tissue culture infective dose, TCID 50 致病性pathogenicity致细胞病变[效应] cytopathic effect, CPE半数致死量50% lethal dose, LD 50细菌毒力bacterial virulence神经毒力neurovirulence类毒素toxoid神经毒性neurotoxicity最小感染量minimal infecting dose, MID最小抑菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最小致死量minimal lethal dose, MLD生物制品biological products鞭毛抗原flagellar antigen菌体抗原O antigen[细菌]包被抗原envelope antigen菌苗bacterial vaccine疫苗vaccine活疫苗live vaccine活菌苗live bacterial vaccine单价疫苗univalent vaccine单价菌苗univalent bacterial vaccine多价菌苗polyvalent bacterial vaccine多价疫苗polyvalent vaccine三联疫苗triple vaccine联合疫苗combined vaccine亚单位菌苗subunit bacterial vaccine亚单位疫苗subunit vaccine兔化法lapinization减毒作用attenuation自身疫苗autovaccine自身菌苗autovaccine菌苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy化学疗法chemotherapy疫苗疗法vaccinetherapy, vaccinotherapy疫苗再接种revaccination再接种reinoculation自身接种autoinoculationVi 抗原Vi antigen乙型肝炎核心抗原HBcAg乙型肝炎表面抗原HBsAg扩散因子spreading factor乙型肝炎e抗原HBeAg溶血[作用] haemolysis[抗菌素的]协同作用synergism抑菌作用bacteriostasis杀芽孢剂sporicide杀病毒剂virucide抗溶[菌]素antilysin杀菌剂germicides消毒剂disinfectant抑菌剂bacteriostat抗微生物剂antimicrobial agent抗菌剂antibacterial agent抗真菌剂antifungal agent杀细菌剂bactericide杀真菌剂mycocide抑真菌剂fungistat消毒disinfection腐败putrefaction防腐antisepsis石炭酸系数phenol coefficient药物敏感性drug susceptibility防腐剂antiseptic大肠菌类coliform group大肠[杆]菌值colititre大肠[杆]菌指数coli-index指示菌indicator显微肥达氏凝集试验microscopic Widal agglutination test 敏化细菌sensitized bacteria无特定病原动物specific pathogen free animals, SPFA无菌动物germ-free animal硫磺[样]颗粒sulfur granule显微镜microscope双目显微镜binocular microscope倒置显微镜invert microscope明视野显微镜bright field microscope暗视野dark-field暗视野显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微术dark-field microscopy相差显微镜phase contrast microscope[分辨]干涉差显微镜Differential interference contrast microscope, DICM 荧光显微镜fluorescence microscope电[子显微]镜electron microscope透射电[子显微]镜transmission electron microscope, TEM扫描电[子显微]镜scanning electron microscope, SEM超薄切片术ultramicrotomy超薄切片ultrathin section目镜ocular物镜objective透镜lens补偿目镜compensative eyepiece消色差透镜achromatic lens全消色差透镜apochromatic lens低倍物镜low power objective高倍物镜high power objective油浸物镜oil immersion objective显微镜集光器microscope condenser镜台测微计stage micrometer目镜测微计ocular micrometer显微操作micromanipulation显微操作器micromanipulator盖玻片cover glass载玻片slide凹玻片concave slide香柏油cedar oil涂片smear悬滴法hanging drop method热固定heat fixation镜检microscopic examination分辨率resolving power放大率magnification染色法staining染色反应staining reaction负染[色法] negative staining鉴别染色法differential staining对染[法] counterstaining两极染色bipolar staining萋-尼染色法Ziehl-Neelsen staining method抗酸细菌染色法acid-fast staining革兰氏染色Gram staining赖夫松鞭毛染色Leifson's flagella staining墨汁荚膜染色India-ink capsule staining阿氏染色Albert's staining麦氏[立克次氏体]染色Macchiavello's staining。
有关微生物的英语作文
有关微生物的英语作文Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Theyexist everywhere, from the air we breathe to the soil we walk on. They play a vital role in our lives and the environment, although their significance is often overlooked. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of microorganisms and their impact on various aspects of our lives.Microorganisms are incredibly diverse and can be found in various forms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. They have adapted to survive in extreme conditions, including hot springs, deep-sea vents, and even inside the human body. These organisms have the ability to reproduce rapidly, allowing them to quickly adapt to changes in their environment.One of the most significant contributions of microorganisms is their role in nutrient cycling. Theybreak down organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, and release essential nutrients back into the environment. This process, known as decomposition, is crucial for maintaining the balance of ecosystems. Without microorganisms, the Earth would be filled with decaying matter and nutrients would not be recycled efficiently.Microorganisms are also involved in the production of various foods and beverages. For example, yeast, a type of fungus, is used in the fermentation process to produce bread, beer, and wine. Bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, are used in the production of yogurt and cheese. These microorganisms convert sugars into acids, alcohol, and other compounds, giving these products their distinct flavors and textures.Furthermore, microorganisms play a vital role in medicine. Antibiotics, which are used to treat bacterial infections, are derived from microorganisms. For instance, penicillin, one of the first antibiotics discovered, is produced by a type of mold called Penicillium. In addition, microorganisms are used in the production of vaccines,insulin, and other pharmaceutical products. They are also being studied for their potential in cancer treatment and the development of new drugs.Microorganisms are not only beneficial but can also cause harm. Pathogenic microorganisms, such as certain bacteria and viruses, can cause infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. These diseases can range from mild to severe and can have a significant impact on public health. It is essential to understand and study these microorganisms to develop effective strategies for prevention and treatment.In conclusion, microorganisms are essential for our survival and the health of the planet. They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, food production, medicine, and the balance of ecosystems. However, they can also pose a threat to our health. Therefore, it is important to continue studying and understanding microorganisms to harness their benefits while minimizing their negative impacts.【中文回答】。
生物学英语中英对照
生物学英语中英对照1. 遗传学 Genetics基因 Gene染色体 Chromosome遗传变异 Genetic variation2. 细胞生物学 Cell Biology细胞 Cell细胞核 Nucleus细胞膜 Cell membrane3. 生态学 Ecology生态系统 Ecosystem生物多样性 Biodiversity生物群落 Biome4. 分子生物学 Molecular Biology蛋白质 Protein核酸 Nucleic acid酶 Enzyme5. 发育生物学 Developmental Biology胚胎发育 Embryonic development细胞分化 Cell differentiation形态发生 Morphogenesis6. 植物学 Botany叶绿体 Chloroplast光合作用 Photosynthesis根系 Root system7. 动物学 Zoology器官 Organ组织 Tissue神经系统 Nervous system8. 微生物学 Microbiology细菌 Bacteria病毒 Virus真菌 Fungus9. 生物化学 Biochemistry代谢 MetabolismATP（三磷酸腺苷） ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)酶促反应 Enzymatic reaction10. 生理学 Physiology心脏 Heart肺 Lung肝脏 Liver生物学英语中英对照（续）11. 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology自然选择 Natural selection物种形成 Speciation进化树 Evolutionary tree12. 行为生物学 Behavioral Biology繁殖行为 Reproductive behavior领域行为 Territorial behavior社会行为 Social behavior13. 神经生物学 Neurobiology神经元 Neuron突触 Synapse神经递质 Neurotransmitter14. 免疫学 Immunology抗体 Antibody免疫系统 Immune system炎症 Inflammation15. 营养学 Nutrition蛋白质 Protein碳水化合物 Carbohydrate脂肪 Fat16. 遗传工程 Genetic Engineering基因克隆 Gene cloning基因编辑 Gene editing转基因技术 Genetic modification 17. 生态遗传学 Ecological Genetics种群 Population环境适应性 Environmental adaptation遗传漂变 Genetic drift18. 生物信息学 Bioinformatics基因组学 Genomics蛋白质组学 Proteomics生物数据挖掘 Bioinformatics data mining19. 生物统计学 Biostatistics实验设计 Experimental design数据分析 Data analysis显著性检验 Significance test20. 环境生物学 Environmental Biology环境污染 Environmental pollution生态修复 Ecological restoration生物降解 Biodegradation这份生物学英语中英对照文档旨在帮助您更全面地了解生物学领域的专业术语。
微生物英语试题
临床微生物出科英语试卷年级：姓名：分数：一．英汉互译。
1.专性厌氧菌2.peptidoglycan3. 质粒4.metachromatic gramule5. 革兰染色6. 芽胞7.迁徙生长现象8.Weil—Felix9.anaerobic bacteria 10.satellite phenomenon 11.解脲脲原体12.fungus 13.yeast 14.丝状菌15.hypha 16.孢子17.chlamydospore18.Mycoplasma19. 灭活20. prion二．选择题。
1．测定人群对白喉有无免疫力，需要进行哪种试验？Ａ．Dick's test Ｂ．Schultz-Charlton's test Ｃ．Schick's test Ｄ．Elek's test 2 .检验饮水被肠道传染病原污染，常以哪种细菌作为指示？Ａ．Dycentery bacilli Ｂ．Salmonella typhi Ｃ．Escherichia coli Ｄ．Vibrio cholera 3．下列哪种细菌，一般不引起食物中毒？Ａ．Staph aureus Ｂ．Salmonella Ｃ．Shig ella bacilli Ｄ．Clos tridium welchii 4．疱疹病毒不包括：A HSVB VZVC CMVD HBVE EBV三．英文文献翻译。
Thiomonas genus is a group of facutatively autotrophi sulphur-oxidizing bacteria formerly belonging to the genus Thiobacillus. Thiomonas genus was created with the former Thiobacillus species Thiomonas intermedia, Thiomonascuprina, Thiomonas perometabolis and Thiomonas thermosulfatabased on their distinctive feature of growing autotrophically,heterotrophically as well as mixotrophically and their phylogenetic relatedness (Moreira and Amils 1997). Recently, a few new Thiomonas strains, which were able to oxidize iron (Dennison et al. 2001; Coupland et al. 2003) or arsenic (Battaglia-Brunet et al. 2002; Bruneel et al. 2003;Coupland et al. 2003), have been isolated from acid-minedrainage. However, there has been no report so far on the application of Thiomonas species in biological deodorization.In our screening programme to obtain active sulphur oxidizers for biological deodorization, a Thiomonas strain that was able to oxidize H2S and some other reduced sulphur compounds was isolated from an activated sludge sample in Singapore. This paper describes the isolation and characterization of this sulphur-oxidizing bacterium. Furthermore,data from a continuous H2S removal study are also presented to demonstrate the potential application of this bacterium in biological deodorization processes.。
医学微生物英语试题
Part 1 Single Best Choice Questions （40 1 point=40 pts)Instruction：(1) Mark the letter that corresponds to the right answer in the formatted ANSWER SHEET with 2B PENCIL. Since the marks are read by computer, answers in this question sheet will not be collected。
（2）For one question, only one letter is permitted to be darkened，otherwise, it will be recognize as wrong by the computer。
（3）Do not forget to mark your student ID number and write in your name。
1. Bacteria that lack cell walls and do not synthesize the precursors of peptidoglycan are calledA. SpirochetesB。
ChlamydiaeC。
MycoplasmasD。
L formsE. Bacilli2。
Each of the following is a typical property of obligate anaerobe EXCEPT A。
They generate energy by using the cytochrome systemB。
They grow best in the absence of airC。
They lack superoxide dismutaseD. They lack catalaseE。
生物工程专业英语常用词汇
生物工程专业英语常用词汇1. 细胞（cell）细胞是生物的基本结构和功能单位。
2. 基因（gene）基因是遗传信息的基本单位，决定了生物的遗传特征。
3. DNA分子（DNA molecule）DNA分子是携带遗传信息的分子，由核苷酸组成。
4. 蛋白质（protein）蛋白质是生物体内重要的分子，执行多种生物功能。
5. 生物反应器（bioreactor）生物反应器是用于培养和生产生物制品的设备。
6. 发酵（fermentation）发酵是生物工程中常用的生物转化过程，用于产生有用化合物。
7. 遗传工程（genetic engineering）遗传工程是改变生物体遗传特征的技术，如基因插入、基因删除等。
8. 转基因（transgenic）转基因指导入外源基因到生物体，改变其遗传特征。
9. 组织工程（tissue engineering）组织工程是利用细胞和支架材料重建和修复组织和器官的技术。
10. 生物传感器（biosensor）生物传感器是一种能够检测和测量生物分子或生物活性的装置。
11. 微生物（microorganism）微生物是肉眼看不见的微小生物体，如细菌、真菌等。
12. 生物药物（biopharmaceutical）生物药物是利用生物工程技术生产的药物，如蛋白质药物等。
13. 基因组（genome）基因组是一个生物体所有基因的集合。
14. 克隆（cloning）克隆是复制生物体的过程，产生与原生物体基因相同的个体。
15. 基因表达（gene expression）基因表达是基因转录和翻译的过程，产生蛋白质。
以上是生物工程专业常用的英语词汇，可以帮助你更好地理解和交流相关的知识和概念。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Microscope 显微镜Antony van leeuwenhoek 吕文虎克Louis Pasteur 巴斯德Joseph Lister 李斯德Robert Koch 郭霍Koch postulate 郭霍法则molecular Koch postulate 分子郭霍法则Bacterium 细菌Coccus 球菌Diplococcus 双球菌Bacillus 杆菌Spiral bacterium 螺型菌Vibrio 弧菌Spirillum 螺菌Polymorphism 多形性Cell wall 细胞壁Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Mucopeptide 粘肽Glycopeptide 糖肽Murein 胞壁质N-acetylmuramic acid ，NAM N-乙酰胞壁酸N-acetylglucosamine, NAG N-乙酰葡糖胺Diaminopimelic acid, DAP 二氨基庚二酸Teichoic acid 磷壁酸Ribitol 核糖醇Lipoteichoic acid, LTA 脂磷壁酸Outer membrane 外膜Lipopolysaccharide LPS 脂多糖Lipid A 脂质ALysozyme 溶菌酶Protoplast 原生质体Spheroplast 圆球体Bactrrial L form 细菌L形Cytoplasmic membrane 细胞膜Mesosome 中介体Cytoplasm 细胞质Ribosome 核糖体Plasmid 质粒Inclusion 内含物Metachromatic granule 异染颗粒Volutin 纡回体Nuclear material 核质Nucleoid 拟核Capsule 荚膜Microcapsule 微荚膜Slime layer 黏液层Smooth colony 光滑型菌落Mucoid colony 黏液型菌落Rough colony 粗糙型菌落Flagellum 鞭毛Pilus(fimbria) 菌毛Common pilus 普通菌毛Sex pilus 性菌毛Fertility 致育性Spore 芽孢Endospore 内芽孢Vegetative form 繁殖体Spore wall 芽孢壁Cortex 皮质层Coat 芽孢壳Exosporium 芽孢外衣Light microscope 光学显微镜Electron microscope 电子显微镜Dark microscope 暗视野显微镜Gram stain 革兰染色法Bacterial metabolism 细菌代谢Obligate aerobe 专性需氧菌Microaerophilic bacterium 微需氧菌Facultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌Obligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌Superoxide dismutase SOD 超氧化物歧化酶Catalase 触酶Peroxidase 郭氧化物酶Binary fission 二分裂法Growth curve 生长曲线Lag phase 迟晚期Logarithmic phase 对数生长期Stationary phase 稳定期Decline phase 衰亡期Autotroph 自养菌Heterotroph 异养菌Saprophyte 腐生菌Permease 通透酶Fermentation 发酵Pyrogen 热原质Antibiotic 抗生素Exotoxin 外毒素Endotoxin 内毒素Bacteriocin 细菌素Culture medium 培养基Basal medium 基础培养基Nutrient medium 营养培养基Selective medium 选择性培养基Different medium 鉴别培养基Anaerobic medium 厌养培养基Cooked meat medium 庖肉培养基1Colony 菌落，克隆Pure culture 纯培养Agar 琼脂Heredity 遗传Variation 变异Genotype 基因型Phenotype 表型Chromosome 染色体Replication fork 复制叉Leading strand 前导链Lagging strand 随从链Semiconservative replication 半保留复制Plasmid 质粒Conjugative plasmid 接合性质粒Non-conjugative plasmid 非接合性质粒Curing 消失Fertility plasmid 致育性质粒，F质粒Resistance plasmid 耐药性质粒，R质粒Colicinogenic plasmid 大肠杆菌定居原性质粒Col 质粒Virulence plasmid 毒力质粒，V质粒Episome 附加子Compatibility 相容性Incompatibility 不相容性Transposable element 转位因子Transposase 转位酶Insertion sequence IS 插入序列Transposon TN 转座子Bacteriophage phage 噬菌体Virulent phage 毒性噬菌体Temperate phage 温和噬菌体Lysogeny 溶原性Lysogenic phage 溶原性噬菌体Lysogenic bacterium 溶原性细菌Prophage 前噬菌体Attachment 吸附Adsorption 吸附Penetration 穿入Biosynthesis 生物合成Maturation 成熟Release 释放Mutation 突变Spontaneous mutation 自发突变Point mutation 点突变Chromosome aberration 染色体畸变Base pair substitution 碱基置换Open reading frame 开阅框架Transition 转换Transversion 颠换Deletion 缺失Translocation 易位Duplication 重复Inversion 倒位Frame shift mutation 移码突变Missense mutation 误义突变Nonsense mutation 无义突变Backward mutation 回复突变Mutation suppression 突变校正Intragenic suppression 基因内校正Extragenic suppression 基因间校正Fluctuation test 波动试验，彷徨试验Replica planting 平板培养影印试验Auxotroph 营养缺陷型Prototroph 原养型Conditional lethal mutation 条件致死性突变Temperature sensitive mutant 温度敏感突变株，Ts株Bacilli Calmette-Guerin , BCG 卡介苗Recombination 重组Gene transfer 基因转移Transformation 转化Transforming principle 转化因子Competence 感受态Transduction 转导General transduction 普遍性转导Abortive transduction 流产转导Restricted transduction 局限性转导Transducing phage 转导噬菌体Conjugation 接合High frequency recombinant ,Hfr 高频重组株Interrupted matting experiment 间断交配试验Sexduction 性导Resistance transfer factor ，RTF 耐药转移因子Resistance determinant ,r-det 耐药决定因子Lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换Gene engineering 基因工程Ames test Ames 试验Pathogenic bacterium 病原菌，致病菌Pathogen 病原菌，致病菌Non pathogen 非致病菌Conditional pathogen 条件致病菌Opportunistic pathogen 机会性致病菌Normal flora 正常菌群Membrane flora 膜菌群Dysbacteriosis 菌群失调Flora disequilibrium 菌群失调2Superinfection 二重感染Nosocomial infection 医院内感染Hospital acquired infection 医院内获得性感染Cross infection 交叉感染Iatrogenic infection 医源性感染Environmental infection 环境感染Self-infection 自身感染Lethal dose for 50% of host , LD50 半数致死量Median lethal dose, LD50 半数致死量Infestious dose for 50% of host, ID50 半数感染量Median infective dose, ID50 半数感染量Virulence 毒力Invasion 侵袭Invasiveness 侵袭力Adherence 黏附Adhesin 黏附素Receptor 受体Antiphagocytic factor 抗吞噬因子Exoenzyme 胞外酶Leukocidin 杀白细胞素Cytolytic toxin 溶细胞毒素Kinase 激酶Hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶Collagenase 胶元酶IgA1 protease IgA1蛋白酶Toxigenicity 产毒性Toxin 毒素Exotoxin 外毒素Cytotoxin 细胞毒素Neurotoxin 神经毒素Enterotoxin 肠毒素Endotoxin 内毒素Lipopolysaccharide , LPS 脂多糖Prostaglandin 前列腺素Disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC 弥漫性血管内凝血Limulus test 鲎试验Toxoid 类毒素Subclinic infection 隐性感染，亚临床感染Clinic infection 显性感染，临床感染Acute infection 急性感染Chronic infection 慢性感染Local infection 局部感染Generalized infection 全身感染Latent infection 潜伏感染Toxemia 毒血症Bacteremia 菌血症Septicemia 败血症Pyemia 脓毒血症Carrier 带菌者Innate immunity 天然免疫Nonspecific immunity 非特异性免疫Acquired immunity 获得性免疫Specific immunity 特异性免疫Myeloperoxidase 髓过氧化物酶Defesin 防御素Lactoferrin 乳铁蛋白Reactive oxygen intermediate,ROW 活性氧中介物Phagosome 吞噬体Lysosome 溶酶体Phagolysosome 吞噬溶酶体Phagocytosis 吞噬Pinocytosis 吞饮Respiratory burst 呼吸爆发Vaccine 疫苗Bioproduct 生物制品Artificial active immunity 人工主动免疫Artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫Liposome 脂质体Toxoid 类毒素Bacille calmette-Guerin , BCG 卡介苗Minimal inhibitory concentration , MIC 最低抑菌浓度Minimal bactericidal concentration ,MBC 最低杀菌浓度Esherichia 埃希菌属E . coli 大肠杆菌Colonization factor antigen , CFA 定居因子抗原Invasin 侵袭素Uropathogenic E . coli 尿道致病性大肠杆菌Enterotoxigenic E .coli , ETEC 肠产毒性大肠埃希菌Enteroinvasive E . coli , EIEC 肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌Enteropathogenic E . coli , EPEC 肠致病性大肠埃希菌Enterohemorrhagic E . coli , EHEC 肠出血性大肠埃希菌Enteroaggregative E . coli , EAEC 肠集聚性大肠埃希菌Enterocolitis 小肠结肠炎Heat labile enterotoxin , LT 不耐热肠毒素Heat stable enterotoxin , ST 耐热肠毒素Haemolytic uraemic symdrome , HUS 溶血性尿毒综合症Proteus 变形杆菌属weil –Felix test 外斐试验Corynebacterium 棒状杆菌属C. diphtheriae 白喉杆菌3Elongation factor-2 延长因子－2Schick test 锡克试验Diphtheroid bacilli 类白喉杆菌Elek plate test Elek平板试验Enteric bacilli 肠道杆菌Enterobacteriaceae 肠杆菌科Salmonella 沙门菌属S . typhi 伤寒杆菌S . typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌S . enteritidis 肠炎沙门菌S . anatum 鸭沙门菌Virulence antigen , Vi antigen Vi 抗原Widal test 肥达试验Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌tubercle bacillus 结合杆菌cord factor 索状因子old tuberculin OT 旧结核菌素purified protein derivative PPD 结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物OT test 结核菌素试验Macobacterium leprae 麻风杆菌M. leprae 麻风杆菌Vibrio 弧菌V. cholera 霍乱弧菌Classical biotype 古典生物型EL Tor biotype EL Tor 生物型Cholera enterotoxin 霍乱肠毒素Non-agglutinating Vibrio , NAG 不凝集性弧菌V. parahemolyticus 副溶血性弧菌Kanagawa test 神奈川试验Streptococcus 链球菌α－hemolytic streptococcus 甲型溶血性链球菌β－hemolytic streptococcus 乙型溶血性链球菌γ－hemolytic streptococcus 丙型溶血性链球菌group A streptococcus A群链球菌streptokinase , SK 链激酶streptodornase , SD 链道酶hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶streptolysin 链球菌溶血素streptolysin O , SLO 链球菌溶血素Ostreptolysin S , SLS 链球菌溶血素Spyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素erythrogenic toxin 红疹毒素scarlet fever toxin 猩红热毒素S . Agalatiae 无乳链球菌Antistreptolysin O test , ASO test 抗链球菌溶血素O试验pneumococcus 肺炎球菌S . Pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Optochin test ( Optochin –ethylhydrocupreinedihydrochloride ) 奥普托辛试验Quellung reaction 荚膜肿胀试验Neisseria 奈瑟菌属N.meningitidis 脑膜炎奈氏菌Meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌N.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈氏菌Gonococcus 淋球菌Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌S.aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌S.epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌S.saprophyticus 腐生葡萄球菌Staphylococcal protein A ,SPA 葡萄球菌A蛋白Coagglutination 协同凝集试验Coaggulase 凝固酶Free coaggulase 游离凝固酶Bound coaggulase 结合凝固酶Staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶血素Leukocidin 杀白细胞素Enterotoxin 肠毒素Exfoliative toxin , exfoliatin 表皮剥脱毒素Epidemolytic toxin 表皮溶解毒素Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ,SSSS 葡萄球菌皮肤烫伤样综合症Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 毒性休克综合症毒素－1Coaggulase –negative staphylococcus ,CNS 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌Clostridium 厌氧芽孢梭菌属C. tetani 破伤风梭菌Tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素Tetani antitoxin , TAT 破伤风抗毒素C. perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Nagler reaction 卵磷脂酶试验Stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵Gas gangrene 气性坏疽C. botulinum 肉毒梭菌C. difficile 艰难梭菌Bacteroides 类杆菌属B. fragilis 脆弱类杆菌Bifidobacterium 双歧杆菌属Helicobacter pylory Hp 幽门螺杆菌Vacuolating cytitoxin A 空泡毒素ACampylobacter jejuni ，C.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Shigella 志贺菌属Dysentery 痢疾4Shiga toxin 志贺毒素Meningismus 假性脑膜炎S . dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌S .flexneri 福氏志贺菌S . Boydii 鲍氏志贺菌S . Sonnei 宋氏志贺菌Nanometer 纳米，毫微米Virus 病毒Virion 毒粒，病毒体Genome 基因组Capsid 核壳，蛋白衣壳Nucleocapsid 核壳体Envelope 包膜Capsomere 壳粒Helical symmetry 螺旋对称Cubic symmetry 立体对称Icosahedral symmetry 二十面体立体对称Complex symmetry 复合对称Peplomere 包膜子粒Spike 刺突，突起Hemagglutinin ,HA 血凝素Neuraminidase ,NA 神经氨酸酶Virus family 病毒科Virus genus 病毒属Eclipse phase 隐蔽期Logarithmic phase 对数增殖期Viral multiplication 病毒增殖Viral replication 病毒复制Singel –stranded DNA,ssDNA virus 单股DNA病毒Doubel-stranded DNA,dsDNA virus 双股DNA病毒Singel-strang positive-senseRNA, ss+RNA virus 单股正链RNA病毒Doubel-stranded negative-senseRNA, ss-RNA virus 单股负链RNA病毒Doubel-stranded RNA, dsRNA + RNA virus 双链RNA病毒Retroviruses 逆转录病毒Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Replication of viruses 病毒的复制Adsorption 吸附Adhesin 黏附素Penetration 穿入Endosome 内体Uncoating 脱壳Biosynthesis 生物合成Replicative intermediate 复制中介体Procapsid 前衣壳Assembly 装配Maturation 成熟Release 释放Abortive infection 顿挫感染Permissive cell 容纳细胞Non-permissive cell 非容纳细胞Defective virus 缺陷病毒Helper virus 辅助病毒Interference 干扰现象Integration 整合Interferon IFN 干扰素neutralizing antibodies 中和抗体Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies 血凝抑制抗体Mutation 突变Point mutation 点突变Deletion mutation 缺失突变Temperature sensitive mutant, ts 温度敏感突变株drug-resistant mutant 耐药突变株Co-infection 同时感染Recombination 重组Reassortment 基因重分配marker rescue 拯救标记Multiplicity reactivation 多重复活Genetic reactivation 基因复活Complementation 互补作用Defective virus 缺损病毒Phenotypic mixing 表型混合Phenotypic exchange 表型交换Defective interfering particle，DIP 缺损干扰颗粒Viral integration 病毒的整合Viral Pathogenesis 病毒的致病机制Route of Viral Tranmission 病毒的传播naked capsid virus 裸病毒enveloped virus 包膜病horizontal transmission 水平传播vertical transmission 垂直传播permissive cell 容纳性细胞nonpermissive cell 非容纳性细胞semipermissive cell 半容纳性细胞Immortalization 永生化lytic infection 溶细胞感染nonlytic infection 非溶细胞感染abortive infection 顿挫感染（流产感染）inclusion body 包涵体5Immunopathology 免疫病理作用acute infection 急性感染fetal infection 宫内感染congenital infecion 先天性病毒感染neonatal infection 新生儿感染persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染chronic infection 慢性感染latent infection 潜伏感染slow virus infection 慢发病毒感染Prion 朊粒creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease，CJD 克雅氏综合症new variant CJD，vCJD 新型变种克雅氏病肠道病毒enteroviruses小核糖核酸病毒科picornaviridae轮状病毒rotavirus呼肠病毒reovirus杯状病毒calicivirus星状病毒astrovirus肠道腺病毒enteric adenovirus肠道病毒Enterovirus鼻病毒Rhinovirus心脏病毒Cadiovirus口疮病毒Aphthovirus嗜肝RNA病毒Hepatovirus脊髓灰质炎病毒poliovirus脊髓灰质炎poliomyelitis小儿麻痹症infantile paralytis柯萨奇病毒coxsackievirus埃可病毒echovirus ECHO人类肠道致细胞病变孤儿病毒enteric cytopathogenic human orphan virus；ECHO viruses 新肠道病毒new enteroviruses 灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗inactivited poliovaccine；IPV；Salk vaccine口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗oral poliovaccine OPV；Sabinvaccine手足口病hand-foot-mouth disease病毒性心肌炎viral myocarditis急性出血性结膜炎acute hemorrhagicconjunctivitis急性胃肠炎病毒acute gastroenteritis virus轮状病毒retrovirus呼肠病毒科reoviridae婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒infantile diarrhea retrovirus成人腹泻轮状病毒adult diarrhea retrovirus人类杯状病毒human calicivirus诺瓦克病毒Norwalk virus星状病毒astrovirus肠道腺病毒enteric adenovirusArbovirus 虫媒病毒Arthropod borne virus 节肢动物媒介病毒Flaviviridae 黄病毒科Togaviridae 披膜病毒科Bunyaviridae 布尼雅病毒科Japanese encephalitis virus 日本脑炎病毒Epidemic B type encephalitis virus 乙型脑炎病毒Dengue virus 登革病毒Dengue hemorrhagic fever, DHF 登革出血热Debgue shock syndrome, DSS 登革休克综合征Antibody-depedenet enhancement 依赖抗体的促进病毒增殖作用Immune enhancement 免疫促进作用Forest encephalitis virus 森林脑炎病毒Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus 俄国春夏季脑炎病毒Tick-borne encephalitis virus 壁虱性脑炎病毒Hantaan virus 汉坦病毒Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus 肾综合征出血热病毒Hantaan virus pulmonary syndrome 汉坦病毒肺综合征Nairoviruses 内罗病毒属Hyalomma asiaticum 亚洲璃眼蜱Hepatitis A virus 甲型肝炎病毒Heparavirus 嗜肝RNA 病毒Hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Hepadnaviridae 嗜肝DNA病毒科Hepatitis B virus surface antigen, HbsAg 乙肝病毒表面抗原Hepatitis B virus core antigen,HbcAg 乙肝病毒核心抗原Hepatitis B virus e antigen, HbeAg 乙型肝炎病毒e抗原Pre S1 antigen 乙肝病毒前表面抗原-1Pre S2 antigen 乙肝病毒前表面抗原-2Anti-HBs 抗HBs的抗体Anti-HBc 抗HBc的抗体Anti-HBe 抗HBe的抗体22nm spheres paticle HBV的小球型颗粒22nm filaments paticle HBV的管型颗粒42nm spheres paticle , Dane paticle HBV的大球型颗粒，即Dane颗粒Hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒Hepatitis D virus 丁型肝炎病毒δfactor δ因子δantigen δ抗原Hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒6Hepatitis G virus 庚型肝炎病毒transfusion transmitted virus，TTV 输血传播的肝炎病毒respiratory viruses 呼吸道病毒myxoviruses 粘病毒orthomyxoviruses 正粘病毒paramyxoviruses 副粘病毒influenza virus 流感病毒ferret 雪貂hemagglutinin，HA 血凝素neuraminidase，NA 神经氨酸酶antigen drift 抗原漂移antigrn shiftinfluenza avian 禽流感measles virus 麻疹病毒mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒rubella virus 风疹病毒corona virus 冠状病毒SARS virus 急性呼吸道综合症病毒Rhabdoviridae 弹状病毒科Rabies virus 狂犬病毒Ribonucleoprotein complex, RNP 核酸蛋白复合体Phosphoprotein, P 磷蛋白Nucleoprotein，N 核蛋白Large protein, L 大蛋白Street strain 街毒株Fixed strain 固定毒株Hydrophobia 恐水症Nagri body 内基小体Retraviridae 逆转录病毒科Oncoviridae RNA肿瘤病毒亚科Lentiviridae 慢病毒亚科Spumaviridae 泡沫病毒亚科Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Human immunodeficiency virus HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征Group specific antigen gag 组特异抗原Polymerase polEnvelope env （病毒）包膜Long terminal repeate LTR 长末端重复（序列）Lynphadenopathy 淋淋巴腺病Bukitt lynphoma 伯基特淋巴瘤Kaposi sarcoma 卡波济肉瘤Western blot 蛋白质印迹法（试验）RT-PCR 逆转录聚合酶链反应Branched-chain DNA bDNA 分枝DNA检测法Human herpes viruses , HHV 人类疱疹病毒Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-zoster virus, VZV 水痘－带状疱疹病毒Epstein-Bar virus, EBV E B 病毒Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV 人类巨细胞病毒Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus, KSHV 卡波济肉瘤相关疱疹病毒Human perpesvirus-7, HHV-7 人类疱疹病毒7型急性胃肠炎病毒acute gastroenteritis virus轮状病毒retrovirus呼肠病毒科reoviridae婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒infantile diarrhea retrovirus成人腹泻轮状病毒adult diarrhea retrovirus人类杯状病毒human calicivirus诺瓦克病毒Norwalk virus星状病毒astrovirus肠道腺病毒enteric adenovirusEpstein-Bar virus EB 病毒Early antigen, EA EBV 早期抗原Viral capsid antigen, VCA EBV衣壳蛋白抗原Menbrane antigen, MA EBV膜蛋白抗原Latent menbrane protein, LMP EBV潜伏感染膜蛋白EBV nuclear antigen, EBNA EBV 核蛋白抗原Burkitt lymphoma 伯基特淋巴瘤Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 鼻咽癌Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV 卡波基肉瘤相关疱疹病毒Human papillomavirus, HPV 人类乳头瘤病毒Papovaviridae 乳头多瘤空泡病毒科Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN 子宫颈上皮内瘤样变Cervical cancer 子宫颈癌Human T lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人类嗜T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia,ATL 成人T淋巴细胞白血病Oncoviridae 肿瘤病毒科Nucleocapsid core 核衣壳核心Nucleoid 类核Polymerase 聚合酶Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Integrase 整合酶Rickttsiae 立克次体Epidemic typhus 流行性斑疹伤寒Endemic typhus 地方性斑疹伤寒Scrub typhus 恙虫病Q fever Q热Weil –felix reaction 外斐反应（外斐试验）7Spirochete 螺旋体Borrelia 疏螺旋体属Treponema 密螺旋体属Leptospira 钩端螺旋体属Treponema pallidum, TP 梅毒螺旋体Rapid plasma reagin, RPR 快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验Chlamydia 衣原体major outer membrane protein MOMP 主要外膜蛋白Elementary body, EB 原体Reticulate body, RB 网织体Initial body, IB 始体Inclusion body 包涵体C. trachomatis 沙眼衣原体C. pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体Mycoplasma 支原体Pleuropneumonia-like organism, PPLO 类胸膜肺炎微生物M. pneumoniae 肺炎支原体M. genitalium 生殖器支原体M. urealytium 溶脲脲原体Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母菌Mold 霉菌Hypha 菌丝Spore 孢子Filamentous 丝状菌Sabouraud medium 沙保培养基candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌8。