(2020年7月整理)大学写作课程课后习题答案.doc
大学现代应用文写作课后习题答案
现代应用文书写作》教材练习答案14第一章一、名词解释1答案：（略）2答案：（略）二、填空题1答案：国务院；2000；8；24；2001；1；12答案：行政公文；法规与规章文书；杂体文书3答案：上行；平行；下行4答案：实用5答案：13三、简答题1、答案：应用文书的文章体裁，种类繁多。
本书按不同的标准，列举了如下几种不同的分类法：（1）从来源分，应用文书可分为对外文书(发文)、收来文书(收文)、内部文书。
（2）从作用分，应用文书可分为指挥性文书、规范性文书、报请性文书、知照性文书、记录性文书。
（3）从行文关系或行文方向分，应用文书可分为上行文、平行文、下行文、泛行文。
（4）从处理要求上分，应用文书又可作多种划分。
如：从内容处理要求分，有需办件、参阅件；从时间处理要求分，有特急件、急件、平件；从保密处理要求分，有机密件、普通件等。
（5）综合考虑应用文书的特点、作用、写作规律以及教学规律，则可把应用文书分成行政公文、法规与规章文书、杂体文书三大类。
2.答案：（1）领导指导性公文包括命令(令)、意见、决定、通知、通报、批复、会议纪要七种。
（2）呈报性公文包括议案、报告、请示、意见四种。
（3）公布性公文包括公告、通告两种。
（4）商洽性公文商洽性公文只有函一种。
函多作平行文。
3.答案：发文办理的程序一般包括：拟稿、审核、会签、签发、缮印、校对、盖印、登记、分发等程序。
4.答案：草拟公文应做到：(1)主题明确；(2)符合政策；(3)情况确实；(4)注重实效；(5)结构严谨，条理清楚；(6)表述准确，字词规范、精练；(7)标点正确；(8)直述不曲。
5.答案：机关发出的公文，重要的或涉及面广的，由正职或主持日常工作的副职领导人签发。
有的公文，可由秘书长或办公厅(室)主任根据授权签发；职能部门发出的公文，由部门负责人签发。
第二章一、名词解释答案：（略）1答案：文头；主文；文尾2答案：秘密等级；文件份号；签发人3答案：机关代字；年份；序号4答案：首页右上角第一行5答案：特级；急件；首页右上角（秘密等级之下）6答案：批准发出公文的机关单位领导人7答案：发文机关；公文事由（或主题）；文种8答案：法规；规章9答案：一行，左空两字10答案：长297mm 宽210mm11答案：选词原则；主题词表三、简答题1、答案：一份完整的公文，由文头、主文、文尾三部分组成。
大学写作参考答案
1、文章的本意是错综复杂的色彩或花纹。
《周礼·考工记》“青与赤谓之文，赤与白谓之章。
”2、写作：人类个体性的创造性精神劳动。
写作运用语言反映事物、表情达意、交流思想，是重要的书面表达方式。
3、中国文化与汉语写作的关系：中国文化乃汉语写作之根，如果不研究中国文化，不能深刻理解其文化渊源，就会把人事物态简单化，就不会写出具有深厚文化底蕴的文章；就不会中西比较，就不会有鉴别才有研究，有鉴别才有个性。
我们需要继承优良摒弃糟粕，弘扬壮大我中华民族文化。
4、材料积累：须观察、须感受、须勤读、须勤写。
5、观察生活应注意：①观察要全面---全面观察就是要对事物的全貌，事物发展的全过程，事物构成的各部分，以及这一事物与其他事物之间的关系，观察清楚。
观察事物时，必须从头到尾，寻根究底，把它看全。
不了解事物的全貌，就不可能进行概括。
②观察要精细---细就是精细、仔细。
观察事物，不宜粗枝大叶，跑马观花。
也就是对事物作逼近的仔细的观察，目的是精确把握事物的细部和发现别人没有发现的东西。
观察的细，才能写的细。
③观察要抓住特点---抓住特点就是要捕捉这一事物与另一事物的不同之处。
④观察能力在于培养---观察能力并非先天都有的，是可以通过长期的观察训练培养的。
6、有意感受与无意感受的区别：无意感受是指主体随意的，既没有自觉的目的，也没有意识到本身的努力而获得的一种意外的感受。
作者怀着对生活的虔诚，将身心扑入生活之中，去感受他人他事他物，我们称之为“有意感受”。
有意感受是主体自觉的、有预定目的感受。
它受主体意识和动机控制，是主体对客体刺激的集中注意。
7、怎样读书：①有计划地读---要根据需要，制定长期的读书计划。
②有重点的读---围绕喜欢的课程读深读透。
③联系实际读书---围绕所开的课程去读书，根据自己水平的高低去读书，由浅入深。
读书最好联系自己正在学习的课程，最好是边读边想，边想边读，定能从中受到启发，获得效益。
8、精读是按顺序一字不漏地对阅读材料的仔细认读。
写作教程习题答案
写作教程习题答案写作教程习题答案写作是一门艺术，也是一种表达思想的方式。
无论是学生还是职场人士，都需要不断提升自己的写作能力。
因此，写作教程习题是一种常见的训练方法。
在本文中，我将为大家提供一些写作教程习题的答案，希望能够帮助大家更好地理解和掌握写作技巧。
一、散文写作1. 请写一篇关于自己童年时光的散文。
答案：童年时光是一段美好而珍贵的记忆。
我记得小时候，每天放学后，我总是会和小伙伴们一起在田野里捉迷藏。
我们奔跑在绿油油的麦田中，追逐着快乐。
那时的天空总是湛蓝湛蓝的，阳光透过稻谷的缝隙洒在地面上，仿佛给大地披上了一层金色的光晕。
我记得，每次找到躲藏的小伙伴，我们都会开心地笑出声，那种快乐的感觉至今仍然历历在目。
2. 描述一次难忘的旅行经历。
答案：那是我第一次独自去旅行的经历。
我选择了一个小镇作为目的地，这个小镇被誉为“童话之城”。
当我踏上这片土地时，我仿佛置身于一个童话世界。
小镇的街道两旁是古老而精致的建筑，每一栋房子都散发着浓厚的欧洲风情。
我漫步在街道上，感受着这个小镇的独特魅力。
在小镇的中心广场，有一个古老的钟楼，每到整点，钟声会在整个小镇上空回荡，仿佛在诉说着历史的故事。
我在这里度过了一个难忘而美好的假期。
二、议论文写作1. 请写一篇关于是否应该禁止学生使用手机的议论文。
答案：关于是否应该禁止学生使用手机，我持有肯定的态度。
首先，手机对学生的学习和注意力分散有很大的影响。
学生在上课时玩手机，会导致学习效果大打折扣。
其次，手机使用过多还会对学生的身体健康产生负面影响。
长时间低头看手机会导致颈椎病等健康问题。
最后，手机还存在着安全隐患，学生可能会沉迷于网络世界，无法控制自己的上网时间。
因此，我认为学校应该禁止学生在校园内使用手机，以保证学生的学习效果和身体健康。
2. 请写一篇关于如何保护环境的议论文。
答案：保护环境是我们每个人的责任。
首先，我们应该减少使用一次性塑料制品，如塑料袋、塑料瓶等。
这些塑料制品对环境造成了严重的污染，对海洋生物也构成了威胁。
写作教程试题及答案
写作教程试题及答案
一、选择题
1. 写作中，以下哪种方式最有助于提高文章的可读性？
A. 使用复杂的句子结构
B. 使用简单的词汇
C. 使用大量的专业术语
D. 使用多种修辞手法
答案：B
2. 在写作过程中，以下哪个步骤是至关重要的？
A. 草稿
B. 编辑
C. 校对
D. 所有选项
答案：D
二、填空题
1. 在写作中，______（主题）的明确性是文章成功的关键。
答案：主题
2. 一篇好的文章应该具有清晰的______（结构）和流畅的______（语言）。
答案：结构；语言
三、简答题
1. 请简述写作过程中的三个主要步骤。
答案：写作过程中的三个主要步骤包括：构思、草稿和修改。
2. 描述如何有效地进行文章的编辑。
答案：有效地进行文章编辑的方法包括：检查语法错误、确保逻辑连
贯性、删除不必要的信息、调整句子结构以提高可读性。
四、论述题
1. 论述在学术写作中，引用他人观点的重要性。
答案：在学术写作中，引用他人观点的重要性在于：展示对现有研究
的了解、支持自己的观点、避免剽窃的指控、丰富文章内容和深度。
2. 分析为什么在写作时需要对文章进行多次修改。
答案：在写作时需要对文章进行多次修改的原因包括：提高文章质量、消除错误、确保信息的准确性和清晰性、增强文章的说服力和吸引力。
大学写作学试题及答案
大学写作学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是写作学研究的内容？A. 文体研究B. 写作技巧C. 写作心理学D. 写作材料学答案：D2. 写作学中，对文本进行分析和评价的过程被称为：A. 写作B. 写作理论C. 写作批评D. 写作教学答案：C3. 写作过程中，对材料进行筛选和组织的过程称为：A. 材料收集B. 材料加工C. 材料整理D. 材料分析答案：B4. 在写作学中，以下哪种方法不用于提高写作效率？A. 定时写作B. 写作计划C. 随意写作D. 写作反馈答案：C5. 写作学中，对文本结构进行分析的研究属于：A. 文体学B. 语义学C. 修辞学D. 文本学答案：D6. 写作学中，对写作过程的心理活动进行研究的分支是：A. 写作心理学B. 写作教育学C. 写作技巧学D. 写作批评学答案：A7. 写作学中，对写作风格进行研究的学科是：A. 文体学B. 写作心理学C. 写作技巧学D. 文本学答案：A8. 写作学中，对写作材料的来源和使用进行研究的学科是：A. 写作材料学B. 写作技巧学C. 写作心理学D. 写作教育学答案：A9. 在写作学中，对写作过程中的创造性思维进行研究的学科是：A. 写作心理学B. 写作技巧学C. 写作材料学D. 写作批评学答案：A10. 写作学中，对写作过程中的语言表达进行研究的学科是：A. 语义学B. 修辞学C. 文体学D. 文本学答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 写作学的研究对象包括写作活动、写作过程、写作产品以及________。
答案：写作主体2. 写作学的研究方法主要有________、比较研究、个案研究等。
答案：历史研究3. 写作学中的文体学研究主要关注文本的________和功能。
答案：结构4. 写作心理学研究的是写作过程中________的心理活动。
答案：作者5. 写作学中的写作材料学研究的是写作过程中材料的________和运用。
写作教程二_课后练习题答案
P2 . PART1Advantages : It is very convenient . You can make a call whenever and wherever you want to.It is especially helpful in an emergency .It saves time .You don't have to search for or await the turn for the public phone.You can always be reached when you are needed by others.In an information age ,it can help you to get the information you want in the quickest way.It may help you to grasp any chance to succeed.You can play games and surf the net through the phone........Disadvantages : It is quite expensiveIts radiation is harmful to healthAnswering calls in public places such as on a bus is embarrassingMaking or answering calls while driving is dangerousYou can always be reached by your parents or your bossIt may ring at the moment when you least want it toYou may receive calls from strangers or advertising companies and have to pay for them ..........P3. PART2have become increasingly violentis more and more important for young peopleis the kindest neighbour I have ever knownhas a profound effect on our healthP4. 2.too specificBritish English is different from American English in spelling3.This is not a sentence, but a fragmentDifferent countries have different customs4.too general,too emotionalThe local food is tasteless and greasyP7. Approach 1: For one thing, they should balance science and non-science courses so that they do not have too many time-consuming labs.Approach 2:They should also try to get a mixture between subjects they find fairly easy and those that are difficult for them.Example 1: For instance,the student who dose well in history but expects to have a terrible time with calculus might plan on taking both in the same semester to balance the work load.Example 2: The student who dose not plan carefully and takes five tough courses the first term may wind up on scholastic probation.P11. 4 . Paragraph 1:All invention are either basic inventions or improvement on earlier inventions.Paragraph 2:There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.5. Paragraph 1 : Topic sentence: 第一句无关句：Many people .....to each other. 和And nowadays,....more convenience.Paragraph 2: T S : 第一句无关句：I didn't st night 和I heard that .... own children.排序：574169832（1）First of all . (2) secondly (3)By and by (4) In addition (5)In shortP18 Paragraph B : Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course.he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion.he sprained his ankle,after a bad landing off the balance beam.he broken the support beam in the basement of his parent's home,showing them his skills.he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar the pommel horse.he fails the final exam in his gymnastics course.he failed to graduate due to the lack of two hours of physical education creditP19 T S: Some historians mark the course of the American Revolutionary War in three major periods.1. During the first phase of the conflict ,New English was the battleground,1)The Minutemen and the Redcoats fired the opening shots of the war at Lexington at dawn of April 19,17752) Shortly afterwards ,the New England colonists laid siege to Boston .the location of the British headquarters.2.In the second phase of the war ,which began after the signing of the Declaration ,both the British and the American made important military gains.1)The British soldiers captured New York in the fall of 1776,and a year later they occupied Philadelphia.2)Meanwhile the Americans were able to seize New Jersey and Saratoga.3.The fighting moved to the west and south during the last phase.1) In 1778 and 1779 several battles occurred in Kentucky and Tennessee.2)Then two years later ,the final battle of the war was fought at Yorktown ,Virginia.P22 . 4: 排序：4 10 5 12 3 7 15 9 14 2 11 8 13 6 1T S：My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.P23. 5.(1)Then (2) morning (3)afternoon (4)Then (5)After that (6)when (7)already (8)afterP33. 3. 排序：3614752 Relationship : Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical space.P34 5. (1)into (2) crosses (3) In the center of (4) Outside (5)inside (6) On the front (7)over (8)down (9)lined with (10) At the rearP46 4. (1)with (2)while (3)slowly (4)Gradually (5)with (6)By this time (7)Suddenly (8)final (9) ending (10) applause5. Prepare and lay out food;make the special lanternsKeep dancing and singing overnightThrow the food and lanterns into a river or seaWatch the lanterns drifting wayP52 . T S : Working as a cook at the Venture Inn is the best job i have ever had.Reasons: 1. I have a steady fort-hour workweek ,along with a chance for overtime if i want it.2.I can eat whatever i like ,and i get a chance to take steak and sometimes lobster home to my wife.3.I don't have any big hassle with my boss;if i have to report late or skipa day now and then,all she asks is that i call her in advance4. They pay is very good ,averaging close to $200 the weeks that i work overtime5. The job is seasonal.P57. 3. T S : Working in an apple plant was the worst job i ever had.Examples :1: First of all,the work was physically hardSpecific details:1)For ten hours a night ,i took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2)Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice,and they were heavy2: The second bad feature of the job was the paySpecific details:I was getting the minimum wage at that time ,$1.25an hour,plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3: The worst feature of the apple plant job was the working conditions.Specific details:1) During work we were limited to two 10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch2)The steel floors of the trucks were like ice ;the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding S : I felt humiliated by the poverty that forced me to do such a bitter job.P58 4. 排序：36182475Pattern : It follows Pattern 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5. (1) For example (2)Furthermore (3)In still another instance (4)Even (5)his(6)these (7)contemporaryP59 7. 1) I've never seen a girl as lazy as Arena2) English teachers are applying different means to teach the English language3)Americans have been decreasing their working hours since early 1900s4)My father has been a generous man to his childrenP70 5. 排序：213546explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalentcourageous behaviour earthy sexualityP76 Cause: 1. Over a million cars are abandoned on the streets3.Both city governments or governmental agencies have financial headachesEffect: lack of parking in citiesP78 Cause: the terrorist strikesEffects: 1. The Americans feel very anxious and panicky3. The public would wind up ignoring the one warning that really matters.P82 2) Cause : (1) got drunk at the party(2)had taken the drug of Accutane(3)adolescent depressionEffect : Bart Jr.'s suicide4. 排序：241365 Pattern of cause and effect: single effect and multiple causesP88 sample 1 subject: the time most students spend studying for a test Topic sentence: The time most students spend studying for a test can be divided into three distinct phases.Division；1）Phase One runs from the day the test is announced to approximately forty-eight hours before the exam is passed out.2)Phase two is entered two days prior to the test.3)Phase three ,the final phase ,is entered twelve hours before “Zero Hour.”Sample 2 : subject: students in our schoolTopic sentence: students in our school fall into three groups according to their different intentions of taking part in sports.Division :1) students who go to the playground when they feel tired after study.2) real sports lovers who even put aside their studies for a game.P93 3. 1) T S: University students' entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes placeDivision: a) entertainment at homeb) entertainment on campusc) entertainment elsewhere2)T S: The average young married woman in today's society has her life divided into three different roles.Division: a)the role of wifeb)the role of motherc)the role of self3) T S : Neighbours fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards youDivision:a)those who are friendlyb)those who are indifferentc)those who hate youP94 5: 排序：7 3 10 9 1 5 8 4 2 11 6Subject: Christmas giftsT S : Christmas gifts can be divided into three groups ,according to their after-Christmas fateDivision: a)those that are welcomed and put into use very soonb)those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc)those that you banish as soon as possibleConcluding S : By New Year's Day, you have either used ,stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts6. (1)types (2)Though (3) Finally (4)however(5)Even though (6)Before(7)third (8)If(9)Then (10)theseP106 4.排序：53624871Pattern of comparison and contrast: subject by subjectP107 5. (1)similar (2)although (3)difference (4)identical (5)again (6)while (7)But (8)difference (9)consistency (10)completelyP114 paragraph B: First statement :The invention of movable type made the mass media possible.Supporting details: Large numbers of people could have access to learning. Second statement :Television brought a second revolution by means of the media . Supporting details: Television made experiences available to massive numbers of people.Millions could watch a president being sworn in or buried ,a spaceship launched .An Olympic race run ,comedies or talk shows at the same time .Third statement :You ,through the medium of television ,will be a member of a “global villages”.Supporting details ；In the future , this revolution in both information and experiences will spread to the far reaches of the world and even to outer space. Ultimately, you will be able to see and talk instantly to anyone else in the world.General statement : Technology will take a leading role in the media future as it always has in the past.P118 3. The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed pressP119 5 .A : Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2)misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB: TV serials or dramas may oversimplify complex social and psychological problems.(1)enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2)giving a false picture of realityC:Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1)too many commercials(2)an insult even to the intelligence of a moronP120 6.(1)Thus (2)When (3)also (4)however (5)Moreover (6)indeed (7)also(8)Yet (9) and (10)ThusP139 sample 2Sample 1 Sample 2Topic sentence: Stanford University is one of the famous institutions of higher learning in northern California. Introductory paragraph : (the first para) the main idea of the composition :Its reputation is based on its intelligent students ,distinguished faculty and growth opportunities offered to students.Supporting detail 1 :Its highly intelligent student population Body para 1 (the second para)topic sentence :The university’s standards for admission remain high .Supporting sentences: students enroll from all over the United States ,and many foreign students study there as well. Young men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes.Supporting detail 2 : Distinguished teaching staff Body para 2 （the third para ）Topic sentence :Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the world’s most respected scholars.Supporting sentences ；The university staff has included several Nobel Prize winners in physics ,medicine and chemistry .Stanford’s undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business ,law ,and medicine are especially well regarded.Supporting detail 3 : its campus life Body para 3 (the fourth para )topicsentence : Culturally, the universitycampus is a magnet for students .Supporting sentences ；Plays ,concerts ,and operas are performedin the university’s several auditoriumsand in outdoor Frost Amphitheater. Guestlectures from public and academic lifefrequently appear on campus,. In theevening, many students gather tosocialize in the Student Union ‘s coffeehouse .For the sports –minded ,theStanford campus offers highly developedathletic facilities. Teamsports ,swimming ,and track and fieldactivity are all very much part of theStanford picture.Concluding sentence: It is considered comparable in quality to other longer established universities. Concluding para (the last para ) conclusion: Stanford is now generally considered comparable in quality to such other longer established ,major American universities as Harvard ,Yale, Princeton, and Columbia.P145 3. Gambling is the root cause of many social problemsThe future of education lies in the innovation of educational technologyViolence on television has a negative impact on children's view of societyWomen should be given equal opportunities in education and career developmentEfforts should be made to preserve natural beauty in developing local tourismP147 6. (1)usually (2)often (3)Since (4)on the other hand (5)also (6)but (7)AlthoughP158 5.排序：8 3 7 1 5 9 13 2 6 12 4 11 106: 1.While 2.in the morning 3. in the evening 4.While 5.until 6.while 7.before 8.at six o'clock 9.As soon as 10.Unfortunately 11.What's more 12.After 13.the next morning 14.next 15. Luckily 16.until 17.at lastP172 5.排序：32718564P173 6: (1)cozy (2)soft (3)On one side of the room (4)Next to (5)muted (6)On the other side of (7)nap (8)orange(9)lighted (10)sizzlingP183 3. T S: If blind people can sense color differences ,then perhaps we, too,are affected by colors unconsciouslyParagraph 1 : (Introduction/thesis statement)Paragraph 2: (Supporting paragraph) Topic:discoveries of manufacturers Examples: sugar,foods and cosmeticsParagraph 3:(Supporting paragraph) Topic: discoveries of experiments Examples: red,blue,yellowParagraph 4: (Conclusion:result of the discoveries)P184 5 . (1)confirmed (2)findings (3)than (4)whereas (5)as (6)if (7)together (8)lead to (9)where (10)adultsP185 6.Purpose:to inform drivers that they should keep the four-second rule instead of the two second rule on highways in order to avoid collision or pileups Topic 1.1) speeds over 55miles per hour 3) keep two seconds ahead when drivingTopic 2. On highways drivers should use the four-second rule ,not the two second rule 1) The distance needed to stop a car shouldTopic 3.1)over the last half of the stopping distance 2)Some practical examples are given 3)For greater details the reader may refer to the attached table to determine the right time allowed to avoid accidentsP199 4.(1)However (2)open (3)too (4)because (5)as a result (6)Secondly (7)unless (8)even(9)prolong (10)delays (11)benefitsMain proposition: I am not completely satisfied with the family doctor systemMinor propositions: 1. Doctors' office hours are inconvenient2.There are delays in seeing a doctorSolution: 1.to prolong doctors' surgery hours2.for doctors to share patients。
第二版写作教程思考练习参考答案
第二版写作教程思考练习参考答案新编现代实用文写作教程参考答案第一章参考答案一、判断题1.对2.错3.对4.对5.对6.对7.错8.对9.对 10.错二、单项选择题1.C2.B3.C4.A5.A6.B7.C8.D9.A 10.D三、多项选择题1.ABCD2.ABCD3.ACD4.ACD5.BCD6.BCD7.ABD8.ABCD9.ABC10.ACD四、简答题(答案略)五、修改病句1.由于狠抓质量管理，某厂产品合格率从40%提高到65%。
2.工人们克服了天气干燥、风沙较大、饮水短缺等困难。
3.公司个别管理人员违反财经纪律，挪用基建资金购买高档生活用品。
4.我们现在必须以开拓的精神，为完成技术改造的任务而努力奋斗。
5.从大量的报道材料中，反映出我校今年招生工作的形势大好。
6.财会人员办事时应十分仔细认真，尽量不出现差错。
7.在三和公司考察期间，同学们感受到实施改革开放的好政策给企业带来的生机和活力。
8.模糊语言的作用在于给执行者留有余地，赋予计划一定的弹性。
9.我们学院的业余党校开办以来，已有两年多时间了。
10.在这次全校的田径比赛中，我机电学院代表队以优异成绩获得团体第四名。
六、根据应用文语言的要求，请你评改下面三则应用文的开头部分。
1.当前，我市总体的社会秩序良好，但仍有抢劫、违章驾车等刑事治安案件发生。
“新刑法”的修订，对于惩罚犯罪，保护人民;对于保障国家统一和安全，维护社会秩序和经济秩序，保障我国社会主义建设顺利进行具有十分重要的意义。
为保证“新刑法”的贯彻执行，特作如下通告:2.2009年将要过去，一年来，我公司经过全体员工的共同努力，克服各种困难，顺利完成了全年的生产销售任务，经济效益大增，职工收入不断提高。
在新的一年到来之际，我们对本年度的工作总结如下:……3.经过三个月的学习，新闻专业函授学习班已胜利结束。
三个月中，来自全国高校的专业老师和新闻一线的专家记者，轮番给我们上课，使我们获益匪浅。
美国大学英语写作课后习题答案(2020年7月整理).pdf
Suggested Answers for “The Yellow Ribbon”—by Pete Hamill (P. 210)1.Vingo returned from prison to find that his wife still loved him and wanted him back.2. b3. a4. B5.Two examples: Vingo tells his story slowly and painfully and with great hesitation.Vingo tells his story “slowly and painfully and with great hesitation.”6. Examples of Vingo’s being honorable: He doesn’t express any self-pity about being in jail.He owns up to his crime. He offers his wife her freedom.7. Place names: Fort Lauderdale, New Jersey, Washington, Jacksonville, the 34th StreetOther transition: Terminal in New York, Philadelphia, Brunswick8.But if she didn’t...9.Maybe the author Hamill asked one of the young people in the story about her traveling experience.10.The author ends this essay by describing how the young people shouted excitedly when they saw the yellow ribbons on the oak tree and how Vingo rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home nervously.We may expect that Vingo would receive an amazing and warm welcome when he walks into his home.The author just wants to leaves some space for the readers to think and imagine freely.P.256--Taming the Anger Monster: by Anne Davidson1. d2. Anger has become an increasingly common problem in our society.3. “According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience.”4. Effect: An epidemic of anger Three causes: Lack of time, technology, tension6. B7.8.To begin with Technology is also Tension, the third major culprit9.D10.The first paragraph presents a story about a person with anger problems. The last paragraph shows how that story was successfully resolved.P289.--Born to Be Different?: by Camille Lewisc 2. a 3. D4. She lists a series of examples where the “empathizing” mindset is evident:female-dominated careers, female reading matter, and female relationships5. Brain anatomyWays of interacting with the worldWays of problem solving6. Lewis presents her essay point by point. The first point is about brain anatomy, thesecond is about interacting with the world, and the third is about problem solving.For each point, she discusses women and then men.7.8. On the other hand (7)In contrast (9)But (11)9.d 10 aP.508--Suggested Answers for “Shame”—Dick Gregory (P.508)Note: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 584-5851. A2. D3. b Answers a, c, and d are too narrow.4. a Answers b, c, and d are too narrow.5. c See Paragraph 66. True See Paragraph 237. a See Paragraph 58. B. The entire incident with the Community Chest Fund shows Richard’s pride9. b Richard’s teacher ignores his problems and humiliates him in front of the entire class;see paragraphs 5 through 26.10. b Helene cries over Richard’s humiliation; see paragraph 23.Structure and Technique, 5851. In paragraphs 1 and 2, Gregory mentions several steps he took to impress Helene Tucker.What were they? Why does he include them in his essay?Answer:In order to impress Helene, Gregory brushed his hair, got a handkerchief, washed his socks and shirt every night, shoveled the snow off her walk, tried to make friends with her mother and aunts, and left money on her stoop. He describes those steps in detail because, besides demonstrating his devotion to Helene, they give a clear picture of Gregory’s poverty.2. A metaphor is a suggested comparison. What metaphor does Gregory use in paragraph 5, andwhat is its purpose? What metaphor does he use in the second sentence of paragraph 7, andwhat does it mean?Answer:In paragraph 5, Gregory uses the metaphor that he was pregnant to suggest the effects of poverty on him—it gave him strange tastes, which pregnant people get. It also filled him (as pregnancy fills someone), but with negative things: poverty, dirt, “smells that made people turn away,” and so on.In the second sentence of paragraph 7, Gregory uses the metaphor of a flying eagle to represent the movement of money. (A picture of an eagle is engraved on one side of a quarter).3. In narrating the incidents in the classroom and in the restaurant, Gregory chooses toprovide actual dialogue rather than merely to tell what happened. Why?Answer:By using the exact words spoken by Helene, the teacher, and himself, Gregory givesa very clear picture of what happened by allowing the reader to “experience” it, rather thansimply hear a general summary. The dialogue between Helene and the teacher shows Helene as an ideal little student who received approval from the teacher. The dialogue between Gregory and the teacher, however, clearly demonstrates Gregory’s eagerness to impress Helene and his unsuccessful, embarrassing attempt to gain the teacher’s approval. If Gregory had merely described what had happened, we would have a much less vivid impression of the characters involved.4. At the end of the essay, Gregory shifts his focus from the classroom to the scene involving the winoat the restaurant. What is the connection between this closing scene and the rest of the essay?Answer:In the body of the essay, Gregory is narrating a time that he was shamed publicly and no one came to his defense. In the closing scene, Gregory realizes that he has done the same thing—that he, too, has witnessed a person being shamed without assisting him. He feels a new kind of “shame,” that of having failed to help another man in need.Critical Reading and Discussion,5861. When Gregory writes, “I never learned hate at home, or shame. I had to go to school forthat” (paragraph 1), he is using irony—an inconsistency between what is expected and what actually occurs. What does he mean by these two statements? What is the effect of his irony?Answer:Gregory means that although his home life was one of poverty and want, his home was not a place of inhumane values, such as hatred and shame. But at school, which on its surface was a more positive place, he was made to feel hatred and shame. The ironic statement intrigues the reader and makes him or her want to know more about what Gregory means.2. What are Gregory’s feelings about his teacher? What were your feelings about her as you readthis essay? What could the teacher have done or said that would not have made Gregory feel ashamed?Answer:Gregory seems sad and resentful that the teacher did not understand why he misbehaved in class and that she assumed he was stupid and a troublemaker. But he also wanted her approval badly, as seen by the Community Chest incident and the fact that he gota “big thrill” out of being chosen to clean the blackboard. Students’ suggestions about theteacher will vary. One possibility: She could have merely thanked Gregory in class and then spoken to him privately later if she doubted that he could contribute to Community Chest.3. Gregory shows how a childhood incident taught him shame. What other important lessons does Gregory learn in this essay? Explain.Answer:From paragraph 3, in which Gregory talks about his accomplishments later in life, we can conclude that he learned he could boost his self-esteem through his own efforts.Paragraph 5 shows that from his own experiences, he learned that children who are hungry and poor may feel invisible and so behave in ways that attract attention. From his experience with the wino, he learned that in order to feel good about himself, he would have to start standing up for other people who were shamed.4. At the end of his essay, Gregory says, “I waited too long to help another man.” Why do youthink he waited so long to assist the wino? What are some reasons people do not always help others who are in need (for example, ignoring a homeless person seated on the sidewalk)?Answer:Gregory probably had many reasons for not helping the wino sooner: embarrassment at drawing attention to himself, reluctance to part with his hard-earned money, not wanting to get in trouble with Mr. Williams, not knowing the wino and thus feeling the affair wasn’t his business, etc. People have similar reasons for not helping others in need. In addition, people who ignore a homeless man may feel that the man’s problems—maybe including substance abuse or mental illness—are so big and deep-rooted that they are not qualified to help him in any effective way.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis:Living poor was, for the author, a humiliating experience.1. He was embarrassed in front of his classmates and, worse, in front of Helene Tucker(7-23).2. Everybody knew he was a “worthy boy” who had no Dad and no money (28).3. His self-pity prevented him from helping another poor man, the wino (29-37).P.567 Suggested Answers for “Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising” by Ann McClintockNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions,648-6491. b2. d3. b Answer a is too broad; answers c and d are too narrow.4. c Answers a and b are too narrow; answer d is too broad.5. b Paragraph 96. d Paragraphs 18-197. c Paragraph 168. c Paragraph 239. b10. aStructure and Technique, 649-6501. In paragraph 1, McClintock’s choice of words reveals her attitudes toward bothpropagandists and the public. What specific words reveal her attitudes, and what attitudes do they represent?Answer:McClintock describes propagandists as “seducers” and “brainwashers.” She refers to their “alluring images,”their “tricks,”and their “charm.”She describes the public as “content”and “eager . . . victims.”Her choice of words makes it clear that she thinks propagandists are untrustworthy and interested in taking unfair advantage of a too-trusting public.2. What key term does McClintock define in paragraph 2? Why does she define it here? Whereelse in the essay does she use the technique of definition?Answer:She defines the term “propaganda.” She places the definition close to the beginning because it is so essential to the reader’s understanding of the rest of her essay. Other points at which McClintock uses definition are in paragraphs 5, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18, and 21. In each of those paragraphs, she defines a particular propaganda technique.3. McClintock uses parentheses in two lists, the ones in paragraphs 7 and 19. What purpose dothese parentheses serve?Answer:Paragraph 7 lists “high-sounding but basically empty phrases.”The author uses parentheses to add comments that reveal the emptiness of those listed phrases. Paragraph 19 lists claims that include “weasel words.”The author uses parentheses to show just how insubstantial those weasel words are.4 . McClintock provides abundant examples throughout her essay. Why does she provide so manyexamples? What does she accomplish with this technique?Answer:McClintock’s many examples, drawn from the television and print ads we all see every day, clarify her definitions and demonstrate that propaganda techniques are truly a factor in everyday life. The examples make the reader more aware of the effects of propaganda on decisions he or she makes.Critical Reading and Discussion,6501. Some of the propaganda techniques listed in the selection have contrasting appeals. How doname-calling and glittering generalities contrast with each other? Testimonials and plain folks?Answer:Name-calling appeals to the instincts of fear, anger, and mistrust. Name-calling propaganda encourages the public to reject something or someone. Glittering generalities, on the other hand, appeal to the public’s positive emotions: love, attraction, patriotism. The public is asked to accept the thing or person advertised by associating it with those emotions.Testimonials depend on the public’s interest in or affection for celebrities—people ordinary viewers don’t know but admire and see as bigger and more important than themselves. By contrast, plain folks advertising is based on the idea that the public likes to see ordinary people—people like themselves—in the products and services they buy.2. Why are ads that use the bandwagon approach so effective? What ads have you seenrecently that use that approach?Answer:The bandwagon technique is effective because of the human need to be part of a group. We feel safe and secure when we are surrounded by people who agree with us about something—even something as trivial as what frozen coffee cake is best (“Nobody doesn’t like Sara Lee”). Answers to the second question will vary.3. The author states, “Americans, adults and children alike, are being seduced.” What mightbe the differences between the ways adults and children react to the seductions of advertising?Answer:Answers will vary.4. McClintock states, “We are victims, seemingly content—even eager—to be victimized”(paragraph 1). Do you agree? Is this article likely to change how you view ads in the future?Why or why not?Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis: People should detect and understand common propaganda techniques, which appeal to the emotions rather than to logic.1. We are bombarded with ads, which present biased messages through various propagandatechniques, including seven common ones (1-4).2. Name calling—referring to a competitor with negatively charged names or comments (5).3. Glittering generalities—making important-sounding general claims with no explanation (6-8).4. Transfer—associating something with a symbol or image most people respect and admire (9-11).5. Testimonial—promoting something with the support of a celebrity (12-15).6. Plain folks—associating something with the average person (16-17).7. Card stacking—making something sound good by suppressing relevant evidence ormaking an unfinished claim (18-19).8. Bandwagon—appealing to people’s desire to do what many others are doing (20-21).9. Use critical thinking to avoid reacting emotionally to ads (22-23).P.592 Suggested Answers for “Here’s to Your Health”—Joan DunayerNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions,667-6681. c2. c3. d Answers a, b, and c are too narrow.4. c Answer a is too narrow; answer b is too broad; answer d, never directlystated in the article, is too narrow.5. b Paragraph 66. False Paragraph 47. True Paragraph 88. a9. False Paragraphs 6 and 810. d Paragraphs 4 and 8Structure and Technique,668-6691. What method of introduction does Dunayer use? What effect do you think she hoped toachieve with this introduction?Answer:She uses an anecdote. By telling a brief story about Tod’s experience, she puts a human face on the larger idea that alcohol abuse is linked to societal pressure. It also sets the tone for Dunayer’s thesis by showing the potential danger of even small amounts of alcohol.2. Dunayer introduces her criticism of alcohol with the words “Part of the myth is . . . .” (Seethe first sentence of paragraph 3.) What addition transitions does she use to introduce each of the three other parts of the myth (in the first sentences of paragraphs 5, 7, and 9)? What is gained by the use of these transitions?Answer:The three addition transitions are “another,”“also,”and “finally.”Each transition makes the reader aware that one element of the myth is being introduced.3. The body of Dunayer’s essay is made up of four pairs of paragraphs (paragraphs 3 and 4; 5and 6; 7 and 8; 9 and 10). What is the relationship between the paragraphs in each pair? In which of the two paragraphs does Dunayer present her own perspective? Why do you think she puts her own perspective in that paragraph?Answer:In the first paragraph of each pair, Dunayer presents one part of the alcohol myth.She begins each second paragraph with a topic sentence that represents her perspective. She then goes on to support her topic sentence with a series of facts. For example, below is the topic sentence of paragraph 4; it represents her perspective, which contradicts what the ad in paragraph 3 suggests about whiskey.Contrary to what the liquor company would have us believe, drinking is more closelyrelated to lack of success than to achievements.She then follows that sentence with supporting facts.By presenting her perspective after describing each part of the myth, Dunayer makes her points more dramatically: She sets up an appealing image in the first paragraph of each pair only to knock it down with force in the second one.4. In her essay, Dunayer provides vivid descriptions of alcohol advertisements, particularly inparagraphs 3 and 5. What vivid details does she provide? How do these details support her main point?Answer:In paragraph 3 she describes in detail the print ad showing two prosperous-looking businessmen in a restaurant, surrounded by fine crystal, velvet draperies, and spotless linen.In paragraph 5, she provides details about a beach scene: a young, beautiful, sexy woman; a young muscular man enticing her with a cold beer. By providing such detailed descriptions, Dunayer makes the reader very aware of the advertiser’s premise (alcohol will make you successful; alcohol will make you sexually attractive) behind such ads.Critical Reading and Discussion,6691. Dunayer presents and then rebuts four “myths” about alcohol. What are these four myths?According to Dunayer, what is the reality behind each myth?Answer:(1) Alcohol will make you professionally successful. In fact, says Dunayer, alcohol is frequently tied to low achievement and poverty. (2) Alcohol will make you sexually attractive.Dunayer says that alcohol actually lowers one’s hormones and can lead to impotence and infertility. (3) Alcohol and sports mix well. Dunayer points out that alcohol slows the reflexes, interferes with the eyes’ability to focus, and increases the likelihood of various seriousdiseases. (4) Alcohol brings families closer together. In fact, Dunayer writes, alcohol is frequently involved in domestic violence, suicide, and birth defects.2. Dunayer concludes, “‘Here’s to your health’rings with a terrible irony when it isaccompanied by the clink of liquor glasses” (paragraph 11). What is the “terrible irony” she refers to? How does this irony—already signaled in her essay’s title—relate to her main point?Answer:The irony is that alcohol, rather than promoting one’s health, is often tied to illness and misery. The irony is also implied in her main point—that while advertising myths promise us that alcohol will improve our lives, it is far more likely to have destructive effects.3. Do you think Dunayer’s essay about the myths of alcohol is one-sided, or is it balanced?Explain. What additional points could be used to support her point or to rebut it?Answer:The essay is one-sided in the sense that Dunayer does not include opinions from people who disagree with her. Other points she might have used to support her argument include the widespread idea among young people that using alcohol makes them seem more adult.Rebuttals of Dunayer’s argument could include the ideas that many people use alcohol responsibly and that the problem is not with the product itself but with irresponsible people’s misuse of it.4. Advertisers often create myths or use false ideas to get people to buy their products. Besidesalcohol ads, what are some other examples of manipulative or deceptive advertising? Do you think advertisers should be permitted to use such tactics to sell products?Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and Support OutlineThesis: The media and our culture promote a false myth about alcohol.1. Part of the myth is that alcohol signals success; the reality is that alcohol can preventsuccess (3-4).2. Another part of the myth is that alcohol makes one sexually attractive; the reality is thatalcohol can make one less sexy (5-6).3. A third part of the myth is that alcohol combines well with athletics; the reality is thatalcohol slows people down and can lead to physical decline (7-8).4. The fourth part of the myth is that alcohol contributes to family happiness; the reality isthat alcohol can lead to great unhappiness.P.607 Suggested Answers for “College Lectures: Is Anybody Listening?” byDavid DanielsNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 683-6841. c2. a3. c Answers a, b and d are all too narrow, as each covers only a single point ofthe selection.4. b Answers a, c, and d are too narrow.5. d Paragraphs 5 and 76. a Paragraph 107. a Paragraph 108. a Paragraph 9 and 109. True Paragraphs 11 through 1310. c Paragraph 13Structure and Technique, 6841. Daniels begins his essay with an anecdote about a former teacher of his. How does thisintroduction relate to his thesis?Answer:The anecdote is an extreme example of a college teacher who seemed unaware of whether his students were listening to him or not. The professor serves as a caricature of the type of teaching Daniels is criticizing.2. Does Daniels directly state his thesis? If so, where is it stated?Answer:Daniels states his thesis at the end of paragraph 4: “The time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and turn to methods that really work.”3. In describing Mary’s classroom experience (paragraphs 5–7), Daniels provides numerousdetails. What are some of these details? How do they relate to the essay’s main idea?Answer:Some of the details provided include the huge class size, the lack of a roll call, the professor’s ancient notes, the lack of opportunity for student feedback, and the absence of quizzes. The details all contribute to the idea that lecture-heavy classes do a poor job of involving the student in the subject and stimulating his or her thinking.4. Daniels’s essay is an argument against the lecture system of education. What argumentationtechniques does he employ? (See pages 319–337 for information on argumentation.)Answer:Daniels uses four of the argumentation techniques explained in Chapter 16, “Argumentation,” pages 319–322:1) Point out common ground. Daniels points out common ground between him and schoolsthat support lectures. In paragraph 8, he admits that many schools supplement lectures with discussion groups and that some classes, such as first-year English, are relatively small.2) Acknowledge differing viewpoints. Daniels acknowledges (but does not support)viewpoints that differ from his. In paragraph 13, he states that administrators like lecturesbecause they “can cram far more students into a lecture hall than into a discussion class.” He adds in the same paragraph that teachers and students find lectures easier because students can sit back and be passive and teachers can “engage in intellectual exhibitionism.”3) Grant the merits of differing viewpoints when appropriate. Daniels grants the merits ofopposing views in paragraph 15, where he states that lectures are “economically necessary” and also because they “spring from a tradition in a setting that rightly values tradition for its own sake.”4) Rebut differing views. Daniels rebuts the support for lecture classes for first- andsecond-year students by stating the virtues of smaller classes, which are listed in paragraph 14: smaller classes force students to become more active, students’ listening skills improve, professors do a better job, and tests demand analysis and synthesis instead of “empty memorization.”And while Daniels supports the tradition of lectures in paragraph 15, he immediately argues against their use in the first two years of college.Critical Reading and Discussion,684-6851. Daniels states that “listening intelligently is hard work” (paragraph 9) and “Active learning. . . is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn” (paragraph10). Why might Daniels feel that listening is so hard? And why does he feel that activelearning is so good?Answer:In paragraph 10, Daniels mentions that listening actively involves special techniques, including these two: “trying to anticipate the speaker’s next point”and “taking notes selectively.” We can assume that he feels it takes time and practice to learn such techniques. In discussing active learning in paragraph 10, Daniels mentions several types: writing essays, performing experiments, and having work evaluated by an instructor. He obviously feels that these types of active work involve students in ways they are not ready to be involved in as listeners.2. In paragraph 8, Daniels acknowledges that he has exaggerated Mary’s negative classroomexperience, saying,“I admit this picture is overdrawn.”Does this admission strengthen or weaken his argument? Explain.Answer:The case could be made that the admission strengthens Daniels’argument. By admitting that he is exaggerating slightly, Daniels can point out that many classes do have most if not all of the negative aspects of Mary’s class. It is also psychologically sound to admit a shortcoming of one’s argument, as it helps establish the writer as a reasonable person.3. According to Daniels, the lecture system harms professors by reducing feedback fromstudents to a minimum. What is useful about about feedback from students?Answer:If students’ comments indicate they don’t understand something, the teacher can then do something to help students improve their understanding. Students’ comments may also help teachers decide which activities and materials are effective and ineffective. Also, the knowledge that their view counts in class may motivate students to get involved with class work.4. How do your experiences in both lecture classes and smaller classes compare with Daniels’sdescriptions? As a student, which type of class do you prefer? Why? If you were an instructor, which type of class would you prefer to teach? Why?Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis:Colleges and universities should offer interactive, not lecture, classes to first- and second-year students (4, 15).1. The lecture system is outmoded (4).2. It is inadequate for students, especially less experienced students (5-11).3. It is harmful to educators (12).4. The lecture system continues because administrators like its profitability and teachers andstudents find it easier (13).5. Small, interactive classes benefit both students and teachers (14).。
大学生实用写作习题及答案-整理精简.doc
试题一二、判断正误1.应用文最显著的特点在于它的实际应用性。
对2.“一国两制”的构想在当时是一个新生事务。
错3.秘书要掌握事务性工作的处理方法和技巧。
4.领导人物要注意不能滥用手中的权利。
错5.武汉大学弱者权力保护中心向全社会征募志愿者。
6.我国最早的应用写作专集是《春秋》。
错7.元明清时期是我国应用文发展的高峰时期。
错8.应用文的表达方式只能使用叙述、议论和说明。
错9通报是下行文。
对10叙述、议论是通报的主要表达方式。
对11表彰性通报既要表彰成绩，还要指出不足。
错12事故通报中，若事故原因未查清，可以不提。
错13情况通报，不仅要说明一系列情况，还要有一定的指示性意见。
对14通报中叙述事实，要注意描写细节。
15报告一般不需要上级答复。
对16请示只能事前行文。
对17报告的标题可以只写“报告”两个字。
错18报告可以有多个主送机关。
错19报送报告很简单，只写“现将××呈上，请审阅”即可。
错20报告属阅件，不属办件。
对21报告中可以写请示事项。
错22报告一般不做批复。
对23报告中涉及请示内容，需注明“另行专题请示”字样。
错24受双重或多重领导的单位，视请示内容，可以有两个以上主送机关。
错25报告和请示都是陈述性公文。
对26《关于申请资金修建学生公寓楼的报告》错27请示最多可以一文两事。
错28《××学院关于教师职业病治疗情况的请示》29.公告的写作要充分体现发文的权威性，因此，要有约束力。
（）30.学校处分违纪学生可以用公告。
（错）31.商店告知顾客可发公告。
（错）32.中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会公告。
（对）33批转和转发公文皆可使用通知。
对34《×市教委关于召开教学工作会议的通知》对35《关于转发省分行川工行办发〔1989〕92号文件的通知》对36《关于转发计生委两个〈通知〉的通知》错37通知可以“特此通知”结尾，也可以发出号召，抒发感情。
对38某厂变更隶属关系用通知。
大学写作训练第7章 课后习题答案
第7章表达方式1.表达有哪些人称？各有什么长处和短处？常见的表达“人称”有“第一人称”和“第三人称”三种类型。
第一人称的优点是便于直接表现作者的思想感情，拉近与读者的关系，给人种真实亲切的感觉。
其缺乏之处是会受时空条件的限制。
第三人称不受时间空间的限制，能够比较自由地反映客观现实。
缺乏是在表达效果上不及第一人称亲切自然。
第二人称, 是以“你”、“你们”的称呼形式出现，使作者与文章接受对象或作品中的一个人物有直接对话的效果。
2.表达有哪些方法？补叙与插叙的区别是什么？表达的主要方法有顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙和分叙五种。
补叙与插叙的区别在于：补叙的内容是事件本身的一个环节，只是在表达时作了前缺后补的处理，而不是插入的另一件事；补叙可以在篇中，也可以在篇末，而插叙大多数情况下只能在篇中。
3.表达有哪些要求？表达六要素是什么？表达的要求：交待明白；线索清晰；详略得当。
表达六要素是指：时间、地点、涉及对象、事件、原因、结果。
4.描写有哪些类别？人物描写有哪些具体方法？什么是场面描写？场面描写又有哪些具体方法？描写的类别有人物描写、环境描写两大类。
人物描写的具体方法有肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写。
场面描写指对某一特定的时间、空间之内，以人物为中心的生活画面的具体描绘。
场面描写的方法主要有全景式和特写式两种。
5.白描和细描各有什么特点？细描也叫工笔，是用细腻的笔法，细致入微地描绘人物和事物，精细、详尽、完整地显示对象的特质的描写方法。
这种描写常常借助一些比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手法以加强效果。
白描是用朴素洗练的笔法简笔勾勒形象的写法。
其特点是简洁、传神，是不尚修辞，不加烘托，重在传神的一种写作风格。
6.什么是细节描写？有什么作用？细节描写对人物、环境、物件、道具等方面的具体而细致的描写，类似于电影的慢镜头或特写镜头。
好的细节描写能于细微之处见精神，能有效地刻画人物, 丰富故事情节，表现主题思想。
7.直接抒情和间接抒情各有哪些具体的抒情方法？直接抒情的方法有呼告、独白、反复、排比等。
《大学英语过程写作》网课答案
文档基本上包括了所有课后问题的答案不过因为是乱序，所以只好下载下来然后通过word关键词搜索法，方法如下，把题目复制到word 搜索框，就会弹出。
如果搜索不到可以删除若干个修饰词，只留下几个名词再次搜索大学英语过程写作林娟（排错版）Week 11Why is brainstorming important?A、It allows writers to analyze the writing prompt and organize their thoughts.B、It contributes to unity and coherence of writing because i t allows writers to map out their ideas.C、all of the aboveD、none of the above我的答案：C2At what point in the writing process should we brainstorm?A、at the beginningB、at the beginningC、at the endD、in the middleE、always我的答案：A3What are 6 types of brainstorming?A、listing, clustering, t-chart, freewritingB、listing, clustering, cubing, freewriting, looping, t-chartC、freewriting, mapping, cubing, q-chart, looping, listingD、organizing, listing, looping, freecharting, cubing, t-chartE、organizing, cubing, researching, q-chart, freelisting, looping我的答案：A4In which situation would a T Chart be the most effective form of brainstorming?A、when creating formulating an argumentB、when showing the cause and effect of a situationC、when comparing two thingsD、both answers a and cE、Do not judge your ideas at the beginning. Simply just get your ideas out.我的答案：DWeek 21Outlining is ( ) in the writing process.A、the first stageB、the second stageC、the third stageD、the fourth stage我的答案：B2Among the following choices, which one can not be used as major supporting ideas?A、Points of comparisonB、ReasonsC、ExamplesD、Steps in a process我的答案：C3How is a major supporting idea different from a minor one?A、Major supporting ideas are more important than the minor ones.B、Major supporting ideas are general while the minor ones are specific.C、Major supporting ideas outnumber minor ones in a paper.D、Major supporting ideas provide more convincing evidences than minor ones.我的答案：B4Among the following choices, which one can not be used as minor supporting ideas?A、QuotesB、StatisticsC、InstancesD、Arguments我的答案：D5What are the three features of a thesis statement?A、It should have a narrow focus,B、It can be a fact,C、It should be an opinion,D、it can forecasts the body paragraphs我的答案：ACD6The parallel structure is the most important thing in outline.我的答案：√7An outline is thoughts, rather than a paragraph. So we can just write down ideas rather than supporting sentences.我的答案：√Week 31Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “My roommate saidphilosophy class is boring, and I felt the same too. All philosophy classesmust be boring.”A、hasty generalizationB、post hocC、guilt by associationD、oversimplification我的答案：A2Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “Even though it the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course”．A、hasty generalizationB、post hocC、guilt by associationD、oversimplification我的答案：A3Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “Traffic jam can besolved by traffic control in the downtown area.”A、post hocB、guilt by associationC、oversimplificationD、begging the question我的答案：C4Which one is not one of the three appeals of an argument that Aristotle postulated:( )A、logical appealB、Ethical appealC、Emotional appealD、Emphatic appeal我的答案：D5What is the difference between the major and minor premises?A、The major premise is usually a more important and lengthy claim while the minor one is less important and lengthy.B、The major premise is usually a broad and generally recognized truth, while the minor one is a more specific and narrowly applicable fact.C、Major claim connotes minor claim.D、The major premise major is usually a more specific and narrowly applicable fact while the minor one is a broad and generally applicable truth.我的答案：B6Syllogism is a kind of deductive reasoning.A、Deductive reasoning (from general to specific)B、Inductive reasoning (from specific to general)我的答案：A7All fragile things are breakable things. Some glasses a re fragile things.Therefore,A、Some Glasses will break.B、Some Glasses are breakable things.C、Some things are breakable.D、None of the above.我的答案：B8Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “Xiao Ming alwayscheats in exams. Xiao Ming is your friend. You always cheat in exams.A、hasty generalizationB、post hocC、guilt by associationD、oversimplification我的答案：C9Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “We have a new Math teacher. And my Math turns out to be a disaster this semester. The newMath teacher is responsible for my poor performance. ”A、post hocB、guilt by associationC、oversimplificationD、begging the question我的答案：A10Can you identify the logical fallacy in this claim? “we shouldn’t liar like Zhao Zhi to represent us in this competition.A、post hocB、guilt by associationC、oversimplificationD、begging the question我的答案：D11How to convert logical syllogism into written argument ?A、Provide evidence for each premise.B、Lay out each premise clearly.C、Draw a clear connection to the conclusion.D、Support the conclusion with new evidence.我的答案：ABC12What’s the structure of introduction?A、Background informationB、Hookc.C、Thesis statementD、Evidence of Thesis statement我的答案：ABCWeek 41What is one advantage of the block style of writing?A、It allows the writer to fully present two of the aspects of a subject in one paragraph without any interruption or influence from other ideas or topics.B、It allows the writer to fully present all of the aspects of a subject in one paragraph with many interruptions or influences from other ideas or topics.C、It allows the writer to fully present all of the aspects of a subject in one paragraph without any interruption or influence from other ideas or topics.D、It allows the writer to fully present four ideas or topics in one paragraph without any interruption or influence from the subject.我的答案：C 得分：20.0分2How is a point-by-point style argumentative essay different from a block style argumentative essay regarding how they disprove opposing pointsof view?A、Whereas only one paragraph in a block style argumentative essay will present a strong argument against an opposing view, all three paragraphs in a point-by-point style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view.B、Whereas only one paragraph in a point-by-point style argumentative essay will present a strong argument against an opposing view, all three paragraphs in a block style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view.C、Whereas all three paragraphs in a block style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view, only one paragraph in an argumentative point-by-point style essay will present a strong argument against an opposing view.D、Whereas all three paragraphs in a point-by-point style argumentative essay seek to disprove opposing points of view, in a block style argumentative essay there are no strong arguments against an opposing view.我的答案：B\C 得分：0.0分3What are two ways that we can organize paragraphs a ccording to thispresentation?A、introduction, body, and conclusionB、block style and point-by-point styleC、summative and narrativeD、point-by-point style and comparative style我的答案：B 得分：20.0分4What is a characteristic of point by point style writing? A、Writers can focus on comparing things through unique lenses or perspectives in each paragraph.B、The writer can focus on completely explaining one subject in each paragraph.C、The writer will personalize or reflect on the comparison made in the third paragraph.D、The use of an introduction and conclusion are unique to this style of writing.我的答案：A 得分：20.0分5 When looking at our writing, we should ask ourselves if we are ________ two things from a certain perspective or ________ one subject.A、ComparingB、ExplainingC、EngagingD、ElaboratingE、InvigilatingF、ConflatingG、Initiating我的答案：AG\BG 得分：0.0分Week 51What are the two locations where citations can be found in a paper?A、After quotes and summarizingB、At the beginning of the paper and at the end of the paperC、In text or at the end of the textD、To support your writing and to avoid plagiarism我的答案：B 得分：0.0分2Which of the following is not a reason to provide proper citation?A、To show our hard wo rk and all of the research that we’ve doneB、To plagiarize (using another person’s words or ideas without giving them proper credit)C、To establish our credibility as a writerD、To allow readers to find more information about our ideas我的答案：A\C 得分：0.0分3What does procrastination mean?A、Supporting the efforts of othersB、Getting things done earlyC、Writing down referencesD、leaving things until the last moment我的答案：D 得分：12.5分4What are the two most commonly used citation styles?A、Modern Language Association & American Psychological AssociationB、Social Sciences & Liberal Arts and HumanitiesC、Citation and PlagiarismD、Multiple Language Association & American Physiology Association 我的答案：B\C 得分：0.0分5Which of these is an example of MLA Citation?A、(Stone 15)B、(Stone, 2014, p. 15) is an example of MLA Citation我的答案：A6When making citations at the end of a text, which lines must be indented?A、All lines except the first lineB、All lines except the last lineC、The first lineD、The second line我的答案：C 得分：0.0分7Which style of citation is the most specific and why?A、MLA requires the date of publication because they focus more on the Liberal arts and Humanities, and research in this field is only catalogued by year.B、APA because they focus more on the Liberal arts, and research in this field is only catalogued by year.C、APA requires the date of publication because they focus more on the scientific realm, and research in this field is always changing.D、These two popular styles of citation are pretty much the same, and one does not require more details than the other.我的答案：A\B 得分：0.0分8In which situations should we use citation?A、Quoting, Summarizing, ProverbsB、Paraphrasing, Quoting, Common KnowledgeC、Common Knowledge, Quoting, Better safe than sorryD、Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting我的答案：D 得分：12.5分Week 61Why is it better to use a strong verb than to use a noun?A、Nouns show actionB、Nouns are informal.C、Verbs show actionD、Verbs are informal.我的答案：C 得分：16.6分2How do we tighten sentences?（排序）1、reflect on the logical relationship among sentence and ideas. 2、look for words that don’t do their share of the work 3、use strong verbs 4、Keep it clear and simpleA、2341B、1234C、3214D、4321我的答案：D 得分：0.0分3What are three synonyms for the word “say” (use a thesaurus)?A、mention, denigrate, proclaimB、enunciate, exhume, clarifyC、inculcate, state, pontificateD、allege, opine, verbalize我的答案：B 得分：0.0分4Why should we be careful of the word be?A、“Be” allows for the use of adjectives which are not descriptive.B、“Be” is rarely used in written English.C、“Be” is often confused for “bee”.D、“Be” is often used in a passive manner and does not show action. 我的答案：D 得分：16.6分5What are the three ways to create powerful descriptive language?A、use of adjecitvesB、parallel structureC、varied sentence structureD、theme and rheme我的答案：ACD 得分：0.0分6 When we say “sentence variety”, what can we vary?A、sentence lengthB、sentence openingC、sentence endingD、sentence structure我的答案：AD 得分：8.5分Week 71Which thematic progression pattern has been used in this paragraph?Hemp’s environmental credentials are indisputable. It grows better inorganic systems than in conventional ones. It smothers weeds andcontrols pests, clearing the land for other crops. It improves the structureof the soil, with strong roots to prevent erosion. If processed in the field,it returns nutrients to the land and purports to ‘clean up’ soil co with heavy metals. It is one of a minority of textile-fibre crops that can begrown in temperate climates. So why, given its potential, is so little hempused today? (New Internationalist, June 1998, p. 14)A、simple linear progressionB、split progressionC、constant progressionD、derived hyperthematic progression我的答案：A 得分：0.0分2Which lexical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph?A big tree with a thick trunk and outspread branches was nearby, andtaking care to leave not the slightest mark, he climbed up into the crotch,and stretching out on one of the broad limbs, after a fashion, rested…Something was coming through the bush, slowly, carefully, thesame winding way Rainsford had come. He flattened himself down on the limb and through a screen of leaves, saw it was a man.A、synonymyB、hyponymyC、repetitionD、metonymy我的答案：B 得分：10.0分3Which one is more coherent?(仅填A或B即可)A、The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness.A hollowed-out coconut chained to a stake makes the trap.A monkey can put its hand though a small hole in the coconut and grab some rice inside. The monkey can put its hand into the hole but cannot take its fist out with rice in it. The monkey's value rigidity traps it when it reaches in. The rice cannot be revalued. He cannot see that freedom without rice is more valuable than capture with it.B、The most striking example of value rigidity I can think of is the old south Indian Monkey Trap, which depends on value rigidity for its effectiveness. The trap consists of a hollowed-out coconut chained to a stake. The coconut has some rice inside which can be grabbed through a small hole. The hole is big enough so that the monkey's hand can go in,but too small for his fist with rice in it to come out. The monkey reachesin and is suddenly trapped - by nothing more than his own value rigidity.He can't revalue the rice. He cannot see that freedom without rice is morevaluable than capture with it.我的答案：B 得分：10.0分4Which lexical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph?‘NOW, what I want is, Fact s. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts.Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everythingelse. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts:nothing else will ever be of any service to them. …Stick to Facts, Sir!A、hyponymyB、repetitionC、antonymyD、metonymy我的答案：B5Which lexical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph?He fell asleep. What woke him was a loud crash.A、metonymyB、repetitionC、hyponymyD、antonymy我的答案：D6Which thematic progression pattern has been used in this paragraph? The inventor of the diode valve was Fleming. He made use of the fact, first noticed by Edison, that an electric current could be made to flow across the empty space between the hot filament of an electric lamp and another metal electrode placed inside the evacuated bulb. This effect depends upon the thermionic emission of electrons from the heated metal filament. (W. P. Jolly, (1972). Electronics, p. 61)A、simple linear progressionB、split progressionC、constant progressionD、derived hyperthematic progression我的答案：C\D 得分：0.0分7Which grammatical cohesion strategy has been used in the following paragraph? I see traces of the turtle soup, and vension, and gold spoon in this. Yes, I do! Cried Mr. Bounderby, shaking his head with obstinate cunning. ‘By the Lord Harry, I do.’ A、ellipsisB、conjunctionC、referenceD、substitution我的答案：D 得分：10.0分8Which one is not a grammatical cohesion strategy?A、referenceB、substitutionC、metonymyD、ellipsisE、conjunction我的答案：C 得分：10.0分9Which paragraph in the following is more coherent? (仅填A或B即可) A、Nauru is so small that the plane lands in what is best described as the capital's main street. To stop cars when planes are landing the seaward side of the runway has traffic lights at each end. Well-fed and brightly clothed Naurans cowd the tiny air terminal with their smart cars. The only hotel, the luxurious Menen, is a 10-minute drive half way round the island and is where new arrivals are driven off in Japanese m inibuses. The well-paved road passes rows of neat, modern houses, set among the trees.B、Nauru is so small that the plane lands in what is best described as thecapital's main street. The seaward side of the runway has traffic lights at each end to stop cars when planes are landing. The tiny air terminal is crowded with well-fed and brightly clothed Naurans with their smart cars. New arrivals are driven off in Japanese minibuses for the 10-minute drive half way round the island to the only hotel, the luxurious Menen. The well-paved road passes rows of neat, modern houses, set among the trees. (David Lascelles, The Financial Times)我的答案：B 得分：10.0分10What is the purpose of using cohesion strategies?A、to connect the writing as a wholeB、to flow smoothly from one idea to the next oneC、to ensure the accuracy of writingD、to bring out more ideas as inspiration我的答案：AB 得分：10.0分Week 81Which one is more formal? (请从A和B里选择即可)A、This is to inform you that your book has been rejected by our publishing company as it was not up to the required standard. In case you would like us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you go over it and make some necessary changes.B、You know that book I wrote? Well, the publishing company rejected it. They thought it was awful. But hey, I did the best I could, and I think it was great. I’m not gonna redo it the way they said I should.我的答案：A 得分：33.3分2Which ones have used nominalization?A、I do not understand either her meaning or his intention.B、I do not understand either what she means or what he intends.C、The fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury.D、My denial of his accusations impressed the jury.我的答案：A 得分：33.3分3Nominalization is to turn a verb or an adjective into a noun.我的答案：√ 得分：33.4分。
大学写作课程课后习题答案(2020年7月整理).pdf
Unit 1Part III Follow-up Exercises3. write a focused topic sentence for the following subjects:1) looking for jobsA person can look for a job in several ways.2) penguinsPenguins resemble human beings in many respects.3) personalityOne’s personality plays an important role in foreign language learning.4) weatherLiving in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.4. Read the following paragraphs and write a topic sentence for each of them in the space provided.Paragraph 1: All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions. Paragraph 2: There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.5. Read the following paragraphs and 1) underline the topic sentence of each paragraph, and 2) mark out the sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraph.1) topic sentencesParagraph 1: The world had enjoyed many benefits from the invetnion of the telephone. Paragraph 2: I had a terrible morning today.2)sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraphParagraph 1: Many people do not like writing letters to each other. And nowadays, the Internet has brought us more convenience.Paragraph 2: I heard that he was also very strict with his own children.6. Pick out the topic sentence from the following group of sentences and restore the logical sequence of the others and decide where to put the topic sentence.Topic sentence: 5) Generally speaking, there are many attractions of living in a city.Logical sequence of the sentences: 5, 7, 4, 1, 6, 9, 8, 3, 2.7. Put the following words and phrases in the blankets; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) First of all(2) Secondly(3) By and by(4) In addition(5) In short8. Read the following paragraph and find out what techniques have been used to achieve coherence.1) repetition of key words : junk food, students2) use of transitional signals: for one reason, also, as a result, however3) use of pronouns: they, their, thisUnit 2Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Here is a list of events in time order with a given topic sentence. Organize them into a coherent paragraph by using linking devices and making some necessary alternations.Topic sentence: When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual.1) , when 2) 3) As soon as 4) , 5) 6) Meanwhile, 7) Finally, 8) After 9), 10) and 11) Ad 12) , 13) Then 14) 15)4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and completer the table.Logical sequence of the sentences:4, 10, 5, 12, 3, 7, 15, 9, 14, 2, 11, 8, 13, 6, 1Topic sentence: My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.Concluding sentence: Although we were very tired at midnight, we agreed that our two-day vacation at Disney World was one of the best we had ever had.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) Then (2) morning (3) afternoon (4) Then(5) After that (6) when (7) already (8) afterPart III Follow-up Exercises3. logical sequence of the sentence:3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 5, 2Relationship: Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical space.4. Read the following passage and 1) underline the space signals in it; 2) discuss how effectively they help to achieve coherence.1) in above in front of under through behind2) The central focus is “a shocking experience.” To support the main idea, the writer uses a lot of descriptions and organizes these details according to the space relationship, and thus coherence is achieved.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) into(2) crosses(3) In the center of(4) Outside(5) inside(6) On the front(7) over(8) down(9) lined with(10) At the rear6. Disscuss in what order this paragraph is developed.This paragraph is developed in a circular order, i.e. from east to north, and then to southPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of process analysis it is organized; 2) complete the table.1) Pattern: description with supplementary explanations.2) the tableSteps of the processStep 1 Wooden casks are first interconnected and then stacked in tiers.Step 2 Young sherries are poured into the casks at the top wheras the mature sherries are drawn out of the casks at the bottom.Step 3 Different sherries are constantly mixed up.Result of the effortStep 1 noStep 2 One third of the content is drawn out of one cask in any one year.Step 3 Special characteristics of the different sherries are maintained year after year.4. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) with(2) while(3) slowly(4) Gradually(5) with(6) By this time(7) Suddenly8) final(9) ending(10) applause5. Task OneThe following paragraph is written according to the type of the exclusive description of process. Work in groups to identify 1) procedures of the festival in Japan; 2) linking devices that connect these procedures.Procedures of celebrating the festival:Step 1: Prepare and lay out food; make the special lanterns.Step 2: Keep dancing and singing overnight.Step 3: Throw the food and lanterns into a river or sea.Step 4: Watch the lanterns drifting way.Linking words and phrases that connect these procedures:Firstly, also, afterward, then, signals the endPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following two paragraphs and 1) decide in which pattern of examplification each one is organized; 2) complete the outline for paragraph B.1) Paragraph A follows Pattern 2, which uses one extended example to illustrate the controlling idea. Paragraph B follows Pattern 1, which uses several examples to illustrate the topic sentence.2)The outline for paragraph B:Topic sentence: Working in an apple plant was the worst job I ever had.Examples:1. First of all, the work was physically hard.Specific details:1) For ten hours a night, I took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2) Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice, and they were heavy.2. The second bad feature of the job was the pay.Specific details:I was getting the minimum wage at that time, $1.25 an hour, plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3. The worst feature of the apple plant job was the working conditions.Specific details:1) During work we were limited to two 10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch.2) The steel floors of the trucks were like ice; the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding sentence: I felt humiliated by the poverty that forced me to do such a bitter job.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of exemplification the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:3, 6, 1, 8, 2, 4, 7, 5,Pattern: It follows Patten 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) For example(2) Furthermore(3) In still another instance(4) Even(5) his(6) these(7) contemporary6. If you want to write a paragraph to prove that some of the laws in Masssachusetts seem ridiculously funny in today’s world, pick out the effective examples you will use form among the listed seven examples.Examples 2, 3 and 5 are relevant and specific. They are effective examples that can be used. Examples 1 and 7 are not specific, though relevant.Examples 4 and 6 are completely irrelevant. They don’t refer to a Massachusetts law.7. Read each group of the following examples, then write a topic sentence.1) Topic sentence: I’ve never seen a girl as lazy as Arena.2) Topic sentence: English teachers are applying different means to teach English language.3) Topic sentence: Americans have been decreasing their working hours since the early 1900s.4) Topic sentence: My father has been a generous man to his children.Uint 6Part III Follow-up Exercises3. To write a definition paragraph, the first step is usually to place the term in a class or category, and then describe what you think are the special features that distinguish the term from all the other members in the class. Now fill in the table by putting the terms in an appropriate category. SubjectRepublicClass: a form of governmentCharacteristics: in which power resides in the people (the electorate)WolfClass: a large, dog-like carnivorous mammalCharacteristics: with yellowish or brownish gray and coarse fur, erect pointed ears, and a bushy tailJazzClass: a style of musicCharacteristics: that features improvisation and performancepersistenceClass: a kind of qualityCharacteristics: not giving up even during rough times4. Read the following definitions and discuss what problems each has and then improve them.1) ,2) The expression “is where” and “is when” should not be used to begin the main part of a definiton. The linking verb “is” should be followed by a noun, a pronoun or an adjective. Improved: 1) A stadium is a structure or building in which sports spectaculars are held.2) Socialism is a theory or system of community organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production, capital, land and so forth, in the community as a whole.3) This is a circular definition, a practice of defining a term with the term itself.Improved: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, from a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide.4) The subject is defined in a language equally or more complex than the original.Improved: surreptitious means “secret.”5) Exemplification is mistaken for definition; the examples are good for clarification, but they do not define.Improved: Political conservatives are people who are dedicated to preserving the existing conditions, such as William F.Buckley, Jr., and Pat Robertson.6) It is a generalization rather than a precise definiton, for the concept is defined with characteristics without being first put under a class or category.Improved: Hearing aids are a kind of device which enables deaf people to hear sounds such as normal speech.5. Task OneRestore the logical sequence of the following sentences to form a well-ordered definition. Logical sequence of the sentences: 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 6,Task ThreeRead again the sentences in the arrangement you have established and fill in the following blanks. -- The purpose of the paragraph is to explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalent.-- The two main characteristics of machismo are courageous behavior and earthy sexuality.-- Also is the transitional word that leads you from the first characteristic to the second one.6. Following are a topic sentence and some supporting points for a paragraph that defines “rudeness.” Please plan out and write the secondary supporting details using the methods you have learned in this unit to develop the definition.Unit 7Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of cause and effect it is organized;2)complete the table.1) pattern: single effect and multiple causes.2) causes(1) got drunk at the party(2) had taken the drug of Accutane(3) adolescent depressionEffect:Bart Jr’s suicide4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of cause and effect the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5,Pattern of cause and effect:single effect and multiple causes.5.Task one. The following paragraph is written in a cause-and-effect pattern. Work in groups to identify 1) the topic under discussion; 2) points covered in terms of cause and effect.Topic: Society itself may be producing the distortions of personality, mental illness, and emotional instability.Causes1)society’s compartmentalizing2)society’s competitive demands3) inability to rebelEffectDistortions of personality, etc.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Complete the following outlines for paragraps of classification. Keep in mind the principles of classification.1) Topic: University Students’ EntertainmentTopic sentence: Uni versity students’ entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes place.Division:a) entertainment at homeb) enterainment on campusc) entertainment elsewhere2) Topic: Roles of Young Married Women in SocietyTopic sentence: The average young married woman in today’s society has her life divided into three different roles.Division:a) the role of lifeb) the role of motherc) the role of self3) Topic: NeighborsTopic sentence: Neighbors fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards you.Division:a) those who are friendlyb) those who are indifferentc) those who hate you5. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and complete the outline.Logical sequence of the sentences:7, 3, 10, 9, 1, 5, 8 ,4, 2 ,11, 6,Subject: Christmas giftsTopic sentence: Christmas gifts can be divided into three groups, according to their after-Christmas fate.Division:a) those that are welcomed and put into use very soonb) those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc) those that you banish as soon as possible.Concluding sentence: By New Year’s Day, you have either used, stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts.6. Put the following words and phrase in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) types(2) Though(3) Finally(4) however(5) Even though(6) Before(8) If(9) Then(10) thesePart III Follow-up exercises3. Read the following paragraph and 1) decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast it is organized; 2) complete the table.Pattern: point-by-pointSubject 1: Western HomesPoint:Room function: Each room has its own function.Table: Each home has several tables for different functions.Door: Western homes have fixed, hinged doors.Subject 2: Japanese HomesPoint:Room function: One room serves all the functions.Table: One low table serves all the purposes.Door: Japanese homes have lightweight sliding doors.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 8, 7, 1Pattern of comparison and constrast: subject by subject5. Put the following words in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) similar(2) although(3) difference(4) identical(5) again(6) while(7) But(8) difference(9) consistency(10) completelyPart III Follow-up Exercises3. The following incomplete paragraph leads you to make your own generalization. On the basis of the examples given, write a conclusion of the paragraph.General Statement: The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed press.5. Presenting sufficient details to develop a generalization is one of the basic concerns in paragraphing. The use of a three-level outline is usually helpful. Please complete the outline by arranging the ideas given in the box and providing supporting details.A. Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity.(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2) misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB. TV serials or dramas may oversimplify complex social and psychological problems.(1) enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2) giving a false picture of realityC. Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1) too many commercials(2) an insult even to the intelligence of a moronGeneralization: In brief, it is harmful and damaging for children to watch too much television. 6. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice while some may not be used.(1) Thus(2) When(3) also(4) however(5) Moreover(6) indeed(7) also(8) Yet(9) and(10) ThusPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Analyze the following sketch and decide how the character is described.The description centers on one trait of personality: Uncle Amo’s being ordinary and average in life.4. Read the following passage and 1) find out how many techniques appear in it and which of them stands out; 2) complete the table.There are obviously three methods used: comparison (1), generalization (2,4), and cause-effect (3).The one that stands out is generalization.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Choose some of the following subjects and turn them into thesis statements. Pay attention to4. Read the following composition carefully and then point out the details that are not relevant to the thesis statement.1) For example, some people don’t like to stay at home a fter work.2) I once stopped drinking for a while.3) The world we live in is changing every day.4) And the price of tobacco has been going up on the international market.5) A lot of people have successfully given up smoking now.5. Read the following composition carefully and answer the following questions.Questions1) What is the thesis statement? And where is it?The thesis statement is “there are minor differences between them in three areas.” It is the second sentence in the first paragraph.2) What is the function of each of the paragraphs in terms of organizational pattern? And what3) How does the composition achieve coherence?By repetition of key words: difference, British English, American English.By using transitional words and phrases: in terms of, in addition to, second, third, generally speaking.6. Complete the following two tasks.Task OneFill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word or phrases.(2) often(3) Since(4) on the other hand(5) also(6) but(7) AlthoughTask TwoPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Tell which of the following sentences use the technique of “telling” and which use the technique of “showing” in narrating what happened.Sentences that tell: 1, 3, 6Sentences that show: 2, 4, 55. Rearrange the following sentences in a chronological order to tell a story.Logical sequence of the sentences:8, 3, 7, 1, 5, 9, 13, 2, 6, 12, 4, 11, 106. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; change the form where necessary. Some can be used more than once.(1) While(2) in the morning(3) in the evening(4) While(5) until(6) while(7) before(8) at six o’clock(9) As soon as(10) Unfortunately(11) What’s more(12) After(13) the next morning(14) later(15) Luckily(16) until(17) at last。
大学写作教程考试题及答案大全
大学写作教程考试题及答案大全一、选择题1. 下列哪项不是写作过程中应该考虑的因素？A. 主题明确B. 结构合理C. 语言华丽D. 逻辑清晰答案：C2. 在学术论文写作中，以下哪个引用格式最为常用？A. MLAB. APAC. ChicagoD. Harvard答案：B3. 以下哪个不是写作中常见的修辞手法？A. 比喻B. 夸张C. 排比D. 列表答案：D二、填空题4. 写作的三个基本要素包括________、________和________。
答案：主题、结构、语言5. 在写作中，为了使文章更加生动，我们常常使用________和________来丰富表达。
答案：比喻、夸张三、简答题6. 简述写作中“五段论”的基本结构。
答案：五段论的基本结构包括引言段、三个主体段落和结论段。
引言段提出主题和论点；主体段落分别阐述三个分论点，每个分论点后跟相应的论据和分析；结论段总结全文，重申主题和主要观点。
7. 描述如何避免在写作中出现抄袭。
答案：避免抄袭的步骤包括：正确引用他人的观点和数据；使用引号标注直接引用的内容；对所有引用的资料进行准确的脚注或参考文献列表；使用自己的话重新表述他人的观点；确保理解并能够用自己的语言表达所引用的内容。
四、论述题8. 论述为什么在学术写作中，清晰和准确的表达比华丽的语言更为重要。
答案：在学术写作中，清晰和准确的表达是至关重要的，因为它们直接影响到读者对文章内容的理解和接受程度。
学术写作的目的是传达知识、分享研究成果，因此需要确保论点明确、论据充分、逻辑严密。
华丽的语言可能会分散读者的注意力，甚至造成误解。
此外，学术写作强调客观性和事实性，简洁准确的语言更能体现这一点。
五、写作题9. 根据以下提示写一篇不少于800字的议论文。
提示：网络时代的信息爆炸对传统阅读习惯的影响。
答案：略（考生需自行撰写）六、案例分析题10. 阅读以下案例，并分析作者在写作中可能存在的问题及改进方法。
2020年7月全国自考写作(一)试卷及答案解析
全国自考2018年7月写作（一）试卷课程代码：00506一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．提炼主题时，着重披露其隐含在文章中的思想感情，这种方法适用于（）A．侧重叙事的文章B．侧重状物的文章C．侧重抒情的文章D．侧重议论的文章2. 不仅是单纯的感官心理活动，还应加入理性思考的搜集材料的方法是（）A．调查B．观察C．体验 D．检索3. 以骡作为参照物观察马，这是比较观察法中的（）A．相同比较B．相似比较C．相对比较D．相异比较4. 可称为文章内部结构的除情调气氛、意念脉络外，还有（）A．过渡照应B．行文线索C．开头结尾D．逻辑条理5. 文章过渡的含义是指（）A．层次、段落之间衔接的形式B．前后文的相互呼应C．作者思路演变轨迹D．思想内容的逻辑关系6. 人物描写贵在（）A．生动B．写出变化C．形神兼备D．细腻7. 第一人称叙述的局限是（）1A．不便于反映广阔的社会生活B．不便于抒发自己的感慨C．读者阅后缺乏真切感D．不便于抒发文中人物的感情8. 白描的特点是（）A．文笔粗糙B．简朴传神C．平淡简陋D．笔触细密9. 下列各项不属于间接抒情方式的是（）A．寓情于理B．寓情于景C．寓情于物D．寓情于事10. 议论文中回答“怎样证明”的问题是（）A．立论B．论点C．论据 D．论证11. 用事实和道理直接驳斥对方的论点使其站不住脚。
这种驳论的方法是（）A．驳论证B．驳论点C．驳论据D．归纳谬论12. “《水经注》里提到的‘旅人桥’大约建于公元二八二年，可能是记载的最早的石拱桥了。
”这段文字用的说明方法是（）A．比喻说明B．引用说明C．分类说明D．诠释说明13. 使用语言的要求除生动、准确外，还有（）A．个性化B．模糊C．简洁 D．大众化14. 文章写作过程中最富于创造性的一项内容是（）A．择体B．定向C．运思 D．审题15. 围绕一个主题，集纳一组新闻材料而进行报道的通讯是（）A．工作通讯B．主题通讯2C．概貌通讯D．旅游通讯16. 下列作品属记人、叙事散文的是（）A．《示朴琐记》B．《白杨礼赞》C．《社稷坛抒情》D．《透过希区柯克的后窗》17. 完成读后感剖文析理的基本任务的主要手段是（）A．由此及彼B．细读精思C．叙议结合D．情理交融18. 下列作品中属于短论的是（）A．《“杂草”精神》B．《维谢赫拉的寓言》C．《放下即实地》D．《论文学的时代精神》19. 要求文艺评论者在熟悉生活的基础上，认真研究评论对象，研究作家、作品。
(整理)美国大学英语写作 课后答案PART 5
A NSWER KEYPART FIVE: READINGS FOR WRITINGAnswers are provided starting below for the comprehension questions, the structure/technique questions, and the discussion questions that follow each of the 21 reading selections. In addition, a suggested brief outline is provided for each reading selection. As explained on page 11 of this manual, the outline highlights the thesis of each selection and the main support for that thesis. Suggested Answers for “Thank You”—Alex HaleyNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 577-5781. c2. b3. a Answers b and c are too narrow; answer d is too broad.4. d Answers a and c are too narrow; answer b is an idea not mentioned in theselection.5. a Paragraph 16. c Paragraph 287. True Paragraph 148. a Paragraph 149. a Paragraph 2210. c Paragraph 12Structure and Technique,5791. Which pattern or patterns of development does Haley use in his essay? Explain.Answer: Much of “Thank You” is a narration of the story of Haley’s letters. As is usually the case with narration, that story also includes description (especially in paragraphs 1, 4, 19).However, Haley’s conclusion reveals that his essay is meant to be an argument for saying “thank you.” In paragraphs 28–30, he writes of encouraging students to say “thank you.”And to readers—of letters written on his stationery and of this reading—he addresses words that summarize his argument: “Find the good—and praise it.”2. Paragraph 4 contains a vivid description of part of Haley’s Thanksgiving night onthe Murzim. What sensory details (sight, smell, hearing, taste, and/or touch) does he provide?What is the effect of all these details?Answer:Haley provides details that appeal to three senses. First, he appeals to the sense of touch when he writes of the “great, deep draughts” he breathed in and the feeling in his feet of “vibrations from the deep-set, turbine diesels.” He appeals to the sense of sight with the images of the “white cook’s hat and the long apron” and of the movement of water “resistingthe skin of a ship.”And he appeals to the sense of hearing with the words “that slightly hissing sound the sea makes.”The effect of the descriptive details is a peaceful scene that sets the mood for Haley’s thoughts about Thanksgiving and the people he should thank.3. Most of Haley’s essay is about the three thank-you letters he wrote. Why do you think heincluded the anecdote about the helpful man at the airport? How is it related to his point about giving thanks?Answer:By including the anecdote about the helpful airline man, Haley shows that he feels it is important to give thanks to people in everyday situations, not just to our elders.This anecdote provides a transition from his first three letters of thanks (which apply only to the author) to his implied argument that we all should remember to thank others.4. Writers’most common purposes are to inform, to entertain, and to persuade. Whichpurpose—or purposes—do you think Haley has in mind?Answer:The information about Haley’s experiences and conclusions supports his central purpose, which is to persuade readers of the importance of giving thanks (28 and 30). Critical Reading and Discussion,5791. Before Haley decides to write to his loved ones, what series of thoughts and images goesthrough his mind as he reflects on the meaning of Thanksgiving? What is the connection between these traditional images and what Haley finally realizes?Answer:After having cooked dinner on the ship, Haley first thinks about “the historic . . .Pilgrims, Indians”and the foods typically associated with Thanksgiving (5). Yet this conventional imagery is inadequate, and Haley seeks a way to “personally apply” the holiday(6). He then thinks about giving thanks through prayer to God (6–7), but again feelsdissatisfied with this approach (8). Finally, Haley comes up with a more concrete and personal way to celebrate Thanksgiving: to thank the people in his life for all they have done for him (9). By going beyond the images of the holiday, Haley expands the traditional meaning of Thanksgiving to include a personal one.2. Alex Haley was far from home when he decided to thank the important people in his life. Ifhe had remained at home, do you think he would have still thanked these people? Why or why not?Answer:Answers will vary. Some students may say that Haley would probably have continued to take the important people in his life for granted if he had not been far away.They might reasonably argue that he needed time and distance to really appreciate what they had done for him.3. How does Haley feel about the three responses to his thank-you letters? What conclusionsabout human nature does he draw from these responses?Answer:All three letters left Haley “not only astounded, but more humbled than before” (20).The fact that his father was “moved” to answer his letter showed Haley how profoundly the thank-you letter had affected his father (22). By quoting parts of Reverend Nelson’s letter, Haley implies that it brought him great satisfaction to have given the Reverend “welcome reassurance that his career had been appreciated” (23). Grandma’s letter evoked tears from Haley, who is moved by the gratitude that would cause her to spend hours responding to him(24).The three responses reveal something almost “mystical in human nature,”which Haley identifies as the secret “yearning . . . for more of their fellows to express appreciation for their efforts” (25).4. Haley is a world-renowned writer. Who might have influenced his decision to be a writer?What made these people such powerful role models in his life? In general, what would you say are the qualities of a good role model?Answer: Answers may vary, although one reasonable response is that all three people Haley thanked—as well as the other four who had died (10)—helped shape the person he has become and therefore influenced his decision to be a writer. The father’s insistence on the value and beauty of reading probably influenced Haley most profoundly (14). But Haley is also indebted to Reverend Nelson and Grandma, who trained him to be a good and moral human being with positive aspirations.Answers to the final question may vary, but students might cite, as qualities of a good role model, integrity, persistence, resilience, sensitivity, compassion, and the like.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis: Writing thank-you letters taught the author the value of showing appreciation.1. His father was touched to learn that he had truly helped his own son (22).2. His school principal was reassured of his own self-worth as a result of an appreciative letter(23).3. His grandmother was just as grateful to him as he was to her (24).Suggested Answers for “Shame”—Dick GregoryNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 584-5851. a2. d3. b Answers a, c, and d are too narrow.4. a Answers b, c, and d are too narrow.5. c Paragraph 66. True Paragraph 237. a Paragraph 58. b The entire incident with the Community Chest Fund shows Richard’spride; see also paragraph 28.9. b Richard’s teacher ignores his problems and humiliates him in front of theentire class; see paragraphs 5 through 26.10. b Helene cries over Richard’s humiliation; see paragraph 23.Structure and Technique, 5851. In paragraphs 1 and 2, Gregory mentions several steps he took to impress Helene Tucker.What were they? Why does he include them in his essay?Answer:In order to impress Helene, Gregory brushed his hair, got a handkerchief, washed his socks and shirt every night, shoveled the snow off her walk, tried to make friends with her mother and aunts, and left money on her stoop. He describes those steps in detail because, besides demonstrating his devotion to Helene, they give a clear picture of Gregory’s poverty.2. A metaphor is a suggested comparison. What metaphor does Gregory use in paragraph 5, andwhat is its purpose? What metaphor does he use in the second sentence of paragraph 7, and what does it mean?Answer:In paragraph 5, Gregory uses the metaphor that he was pregnant to suggest the effects of poverty on him—it gave him strange tastes, which pregnant people get. It also filled him (as pregnancy fills someone), but with negative things: poverty, dirt, “smells that made people turn away,” and so on.In the second sentence of paragraph 7, Gregory uses the metaphor of a flying eagle to represent the movement of money. (A picture of an eagle is engraved on one side of a quarter).3. In narrating the incidents in the classroom and in the restaurant, Gregory chooses toprovide actual dialogue rather than merely to tell what happened. Why?Answer:By using the exact words spoken by Helene, the teacher, and himself, Gregory givesa very clear picture of what happened by allowing the reader to “experience” it, rather thansimply hear a general summary. The dialogue between Helene and the teacher shows Helene as an ideal little student who received approval from the teacher. The dialogue between Gregory and the teacher, however, clearly demonstrates Gregory’s eagerness to impress Helene and his unsuccessful, embarrassing attempt to gain the teacher’s approval. If Gregory had merely described what had happened, we would have a much less vivid impression of the characters involved.4. At the end of the essay, Gregory shifts his focus from the classroom to the scene involving the winoat the restaurant. What is the connection between this closing scene and the rest of the essay?Answer:In the body of the essay, Gregory is narrating a time that he was shamed publicly and no one came to his defense. In the closing scene, Gregory realizes that he has done the same thing—that he, too, has witnessed a person being shamed without assisting him. He feels a new kind of “shame,” that of having failed to help another man in need.Critical Reading and Discussion,5861. When Gregory writes, “I never learned hate at home, or shame. I had to go to school forthat” (paragraph 1), he is using irony—an inconsistency between what is expected and what actually occurs. What does he mean by these two statements? What is the effect of his irony?Answer:Gregory means that although his home life was one of poverty and want, his home was not a place of inhumane values, such as hatred and shame. But at school, which on its surface was a more positive place, he was made to feel hatred and shame. The ironic statement intrigues the reader and makes him or her want to know more about what Gregory means.2. What are Gregory’s feelings about his teacher? What were your feelings about her as you readthis essay? What could the teacher have done or said that would not have made Gregory feel ashamed?Answer:Gregory seems sad and resentful that the teacher did not understand why he misbehaved in class and that she assumed he was stupid and a troublemaker. But he also wanted her approval badly, as seen by the Community Chest incident and the fact that he gota “big thrill” out of being chosen to clean the blackboard. Students’ suggestions about theteacher will vary. One possibility: She could have merely thanked Gregory in class and then spoken to him privately later if she doubted that he could contribute to Community Chest.3. Gregory shows how a childhood incident taught him shame. What other important lessons does Gregory learn in this essay? Explain.Answer:From paragraph 3, in which Gregory talks about his accomplishments later in life, we can conclude that he learned he could boost his self-esteem through his own efforts.Paragraph 5 shows that from his own experiences, he learned that children who are hungry and poor may feel invisible and so behave in ways that attract attention. From his experience with the wino, he learned that in order to feel good about himself, he would have to start standing up for other people who were shamed.4. At the end of his essay, Gregory says, “I waited too long to help another man.” Why do youthink he waited so long to assist the wino? What are some reasons people do not always help others who are in need (for example, ignoring a homeless person seated on the sidewalk)?Answer:Gregory probably had many reasons for not helping the wino sooner: embarrassment at drawing attention to himself, reluctance to part with his hard-earned money, not wanting to get in trouble with Mr. Williams, not knowing the wino and thus feeling the affair wasn’t his business, etc. People have similar reasons for not helping others in need. In addition, people who ignore a homeless man may feel that the man’s problems—maybe including substance abuse or mental illness—are so big and deep-rooted that they are not qualified to help him in any effective way.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis:Living poor was, for the author, a humiliating experience.1. He was embarrassed in front of his classmates and, worse, in front of Helene Tucker(7-23).2. Everybody knew he was a “worthy boy” who had no Dad and no money (28).3. His self-pity prevented him from helping another poor man, the wino (29-37). Suggested Answers for “I Became Her Target”—Roger WilkinsNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions,589-5901. d2. a3. d Answers a and c are too broad; answer b is not supported by the selection.4. d Answers a, b, and c are too broad.5. d Paragraph 36. a Paragraph 67. b Paragraph 78. b Paragraph 29. c Paragraph 610. d Paragraph 11 (We know that Miss Bean had not intended to knock thepencil from his hand because she gasped when the pencil went flying.) Structure and Technique,5911. Which pattern of essay development—comparison, narration, or description—does Wilkinsuse in most of his essay? Explain.Answe r: Wilkins primarily uses narration. Although description is woven throughout, he is generally telling the story of his family’s move to Grand Rapids and a series of events that occurred there.2. Which kind of transition signal—addition, time, or space—does Wilkins use to move hisessay smoothly from one event to the next? Find at least four different words that are examples of this signal.Answe r: Wilkins uses time signals, including “before” (paragraph 2), “later” (7), “after,” (8), “final,”(11), and “afterward”(11). Time signals are often used in narratives to clarify the time relationships between events.3. In the first paragraph, Wilkins chooses to provide some historical background for his story.Why do you think he chose the specific details mentioned there? What might have been lost if these details had been excluded from the essay?Answe r: The historical events Wilkins lists provide helpful context for the story he is about to tell. By telling readers that he is writing about the World War II era, when the symbolic beginning of the civil rights movement was more than ten years away, he helps readers understand how unusual it was in those days for a single black student to enroll in a formerly all-white school. If Wilkins had not included the details and readers had assumed the story happened more recently, they would have been surprised to read of an all-white school where blacks were considered a novelty.4. A title can offer interesting insights into an essay, especially if the title acquires unexpectedmeanings. Before reading this essay, what did you think the title “I Became Her Target”might refer to? What additional meanings do you think Wilkins intended?Answe r: The first impression most readers are likely to get of the title is that someone “targeted”Wilkins in an unpleasant way, as in “targeted for criticism.”Wilkins’s real meaning seems to be twofold: that Miss Bean made him a “target” for her attention because she wanted to force other students to recognize him as a colleague, and later he became the literal “target” of the eraser she threw.Critical Reading and Discussion,5921. What does Wilkins mean by the term nonstandard person(paragraph 3)? Do you think helater felt more like a “standard” person? Why or why not?Answe r: At first, it seemed that “standard” in the Grand Rapids school could only mean white.As a nonwhite student, Wilkins was made to feel less than normal, adequate, or accepted. By saying in paragraph 11 that he became “just another kid in school,” Wilkins indicates that he came to feel more “standard.”2. Wilkins mentions several ways in which Miss Bean treated him differently from the way hewas treated by the other teachers at Creston. How did her approach differ from theirs? What does this approach reveal about Miss Bean—as a teacher and as a person?Answe r: Unlike Wilkins’s other teachers, who chose to ease him in by ignoring him for a while, Miss Bean made him talk in class immediately. She also asked him questions that required him to do his own thinking, not merely give the “correct”answer. Her approach reveals she was an effective teacher: she realized that if she did not take the lead, the otherstudents would isolate Wilkins. Also, she knew the value of encouraging students to think for themselves and express their own opinions. In addition, her approach reveals she was a sensitive person, concerned about Wilkins’s success in his new school.3. Wilkins says that initially he was Miss Bean’s “incipient teacher’s pet” (paragraph 6). Buthow did Miss Bean’s behavior toward him go beyond mere favoritism? In what way did her treatment of Wilkins affect how his peers regarded him?Answe r: Through her attention to Wilkins, Miss Bean was inviting him to demonstrate to the class that he was an intelligent, normal kid. By forcing him to give answers, to “clean up [another student’s] mess”and to present his opinions, she made it more likely that other students would see him as a person rather than as a “dark presence.”4. In paragraph 7, Wilkins says, “Miss Bean became the first teacher ever to require me tothink.” Prior to Miss Bean’s class, what do you suspect Wilkins—and his classmates—were being taught to do in school? Describe a teacher who gave you “the sense that thinking was part of education.” In your opinion, what can teachers do to get students to think?Answe r: Wilkins’s comment suggests that his other teachers had primarily required him to memorize material and parrot it back. Answers to the rest of the question will vary.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis: A teacher helped the first black student in school to be accepted and to learnto think for himself.1. As a black newcomer to an all-white school in a bigoted neighborhood before the era ofcivil rights, the author felt shame for being different (1-3).2. Miss Bean immediately began to give Wilkins “human dimensions” by including him inclass discussion (4-6).3. By requiring Wilkins to give his opinion on facts learned in class, Miss Bean showed him“that thinking was part of education”and that he could “form opinions that had some value” (7-10).4. By (accidentally) knocking a pencil from Wilkins’s hand with a tossed eraser, Miss Beanmade Wilkins “just another kid in school” (11).Suggested Answers for “The Ambivalence of Abortion”—Linda Bird Francke Note: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions, 596-5971. b2. d3. a Answer b gives an incorrect idea of how the author feels about the abortion;answers c and d are too narrow.4. c Answers a and d are too narrow; answer b does not reflect the author’sconfused feelings about the abortion.5. c Paragraph 66. False Paragraphs 4, 12, 207. d Paragraph 138. a Paragraph 39. c Paragraph 2710. True Paragraphs 5, 10Structure and Technique,597-5981. Which method of introduction—broad-to-narrow, anecdote, or questions—does Francke use?Why do you think she chose this way to begin her essay?Answer:Francke uses an anecdote, the story of how she and her husband decided she should have an abortion. By doing so, she immediately shows the reader that she is writing about something that is a very personal issue for her. In addition, the anecdote sets the tone of ambivalence of the piece (“Oh, how we tried to rationalize it that night”).2. A rhetorical question is one for which no answer is expected. In paragraph 14, Franckeposes an extended rhetorical question. What does she achieve by using this technique?Answer:While telling the reader what thoughts went through Francke’s mind before the abortion, the question also reveals a major source of her doubts: she has a great love and respect for all living things. Also, by framing these ideas in question form, she helps the reader better understand the ambivalence she felt.3. A simile is a figure of speech in which a writer compares one thing to another very differentthing, using the word like or as to bring out a surprising relationship between the two. In paragraph 19, Francke uses a simile when she writes that her baby “was sucked up like ashes after a cocktail party.” Why does she use this particular simile? What view of abortion does it suggest?Answer:The image of ashes being vacuumed up suggests an unimportant bit of trash being cleaned up. Francke uses it to suggest a casual view of abortion in which the fetus didn’t matter.4. Repetition is one way of emphasizing an idea. In the final sentences of her essay, Franckeemploys repetition when she writes, “‘Of course we have room,’I cry to the ghost. ‘Of course, we do.’” What is she emphasizing by repeating the words “of course”? Where does she use repetition in paragraph 3, and what is she emphasizing there?Answer:By repeating “Of course,” she emphasizes that she regrets the abortion and wishes she and her husband could have welcomed the child into their lives. In paragraph 3, she repeats the word “agreed”: “There just wasn’t room in our lives now for another baby. We both agreed. And agreed. And agreed.”This repetition emphasizes the difficulty of the decision, the struggle Francke and her husband had to endure to come to their agreement. Critical Reading and Discussion,5981. In what ways are the staff at Women’s Services considerate to Francke and to the otherpatients? In what ways are they not considerate?Answer:They are considerate in terms of the patients’need for quick efficiency—they do their jobs well. They are cheerful and polite. They are less considerate by not acknowledging the mixed feelings their patients may have been having. By telling one scared patient, “By this afternoon you’ll be dancing a jig,” the aide brushes aside the woman’s fear. They do not appear to offer the women an opportunity to have second thoughts and cancel the abortion 2. Not everyone in this essay responds to abortion in the same way. What different responsesare apparent in Francke’s essay? In your opinion, what are the reasons for these differences?Answer:Francke herself felt sad and confused about her abortion. Other women at the center seemed “dazed,”while others seemed unmoved, as if “they were going right back to Bloomingdale’s.” Students’ answers to the second question will vary.3. At the end of Francke’s essay, the question about whether she supports abortion stillremains. From your sense of the essay, do you think Francke is for or against abortion after having had one? Why?Answer:Students’ answers will vary.4. Francke emphasizes her ambivalence toward abortion throughout the essay. Do you thinkambivalence is a valid position, or is it an easy way to avoid a difficult question? In general, should people have straightforward answers to complex questions? Explain.Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and-Support OutlineThesis:Having an abortion was a complex decision the author sometimes regrets having made.1. She and her husband had difficulty rationalizing their decision (1-3).2. Her experiences at the Women’s Services clinic were physically and emotionally revolting(4-22).3. She sometimes sees the “ghost” of her unborn baby and seems to regret her choice (27).Suggested Answers for “Smash Thy Neighbor”—John McMurtryNote: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.Reading Comprehension Questions,604-4051. c2. b3. a Answers b and c are too broad; answer d is too narrow.4. d Answers a and c are too narrow; answer b contradicts the author.5. c Paragraphs 5 through 86. b Paragraphs 9 and 107. a Paragraph 188. c Paragraph 149. b Paragraph 1810. dStructure and Technique,605-6061. McMurtry uses several patterns of development in his essay: comparison-contrast,cause-effect, description, narration, and argumentation. Where does he use each of those patterns?Answer:McMurtry uses comparison-contrast in paragraphs 5–8, where he compares football and war, and 9–10, where he contrasts his early joy in football with what the game became.He uses cause-effect in paragraphs 15 and 17–18, talking about the game’s effect and players and audience. Description is found in numerous places, such as paragraph 11, in which he describes his injuries. Narration occurs in in paragraph 2, where McMurtry tells the story of his injury and hospitalization. The entire piece is argumentation—everything the author says is meant to support his argument that football in its present state is too violent. In addition to supporting his case forcefully throughout, he uses two specific argumentation strategies: 1) in paragraph 15, he states an opposing view of football, and 2) he then rebuts that view in paragraphs 16–18.2. McMurtry uses terms such as “body wreckage,”“body shattering,”and “skilledmasochism”to describe organized football. Find three other phrases the author uses to describe football (beginning with paragraph 9). What effect does McMurtry hope this language will have on the reader?Answer:“Brutal circus,”“crippling bodily moves,”“joyless drill,”“people-smashing,”and “angry antagonism” are among the descriptive phrases McMurtry uses. He wants the reader to conclude that football in its present form causes too much harm.3. In paragraph 11, McMurtry provides a series of details about the injuries he has sustainedplaying football. List some of these details. Why do you think he includes these personal details in his essay?Answer:The details McMurtry provides include torn knee ligaments, broken nose, broken jaw, torn ankle ligaments, fractured ankle, fractured ribs, torn cartilage, dislocated fingers and toes, and dislocated shoulder. McMurtry includes such details to give a powerful picture of the toll football has taken on his body and also to show that he is writing about a topic with which he has had considerable experience.4. In “Smash Thy Neighbor,”McMurtry repeatedly describes his own personal experienceswith football. What do these anecdotes contribute to the essay? How do they relate to the larger point he is trying to make?Answer:The anecdotes make it clear that even a thoughtful, intelligent man like McMurtry could become so nearly irrational in his attitude towards football: that he would do things to his opponents that he never would in his other life; that he would play despite injuries that threatened his health; that he became vicious and inhumane. By sharing his own experiences, he makes a persuasive point that organized football has very negative effects.Critical Reading and Discussion,6061. What is McMurtry’s current profession? How might his present position have influenced hisopinions about football?Answer:In paragraph 1, McMurtry says he is a university philosophy teacher. As a scholar and philosopher, McMurtry has probably spent a good deal of time thinking about his former life as a professional athlete. As a philosopher, he would know the works of Aristotle (cited in paragraph 15) and be capable of seeing the difference between the role of stage tragedy and bloody athletic contests.2. The author makes a comparison between war and football. Do you think this is a faircomparison? Why or why not?Answer:Answers will vary.3. According to McMurtry, what qualities of our society are reflected in football? What is youropinion of his analysis?Answer:In paragraph 14, McMurtry cites a Harvard study that says such qualities as “impersonal acceptance of inflicted injury,”the devotion of “organizational goals,”the “ability to turn oneself on and off,” and the desire to win are prized by our society, especially in business. Students’ opinion of the analysis will vary.4. In paragraphs 15–18, McMurtry points out—and then refutes—the belief that football benefitssociety. Do you believe that football and sports in general are harmful or helpful to society?Explain.Answer:Answers will vary.Thesis-and-Support Outline。
应用写作教程课后习题答案
训练题参考答案及补充练习目录第一章应用写作基础............................................... １第一节应用写作概述 .......................................... １训练题..................................................... １第二节应用文的写作要素 ...................................... ２一、训练题................................................. ２二、补充题................................................. ３第三节应用文的写作过程....................................... ７训练题..................................................... ７第二章行政公文写作............................................... ９第一节行政公文概述........................................... ９训练题..................................................... ９第二节告知性公文........................................... １３一、训练题............................................... １３二、补充题............................................... １９第三节报请性公文........................................... ２８一、训练题............................................... ２８二、补充题............................................... ３１第四节沟通性公文........................................... ３２一、训练题............................................... ３２二、补充题............................................... ３４第三章通用文书写作............................................. ３６第一节调查报告............................................. ３６一、训练题............................................... ３６二、补充题............................................... ３８第二节计划和策划书......................................... ４０一、训练题............................................... ４０二、补充题............................................... ４１第三节总结和述职报告....................................... ４４一、训练题............................................... ４４二、补充题............................................... ４５第四节简报................................................. ４８训练题................................................... ４８第五节规则和公约 (50)一、训练题 (50)二、补充题 (55)第六节讲话稿和演讲稿 (60)一、训练题 (60)二、补充题 (61)第四章专用文书写作 (64)第一节合同和协议 (64)一、训练题 (64)二、补充题 (76)第二节文摘、提要和摘要 (78)训练题 (78)第三节求职信和简历 (80)训练题 (80)第四节起诉状、上诉状和答辩状 (81)一、训练题 (81)二、补充题 (84)第五节辩护词和代理词 (86)训练题 (86)第六节申论和MBA应试文 (88)一、训练题 (88)二、补充题 (90)２第一章应用写作基础第一节应用写作概述训练题（一）写作题仿照参考资料，试分别用美文和应用文语体各写一篇个人介绍。
大学生写作课考试题及答案
大学生写作课考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪项不是写作的基本要素？A. 主题B. 论点C. 论据D. 插图2. 在写作过程中，以下哪项不是常见的结构安排？A. 引言B. 正文C. 结论D. 附录3. 以下哪种修辞手法是用来强调语言的韵律和节奏的？A. 对比B. 排比C. 夸张D. 反问4. 在学术论文写作中，引用他人的观点或研究成果时，应该使用哪种方式？A. 直接引用B. 间接引用C. 改写引用D. 以上都是5. 下列哪项不是写作中常见的错误？A. 错别字B. 语法错误C. 逻辑混乱D. 丰富的词汇二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）6. 写作的三个基本步骤是：________、________、________。
答案：构思、撰写、修改7. 在写作中，________是指文章的中心思想或主要论点。
答案：主题8. 写作风格通常包括正式和________两种形式。
答案：非正式9. 一篇好的论文应该具备________、________、________三个特点。
答案：清晰性、连贯性、逻辑性10. 在写作中，为了避免抄袭，我们应该使用________来引用他人的工作。
答案：引用标记三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 请简述写作中“论点”和“论据”的区别。
答案：论点是作者在文章中提出的观点或主张，它是文章的核心，指导整个写作过程。
论据是用来支持论点的事实、数据、例证、理论等，它为论点提供可信度和说服力。
12. 描述一下写作中的“头脑风暴”过程及其在写作中的作用。
答案：头脑风暴是一种创造性思维过程，它鼓励作者自由地产生和记录下所有可能的想法，无论这些想法是否成熟或相关。
在写作中，头脑风暴有助于作者发散思维，激发创意，从而找到有价值的论点和论据。
四、论述题（每题20分，共40分）13. 论述写作中“引言”部分的重要性及其应包含的主要内容。
答案：引言是文章的开端，它为读者提供了文章的背景信息、研究问题和目的。
写作教程参考答案
写作教程参考答案写作教程参考答案写作是一门艺术，也是一项重要的沟通工具。
无论是在学术领域还是在日常生活中，我们都需要运用写作来表达自己的思想和观点。
然而，对于许多人来说，写作可能是一项困难的任务。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些写作教程的参考答案，帮助你提升写作技巧。
一、明确写作目的和读者在开始写作之前，首先要明确写作的目的和读者。
不同的写作目的和读者需要采用不同的写作风格和语言表达方式。
如果你的写作目的是说服读者，那么你需要使用有力的论据和逻辑推理来支持你的观点。
如果你的写作目的是娱乐读者，那么你可以运用幽默和夸张的手法来吸引读者的注意力。
二、构建清晰的写作结构一个清晰的写作结构能够帮助读者更好地理解你的观点和论据。
在写作时，你可以采用以下结构：1.引言：引入你的主题并概括你的观点。
2.主体段落：每个主体段落都应该包含一个主要观点和相关的论据。
你可以使用段落开头的主题句来引导读者进入新的观点。
3.结论：总结你的观点并提出你的建议或结论。
三、注意语言的准确性和流畅性在写作中，语言的准确性和流畅性非常重要。
准确的语言可以帮助你清晰地表达自己的思想，而流畅的语言可以提高读者的阅读体验。
为了提高语言的准确性，你可以使用具体的词汇和精确的表达方式。
为了提高语言的流畅性，你可以使用连接词和过渡词来使句子和段落之间更加连贯。
四、采用适当的写作风格写作风格是写作的个人特色，它可以使你的文章更加生动有趣。
在选择写作风格时，你可以考虑以下几点：1.声音：选择适合你的写作目的和读者的声音。
你可以选择正式的声音来表达学术观点，或者选择亲切的声音来吸引读者的关注。
2.节奏：通过采用不同的句子长度和结构来调整文章的节奏。
长短不一的句子可以使文章更有层次感。
3.修辞手法：使用修辞手法可以使你的文章更加生动有趣。
比如，你可以使用比喻、拟人等手法来形象地描述你的观点。
五、反复修改和润色写作是一个反复修改和润色的过程。
在完成初稿后，你可以花一些时间来检查和修改你的文章。
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Unit 1Part III Follow-up Exercises3. write a focused topic sentence for the following subjects:1) looking for jobsA person can look for a job in several ways.2) penguinsPenguins resemble human beings in many respects.3) personalityOne’s personality plays an important role in foreign language learning.4) weatherLiving in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.4. Read the following paragraphs and write a topic sentence for each of them in the space provided.Paragraph 1: All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions. Paragraph 2: There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.5. Read the following paragraphs and 1) underline the topic sentence of each paragraph, and 2) mark out the sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraph.1) topic sentencesParagraph 1: The world had enjoyed many benefits from the invetnion of the telephone. Paragraph 2: I had a terrible morning today.2)sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraphParagraph 1: Many people do not like writing letters to each other. And nowadays, the Internet has brought us more convenience.Paragraph 2: I heard that he was also very strict with his own children.6. Pick out the topic sentence from the following group of sentences and restore the logical sequence of the others and decide where to put the topic sentence.Topic sentence: 5) Generally speaking, there are many attractions of living in a city.Logical sequence of the sentences: 5, 7, 4, 1, 6, 9, 8, 3, 2.7. Put the following words and phrases in the blankets; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) First of all(2) Secondly(3) By and by(4) In addition(5) In short8. Read the following paragraph and find out what techniques have been used to achieve coherence.1) repetition of key words : junk food, students2) use of transitional signals: for one reason, also, as a result, however3) use of pronouns: they, their, thisUnit 2Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Here is a list of events in time order with a given topic sentence. Organize them into a coherent paragraph by using linking devices and making some necessary alternations.Topic sentence: When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual.1) , when 2) 3) As soon as 4) , 5) 6) Meanwhile, 7) Finally, 8) After 9), 10) and 11) Ad 12) , 13) Then 14) 15)4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and completer the table.Logical sequence of the sentences:4, 10, 5, 12, 3, 7, 15, 9, 14, 2, 11, 8, 13, 6, 1Topic sentence: My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.Concluding sentence: Although we were very tired at midnight, we agreed that our two-day vacation at Disney World was one of the best we had ever had.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) Then (2) morning (3) afternoon (4) Then(5) After that (6) when (7) already (8) afterPart III Follow-up Exercises3. logical sequence of the sentence:3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 5, 2Relationship: Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical space.4. Read the following passage and 1) underline the space signals in it; 2) discuss how effectively they help to achieve coherence.1) in above in front of under through behind2) The central focus is “a shocking experience.” To support the main idea, the writer uses a lot of descriptions and organizes these details according to the space relationship, and thus coherence is achieved.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) into(2) crosses(3) In the center of(4) Outside(5) inside(6) On the front(7) over(8) down(9) lined with(10) At the rear6. Disscuss in what order this paragraph is developed.This paragraph is developed in a circular order, i.e. from east to north, and then to southPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of process analysis it is organized; 2) complete the table.1) Pattern: description with supplementary explanations.2) the tableSteps of the processStep 1 Wooden casks are first interconnected and then stacked in tiers.Step 2 Young sherries are poured into the casks at the top wheras the mature sherries are drawn out of the casks at the bottom.Step 3 Different sherries are constantly mixed up.Result of the effortStep 1 noStep 2 One third of the content is drawn out of one cask in any one year.Step 3 Special characteristics of the different sherries are maintained year after year.4. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) with(2) while(3) slowly(4) Gradually(5) with(6) By this time(7) Suddenly8) final(9) ending(10) applause5. Task OneThe following paragraph is written according to the type of the exclusive description of process. Work in groups to identify 1) procedures of the festival in Japan; 2) linking devices that connect these procedures.Procedures of celebrating the festival:Step 1: Prepare and lay out food; make the special lanterns.Step 2: Keep dancing and singing overnight.Step 3: Throw the food and lanterns into a river or sea.Step 4: Watch the lanterns drifting way.Linking words and phrases that connect these procedures:Firstly, also, afterward, then, signals the endPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following two paragraphs and 1) decide in which pattern of examplification each one is organized; 2) complete the outline for paragraph B.1) Paragraph A follows Pattern 2, which uses one extended example to illustrate the controlling idea. Paragraph B follows Pattern 1, which uses several examples to illustrate the topic sentence.2)The outline for paragraph B:Topic sentence: Working in an apple plant was the worst job I ever had.Examples:1. First of all, the work was physically hard.Specific details:1) For ten hours a night, I took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2) Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice, and they were heavy.2. The second bad feature of the job was the pay.Specific details:I was getting the minimum wage at that time, $1.25 an hour, plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3. The worst feature of the apple plant job was the working conditions.Specific details:1) During work we were limited to two 10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch.2) The steel floors of the trucks were like ice; the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding sentence: I felt humiliated by the poverty that forced me to do such a bitter job.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of exemplification the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:3, 6, 1, 8, 2, 4, 7, 5,Pattern: It follows Patten 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) For example(2) Furthermore(3) In still another instance(4) Even(5) his(6) these(7) contemporary6. If you want to write a paragraph to prove that some of the laws in Masssachusetts seem ridiculously funny in today’s world, pick out the effective examples you will use form among the listed seven examples.Examples 2, 3 and 5 are relevant and specific. They are effective examples that can be used. Examples 1 and 7 are not specific, though relevant.Examples 4 and 6 are completely irrelevant. They don’t refer to a Massachusetts law.7. Read each group of the following examples, then write a topic sentence.1) Topic sentence: I’ve never seen a girl as lazy as Arena.2) Topic sentence: English teachers are applying different means to teach English language.3) Topic sentence: Americans have been decreasing their working hours since the early 1900s.4) Topic sentence: My father has been a generous man to his children.Uint 6Part III Follow-up Exercises3. To write a definition paragraph, the first step is usually to place the term in a class or category, and then describe what you think are the special features that distinguish the term from all the other members in the class. Now fill in the table by putting the terms in an appropriate category. SubjectRepublicClass: a form of governmentCharacteristics: in which power resides in the people (the electorate)WolfClass: a large, dog-like carnivorous mammalCharacteristics: with yellowish or brownish gray and coarse fur, erect pointed ears, and a bushy tailJazzClass: a style of musicCharacteristics: that features improvisation and performancepersistenceClass: a kind of qualityCharacteristics: not giving up even during rough times4. Read the following definitions and discuss what problems each has and then improve them.1) ,2) The expression “is where” and “is when” should not be used to begin the main part of a definiton. The linking verb “is” should be followed by a noun, a pronoun or an adjective. Improved: 1) A stadium is a structure or building in which sports spectaculars are held.2) Socialism is a theory or system of community organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production, capital, land and so forth, in the community as a whole.3) This is a circular definition, a practice of defining a term with the term itself.Improved: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, from a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide.4) The subject is defined in a language equally or more complex than the original.Improved: surreptitious means “secret.”5) Exemplification is mistaken for definition; the examples are good for clarification, but they do not define.Improved: Political conservatives are people who are dedicated to preserving the existing conditions, such as William F.Buckley, Jr., and Pat Robertson.6) It is a generalization rather than a precise definiton, for the concept is defined with characteristics without being first put under a class or category.Improved: Hearing aids are a kind of device which enables deaf people to hear sounds such as normal speech.5. Task OneRestore the logical sequence of the following sentences to form a well-ordered definition. Logical sequence of the sentences: 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 6,Task ThreeRead again the sentences in the arrangement you have established and fill in the following blanks. -- The purpose of the paragraph is to explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalent.-- The two main characteristics of machismo are courageous behavior and earthy sexuality.-- Also is the transitional word that leads you from the first characteristic to the second one.6. Following are a topic sentence and some supporting points for a paragraph that defines “rudeness.” Please plan out and write the secondary supporting details using the methods you have learned in this unit to develop the definition.Unit 7Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of cause and effect it is organized;2)complete the table.1) pattern: single effect and multiple causes.2) causes(1) got drunk at the party(2) had taken the drug of Accutane(3) adolescent depressionEffect:Bart Jr’s suicide4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of cause and effect the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5,Pattern of cause and effect:single effect and multiple causes.5.Task one. The following paragraph is written in a cause-and-effect pattern. Work in groups to identify 1) the topic under discussion; 2) points covered in terms of cause and effect.Topic: Society itself may be producing the distortions of personality, mental illness, and emotional instability.Causes1)society’s compartmentalizing2)society’s competitive demands3) inability to rebelEffectDistortions of personality, etc.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Complete the following outlines for paragraps of classification. Keep in mind the principles of classification.1) Topic: University Students’ EntertainmentTopic sentence: Uni versity students’ entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes place.Division:a) entertainment at homeb) enterainment on campusc) entertainment elsewhere2) Topic: Roles of Young Married Women in SocietyTopic sentence: The average young married woman in today’s society has her life divided into three different roles.Division:a) the role of lifeb) the role of motherc) the role of self3) Topic: NeighborsTopic sentence: Neighbors fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards you.Division:a) those who are friendlyb) those who are indifferentc) those who hate you5. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and complete the outline.Logical sequence of the sentences:7, 3, 10, 9, 1, 5, 8 ,4, 2 ,11, 6,Subject: Christmas giftsTopic sentence: Christmas gifts can be divided into three groups, according to their after-Christmas fate.Division:a) those that are welcomed and put into use very soonb) those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc) those that you banish as soon as possible.Concluding sentence: By New Year’s Day, you have either used, stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts.6. Put the following words and phrase in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) types(2) Though(3) Finally(4) however(5) Even though(6) Before(8) If(9) Then(10) thesePart III Follow-up exercises3. Read the following paragraph and 1) decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast it is organized; 2) complete the table.Pattern: point-by-pointSubject 1: Western HomesPoint:Room function: Each room has its own function.Table: Each home has several tables for different functions.Door: Western homes have fixed, hinged doors.Subject 2: Japanese HomesPoint:Room function: One room serves all the functions.Table: One low table serves all the purposes.Door: Japanese homes have lightweight sliding doors.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 8, 7, 1Pattern of comparison and constrast: subject by subject5. Put the following words in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) similar(2) although(3) difference(4) identical(5) again(6) while(7) But(8) difference(9) consistency(10) completelyPart III Follow-up Exercises3. The following incomplete paragraph leads you to make your own generalization. On the basis of the examples given, write a conclusion of the paragraph.General Statement: The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed press.5. Presenting sufficient details to develop a generalization is one of the basic concerns in paragraphing. The use of a three-level outline is usually helpful. Please complete the outline by arranging the ideas given in the box and providing supporting details.A. Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity.(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2) misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB. TV serials or dramas may oversimplify complex social and psychological problems.(1) enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2) giving a false picture of realityC. Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1) too many commercials(2) an insult even to the intelligence of a moronGeneralization: In brief, it is harmful and damaging for children to watch too much television. 6. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice while some may not be used.(1) Thus(2) When(3) also(4) however(5) Moreover(6) indeed(7) also(8) Yet(9) and(10) ThusPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Analyze the following sketch and decide how the character is described.The description centers on one trait of personality: Uncle Amo’s being ordinary and average in life.4. Read the following passage and 1) find out how many techniques appear in it and which of them stands out; 2) complete the table.There are obviously three methods used: comparison (1), generalization (2,4), and cause-effect (3).The one that stands out is generalization.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Choose some of the following subjects and turn them into thesis statements. Pay attention to4. Read the following composition carefully and then point out the details that are not relevant to the thesis statement.1) For example, some people don’t like to stay at home a fter work.2) I once stopped drinking for a while.3) The world we live in is changing every day.4) And the price of tobacco has been going up on the international market.5) A lot of people have successfully given up smoking now.5. Read the following composition carefully and answer the following questions.Questions1) What is the thesis statement? And where is it?The thesis statement is “there are minor differences between them in three areas.” It is the second sentence in the first paragraph.2) What is the function of each of the paragraphs in terms of organizational pattern? And what3) How does the composition achieve coherence?By repetition of key words: difference, British English, American English.By using transitional words and phrases: in terms of, in addition to, second, third, generally speaking.6. Complete the following two tasks.Task OneFill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word or phrases.(2) often(3) Since(4) on the other hand(5) also(6) but(7) AlthoughTask TwoPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Tell which of the following sentences use the technique of “telling” and which use the technique of “showing” in narrating what happened.Sentences that tell: 1, 3, 6Sentences that show: 2, 4, 55. Rearrange the following sentences in a chronological order to tell a story.Logical sequence of the sentences:8, 3, 7, 1, 5, 9, 13, 2, 6, 12, 4, 11, 106. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; change the form where necessary. Some can be used more than once.(1) While(2) in the morning(3) in the evening(4) While(5) until(6) while(7) before(8) at six o’clock(9) As soon as(10) Unfortunately(11) What’s more(12) After(13) the next morning(14) later(15) Luckily(16) until(17) at last。