国际金融学第七章英文版 自己做的翻译和笔记范文
金融专业英语 Unit 7 Foreign Exchange
Fixed exchange rate regime 固定汇率制度
International parity conditions 国际平价条件
Balance of payments model 国际收支平衡模型
Asset market model
资产市场模型
Exchange control
外汇管制
RMB exchange rate system 人民币汇率制度
间接标价法
Appreciate
升值
Depreciate
贬值
Spot rate
即期汇率
Forward rate
远期汇率
Spot transaction
即期交易
Forward transaction
远期交易
Value date
新编金融英语教程 Chapter7 Primary Markets versus Secondary Markets
7.1Lead-in
This chapter will first of all look at the primary market. Secondly, it will look at the secondary market. Finally, it will make a comparison between the two.
7.4 Follow-up Tasks
I. Matching
Directions: Match the English words and phrases in the left column with the proper Chinese equivalents in the right column.
国际金融英文CHAPTER 7
Exchange rate policy Role of IMF Use of capital controls
IF CHAP 7 7-13
International Lending
Time WWⅡ-early 1980’ Since 1980’ Main lender U.S.A. & OPEC Japan Main borrower Main lending type Official loans & FDI Private loans & portfolio investment
IF CHAP 7
7-11
Combating Financial Crises
Resolving crises after பைடு நூலகம்hey have occurred
Rescue packages Debt restructuring
Debt rescheduling--time Debt reduction--amount
Countries with net savings get higher returns Countries that are net borrowers pay lower costs
Lower risk through portfolio diversification
IF CHAP 7
7-7
7-5
U.S.A.
IF CHAP 7
Well-Behaved International Lending
IF CHAP 7
7-6
Well-Behaved International Lending -- Conclusion
国际金融英文版CH7
International money market interest rate quotations: July 29, 2011
Euro
Short-term 1.00-0.90
7-days notice
1.08-0.98
D Krone
1.50-1.30 1.40-1.20
Sterling
0.57-0.47 0.64-0.54
Liquidity is the most important feature of the financial market.
Liquidity is the ease with which investors can capture an asset’s cash value.
2
International Money Market
Short-term credit market is an interbank market. It provides short-term loans with maturities of less than 1 year.
3
Newspapers publish the interest rate of this market on a daily basis.
5
Commercial paper: an unsecured, short-term debt issued by a firm. The minimum denomination is usually $100,000 or $1 million. Maturities are between 20 to 45 days. Most investors hold the commercial paper until maturity.
国际金融学第七章英文版 自己做的翻译和笔记
第七章外汇汇率决定及预测学习目标:.检查任何一种货币的供需如何在投资者的投资组合选择资产时起作用。
.探讨主要的三种汇率决定因素——国际平价条件、国际收支平衡、和资产方法——如何综合的解释最近的亚洲和阿根廷的货币危机。
.观察预测者如何综合技术分析与三种主要的理论手段来预测汇率一、汇率的决定:、三个基本方法:平价条件国际收支平衡资产市场这些都不是相互竞争的理论,而是免费的理论。
如果没有各种方法相结合的深度和广度,我们所了解到的货币在全球市场上的复杂性就丧失了。
、在看待外汇市场上,不仅需要理论的理解,还需要对国际政治经济,社会和经济基础设施,以及随机的政治和社会活动的复杂性有所了解。
汇率崩溃的主要原因是基础设施的弱点。
投机()——炒作大大促进了新兴市场的崛起。
在世纪年代,日本极低的利率和美国高实际利率造成了利率套利()跨国外商直接投资——在最近的危机中,它和国际证券()投资流入使新兴市场枯竭。
国外政治风险——近几年,资本市场变得不相互分割,更具有流动性,所以国外政治风险减少了。
他们不仅相互联系,还相互决定。
二、基本上有三种汇率理论:第一种认为汇率是货币的相对价格(货币方法)第二种认为汇率是商品的相对价格(购买力平价法第三种债券的相对价格、购买力平价法(, )是最古老和最广泛遵循的汇率理论嵌入了大部分汇率的决定因素在计算和预测时,购买力平价会因为国家间结构性的差异和显著数据的差异而不同、国际收支平衡法(,)基本的国际收支方法认为当经常账户活动引起的净外汇流入额等于金融账户活动引起的净外汇流出额时,汇率达到均衡。
国际收支交易是国际经济活动中最经常使用和报告的该理论强调货币和资本流动而非股票或者金融资产的存量(),引起了对国际收支方法的批判。
在该理论中,货币或金融资产的相对存量对决定汇率不起作用,这是在随后的货币和资产市场方法中发现的弱项。
、货币法货币供求的变化极大地决定了通货膨胀,通货膨胀又接着改变汇率价格在短期和长期都是灵活变化的,传输的影响是立竿见影的。
国际金融英文版
1.国际收支(balance of payments,BOP)是一国居民与外国居民在一定时期内各项经济交易的货币价值总和。
BOP: Reflects the total monetary value of all sorts of the economical transactions between residents and non-residents of a given country over a specified time.the balance of payments is the record of the economic and financial flows that take place overa specified time period between residents and non-residents of a given country.2.国民收入是反映一国一定时期内(通常为一年)投入的生产资源所产出的最终产品和服务的市场价值或由此形成的收入的一个数量指标。
国民收入是一个流量概念,可用收入法和支出法来衡量。
Reflects the total productive input or the total value of the final production of a country in course of time. 反映一国在一定时期内所有的生产性的投入或者最终产品的总价值。
一、NI Equality in Closing Economy:1.Expenditure:Y≡C+I+G=A2.Income:Y≡C+Sp+Tbecause expenditure equals to income, so: C+I+G≡Y ≡C+Sp+T二、NI Equality in Opening Economy:Y=C+I+G+X-M3.CA=X-MCA>0, surplus;CA<0, deficit;CA=0, balanced4.CA=Y-ACA>0, surplus;CA<0, deficit;CA=0, balanced5..Y=C+I+G+X-M=C+Sp+T;CA=S -ICA>0, surplus, capital outflow ;CA<0, deficit, capital inflow6.Y=C+I+G+X-M=C+Sp+T;CA=(Sp -I)+(T -G)7.The Current Account includes all international economic transactions with income orpayment flows occurring within one year, the current period. It consists of the following four subcategories:1.Goods trade (Balance of Trade):Import and export of goods2.Services trade (Balance of Services)3. Income (Balance of Income):Income associated with prior investment(Say, a dividendpaid by an Australian subsidiary of a US firm to the parent);Salaries and wages paid to nonresident workers4.Current transfers: Any one-way transfer of a gift or grant, say, US aid to a developingcountry ;Must be financial; transfers a real (fixed) assets is in another account, the Financial/Capital AccountThe Current Account is typically dominated by the first component which is known as the Balance of Trade (BOT) even though it excludes service trade.8.The Capital/Financial Account of the balance of payments measures all internationaleconomic transactions of real and financial assets. It is divided into two major components: The Capital Account(资本帐户);The Financial Account(金融帐户)The Capital Account is minor (in magnitude), while the Financial Account is significant.9.The Capital Account includes:Acquisition/disposal of nonproduced/nonfinancial assets ;Transfer of fixed assetsNon-financial assets, for example, a physical asset such as landNon-produced assets, which are needed for production but have not been produced, for example, a mine used for the extraction of diamonds.10.The Financial Account, however, uses a third method. This focuses on the degree ofinvestor control over the assets or operations.The Financial Account consists of three components;Direct Investment –in which the investor exerts some explicit degree of control over the assets(直接投资)Portfolio Investment – in which the investor has no control over the assets(证券投资)Other Investment –consists of various short-term and long-term trade credits, cross-border loans, currency deposits, bank deposits and other A/R and A/P related to cross-border trade (其他投资)11.12.The Official Reserves Account is the total reserves held by official monetary authoritieswithin the country.These reserves are normally composed of the major currencies used in international trade and financial transactions (hard currencies).The significance of official reserves depends generally on whether the country is operating under a fixed exchange rate regime or a floating exchange rate systemUnder a fixed exchange regime, these reserves are important in defending the value of a depreciating currencyChanges in the official reserves represents cash in- or outflows that are capture in the Official Reserves AccountThe Net Errors and Omissions account ensures that the BOP actually balances due to measurement errorsThe errors and omissions in balance of payments accounting arise in large part from the statistical difficulties involved in gathering balance of payments data. Because officials do not have the necessary information to make the double entries they make single entries based on the information available to them. This information often comes from multiple sources that vary in coverage and reliability.13.Reserves include monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), the reserve position in theFund and foreign exchange.14.Fundamentals of BOP Accounting:Credits: real resources exported ------ Positive SignDebits: real resources imported ------ Negative SignTwo empirical rules:All transactions that arouses foreign exchange income should be credited in BOP;All transactions that arouses foreign exchange expenditure should be debited in BOP.Autonomous Transaction:- credit > debit, surplus; - credit < debit, deficit.Accommodating Transaction: - credit > debit, deficit; - credit < debit, surplus.15.X –M = the current account balance16.In theory the BOP must always balance, but statistical errors and misreporting result insubstantial imbalances17.The net errors and omissions account ensures that the BOP actually balances due tomeasurement errors18.Foreign Exchange:Dynamic usage: International exchange transaction in market for shortStatic usage: It means the money of a foreign country and includes:Foreign currency bank balances;Banknotes;Checks and drafts;Currency19. A foreign exchange transaction is an agreement between a buyer and a seller that a fixedamount of one currency will be delivered for some other currency at a specified date20.The spot where handles goods is goods market, while the place where deals ForeignExchange is Foreign Exchange Market.21.Functions of the Foreign Exchange Market:Permit the transfer of purchasing power denominated in one currency into another currency and thereby facilitate transactions;Provide credit for international trade transactions;Minimize exposure to the risks of exchange rate changes22.Speculators and Arbitrageurs:Speculators and arbitrageurs seek to profit from trading in the market itself, not for conducting trade or other forms of businessThey operate in their own interest, without a need or obligation to serve clients or ensure a continuous marketSpeculators seek to profit from their view of exchange rate changesArbitrageurs seek to profit from simultaneous exchange rate differences in different markets23. A foreign exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currencyA foreign exchange quotation (or quote) is a statement of willingness to buy or sell at an announced rate.24. A direct quote is a home currency price of a unit of foreign currency ;An indirect quote is a foreign currency price of a unit of home currencyThe form of the quote depends on what the speaker regards as “home ”25. Measuring a change —depreciation of appreciation of a foreign currency —in the spot rate forquotations expressed in home currency terms:Direct quotations:Example: Suppose the Swiss franc is recently quoted in the spot market at SF1.5625/$ (or, equivalently, $0.6400/SF) but then suddenly appreciates to SF1.2800/$ (or, equivalently, $0.78125/SF). What is the percent appreciation of the SF relative to the dollar?26. Measuring a change —depreciation of appreciation of a foreign currency —in the spot rate forquotations expressed in foreign currency terms:Indirect quotations: All our formulas have been in Indirect terms with the US$ as the home currencyExample (continued): The same rate of appreciation for the Swiss Franc relative to the US Dollar! 27.Spot rate: adopt a Spot transaction ;Forward rate: adopt a forward transaction 28.A Spot transaction in the Interbank market is the purchase of foreign exchange with delivery and payment between banks to take place, normally, on the second following business day. The date of settlement is referred to as the value date. 29.An Outright Forward transaction (usually just called a Forward) requires delivery at a future date of a specified amount of one currency for a specified amount of another currency. The exchange rate is established at the time of the agreement, but payment and delivery are not required until maturity. Forward exchange rates are usually quoted for value dates of one, two, three, six and twelve months. 30. Arbitrage :seek to profit from simultaneous exchange rate differences in different marketsDirect arbitrage: operate between two foreign marketsIndirect arbitrage: operate in three foreign marketsInterest Arbitrage: seek to profit from simultaneous interest rate differences in different marketsClass Drill 1:1、Assumption:the basic rate between US dollars and the RMB is normally stated: $1=¥8.2500, the basic rate between US dollars and the J ¥ is normally stated: $1=J ¥100.0000Calculation: what ’s the cross rate between RMB and J ¥ ?2、Assumption:%07.22/6400.0$/6400.0$/78125.0$+=-SFSF SF%07.22$/2800.1$/2800.1$/5625.1+=-SF SF SFone day, an American exporter dates a contract with a Germany importer for some goods worthy of DM1,500,000. The counting currency is DM. They will pay off after three months. The rate is $1=DM1.5000 when they signed the treaty.Questions:- What does the rate belong to when they are dating?-Which country wouldn’t suffer the risk of foreign exchange?-How to avoid it?3、Assumption:One day------ first day in May, a speculator anticipates the exchange rate between US dollar and DM is $1=DM1.4580 on first day in Augest, while the three-month exchange rate between US dollar and DM is stated $1=DM1.4500 on first day in Augest.Questions:-What’s the former rate and latter rate respectively?-How can get the profit?4、Assumption:At 10 am. on one business day, the exchange rate between US dollar and DM is stated $1=DM1.4500 in New York, while simultaneously the exchange rate between US dollar and DM is stated $1=DM1.4600 in Frankfurt.Questions: How to arbitrage?5、Assumption:At 10 am. on one business day, the exchange rate between US dollar and DM is stated $1=DM1.5100 in New York, simultaneously the exchange rate between Pound and DM is stated £1 =DM3.0000 in Frankfurt, while the exchange rate between Pound and US dollar is stated £1 =$2.8000 in London.Questions: How to arbitrage?6、Assumption:The one-year periodic interest rate of US dollar in U.S is 12%, while the one-year periodic interest rate of UK pound in U.S is 16%. £1=$2.0000, $1,000,000Questions:-If the exchange rate between US dollar and UK pound is fixed after 3 months, how to invest?-If the exchange rate between US dollar and UK pound is floating after 3 months, how to invest?31.The Typical Dynamics of a Currency Crisis:1.Currency crises begin with foreign investors or speculators deciding—for whatever reason—that at the pegged rate, the country’s currency is overvalued;2.Foreign investors respond by selling their real and financial assets in the country, hence,selling that countries currency;ernments sell their foreign reserves and buy their own currency to defend the peg;Speculators observe the declining foreign reserves and increase their short positions in the country’s financial assets or currency;4.Panic selling ensues;5.The government abandons the peg and devalues the currency—typically by more thanwould have been required at earlier stages of the crisis32.Currency Crises: Effects of Devaluation:1.Real prices for imports rise;2.Output falls:Production (aggregate supply) falls when the economy relies heavily on imported inputs, for example, oil;Consumption (aggregate demand) falls when the country relies heavily on imports for necessities such as food stuffs. (Higher prices for necessities means lower disposable income)3. The net worth of firms and individuals fall4.The banking system is severely weakened (details):Assets (denominated in the home currency) lose value relative to debt (often denominated ina foreign currency in emerging economies);Credit is either rationed or available only at exorbitant rates;Lack of credit causes output to plummet even further!33.Contagion: It is formally defined as a situation in which a currency crisis in one countryincreases the probability of a currency crisis in another34.Hedge funds are unregulated investment institutions that specialize in short selling, use offinancial derivatives, and leveraged positions (purchasing assets with borrowed funds):Despite the name, hedge funds speculate!The primary investors are pension funds, trust funds, university endowments, and accredited investorsThese funds tend to remain fairly liquid so that they can fully exploit profit opportunities when they ariseHedge funds have about $1.1 trillion in assets and account for one half of all trades in the US and UK stock markets35.Role of Hedge Funds:The focus of hedge funds on short selling has gained them much notoriety as they often do well when asset prices are falling and other funds are doing badly;Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Indonesia has called hedge funds the “highwaymen of the global economy”;Why? Because of robbing from the poor, less developed and emerging economies where hedge funds do much of their business;In fact, hedge funds have been blamed for not just taking advantage of economic crises but for causing them!Summary:1.Capital mobility is a double-edged sword: Economic openness increases growth andefficiency, but also exposes economies to potential capital outflows that can destabilize the economy2.A currency crisis is a financial crash within the foreign exchange markets. Currency crisesare precipitated by :Capital flight, that is, a large and rapid withdrawal of funds by foreign investors ;Speculative attack3.Currency crises are caused by:Correlated beliefs among international investors (self-fulfilling prophesies);Poor economic fundamentals:A fragile and inefficient banking system;Inflationary monetary and fiscal policy4. The central bank responds to a currency crisis by devaluing the country’s currency. Theeffects on the economy are devastating:Real prices for imports rise;Output and consumption fall;The net worth of firms and individuals fall;Unemployment and poverty escalate;The banking system is severely weakened and credit intermediation nearly ceases5. Contagion is caused by:Correlated real shocks, trade linkages, and financial linkages;Correlated beliefs, herding, or wake-up calls6、Currency crises and contagion have become increasingly likely and increasingly severesince the 1990s due, largely, to a far greater level of international economic integration and capital mobility in particular7.Policies prescriptions that reduce the likelihood of a currency crisis and contagion are:Promote the soundness of the financial system—particularly banks;Balance budgets and conduct low inflation monetary policy;Implement short-term capital controls and establish a lender of last resort;Promote long-term—as opposed to hot money—investment;8.Emerging market countries must often choose between two extreme exchange rate regimes,either free-floating or fixed regime where the latter is often through a currency board or dollarization36.Goods market equilibrium in opening economyAssumption:Output is defined by demand totally.BOP refers to import and export of merchandise.One country only produce one product.Nominal variable and real variable.37.Trade balance and national incomeTN =XN – MN =PM* –eP*M ;T=TN /P =M* –(eP*/P) M=M *–qMTrade balance function:T= M*(q,Y*)- qM(q,Y)=T(q,Y*,Y)=T-mY-T: independent trade balance;-mY: dependent trade balance;-m: marginal import tendency38.Domestic absorb and national income:A=C+I+G(Domestic absorb )C=C+aY -C: independent consumption;-aY: dependent consumption;-a: marginal consumption tendency A=G+I+C=G+I+C+aY=A+aY39.Hoard: H=Y-A H=Y-A=Y-(A+aY)=-A+(1-a)Y=-A+sY -s: marginal saving tendency40.The equilibrium of national income :H=T;H=-A+sY=T-mY=T;Y=(A+T)/(s+m)= (A+T)41.Goods market, currency market and foreign exchange market in opening economyAssumption:Output is defined by demand totally.BOP refers to import and export of merchandise.One country only produce one product.1. IS curve :It reflects equilibrium condition in goods market.For private investment: I =I (i )=I0-biFor domestic absorb: A =A (G ,i ,Y )=A +aY -biIn what condition, goods market would be balance?Y=A +T =A+aY-bi+T0-mY ; Y=a (A-bi+T0) ; a=1/(1+m-a )Economic analysis :The slope is minus ;In what condition, the curve would move towards right? If I descends, in which condition (open economy & close economy) national income would increase more?2. LM curve :It reflects equilibrium condition in currency market.Ms=Md; Ms/P=LD (i ,Y )=kY-hi k>0,h>0) Y=1/k(hi+M0/P)3. CA curve: It reflects equilibrium condition in foreign exchange market .T=T-mY=0 Y=T/mThe equilibrium is irrelevant to i.For CA curve, Left------ surplus, Right------ deficitWhen it satisfies the Marshall- Lerner condition,q ,the curve moves towards right; q ,the curve moves towards left.42. Open economy equilibrium in fixed exchange system (equilibrium condition):1、如左图:In closing economy: equilibrium in both markets (goods market & currency market) A point2、如右图:In opening economy:equilibrium in three markets(goods market, currency market and foreign exchange market) A ’ point3、如左图:Income mechanism (short term):Deficit in BOP(CA):Decrease in foreign exchange ; reserve ; Decline in currency supply ; Descend in national income ;Dip in import expenditure ; Improve in CAi 0i 04、如右图:Currency-price mechanism (long term):Deficit in BOP(CA): Decrease in foreign exchange ; reserve ; Decline in currency supply ; Descend in Price level ;Devaluation in real exchange ; Improve in CA 43. Open economy equilibrium in floating exchange system :1.price-specieflow mechanism :Deficit in BOP(CA):Decrease in foreign exchange ; Devaluation in nominal exchange ; Devaluation in real exchange ; Improve in CA44. 总结:Goods market equilibrium reflects only one market, while goods market, currency market and foreign exchange market balance reflect three markets, which is called general equilibrium model.Every curve in each market could be reflected by two variables ------Y&i.We should analyze the daily economic condition by those two models, especially in national finance.45. Monetary approach in BOP :1.Assumption:Price is flexible in short term ;Real demand of currency is determined by Y&I;Goods' price and interest rate is defined by wordwide market.’i i L 0 0i i LM0’Y i i 0LMY 0 Y 0 ’ IS ’2. Equilibrium in currency markrt: Ms=Md; Ms=m (D+R ); Md=pf (Y,i )3. BP curve :For CA: CA=CA (q ,Y )For KA: K=k (i ,i*)=k (i )For BP: BP=CA+K=CA (q ,Y )+K (i )=0Economic analysis :Vertical axis : -left------surplus ; -right------deficitHorizontal axis : -above------ surplus ; -below------deficit46. Open economy equilibrium in fixed exchange system :International funds move perfectly :Deficit in BOP : Decrease in foreign exchange ; reserve ; Decline in currency supply ; Ascend interest rate ; Capital inflow ; Improve in BOP47. Open economy equilibrium in floating exchange system :YY i BP ’International funds move perfectly : Deficit in BOP ; Own currency devaluation ; Increase in export ; Ascend interest rate ; Capital inflow ; Improve in BOP48. Mundell-Fleming model :Assumption:Supply curve is horizontal.;PPP establish no longer.;Anticipated exchange is static.;International funds move perfectly.1. Fiscal policy & monetary policy in fixed exchange system :Monetary policy (invalidation); Fiscal policy (valid)2. Fiscal policy & monetary policy in floating exchange system :Monetary policy (valid); Fiscal policy (invalidation)49. Crugelm Paradox :Y iBPYi=ia) Mudel-Fleme Model1.Assumption :Supply curve is horizon ;PPP doesn't work ;FE rates is predicated be static ;Capital flows across the world without obstacles2. Fiscal policy and monetary policy in fixed FE system :Fiscal policy (doesn ’t work);Monetary policy (work )3. Fiscal policy and monetary policy in floating FE system: Fiscal policy (work);Monetary policy (doesn ’t work )4.结论:50. International Parity Conditions:1,Some fundamental questions managers of MNEs, international portfolio investors, importers, exporters and government officials must deal with every day are:What are the determinants of exchange rates?Are changes in exchange rates predictable?2,International parity conditions are most important to decision makers when they do not hold3,The decision to borrow in a currency, locate a plant in a country, and other financial decisions may boil down to a judgment as whether a parity condition is violated4,The economic theories that link exchange rates, prices, and interest rates together are called international parity conditionsFixed exchange systemFunds move perfectly Monetary policy is valid Static FE systemCapital is fluid wholly Independentmonetary currency5,These international parity conditions form the core of the financial theory that is unique to international finance6, Under conditions of free floating exchange rates, the expected rate of change in the spot rate, differential interest and inflation rates, and the forward rate are all interrelated7,International parity conditions are most easily developed under the assumption of perfect capital markets: No transaction costs; No taxes; Certainty8, Driver of the parity conditions: profit-maximizing “agents ” will act to eliminate all arbitrage opportunities9.There are three principal parity conditions:Purchasing power parity;Interest rate parity;International Fisher effect51. International Currency System:1.Gold Standard System: Mint parityGold Export Points ; Gold Import Points2. Paper Money SystemAssumption:1,Financial markets are perfect with no controls, taxes, transaction costs, etc2,Goods markets are perfect with international shipment of goods able to take place freely, instantaneously and without cost3,There is a single consumption good common to everyone4,The same commodities appear in the same proportions in each country ’s consumption basket.52. If the identical product or service can be sold in two different markets —and no restrictions orcosts exist on the sale or transportation of moving the product between markets —the products price should be the same in both markets. This is called the Law of One PriceA primary principle of competitive markets is that prices will equalize across markets if frictions (transportation costs) do not exist.53. If the Law of One Price is imposed between baskets of consumer goods in two countries,we have a condition known as Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Where the basket or index price in US dollars is P$, the spot exchange rate is S (in ¥/$) and the basket or index price in yen is P¥By comparing the prices of identical baskets of products denominated in different currencies, we could determine the PPP exchange rate that should exist if markets were efficient: This is the absolute version of the PPP theoryIf the assumptions of the absolute version of the PPP theory are relaxed a bit more, we observe what is termed Relative Purchasing Power Parity (RPPP)RPPP holds that PPP is not particularly helpful in determining what the spot rate is today, but that the relative change in prices between two countries over a period of time determines ¥$tt t P e P =⨯the change in the exchange rate over that periodIf the spot exchange rate between two countries starts in equilibrium, any change in the differential rate of inflation between them tends to be offset over the long run by an equal but opposite change in the spot exchange rateWe can represent RPPP mathematically:54., and the spotexchange rate is S (in ¥/$)We can make the following approximate representation of RPPP:55. Two general conclusions can be made from these tests:1,PPP holds up well over the very long run but poorly for shorter time periods2,The theory holds better for countries with relatively high rates of inflation and underdeveloped capital markets56. The Use of PPP in Management Decisions:For example, when PPP holds, a firm might make itsinvestment and marketing decisions without great concern for exchange rate fluctuations/riskWhen PPP is violated and all other things are equal, managers prefer:To locate production in countries with undervalued currenciesTo earn revenues —market products —in markets with overvalued currencies57. Interest Rates, Spot Rates & Forward Rates:1.The theory of Interest Rate Parity (IRP) provides the linkage between the foreign exchange markets and the money markets in different countries :The difference in the national interest rates for securities of similar risk and maturity should move in the opposite direction relative to the forward rate premium for the foreign currency (except for transaction costs)2.IRP links: the current spot rate, the forward rate, and the interest rates in each country3. IRP differs from the International Fisher Effect, in that IRP relies on a pre-negotiated forward rate to reconvert currency at the future date —not an expected future spot rate —and avoids currency risk4.Unlike RPPP and the International Fisher Effect, IRP holds even if we relax the assumption of no uncertainty!Interest Rate Parity (IRP) states that an investor should be indifferent between:1. Investing in her home market for some period and2. Converting to a foreign currency at the spot rate, investing in the foreign market, and entering into a forward contract to reconvert from the foreign currency back into her homecurrency Or, more concisely (but still exactly), interest rate parity is:where F is the forward rate (SF/$) $/$/$1)1(1SF SFSF F i S i ⨯+⨯=+Or, in approximate form, interest rate parity is:58.be calculated for any specific maturity by adjusting the current spotratio of interest rates of the same maturity for the two subject currencies: Similarly we can use interest rate parity(in approximate form) to calculate premium, that is, the percentage and forwardstated in annual percentage termspremium and the yield curves in the home and foreign markets: 59.1,The spot and forward exchange rates are not, however, constantly in the state of equilibrium described by interest rate parity 2,For fleeting moments, the market is not in equilibrium, and the potential for (riskless) arbitrage profit exists 3.The arbitrageur will exploit the imbalance by investing in whichever currency offers the higher return on a covered basis This is known as Covered Interest Arbitrage (CIA) 60.Uncovered Interest Arbitrage: A deviation from covered interest arbitrage is Uncovered Interest Arbitrage (UIA) Essentially, investors believe that there is a violation of the International Fisher Effect not IRP In practice, investors are betting that the future spot rate will not be much different from the current spot rate —despite an interest rate differential In this case, investors borrow in countries and currencies exhibiting relatively low interest rates and convert the proceed into currencies that offer much higher interest rates The transaction is “uncovered” because the investor does not sell the higher yielding currency proceeds forward but plans to sell spot later on The investor chooses to remain uncovered and accept the currency risk of exchanging the higher yielding currency into the lower yielding currency at the end of the period 61.Predicting the Future Spot Rate: Some forecasters believe that forward exchange rates are unbiased predictors of future spot exchange rates. Intuitively this means that the distribution of possible actual spot rates in the future is centered on the forward rate. Unbiased prediction simply means that the forward rate will, on average, overestimate and underestimate the actual future spot rate in equal frequency and degree Forward rates can be valuable in multinational capital budgeting decisions 62. 总结:1、Parity conditions have traditionally been used by economists to help explain the long-run trends in exchange rates。
国际金融英文版---Chapter7
Percent year 0
MPKof U.S.A
S
U
T
f
d
e
b
c
V
a
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hR
MPKof Japan
Percent year 8 6 5
4 2
4200
4800
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Gains and losses from well-behaved international lending
With international financial freedom, world product is maximized. The reason for this gain is that freedom allows individual wealthholders the chance to seek the highest return anywhere in the world. (see figure 7.1)
frequent?
பைடு நூலகம்
International Lending and Financial Crises
In international financial capital flows, the lenders (investors) give the borrowers money to be used now in exchange for IOUs or ownership shares entitling them to interest and dividends later.
loans
Portfolio investment
Lending to foreign borrower Purchasing bonds issued by a government or a foreign enterprise
国际金融英文版CH7
The features of money market are high degree of liquidity, low return and low degree of risk.
Short-term securities market includes the following securities:
Treasury bill: a short-term U.S. government security. It bears no formal interest and is issued at a discount on its redemption price. T-bills are usually 3, 6 months and one year. The par value of the T-bills are $1,000 and in multiples of $1,000. T-bills are regarded as a highly liquid financial asset by banks and other financial institutions.
1.17-0.90 1.33-1.18 1.88-1.35 2.05-1.70
0.40-0.20 0.60-0.40 0.92-0.82 1.30-1.20
0.05-0.04 0.35-0.25 0.46-0.26 0.79-0.67
0.28-0.03 0.33-0.10 0.40-0.19 0.66-0.37
大学金融英语chapter 7 Capital Markets in the U S
capital markets? 6. What are the differences between capital
markets and money markets?
要求 2. to raise capital for... 为……筹措资金 3. to pay off 付清(债务或工资) 4. to set aside 留出 5. to fall into 可分成 6. to protect against... 保护以免受到……的损害 7. to pledge sth. as collateral/security 将……用来作抵押 8. over the phone 在电话上 9. by contrast 相比之下
Main Text
Comparison between U.S. Money Markets and Capital Markets
The trading instruments are different The purposes of them are different The participants in them are different Whereas most money market transactions
12. pension funds 养老基金 13. mutual funds 互助基金 14. over-the-counter (OTC) market 场外交易市场 a secondary market in which
dealers at different locations who have an inventory of securities stand ready to buy and sell securities to anyone who comes to them and is willing to accept their prices 15. primary market (证券或资本的) 一级市场 the sale and purchase of newly issued stocks and bonds by firms or governments 16. secondary market (证券或资本的) 二级市场 a financial market in which securities that have previously been issued can be resold 17. bankers’ acceptance 银行承兑汇票 a time draft that promises to pay a certain sum of money that has been accepted by a bank
国际金融英文版CH7
Newspapers publish the interest rate of this market on a daily basis.
Chapter 7
International Financial Markets
Financial Markets
Financial markets are for transactions of financial assets or liabilities. They provide financing and investing for individuals, firms and governments.
International money market interest rate quotations: July 29, 2011
Euro
Short-term 1.00-0.90
7-days notice
1.08-0.98
D Krone
1.50-1.30 1.40-1.20
Sterling
0.57-0.47 0.64-0.54
1.17-0.90 1.33-1.1 Nhomakorabea 1.88-1.35 2.05-1.70
0.40-0.20 0.60-0.40 0.92-0.82 1.30-1.20
0.05-0.04 0.35-0.25 0.46-0.26 0.79-0.67
0.28-0.03 0.33-0.10 0.40-0.19 0.66-0.37
国际金融英文版CH7
Three month
1.72-1.52-
Six month 2.02-1.67
One year 2.00-1.70
1.51-1.25 1.72-1.22 1.85-1.35 2.15-1.96
0.84-0.64 1.02-0.82 1.30-1.10 1.76-1.56
0.30-0.17 0.28-0.18 0.47-0.35 0.81-0.69
Swiss Franc 0.18-0.03 0.33-0.06
C Dollar
1.15-0.85 1.15-0.87
U.S. Dollar 0.29-0.14 0.41-0.11
J Yen
0.10-0.05 0.11-0.06
S dollar
0.02-0.01 0.31-0.06
One month 1.54-1.34
Short-term securities market includes the following securities:
Treasury bill: a short-term U.S. government security. It bears no formal interest and is issued at a discount on its redemption price. T-bills are usually 3, 6 months and one year. The par value of the T-bills are $1,000 and in multiples of $1,000. T-bills are regarded as a highly liquid financial asset by banks and other financial institutions.
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第七章外汇汇率决定及预测学习目标:1.检查任何一种货币的供需如何在投资者的投资组合选择资产时起作用。
2.探讨主要的三种汇率决定因素——国际平价条件、国际收支平衡、和资产方法——如何综合的解释最近的亚洲和阿根廷的货币危机。
3.观察预测者如何综合技术分析与三种主要的理论手段来预测汇率一、汇率的决定:1、三个基本方法:平价条件国际收支平衡资产市场这些都不是相互竞争的理论,而是免费的理论。
如果没有各种方法相结合的深度和广度,我们所了解到的货币在全球市场上的复杂性就丧失了。
2、在看待外汇市场上,不仅需要理论的理解,还需要对国际政治经济,社会和经济基础设施,以及随机的政治和社会活动的复杂性有所了解。
20世纪90年代晚期的新兴市场中,汇率崩溃的主要原因是基础设施的弱点。
投机(speculation)——炒作大大促进了新兴市场的崛起。
在20世纪90年代,日本极低的利率和美国高实际利率造成了利率套利(arbitrage)跨国外商直接投资——在最近的危机中,它和国际证券(portfolio)投资流入使新兴市场枯竭。
国外政治风险——近几年,资本市场变得不相互分割,更具有流动性,所以国外政治风险减少了。
他们不仅相互联系,还相互决定。
二、基本上有三种汇率理论:第一种认为汇率是货币的相对价格(货币方法)第二种认为汇率是商品的相对价格(购买力平价法第三种债券的相对价格1、购买力平价法(Purchasing Power Parity, PPP)PPP是最古老和最广泛遵循的汇率理论PPP嵌入了大部分汇率的决定因素在计算和预测PPP时,购买力平价会因为国家间结构性的差异和显著数据的差异而不同2、国际收支平衡法(Balance of Payments,BOP)基本的国际收支方法认为当经常账户活动引起的净外汇流入额等于金融账户活动引起的净外汇流出额时,汇率达到均衡。
国际收支交易是国际经济活动中最经常使用和报告的该理论强调货币和资本流动而非股票或者金融资产的存量(stocks),引起了对国际收支方法的批判。
在该理论中,货币或金融资产的相对存量对决定汇率不起作用,这是在随后的货币和资产市场方法中发现的弱项。
3、货币法货币供求的变化极大地决定了通货膨胀,通货膨胀又接着改变汇率价格在短期和长期都是灵活变化的,传输的影响是立竿见影的。
实际经济活动中,货币需求的任何变化都会影响汇率货币方法忽略了很多因素,这些因素被学科专家们公认在汇率决定上是重要的:短期至中期内购买力平价不成立货币需求随时间相对变化经济活动水平和货币供给似乎相互依存而并非独立结果是我们不会继续追寻货币法的脚步4、技术分析法基础理论的不准确预测导致技术分析的发展及流行。
技术分析认为研究过去的价格有助于理解未来价格的移动。
主要特征是相信汇率跟随一定趋势,这个趋势可以帮助分析未来短期和中期价格的移动轨迹。
大多数技术分析理论区分公允价值(fair value)和市场价值。
5、资产市场法(Asset Market Approach, AKA)资产市场法又叫债券的相对价格,是债券或者投资组合平衡法。
它认为汇率是由多种资产的供给和需求决定的:供给和需求的变化改变汇率货币和财政政策改变预期从而改变汇率货币替代理论遵循相同的基础前提,即投资组合的重新平衡框架AKA假设外国投资者是否愿意持有货币形式的债权取决于一系列的投资驱动因素的考虑。
在高度发达的国家,基于相对实际利率和经济增长和盈利能力的前景,外国投资者更愿意持有债券和国外直接投资。
外国投资者是否愿意持有证券,以及直接投资于高度发达的国家主要取决于相对真实利率和对经济增长及盈利能力的展望。
很多经济学家拒绝一种观点,即汇率的短期行为是在流动的市场中被决定的。
汇率是在有效金融市场上交易的资产的价格。
的确,汇率是两种货币的相对价格,因此是由持有货币的意愿决定的。
像其他资产价格一样,汇率是由对未来的预期决定的,而不是当前的贸易流量。
三、新兴市场汇率失衡1、虽然三个不同的学校对于汇率决定因素的看法是简单的,但这是很少发生的。
这个问题不存在于理论本身,而在于每个理论背后的假设相关性。
经过几年相对全球经济的平静,20世纪90年代下半期,新兴市场经历了一系列的货币危机:1997年7月的亚洲危机1998——2002年的阿根廷危机2、亚洲危机(1997年7月)①亚洲金融危机的根源是地区经济的根本改变,许多亚洲国家从净出口国向净进口国转变②从1990年的泰国开始,远东经济快速扩张,进口超过出口,主要的净资产流入以支持本国货币。
只要资金不断的流入,货币就是稳定的。
但如果这种流入停止了,政府将无法支持他们的固定货币。
③危机最明显的根源是在1996年和1997年,超额资本流入泰国。
泰国银行、公司和财务公司随时可获得资本,以美元计价的债务价格很低。
银行继续扩大信贷,只要资本仍然流入,银行、公司和政府就能够在国外支持这些信贷。
④一段时间后,泰铢因为国家债务上升而受到攻击。
泰国政府在外汇市场上直接进行干预,试图通过出售外汇储备和间接提升利率来捍卫泰铢。
这导致了泰国市场上的停滞(halt)不前,大规模的货币贬值和银行倒闭。
1997年7月2日,泰国央行允许泰铢自由浮动,此时泰铢对美元下跌超过17%,泰铢对日元下跌超过12%。
1997年11月,泰铢对美元下跌38%。
⑤几天之内,因为传染效应,泰国的贬值很快蔓延到其他亚洲国家。
投机者和资本市场转向有相似经济特征国家,它们的货币也遭受攻击而贬值。
10月下旬,台湾抓住了市场的不警惕,货币贬值15%,这还在增加。
韩国韩元从WON900/$下跌到WON1100/$(18.2%)。
马来西亚林吉特对美元下跌28.6%,菲律宾比索对美元下跌20.6%。
没有受到严重影响的就只有香港港元和中国人民币。
亚洲货币危机不仅仅是一个货币的崩溃,而是有来自传统国际收支困难的很多根源。
各国危机的原因各不相同,但有些相似之处可供比较:公司社会化——二战后亚洲企业认为,他们的政府不会允许他们失败,因此他们忙于不可持续的事情,如终身雇佣制。
公司治理——大多数在远东的公司主要是由与国家和政党相关的家庭和团体控制。
银行体系流动性管理——虽然银行监管机构和市场在全球范围内都已经放松管制了,但他们在商业体系中的核心地位已经被忽略了。
随着企业的崩溃,政府库房(coffers)已经被清空,银行投资已经失败了。
银行变得缺乏流动性,他们再也不能支持企业的资金需求了。
3、阿根廷危机(1998年——2002年)①1991年,阿根廷比索固定对美元汇率为一比一。
这个政策和传统的货币价值固定汇率法大相径庭。
阿根廷采取了货币发行局来限制货币在经济中的增长,它只是一个结构,而不仅仅是一个承诺。
②在货币发行局制度下,一个国家的央行可能会在银行系统中用它自身所持有的货币储备来增加货币供给。
通过消除政府扩大货币供给增长率的能力,阿根廷相信他可以消除摧毁其生活水平的通货膨胀的来源。
当时的想法是受到该国的货币供给增长率限制的,这个限制是指不清楚哪个国家会因为贸易增长和总体过剩而获得美元净流入。
③1998年,因为限制性的货币政策,经济开始衰退,2001年经济恶化,这暴露了阿根廷经济的三个重要问题:阿根廷比索被高估货币发行局制度消除了宏观经济政策中的货币政策替代品阿根廷政府预算赤字,赤字开支一度失控。
④2002年,虽然比索价值趋于稳定,但通货膨胀仍未消除。
因为市场势力导致很多人相信比索价值被高估,所以他变得没有能力。
在过去十年里,阿根廷的出口产品在全南美洲是最昂贵的,其他国家货币兑美元的汇率轻微滑动,而比索却没有。
在阿根廷,货币局制度刺激了经济的增长,淘汰了扩张性的货币政策,阿根廷政府就只能把财政政策作为手段了。
由于日益增长的社会、政治紧张和动荡,阿根廷政府需要花费更多钱来平息这种动荡。
持续的政府支出和稳定的外资流入增加了政府的债务负担。
许多人开始担心即将发生的货币贬值,纷纷从阿根廷银行转移以比索计价的基金和美元基金。
资本外逃和比索转换成美元数量的增加给比索价值带来了额外的压力。
2002年1月6日这个周日,总统爱德华多-杜阿尔德(这是两周内的第五个总统)在他总统任期颁布了他的第一个命令,即将比索从Ps1.00 / $ 贬值到Ps1.4 / $。
2002年2月3日,政府宣布将比索浮动,开始了缓慢但渐进的贬值(depreciation、devaluation)。
四、实践中的预测1、除了上面提到的三种预测方法(平价条件、国际收支平衡、资产市场),预测从业者还利用了技术分析法。
技术分析者习惯上被称为图表分析者,他们关注价格和交易数据,找到预计会持续到未来的过去的趋势。
技术分析最重要的因素是未来的汇率是基于当前汇率的。
与股价波动相似,汇率波动可分为:随机的日波动几天到几个月的短期波动长期波动,上下起伏的长期趋势2、预测的时间跨度越长,预测的越不准确。
下面总结了不同的预测时期、制度(regime)和首选的预测方法:几十年的理论和实证研究表明,汇率和上一节中列出的基本原则和理论是有关联的——基本面分析适用于长期分析,因此货币价值的基本平衡路径是存在的。
在短期内,各种随机事件、制度摩擦(friction)和技术性因素都会导致货币价值与长期根本之道相偏离——这被称为噪声。
虽然与汇率决定因素相联系的理论很清楚,但他可能在货币市场某一天的实践中并不受重视。
基本面分析的难点是不知道在何时何地推动市场。
汇率动态相对混乱的一个例子是超调(overshooting)现象3、很多外汇预测服务都是由银行和独立顾问提供的。
此外,一些跨国企业自己有预测能力。
预测基于精密的经济计量模型,对图表、趋势、直觉的技术分析,以及损失程度的测度。
4、如果市场参与者一致认为有一般长期路径,并且持有稳定预期,则币值会定期回归长期路径。
然而,当币值升到长期路径之上时,大多数市场参与者认为币值被高估了,进而卖出货币,导致价格下跌。
同样的,当币值降到长期路径以下,市场参与者会买进货币使其价值升高。
这就是稳定预期的含义所在:市场参与者必须不断回应从长期路径的背离,通过买卖活动使币值会到长期路径。
五、小结1、资产市场法表明,外国人是否愿意持有货币形式部分取决于相对实际利率和国家的经济增长前景。
2、长期预测要求回归到汇率的基本面分析,比如国际收支、相对通货膨胀、利率和购买力平价的长期属性(property)3、技术分析侧重于价格和交易数据的分析,用过去的趋势预测未来的发展。
4、实际中的汇率预测既注重基本面分析,又注重技术形态分析。
5、亚洲危机究其根源和对汇率的影响来看,它是由于国际收支平衡而造成的危机。
疲软的经济和金融基础设施、企业管制问题和投机者也是危机的成因。
6、2002年阿根廷危机是国际平价条件不平衡(通货膨胀率差异)和国际收支不平衡(经常项目赤字加上金融账户流出)的共同结果。