词汇与语法结构(四)
语言学概论_第四章语法
2.语法意义：通过一类共同功能所获得的意义。 语法意义不等于词汇意义。
如：英语中名词加词尾“- s”表示复数， “- s” 就是语法形式，“表示复数”就是语法意义。
3、根据语法形式的共同特点把它们归并为几个基 本类型，这种语法形式的类就叫做“语法手段”。
如：“一张动物园”，看起来是量词误用， 其实是“我要买一张去动物园的票”这句 话的成分省略现象。
初中，某数学老师讲方程式变换，在讲台 上袖子一挽大声喝道：同学们注意！我要 变形了！……
5.语法和逻辑
逻辑是语言表现内容的规律，语法是 语言表达形式的规律，二者的关系非常紧 密。逻辑对语法的影响主要表现为对语言 成分之间搭配关系的制约。从基本要求看， 一般人们说话不但要合语法，也要合逻辑。 个别不合逻辑的，只要大家都这么说，都 懂得是什么意思，就不能完全用逻辑来苛 求了。
“科学”本为名词，后产生出“具有科学属 性的”这一意义，用该词修饰或描写此属
严密的系统性 相对的稳定性
语法的高度抽象性
小明喝牛奶。 妈妈已经吃过饭了。 老师在黑板上写字。
语法规则具有强大的递归性
学生在看书。 隔壁的学生在看他的书。 隔壁在xx小学读书的学生在家里看他的辅
导书。 隔壁在xx小学读书的学生在家里看他昨天
从新华书店买来的他一直想要的辅导书。
语法规则具有严密的系统性
江西人不怕辣 湖南人辣不怕 四川人怕不辣
（4）语调是通过整个句子的音高、重音、停顿等 来表示一定语法意义的形式。语调实际上已经是 表达层面上的一种语法手段了。
如：滚蛋！
6.根据语法手段的不同可把人类语言分为：
语言
综合性语言：主要使用词形变化、 词的轻重音等语法手段的语言。 如俄语、德语
英语专四考试词汇与语法详解
英语专四考试词汇与语法详解英语专四考试词汇与语法详解语法和词汇是英语考试必考的题目，占得分值也是比较大的，深入了解语法和词汇是我们必须要做到，下面就和店铺一起来看看专业英语四级的词汇语法详解吧!一、代数名词数词1.在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是：第二人称第三人称第一人称2.everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以3.以‘名词/动名词+介词(短语)/形容词/副词/动词不定式’构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数以‘man 或者woman+名词’构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式如：homework4.物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示‘各种不同品种’时几乎都可做可数名词如：different teas5.当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种’或‘某一方面’的`抽象概念时其前可加a/an6.名词所有格要点：必须用's的场合(1)'s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后(2)作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加's(3)人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加's(4)当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略(5)复合名词在最后一个词后加's(6)当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用's7.当用来表示类别或属性时，要用's children's shoes 儿童鞋，必须用of的场合(1)名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时(2)以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of8.表示顺序的两种方式：(1)'名词+基数词'，不用冠词，如Chapter four(2)' the+序数词+名词' 如the Fourth Chapter9.倍数增减的表示法(1) 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than(2) 倍数+as+形容词/副词+as(3) 倍数+名词(4) 动词+百分比或倍数(5) 动词+to+数词(6) double/triple/quadruple+名词(7) 动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数10.分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数11.百分比后接名词时加of二、形容词副词(1)前置修饰语的排列顺序可以至于冠词前的形容词(all both such) -----冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词(a an the this your his any some)-----------基数词(one ) 序数词(first)------------ 表示性质，状态，质量的形容词(good useful)--------------表示大小，长短，形状的形容词----------------表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词------------表示颜色的形容词---------------------表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词-----------表示材料，用做形容词的名词----------动名词，分词(2)后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词(3)形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置(4)enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置(5)有些形容词本身就有’比…年长‘，’比…… 优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than(6)much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词(7)more 不能用来修饰比较级(8)与名词连用的more of a …/as much of a…/more of a…意为更像…(9)as much o f a…意为称得上，less of a 意为算不上(10)none other than(不是别人，正是)=no other than(11)any/some/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数三、情态动词(1)can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能(but后跟不带to的动词不定式)(2)must 表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustn't 当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为can't(3)need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味(4)need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事 (经常考)四、虚拟语气从句主句(1)与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should(第一人称)would(其它人称)+have+过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去式(动词be用were) would/should/could/might+动词原型与将来事实相反过去式或should/were+动原would/should/could/might+动词原型(2)It is (high/about/the)time……谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了(3)It is the first(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验(4)as if/though 的虚拟要点(5)对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were(6)对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式(7)对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型【英语专四考试词汇与语法详解】。
TEM4(语法词汇讲座)
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要 集中在独立主格结构，如： All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
B. 近义的词： (1) I couldn ’t sleep because the tap in the D bathroom was ______. A. draining B. dropping A C. spilling D. dripping (2) The service was held to _________the sacrifice of those who died in the war. A. B commemorate B. memorize C. remember D. remind (3) Shortly after the boat docked, the passengers
专四填空题六大题型 1.
近义词辨析题。 2．形近词辨析题 3. 词根词缀辨析题： 4. 动词词组题： 5. 从句引导词题： 6. 逻辑连词题：
语法和词汇的复习思路：
1 ．全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各 个项目中的“偏，特，难”点。 2．掌握常用习惯用法和词组。 3 ．注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语 篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助 答题。 4．研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习 记住典型题例。
2）状语从句的考点为： 非 if 引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用 at times; provided，so long as，in case，once等 来替代if； 由even if／so，now that，for all等引导的让 步状语从句； just／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句； more than，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。
大学英语辅导-词汇与语法结构
• 3． 当each, everyone, everybody, no one, none, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody,用 作主语或主语限定词时，其相应的代词一般用单数形 式。
• 4． 当everything, anything, something, nothing等用 作主语时，句中相应的代词一般只按语法一致的原则 ，用单数形式。
from 1981 to 1985。 • by 表示“到某时止”，“在某时之前”。如：by the end of this
month。
• B．表示地点的介词
• 1. in, at
• in 表示教大的地方或场所，at表示教小的地方 或场所。如：in London, at the airport等。
• 2. to, towards, for
• A. keep
B. take
• C. change
D. give
• Spring up 出现
• Take one’s place取代
•B
• Change vi
• Change into
Vocabulary and Structure :
（一）词法（包括名词、动词、形容 词和副词、代词、冠词、连词、数词、 介词）
• 2．一般过去时态
• 表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常 与过去特定的时间状语连用；或表示过去某一 段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作，可与表示 频度的时间副词连用。形式为: V-ed。例如：
• I bought this computer five years ago. 五年 前我买了这太电脑。
词汇与语法结构—名词+冠词+代词
（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计
算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。
名词分类表
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，
6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特 别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域， fishes（各种）鱼
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
数时，直接加s变复数：
如： two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：heroes; negroes; potato—potatoes;
词汇与语法
宾语：句子中表示动作、行 为的对象或结果的部分
补语：句子中补充说明宾语 或主语的部分，通常表示动
作的方式、时间、地点等
状语：修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的成分，表示时间、地点、方式等 定语：修饰名词或代词，表示品质、特征、所属等 状语和定语在句子中起到描述和限定的作用 正确使用状语和定语可以提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性
主语、谓语、宾语是句子的主要成分 定语、状语、补语是句子的次要成分 句子成分的顺序是主语、谓语、宾语，然后是定语、状语、补语 句子成分的顺序是遵循一定的规则和习惯的
并列复合句：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列组成，表达相对独立的含义。 主从复合句：由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成，从句在句中充当主句的一个成分。 嵌套复合句：一个复合句中包含另一个复合句，形成嵌套结构。 包孕复合句：一个复合句包含另一个简单句，形成包孕结构。
练习建议：多阅读，多写作， 提高语言运用能力
缺少主语或 谓语
句子成分多 余或残缺
语序不当 句式杂糅
词汇选择：根据语境选择合适 的词汇，表达准确含义
语法结构：运用正确的语法结 构，使句子通顺流畅
词汇丰富度：使用多样化的词 汇，增加语言表达的丰富性
语法准确性：确保语法正确， 避免产生歧义或误解
理解句子含义：通过词汇和语法 的组合，理解句子的具体含义。
添加标题 添加标题 添加标题 添加标题
定义：主语和谓语在人称、数、格等方面不一致的语法错误。
常见类型：主语是复数形式，谓语却是单数形式；主语是单数形式，谓 语却是复数形式。
纠正方法：检查主谓是否一致，确保在语法和语义上都符合规范。
示例：正确的句子：“The books are on the shelf.”（书在架子上。） 错误的句子：“The book is on the shelf.”（书在架子上。）
大学英语三级A级-词汇与语法(四)
大学英语三级A级-词汇与语法(四)(总分：120.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词汇与语法(总题数：120，分数：120.00)1.it was on the National Day ______ she met with her separated sister.（分数：1.00）A.that √B.whereC.whenD.which解析：[答案精解] 本题考查的是强调句式。
强调句式由“It is/was+被强调成分+that/who...”构成。
本句强调的是时间。
2.I've finally finished my paper and it ______ me an entire month.（分数：1.00）A.takesB.took √C.was takenD.had taken解析：[答案精解] “论文已完成，花费一个月时间”应指过去；“某事花费某人多少时间”用sth．takes sb．some time结构。
3.We don't doubt ______ he can do a good job.（分数：1.00）A.whetherB.that √C.howD.why解析：[答案精解] doubt+wh-从句；not doubt+that-从句。
4.He was ______ today, but was asked to stay for ______ week.（分数：1.00）A.to have returned; another √B.returning; one moreC.returned; anotherD.to return; other解析：[答案精解] be to + have done结构，表示本应该做某事，但事实上却没有做。
5.—Where do you think ______ he ______ the computer?— Sorry, I have no ide（分数：1.00）A.A. has; boughtB. / ; boughtC. did; buyD. had; bought解析：[答案精解] 此句为复杂特殊疑问句结构，即“疑问词+do you think (believe，suppose，expect，imagine，say，consider，guess等)+其它(陈述语序)?”。
2011年专业英语四级考试模拟试题：词汇语法篇(4)
2011 年专业英语四级考试模拟试题：词汇语法篇(4)A. whatB. thatC. whichD. whose2. I understand ____ preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.A. more than the enormous amount ofB. better than most the enormous number ofC. better than most the enormous amount ofD. fewer than the number of3. I’m sure your suggestion will ____ the problem.A.contribute to solvingB. be contributed to solveC. contribute to solveD. be contributed to solving4. In 1840, both Lucretian Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton resented ______ proper seating at the World’s Anti slavery convention in London because of their sex.A. refusingB. to be refusedC. being refusedD. having refused5. America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it ____ before the West was settled.A. couldB. didC.wouldD. was6. You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it____ undrinkable.A. becameB.had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes7. It’s no good ____ him. He is always indifferent towards others’matters.A. to turn toB. turning toC. turn toD. turned to8.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ____A. than more on efficiencyB. and more on efficiencyC. and more efficiencyD.than efficiency9. She always put her medication on the top of the shelf lest the children ____ it by mistake.A. tookB. should takeC. had takenD. would take10. The earnings of women are well below that of men____ educational differences that are diminishing between the two sexes.A. althoughB. thoughC. despite ofD. in spite of11. Many automobile accidents were ____ careless driving.A. attributed toB. resulted inC. contributed toD. raised from12. The actress wanted a hat to ____ her dress.A. go byB. go throughC. go outD. go with13. It takes a lot of ____ to put on a school play such as King Lear.anizationB.arrangementC. managementD. preparation14. The police carried out a(n) ____ search for the mising boy.A. completeB. entireC. thoroughD. whole15. The ____ crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable16. Tom has been a vegetarian ____ principle for years.A. inB.onC. forD. by17. When I got out of the car and walked about among them,____ one old man who shook his head disapprovingly, they all began to cheer.A. see thatB. except thatC.provided thatD. except for18. ____ the water left in the kettle, the doctor put several things he unwrapped from a handkerchief.A. AtB.ToC. WithinD. Into19. I am ____ grateful for the many kindnesses you have shown my son.A. excessivelyB. muchC. certainlyD. exceedingly20. The ____ of AIDS has led to an expansion in research seeking a cure.A. innovationB. selectionC. proliferationD. conviction21. I am sorry I have no time at present to ____ more detail or give you an account of other cities of interest.A. bring intoB. take intoC. come intoD. go into22. When the idea of winning in sports is carried to excess,____ competition can turn into disorder and violence.A. honestlyB. honestC. honorableD. honorary23. Unless all the members agree to ____ to the plan there may be further development in the course of action.A. tumbleB. stickC. comeD. adjust24. You must pay import ____ on certain goods brought into this country.A. moneyB. feesC. billsD. duties25. We expect Mr. White will ____ Class One when Miss Jane retires.A. take overB. take upC. take offD. take to答案详解：1. B)【句意】有证据表明，小至六个月的婴儿就能识别具体的声音。
TEM4语法和词汇(修改版)
语法篇第一部分：应试要求及策略一、测试要求及题型分析1、测试目的及要求：语法测试的目的主要是检查考生运用教学大纲所规定的语法结构及基本语法概念的能力。
要求考生能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，在所给出的选择项中做出正确选择。
2、题型分析：语法在专业四级考试中与词汇共同为一项（GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY）测试内容，题型为多项选择题，每题共有四个选择项，要求考生选择其中正确的一项，共30题，其中语法内容约占12-13题左右。
二、评分标准本题（GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY）为客观题，共30题，原始分30分，占总分比重的15%。
三、解题思路和方法专业四级测试中的语法涵盖教学大纲语法结构表中的全部内容。
按照大纲要求，考生在答题时应体现出这些特点，即语法知识系统、语法概念清晰、形式正确、实际运用熟练。
为能充分备考，在平时的学习过程中，考生要熟悉并掌握大纲所列的语法项目，同时还应学会恰当的解题方法。
下面是我们的几点具体建议：1．充分领会出题意图语法考试题型为多项选择题，命题者通常会将备选项设计得非常相近以干扰考生。
因此在考试时，不要急于答题，首先应有意识地领会命题者的意图，正确判断考题所涉及的语法点，根据语法规则作出正确的选择。
例如在下题（1997年42题）中，考生首先就应该判断出本题是测试反意疑问句中前后对应问题。
When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, ______?A. do youB. will youC. don’t youD. won’t you答案是B。
根据语法规则，在“祈使句+反意疑问”构成的反意疑问句中，反意疑问部分通常用will you，won’t you等。
本题中祈使句是否定形式，故反意疑问句应为肯定形式。
2．注重语法规则的限制和例外考生解题时，在充分领会了出题意图，做出正确判断后，还应考虑其是否涉及语法的限制与例外。
专四词汇与语法
专四词汇与语法一、词汇部分。
1. abandon [əˈbændən]（动词）- 词义：放弃；抛弃；放纵。
- 例句：Don't abandon yourself to despair.（不要自暴自弃。
）2. ability [əˈbɪləti]（名词）- 词义：能力；才能。
- 例句：He has the ability to solve this difficult problem.（他有能力解决这个难题。
）3. abnormal [æbˈnɔːml]（形容词）- 词义：反常的；不正常的。
- 例句：This abnormal weather has caused a lot of problems.（这种反常的天气造成了许多问题。
）二、语法部分。
1. 时态 - 一般现在时。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数形式为动词 + s/es）- 用法：- 表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
例如：He often goes to school by bike.（他经常骑自行车上学。
）- 表示客观事实或普遍真理。
例如：The earth moves around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。
）2. 名词的数 - 可数名词复数形式。
- 规则变化：- 一般情况加 -s，如book - books。
- 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的加 -es，如box - boxes。
- 以辅音字母 + y结尾的，变y为i加 -es，如city - cities。
- 不规则变化：- 如man - men，woman - women，child - children等。
3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。
- 规则变化：- 单音节词和部分双音节词：- 一般情况加 -er（比较级）和 -est（最高级），如tall - taller - tallest。
- 以e结尾的加 -r和 -st，如nice - nicer - nicest。
语法(词汇与结构)
3.构成特定意义的前缀（续3） mal- 不良的 malfunction （故障） man- 人的 man-made （人造的） mid- 中间的 midday （正午） milli- 千分之一的 millimeter （毫米） mini- 微小的 minibus （小巴） mis- 错误的 misunderstand （误解） over- 过于 overheated （过热的） post- 之后的 postwar （战后） pre- 之前的 pre-heat （预热） pro- 支持…，亲…的 pro-government （亲政府的）
2.构成形容词的后缀（2） -less endless -like childlike -ly friendly -ous nervous -some troublesome -wide worldwide -worthy trustworthy -y windy -fold twofold -free tax-free -made man-made -minded open-minded -most foremost -ological biological -poor resource-poor -proof water-proof -rich carbon-rich -side bedside -sized postcard-sized -ular triangular
3.构成特定意义的前缀（续2） full- 完全 full-speed （全速） full- 全部，整个 full-year （整年） half- 半 half-asleep （半睡的） hand- 手工的 hand-made （手工制作的） hydro- 水力的 hydro-electric （水电的） ill- 不好的 ill-tempered （坏脾气的） ill- 不适宜的 ill-chosen （选错的） inter- 之间的 international （国际的） inter- 相互的 interchange （互换） kilo- 千 kilometer （千米）
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。
例如：I play football every Sunday.（play，动词原形，[pleɪ]）He plays football every Sunday.（plays，动词第三人称单数形式，[pleɪz]）- 一般过去时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。
例如：I saw a movie yesterday.（saw，see的过去式，[sɔː]，动词）- 现在进行时。
- 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（am/is/are）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：She is reading a book.（is，be动词第三人称单数形式，[ɪz]；reading，动词的 -ing形式，['ri ːdɪŋ]）- 过去进行时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（was/were）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（was，be动词第一、三人称单数过去式，[wɒz]；watching，动词的 -ing形式，['wɒtʃɪŋ]）2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念：在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词：who（指人，主格，[huː]），whom（指人，宾格，[huːm]），which（指物，[wɪtʃ]），that（指人或物，[ðæt]）。
例如：The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.（这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy）- 名词性从句。
谈大学英语四级语法结构与词汇考试
第 ４卷 第 １ 期 ２ ０２年 ２ ０ 月
辽 宁 工 学 院 学 报
Ｊ ＯＵＲＮＡＬ ＯＦ ＬＩ ＡＯＮＩ ＮＧ ＮＳ ＴＵＴＥ ＯＦ ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬ Ｉ ＴＩ ＯＧＹ
Ｖｏ ｌ Ｎｏ １ ｌ４ ．
Ｆ ｂ ２ ００ ２ ｅ ．
从句 、 独立 主格 、 态动 词 。 情
ｕ ｄ ｒ＋ ｄｓｕ ｓ ｎ等 。 ｎｅ ｉ ｓｉ ｃ ｏ ２ 习惯 用法 ， ： ｎｅｓ ｏ ｅ ｂ ｕ／ｂ ｓｄ ． 如 ｃ ｆｓ ／ｓｔ ｏ ｔ ｅ ｅ ｏ ｔ ａ ｕ
ｔ ＋ ｄ ｉｇ ｂ ｕ ｐ ｓｄｔ／ ａ ｅ ｍａ ｅｓ ．＋ ｄ ｏ ｏｎ ； ｅｓ ｐ ｏ ｅ ｏ ｈ ｖ ／ ｋ ｂ ｏ
关键词 ： 大纲 ； 法 Ｉ 汇 语 词
中图分类号 ： １ Ｈ３４
文 献标 识码 ： Ａ
文章 编号 ：０ ８３ ９ （０ ２０ ０ ６０ １０ — ３ １２ ０ ） １０２ ３
最新《 大学 英语 教学 大纲 ｝１９ ）￣ （９ ９Ｘ 四级语 法 的 要 求是 ：巩 固和加 深基 本语 法 知识 ， 高在 语篇 水 “ 提
一
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ｆｒ ｌ 等 引导 的让 步状 语从 句 ； ａｃｌ／ ａｄｙ… ｏ ｌ ａ ｓ ｒｅｙ ｈ ｒｌ ｃ ｗｈ ｎ引导 的 时间状 语 从 句 ； ｒ ｈ ｎ， ｓ… ｅ ｍｏｅｔａ ａ 比较状语 从 句。 ３ 独 立 主格多 以逻辑 主语 ＋分 词 的形式 出现 。 ． ａ， ｓ ｎ ｔ Ｏｍｕ ｈａ ， ｈ ａ ｓ ａ ｃ ｓ等 引导 的 ｏ ｃ ｓ ｔ ｅｓｍｅａ ， ｓｍｕ ｈａ Ｓ
平 上运 用语 法 知识 的能力 ＇大纲 ａ ｉｏ ｌ ｈ ｔ＋ｗｏ ｌ ｕｄ＋ 动词 原形 。 ２ 状 语 从 句的考 点 为 ： ｉ ． 非 ｆ引导 的条 件状 语 从 句， 此类 句子 多 用 ａ ｉ ｓ ｐ ｏ ｉｅ ，Ｓ ｎ ｓ ｔｔ ｍｅ ， ｒｖｄ ｄ Ｏ ｌ ｇａ ， ｏ
2020年高考英语词汇语法专题4：代词易错点解题方法(含答案解析)
专题04 代词易错点解题方法（二）指示代词英语中把用来表示"这个、那个、这些、那些"等指示概念的代词称为指示代词。
常见的指示代词有：this 这个 that 那个these 这些those 那些such 如此的same 相同的疑问代词：疑问代词是指用来构成特殊疑问句的代词。
疑问代词有：what which who whom whose 。
疑问代词通常位于句首, 并在句子中担任一定的句子成分。
以疑问代词引导的间接疑问句可在复合句中当主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
疑问代词本身在从句中又担任一定的句子成分。
不定代词：不是指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词叫做不定代词。
关键在练，我们来看例句：11. Tell _______ you like — it makes no difference to me.A. anyoneB. whoC. whoeverD. what【答案】C.【解析】容易从中文字面来理解而误选A或B。
最佳答案选C。
但若将A, B两项合起来，即用anyone who这样的形式则也可以。
选C，whoever 引导一个宾语从句，用作动词tell的宾语。
同样地，请看以下类似试题：(1) _____ comes is welcome.A. AnyoneB. WhoC. Anyone whoD. Everyone【答案】C.【解析】此题很容易误选A，因为从汉语意思来分析，可理解为“任何人来都欢迎”，但若选A，此句的结构是混乱的，句中有两个谓语动词comes 和is，但却只是一个句子。
此题应选C，anyone 是句子主语，who comes 是修饰anyone 的定语从句。
(2) _____ comes to see me, tell him I’m out.A. AnyoneB. WhoC. WhoeverD. Everyone【答案】C.【解析】此题很容易按汉语意思误选A，其实应选C。
专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构
三、语法结构问题
语法结构主要是时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句(包
future 前途，例如 a job with plenty of future 有很大发展前途的工
作，常与介词 with 搭配，且不用 considerable 来修饰; C. possibility
可能性与 D. opportunity 机遇通常不用来修饰人。
3.短语辨析
例1
In my opinion, he's
其他三项均不合乎语法要求，不予选择。
例2
To our ，Geoffrey's illness proved not to be as serious as we
had feared.
A. anxiety
B. relief C. view D. judgment
【句意】令我们感到欣慰的是，杰弗里的病不像我们担心的 那样严重。
通过英文释义去把握单词的确切内涵。
例2
The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on the lot.
A. valid
B. vain
C. vacantFra bibliotekD. vague
【句意】附近的男孩子们喜欢在那块空地上打篮球。
【精析】C 本题是一道词义辨析题。所给的四个单词从形式
【句意】 这本书旨在促进科研 与教学，尤其是研究人 员与
AEAS词汇与语法4（最终版）
AEAS词汇与语法4（最终版）第一篇：AEAS词汇与语法4（最终版）AEAS词汇与语法模拟试题（四）26.Columbus' decision to sail west to reach the East _____ on his belief that the earth was round.A.existed B.sat C.relaxed D.rested 27.Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the _____ movie could not hold our attention.A.three-hours B.three-hour C.three-hours' D.three-hour's 28.Difficulties can _____ a person's best qualities.A.bring up B.bring out C.bring about D.bring to 29.Doctors sometimes _____ old cures when modern medicine doesn't work.A.fall on B.fall down on C.fall back on D.fall in upon 30.Does brain power _____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.A.descend B.decline C.deduce D.collapse 31.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests.A.when B.since C.before D.after 32.Don't worry.The company will _____ all your expense.A.satisfy B.meet C.pay D.submit 33.Eventually, people spread throughout the continent, ______ the entire species.A.wiping out B.wiping away C.wiping off D.wiping up 34.Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ______ healthy.A.preserve B.stay C.maintain D.reserve 35.Faced with the ______ difficulties, they are determined to carry on their program.A.satisfactory B.attributable C.innocent D.intangible 36.Fewer and fewer of today's workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, ______ the same company.A.all else B.much worse C.let alone D.less likely 37.Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible ______.A.task B.profession C.promise D.contest 38.Fresh vegetables are straight from the______ and raw vegetables are ______.A.earth...cooked B.soil...uncooked C.floor...cooked D.ground...uncooked 39.From this material we can _____ hundreds of what you may call direct products.A.derive B.discern C.diminish D.displace 40.Fruit is cheapest _____ season.A.at B.on C.in D.through 41.Fruit pickers are paid at the _____ of '4.00 an hour.A.rate B.scale C.sum D.value 42.Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are ______.A.notorious B.anxious C.noxious D.delicious 43.George wasn't in class today, Professor Brown excused him ______.A.from attending B.of attending C.to attend D.attending 44.Class will _____ at a high temperature and will be in a liquid condition.A.dissolve B.disappear C.melt D.evaporate 45.Hamlet _____ his father's death on his uncle.A.reversed B.reverted C.revenged D.revealed 46.He _____ tennis every day since he ______ sixteen.A.has played...is B.played...has been C.was playing...has been D.has been playing...was 47.He appeared _____ with our team's performance.A.satisfying B.to be satisfying C.to satisfy D.satisfied 48.He believed that the greatest of his _____ was that he'd never had a college education.A.grieves B.misfortunes C.disasters D.sorrows 49.He delivered _____ orders for a Chinese restaurant for the whole summer vacation so as to earn enough money for his tuition.A.take off B.take over C.take up D.take out 50.He does not _____ as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.A.equal B.match C.qualify D.fit参考答案：26-30 DBBCB 31-35 ABABD 36-40 CBBA A 41-45 CACA C 46-50 CDDBD第二篇：词汇与语法C词汇与语法C72、By the time I got home, I was too tired to do_______.A.something B.everything C.nothing D.anything 答案：D 147、If you want to memorize ______, you must make a mental picture in your mind.A.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.some thing 答案：A155、-“ John, can I borrow your CD player?”I'd love to, ______ I can't.I have a lot of homework to do.A.orB.butC.soD.and 答案：B74、He would rather not _______ jazz.A.listen to B.listening toC.to listen toD.listened 答案：A95、My mother can't ____ English.A.sayB.speakC.talkD.tell 答案：B139、I can't find my ruler.Can you ______ it? A.lookB.seeC.look atD.know答案：B140、Oh, you ______ a nice sweater.A.there isB.there areC.hasD.have答案：D165、Tom arrived at the office and discovered that he had _______ his door key.A.lentB.borrowedD.no 答案：C170、______ the picture, what's this? A.SeeB.LookC.Look atD.See at答案：C174、We often ______ our classroom after school.A.cleansB.cleanC.is cleaningD.are cleaning答案：B176、Jack _______ the 8:00 train and he had to wait for the next one.A.lostB.tookC.missedD.caught 答案：C96、She ______________home an hour ago.A.arrivingB.to arriveC.having arrivedD.arrived 答案：D97、She is a newcomer to biology but she has already ____ some discoveries.A.makeB.makesC.madeD.making 答案：C137、What ______ to us if computers can do our jobs?A.happensB.happenedC.has happenedD.will happen 答案：A159、-Wow, your homework looks great!-I _______ it on my computer.A.didC.will doD.had done 答案：A173、He ______ a lot of stories to tell about China when he first came back home.A.hasB.hadC.havingD.has had 答案：B134、The boy had to borrow some money from his relatives _______ he could continue his college education.A.so as toB.so thatC.in order toD.when 答案：B180、Bill played so well ______ everyone cheered him at the end of the game.A.asB.sinceC.thatD.whereas 答案：C182、She went to school as usual _____ she was ill yesterday.A.unlessB.so thatC.becauseD.although 答案：D75、I think he is too young _______ the work by himself.A.doB.doesC.doingD.to do 答案：D146、It is very necessary ______ a foreign language.A.learningB.to learningC.to learnD.learn 答案：C162、Jane always enjoys ______ to popular music at home onFriday evenings.A.listeningB.being listeningC.to be listeningD.to listen 答案：A163、I saw her ______ my house every day.A.to passB.passingC.having passedD.passed 答案：B175、It's time ______ basketball.A.to playB.playC.playingD.for play答案：A183、She had a good time last night.--______.A.So I didB.So had IC.So I hadD.So did I 答案：D141、_______ we all know, Taiwan is part of our country.A.AsB.ItC.WhichD.What 答案：A156、I can't forget the days _____ we lived together.A.thatB.whichC.howD.when 答案：D164、The reason ______ he did not do it is still unknown.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.why 答案：D154、The doctor looked over Peter carefully after he _______ to the hospital.A.takesB.is takenC.tookD.was taken 答案：D157、Over 30,000 people ______ in the huge earthquake that occurred in India.A.have killedB.were killedC.killedD.are killed 答案：B177、It is said that potato chips ______ by mistake about a hundred years ago.A.inventB.inventedC.are inventedD.were invented 答案：D291、Every one in these schools _____ English well.A.speaksB.speakC.have spokenD.says 答案：A292、You will learn English well ________ you study hard.A.orB.andC.thoughD.if 答案：D293、Where _____the twins _____ from? A.do;come B.does;come C.is;come D.are;come 答案：A294、I always go to the zoo on Saturday, but _____ I go to the movies.A.oftenuallyC.sometimesD.never答案：C295、There is some water in the bottle, _____? A.isn't thereB.is thereC.isn't itD.is it 答案：A296、----_____ does Mr.Wang have lunch?----He has it _____ the office.A.Where;in B.What time;on C.How;inD.What;for 答案：A297、____ your teacher like you? A.DoB.DoesC.AreD.Is答案：B298、---________ have you been here?---I've been here for two weeks.A.How long B.How often C.How much D.How many 答案：A299、If you ______ know the answer, please tell me now.A.willB.doC.mustD.can 答案：B300、Our teacher often ________ to the school by bus.A.is going B.goesC.goingD.likes 答案：B第三篇：语法常用词汇中英对照语法常用词汇中英对照主语： subject谓语： predicate宾语：object定语：attributive 状语： adverbial表语： predicative补语：complement 同位语：appositive construction形式主语：formal subject词性：part of speech名词：noun，singular/plural/collective/compound动词：verb形容词：adjective副词：adverb代词：pronoun介词：preposition 系动词：linking verb 连接词：conjunction动词词组：phrasal verbs 及物动词：transitive verb不及物动词：intransitive verb 修饰语： modifier 非谓语：non-finite：不定式：infinitive，现在分词：present participle phrase，过去分词：past participle phrase动名词：gerund词组：phrase 固定搭配：set phrase频率副词：adverb of frequency 疑问副词：interrogative adverb疑问代词：interrogative pronoun主动语态：active voice被动语态：passive voice 虚拟语气：subjunctive mood 倒装：inversion独立主格：independent genitive 强调句：emphatic sentence 反义疑问句 tag question省略abbreviation时态： tense现在时：present tense过去时：past tense 现在完成时：present perfect tense 现在进行时： present progressive tense过去进行时：past progressive tense 将来进行时： future progressive tense现在完成时：present perfect tense 过去完成时：past perfect tense将来完成时：future perfect tense 标点符号：punctuation句号：full stop/end mark 逗号：comma 分号：semicolon 冒号：colon引号：quotation mark大写字母：capital letter 缩写：abbreviation从句：clause名词性从句：nominal clause1.主从：subject clause2.宾从：object clause3.表从：predicative clause4.同位语从句：appositive construction定从： attributive clause/relative clause状语从句：adverbial clause1.原因： cause/reason2.条件： condition3.让步：concession4.时间：time5.目的： purpose6.结果：result7.方式：manner8.地点：place9.比较： comparative第四篇：韩语词汇与语法教案(一)韩语词汇与语法教案（一）*可以用于陈述式、疑问式、命令式、共动式的句子后面，这时，“-니”前面的词尾要进行变换。
大学英语三级B级-词汇与语法结构(四)
大学英语三级B级-词汇与语法结构(四)(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Practice One(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.When I called her on the phone, she pretended (not know) 1 me.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：not to know）解析：2.These pills should (keep) 1 out of the reach of children.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：be kept）解析：3.Xiao Li speaks English in a way as if she (be) 1 an American.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：were (or was)）解析：4.The boss has promised a wage increase for all the (employ) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：employees）解析：5.The sellers allowed us to pay them on a (month) 1 basis.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：monthly）解析：6.He told a very (live) 1 story about his life in Africa.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：lively）解析：7.Every day the director is the (late) 1 person to leave the office.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：last）解析：8.I didn't attend the evening party; but (apparent) 1, it was a great success.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：apparently）解析：9.The chairman should raise his voice in order to make himself (hear) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：heard）解析：10.This is the first time I (see) 1 such a terrible scene.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：have seen）解析：二、Practice Two(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.The manager has received only one (apply) 1 for the post.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：application）解析：12.Don't you think their rents (reason) 1?（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：reasonable）解析：13.The wine is in the fridge,it just wants (cool) 1 for a couple of minutes.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：cooling）解析：14.If I hadn't driven the car yesterday, I (avoid) 1 the accident.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：would (or should) have avoided）解析：15.Hearing the bell ring, the students stopped (joke) 1 with each other.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：joking）解析：16.Mary had made up her mind to go and what I said to her didn't make any (different) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：difference）解析：17.Seeing nobody in the classroom, he decided to stay there (read) 1 for a while.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：reading (or to read)）解析：18.I thought his explanation was (unnecessary) 1 complex.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：unnecessarily）解析：19.The girls happily look forward to (see) 1 the movie star at the party.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：seeing）解析：20.Could you go to bed (early) 1 than you usually do?（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：earlier）解析：三、Practice Three(总题数：10，分数：10.00)21.If you intend (visit) 1 the National Garden, please contact me soon.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：to visit）解析：22.When I found Linda, she (play) 1 table tennis with her friend Jean.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：was playing）23.The (manage) 1 of a company is a very important part of the working process to its development.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：management）解析：24.Although John was not experienced in business, he did it with (confident) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：confidence）解析：25.John went to town yesterday and had his computer (repair) 1 there.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：repaired）解析：26.The noise was so loud that it could (hear) 1 from far away.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：be heard）解析：27.I'm (real) 1 sorry for the mistake our office worker made in the business last month.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：really）解析：28.There was a stranger (stand) 1 at the door.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：standing）解析：29.I don't mind (have) 1 a dog in the house so long as it's clean and it doesn't smell.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：having）解析：30.Your ideas are very interesting, but we need some (practice) 1 advice for getting out of the trouble.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：practical）四、Practice Four(总题数：10，分数：10.00)31.The main benefit of (work) 1 with the company is the opportunity to travel abroad.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：working）解析：32.The place was so (attract) 1 that the tourists spent much more time there than in any other place.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：attractive）解析：33.The boss insisted that Mr. Copper (give) 1 up his experiment at once.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：(should) give）解析：34.She was not happy because he had kept her (wait) 1 for half an hour.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：waiting）解析：35.Mary told me not to worry because the (operate) 1 on Mr. Smith was very successful.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：operation）解析：36.The manager promised (get) 1 me a position in his company.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：to get）解析：37.The house with the furniture (buy) 1 for $ 50,000 last year.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：was bought）解析：38.The photos of Mars taken by satellites are (clear) 1 than those taken from Earth.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：clearer）解析：39.On his way home he suddenly remembered that he (not lock) 1 the door of the office.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：had not locked）解析：40.His wife was sure that he would arrive on time. This (certain) 1 made her rush to prepare the dinner.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：certainly）解析：五、Practice Five(总题数：10，分数：10.00)41.To his mother's relief, Tom had perfectly recovered from his (ill) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：illness）解析：42.I'm afraid my attempt to make a cake wasn't very (success) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：successful）解析：43.In the museum, foreign visitors are especially interested in that ancient (paint) 1.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：painting）解析：44.I noticed that there was a man (draw) 1 pictures on the ground.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：drawing）解析：45.Up till now I (spend) 1 a great deal of money on books, magazines and newspapers.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：have spent）解析：46.While (cross) 1 the street, I saw someone waving to me.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：crossing）解析：47.The secretary is so efficient that his boss think (high) 1 of him.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：highly）解析：48.The little child dare not (walk) 1 in the forest alone.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：walk）解析：49.I wondered why the boy often avoided (talk) 1 with his classmates.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：talking）解析：50.In these five years, the foundation (collect) 1 a large amount of money.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：has collected）解析：。
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（4) You can't do anything else until you your homework.A. finishedB. will finishC. have finishedD. had finished答案：C解析：根据上下文语意判断。
（5) Send for a doctor quickly. The man .A. will dieB. is dyingC. diesD. died答案：B解析：根据上下文语意判断,注意和汉语表达习惯的差异。
（6）He told me that the number of students to be admittedat that time.A.had not been decided onB. were not decided onB.has not been decided onD. are not decided on答案：A解析：根据上下文语意判断。
（7) It is recorded that in 1892 the weather became so cold that the river____ over.A. freezesB. was freezingC. has frozenD. froze答案：D.解析：in 1892 应该是一般过去时，主从句时态也应保持一致。
（8) People were disturbed and began to see where the noise .A. is comingB. was comingC. has comeD. had come答案：B.解析：主从句时态一致。
（9) Everyone to bring some food to the party on Sunday.A. supposesB. will supposeC. is supposedD. will be supposed答案：C解析：根据上下文语意判断。
（10) ---Is Tom coming with us?--- He can’t ---he for his exams.A. preparesB. is preparingC. has preparedD. prepared答案：B解析：根据上下文语意判断。
2. 非谓语动词（1) Jack was the sort of man who did not like his actions_______.A. be questionedB. questioningC. having questionedD. questioned答案：D解析：非谓语动词中某些动词宾补省略to的用法。
（2）With such a lot of work _______, Mr. Jordon really had no time to look after his wife and daughter.A. doneB. doingC. to doD. having done答案：C解析：动词不定式的用法。
（3）The manager had Ms. Brunel l the new assistant around yesterday.A.to showB. showedC. showingD. show答案：D解析：非谓语动词中某些动词宾补省略to的用法。
（4) The speaker, _____ for his speeches, was warmly received by the students.B. to be knownC. having knownD. being known答案：A解析: 过去分词作定语的用法，和所修饰词之间是被动关系。
The speaker应该是被知道，所以选过去分词。
（5) The President gave the Secretary of State 30 days ____ the report.A. completesB. to completeC. completingD. completed答案：B.解析：动词不定式用法辨析。
gave…to do。
（6) I wrote a letter to the car dealer, what had happened to my new car.A. explainingB. to explainC. explainsD. explained答案：A解析：动词非谓语用法辨析，现在分词作目的状语。
（7) The film star walked to his car, by a crowd of fans.A. to followC. followedD. to be followed答案：C解析：过去分词作伴随状语。
（8) a small business, Jane is able to support her family now.A. RunB. RanC. RunningD. To run答案：C解析：现在分词作方式状语。
（9) With all his homework , the boy was allowed to watch TV.A. finishedB.to finishC. will finishD. having finished答案：A解析：现在分词作方式状语。
（10) Welcome to our house! I’ll have Hudson you around in a minute.A.showB.to showC.showing答案：A解析：非谓语动词中某些动词宾补省略to的用法。
3.从句关联词（1) I wonder we could have a talk after the meeting..A.whichB.whyC.thatD.if答案：D.解析：宾语从句关联词的辨析，根据句意选择。
（2) The nurse held a small child _____ face I didn’t see clearly.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.who答案：C解析：定语从句关联词的辨析，根据句意选择。
（3）I enjoy listening to Miss White, my English teacher, ，I can only understand about half of what she says.A. whenB. becauseC. ifD. though解析：状语从句关联词的用法，根据句意选择。
（4）Joe took his friends there by a shortcut,reduced the drive from 50 minutes to 15.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. what答案：B解析：非限定性定语从句的引导词辨析。
(5）Jack told his daughter that she could have she wanted for Christmas.A. whichB. whateverC. thatD. whenever答案：B解析：宾语从句的引导词辨析。
(6）The Greens chose to live life was cheap, and they moved to a small town years ago.A. ifB. untilC. whenD. where解析：状语从句关联词的辨析。
根据句意选择。
(7） Following me and I’ll show you the library isA. whatB. whenC. whereD. which答案：C解析：宾语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。
(8） I admire most about Lee is his love of nature.A. WhatB. HowC. ThatD. Where答案：A解析：主语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。
(9） It has been almost five years we saw each other last time.A. afterB. beforeC. sinceD. when答案：C解析：状语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。
(10） James had never seen Brando again, was really a pity.A. whoB. whatC. whichD. where答案：C解析：非限定性定语从句关联词辨析, 根据上下文语意判断。