英文论文及中文翻译
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
二、 无主句 汉语中有众多的无主句，译成英语时或视 情况补加主语（祈使句可以不补），译成 完整的句子；或译为被动语态句。 1)为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗！ Strive to build a great socialist country! 2) 剩下的时间不多了。 There is very little time left.
• 3）希望今后上海能够与更多 的外国城市结为友好城市。 It’s hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
• 5、Personification
• 1）世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
331当前经济改革的重点是要以我国国民经济的支柱国有企业为重点配套推进社会保障体制的改革巩固和完善宏观管理体制改革的措施进一步转变政府职能培育市场体系沿着建设社会主义经济体制的方向继续前进
主语的选择(Options for subjects)
• 1 、 对 等 (Equivalence)( Follow the Chinese topic-comment order, use noun phrases etc.)
• 6、There Be
• 1）自1983年以来，已经建立了一 百多个这样的组织。 There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 1983.
2）古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是 大鱼吃小鱼。 There exists a law at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.
英语作文带翻译
英语作文带翻译Here is a 2000-word English essay with translation:Title: The Impact of Technology on EducationIntroduction:Education is a fundamental aspect of human society, as it equips individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills needed to succeed in life. Over the years, technology has deeply influenced various industries and sectors, including education. This essay will explore the impact of technology on education and discuss the advantages and disadvantages it presents.Body:1. Accessibility of Information:One of the most significant contributions of technology to education is the accessibility of information. In the past, students had to rely heavily on textbooks and libraries to gather knowledge. However, with the emergence of the internet, information is now readily available at the click of a button. This has greatly enhanced the learning process as students can access a wide range of resources and references to deepen their understanding of various subjects. Furthermore, online platforms such as online courses and webinars have made education more accessible to people from all walks of life, allowing for continuous learning and professional development.1.1 知识的获取方式：技术对教育最重要的贡献之一是信息的获取途径更为便捷。
满分英语作文及翻译
满分英语作文及翻译Title: Embracing Diversity: The Key to a Harmonious Society。
Diversity is the cornerstone of a vibrant and harmonious society. In today's globalized world, where interactions between different cultures, languages, and traditions are increasingly common, embracing diversity is not just an option but a necessity for progress and mutual understanding.Firstly, diversity enriches our lives by exposing us to new perspectives and ideas. When we interact with people from different backgrounds, we are challenged to question our assumptions and broaden our horizons. This exchange of viewpoints fosters creativity and innovation, driving societal advancement in various fields such as science, technology, and the arts.Moreover, embracing diversity cultivates empathy andtolerance. By learning about other cultures and lifestyles, we develop a greater appreciation for the similarities and differences that make each individual unique. This understanding lays the foundation for mutual respect and cooperation, leading to stronger interpersonalrelationships and a more inclusive society.Furthermore, diversity is essential for economic growth and prosperity. In an interconnected world, businesses that embrace diversity have a competitive edge by tapping into a wider talent pool and accessing diverse markets. Companies with diverse teams are more adept at problem-solving and adapting to changing customer needs, driving innovation and driving economic success.However, despite the benefits of diversity, achieving true inclusion remains a challenge in many societies. Discrimination, prejudice, and inequality persist in various forms, hindering the full participation of marginalized groups in social, economic, and political spheres. Therefore, fostering diversity requires concerted efforts to address systemic barriers and promote equity andjustice for all individuals, regardless of their background.In conclusion, embracing diversity is essential for building a harmonious and prosperous society. By valuingand celebrating the richness of our differences, we can create a world where everyone has the opportunity to thrive and contribute their unique talents and perspectives. Letus strive to build bridges of understanding and acceptance, embracing diversity as our greatest strength rather than a source of division.多样性是一个充满活力和和谐的社会的基石。
企业可持续发展战略研究论文中英文外文翻译文献
企业可持续发展战略研究论文中英文外文翻译文献文献1：Sustainable Development Strategies for Businesses该研究论文介绍了企业可持续发展战略的重要性以及相关的实施策略。
可持续发展不仅关注经济利益，还需兼顾社会和环境的利益。
本文提出了几种实施可持续发展战略的方法，包括资源管理、供应链管理和利益相关者合作。
企业应该采取综合性的战略，以确保其经营活动对社会和环境带来积极影响。
文献2：The Role of Corporate Governance in Sustainable Development该文献探讨了公司治理在可持续发展中的作用。
有效的公司治理可以确保企业在经济、社会和环境层面上实现可持续发展目标。
文章讨论了几个与公司治理相关的因素，包括股东权益保护、透明度和问责制。
作者强调了公司治理在促进可持续发展中的重要性，并提出了一些改善公司治理的建议。
文献3：Innovation Strategies for Sustainable Development该研究论文研究了创新战略在可持续发展中的作用。
创新可以推动经济发展，并帮助解决环境和社会问题。
本文提出了几种创新策略，包括技术创新、商业模式创新和社会创新。
作者认为，企业应该将创新作为实现可持续发展的关键策略，并呼吁政府和社会各界提供支持。
文献4：The Importance of Stakeholder Engagement in Sustainable Development该文献强调了利益相关者参与在可持续发展中的重要性。
利益相关者包括员工、股东、政府、社区和其他利益相关的组织。
作者认为，企业应该积极参与利益相关者，并尊重他们的权益和意见。
文章提出了一些有效的利益相关者参与策略，包括沟通、合作和共同决策。
该文献强调了利益相关者参与对企业可持续发展的重要性。
文献5：Measuring and Reporting Sustainability Performance of Businesses该研究论文研究了测量和报告企业可持续发展绩效的方法和指标。
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）
英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）英语议论文经典范文3篇（带翻译）有很多的同学在写英语作文的时候，也会写一些经典的议论文，小编整理了相关范文，希望会对大家有所帮助！英语作文范文带中文翻译Manyyearsago,themovieabouttheyouthbecameverypopular, everyyear,wecanseeman yhotmoviesabouttheprotagonist’spassedyouth.Peopleliketorec alltheirpassedyouth, whichmakessuchmoviessellgood.ButIfindthecommonthingsabo utthesemovies,alltheprotagonists’youthareaboutfighting,loveandothernegativethin gs.Iunderstandthedirectors’intention,they wanttotellpeopleyouthisnotperfectandhav ingpities.Ofcoursemovieisexaggerating,therealyouthisaboutstudying,atleast,mostp eoplehaveworkedsohardtogetintotheiridealcolleges.Whatthemoviesdescribemakeup somepeople’syouth,forwhichtheydon’thavethechancetoexperienc e.Weshouldnot bemisledbythesemovies,fortheteenagers,theirjobistostudy,sothattheycanhaveabright future.【翻译】很多年以前，关于青春的电影很受欢迎，此后每年，我们都可以看到很多热门电影是关于主人公逝去的青春。
英语哲理范文带翻译
英语哲理范文带翻译Title: The Importance of Self-Reflection in Personal Growth。
Self-reflection is a crucial aspect of personal growth and development. It involves taking a step back from our daily lives and examining our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By reflecting on our experiences, we can gain insight into our strengths and weaknesses and identify areas where we need to improve.Self-reflection allows us to become more self-aware. When we take the time to reflect on our actions and thoughts, we can better understand why we do the things we do. This self-awareness can help us make better decisions and improve our relationships with others. It can also help us identify patterns of behavior that may be holding us back and make changes to overcome these obstacles.In addition, self-reflection can help us develop agreater sense of empathy. By reflecting on our experiences, we can better understand the experiences of others. This can lead to greater compassion and understanding in our relationships with others.Self-reflection can also help us develop a growth mindset. When we reflect on our experiences, we can see them as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than failures or mistakes. This can help us approach challenges with a positive attitude and a willingness to learn and improve.There are many ways to practice self-reflection. Some people find it helpful to journal or write down their thoughts and experiences. Others may prefer to meditate or simply take a quiet walk to reflect on their day. Whatever method we choose, it is important to set aside time forself-reflection on a regular basis.In conclusion, self-reflection is an essential tool for personal growth and development. By taking the time to reflect on our experiences, we can gain insight into ourstrengths and weaknesses, develop greater self-awareness and empathy, and cultivate a growth mindset. It is important to make self-reflection a regular part of our lives in order to continue to grow and improve as individuals.。
论文英文摘要翻译
论文英文摘要翻译AbstractThe rapid development of technology has greatly affected various industries, including the education sector. E-learning, as a form of remote education, has gained popularity in recent years. This paper aims to investigate the impact of e-learning on students' learning outcomes and motivation.To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted to identify the relevant research on e-learning and its effects. The findings show that e-learning has positive effects on students' learning outcomes, such as increased knowledge acquisition and self-directed learning skills. E-learning provides a flexible learning environment, allowing students to access educational resources anytime and anywhere. This convenience enhances students' motivation and engagement in learning activities.However, the effectiveness of e-learning depends on various factors. The quality of the e-learning platform and instructional design plays a crucial role in engaging students and promoting effective learning. In addition, the role of teachers in facilitating e-learning is also important. Teachers' guidance and support are essential in helping students navigate the online learning platform and clarify any doubts.Moreover, the digital divide is a significant challenge in implementing e-learning. Not all students have access to reliable internet connection and necessary technological devices. Therefore, it is crucial to bridge the digital divide to ensure equalopportunities in e-learning.Furthermore, challenges such as limited social interaction and a lack of personalized feedback in e-learning need to be addressed. Efforts should be made to incorporate interactive features and provide timely feedback to promote effective learning and address students' individual needs.In conclusion, e-learning has the potential to positively impact students' learning outcomes and motivation. However, it is crucial to address challenges related to technological infrastructure, instructional design, and teacher support to maximize the benefits of e-learning. Future research should focus on exploring effective strategies for integrating e-learning into traditional educational settings to create a blended learning approach.Keywords: e-learning, learning outcomes, motivation, instructional design, teacher support。
论文中英文翻译(译文)
编号：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）系别：电子工程系专业：电子信息工程学生姓名：韦骏学号：0852100329指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院姓名：梁勇职称：讲师2012 年6 月5 日设计与实现基于Modbus 协议的嵌入式Linux 系统摘要：随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，新一代工业自动化数据采集和监测系统，采用核心的高性能嵌入式微处理器的，该系统很好地适应应用程序。
它符合消费等的严格要求的功能，如可靠性，成本，尺寸和功耗等。
在工业自动化应用系统，Modbus 通信协议的工业标准，广泛应用于大规模的工业设备系统，包括DCS，可编程控制器，RTU 及智能仪表等。
为了达到嵌入式数据监测的工业自动化应用软件的需求，本文设计了嵌入式数据采集监测平台下基于Modbus 协议的Linux 环境采集系统。
串行端口的Modbus 协议是实现主/从式，其中包括两种通信模式：ASCII 和RTU。
因此，各种药膏协议的设备能够满足串行的Modbus通信。
在Modbus 协议的嵌入式平台实现稳定和可靠。
它在嵌入式数据监测自动化应用系统的新收购的前景良好。
关键词：嵌入式系统，嵌入式Linux，Modbus 协议，数据采集，监测和控制。
1、绪论Modbus 是一种通讯协议，是一种由莫迪康公司推广。
它广泛应用于工业自动化，已成为实际的工业标准。
该控制装置或不同厂家的测量仪器可以链接到一个行业监控网络使用Modbus 协议。
Modbus 通信协议可以作为大量的工业设备的通讯标准，包括PLC，DCS 系统，RTU 的，聪明的智能仪表。
随着嵌入式计算机技术的飞速发展，嵌入式数据采集监测系统，使用了高性能的嵌入式微处理器为核心，是一个重要的发展方向。
在环境鉴于嵌入式Linux 的嵌入式工业自动化应用的数据，一个Modbus 主协议下的采集监测系统的设计和实现了这个文件。
因此，通信设备，各种药膏协议能够满足串行的Modbus。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
英语作文范文带翻译
Furthermore, English is the language of education. Many of the world's top universities and educational institutions use English as the medium of instruction. By being proficient in English, one can access a wealth of knowledge and educational opportunities that are not available in other languages.
此外，英语是教育的语言。世界上许多顶尖大学和教育机构都以英语为教学语言。通过精通英语，人们可以获得在其他语言中无法获得的丰富知识和教育机会。
In conclusion, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated. It is the key to unlocking a world of opportunities, be it in the professional or personal sphere. Therefore, individuals should prioritize learning and improving their English language skills to thrive in the globalized world.
首先，英语是国际交流的语言。随着全球经济的不断一体化，英语已经成为商务、旅游和外交中常用的语言。例如，当来自不同国家的两个人见面时，他们可能会用英语交流。因此，精通英语可以为个人和职业发展带来无数机遇。
英语小作文带翻译
英语小作文带翻译Title: The Impact of Technology on Society。
Introduction:In recent years, the rapid development of technology has significantly influenced various aspects of our lives. This essay aims to explore the positive and negative impacts of technology on society, focusing on areas such as communication, education, and entertainment.Body:1. Communication:Technology has revolutionized communication, making it faster, more efficient, and more accessible. The advent of smartphones and social media platforms has allowed people to connect with each other instantly, regardless of geographical barriers. Additionally, video conferencingtools have made it possible to conduct business meetings and collaborate with individuals from different parts of the world. However, the overreliance on technology for communication can lead to a decline in face-to-face interactions, potentially affecting interpersonal relationships.2. Education:Technology has transformed the education sector, providing students with new learning opportunities. Online platforms and educational apps offer interactive and engaging content, making learning more enjoyable and accessible. Virtual classrooms and distance learning programs have also expanded educational access for individuals in remote areas. However, the excessive use of technology in education may lead to a decrease in critical thinking skills and a lack of personal interaction between teachers and students.3. Entertainment:Technology has revolutionized the entertainment industry, offering a wide range of options for leisure and relaxation. Streaming services, such as Netflix and Spotify, have made it easier to access movies, TV shows, and music anytime, anywhere. Virtual reality (VR) and augmentedreality (AR) technologies have also enhanced the gaming experience, immersing players in a virtual world. However, the excessive use of technology for entertainment can leadto sedentary lifestyles and a decrease in physical activity.4. Health:Technology has brought significant advancements in the healthcare sector, improving diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Medical devices and wearable technologies, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, help individuals monitor their health and make informed decisions. Telemedicine allows patients to consult with doctors remotely, reducing the need for physical visits. However,the reliance on technology in healthcare may raise concerns about privacy and data security.Conclusion:In conclusion, technology has both positive and negative impacts on society. While it has revolutionized communication, education, entertainment, and healthcare, it is important to strike a balance and not become overly dependent on technology. Society must carefully navigate the benefits and drawbacks of technology to ensure a harmonious integration of technology into our lives.翻译：标题，技术对社会的影响。
毕业论文文献外文翻译----危机管理：预防,诊断和干预文献翻译-中英文文献对照翻译
第1页 共19页中文3572字毕业论文（设计）外文翻译标题：危机管理-预防，诊断和干预一、外文原文标题：标题：Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis and Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis andintervention 原文：原文：The Thepremise of this paper is that crises can be managed much more effectively if the company prepares for them. Therefore, the paper shall review some recent crises, theway they were dealt with, and what can be learned from them. Later, we shall deal with the anatomy of a crisis by looking at some symptoms, and lastly discuss the stages of a crisis andrecommend methods for prevention and intervention. Crisis acknowledgmentAlthough many business leaders will acknowledge thatcrises are a given for virtually every business firm, many of these firms do not take productive steps to address crisis situations. As one survey of Chief Executive officers of Fortune 500 companies discovered, 85 percent said that a crisisin business is inevitable, but only 50 percent of these had taken any productive action in preparing a crisis plan(Augustine, 1995). Companies generally go to great lengths to plan their financial growth and success. But when it comes to crisis management, they often fail to think and prepare for those eventualities that may lead to a company’s total failure.Safety violations, plants in need of repairs, union contracts, management succession, and choosing a brand name, etc. can become crises for which many companies fail to be prepared untilit is too late.The tendency, in general, is to look at the company as a perpetual entity that requires plans for growth. Ignoring the probabilities of disaster is not going to eliminate or delay their occurrences. Strategic planning without inclusion ofcrisis management is like sustaining life without guaranteeinglife. One reason so many companies fail to take steps to proactively plan for crisis events, is that they fail to acknowledge the possibility of a disaster occurring. Like an ostrich with its head in the sand, they simply choose to ignorethe situation, with the hope that by not talking about it, it will not come to pass. Hal Walker, a management consultant, points out “that decisions will be more rational and better received, and the crisis will be of shorter duration, forcompanies who prepare a proactive crisis plan” (Maynard, 1993) .It is said that “there are two kinds of crises: those that thatyou manage, and those that manage you” (Augustine, 1995). Proactive planning helps managers to control and resolve a crisis. Ignoring the possibility of a crisis, on the other hand,could lead to the crisis taking a life of its own. In 1979, theThree-Mile Island nuclear power plant experienced a crisis whenwarning signals indicated nuclear reactors were at risk of a meltdown. The system was equipped with a hundred or more different alarms and they all went off. But for those who shouldhave taken the necessary steps to resolve the situation, therewere no planned instructions as to what should be done first. Hence, the crisis was not acknowledged in the beginning and itbecame a chronic event.In June 1997, Nike faced a crisis for which they had no existi existing frame of reference. A new design on the company’s ng frame of reference. A new design on the company’s Summer Hoop line of basketball shoes - with the word air writtenin flaming letters - had sparked a protest by Muslims, who complained the logo resembled the Arabic word for Allah, or God.The council of American-Islamic Relations threatened aa globalNike boycott. Nike apologized, recalled 38,000 pairs of shoes,and discontinued the line (Brindley, 1997). To create the brand,Nike had spent a considerable amount of time and money, but hadnever put together a general framework or policy to deal with such controversies. To their dismay, and financial loss, Nike officials had no choice but to react to the crisis. This incident has definitely signaled to the company that spending a little more time would have prevented the crisis. Nonetheless,it has taught the company a lesson in strategic crisis management planning.In a business organization, symptoms or signals can alert the strategic planners or executives of an eminent crisis. Slipping market share, losing strategic synergy anddiminishing productivity per man hour, as well as trends, issues and developments in the socio-economic, political and competitive environments, can signal crises, the effects of which can be very detrimental. After all, business failures and bankruptcies are not intended. They do not usually happen overnight. They occur more because of the lack of attention to symptoms than any other factor.Stages of a crisisMost crises do not occur suddenly. The signals can usuallybe picked up and the symptoms checked as they emerge. A company determined to address these issues realizes that the real challenge is not just to recognize crises, but to recognize themin a timely fashion (Darling et al., 1996). A crisis can consistof four different and distinct stages (Fink, 1986). The phasesare: prodromal crisis stage, acute crisis stage, chronic crisisstage and crisis resolution stage.Modern organizations are often called “organic” due tothe fact that they are not immune from the elements of their surrounding environments. Very much like a living organism, organizations can be affected by environmental factors both positively and negatively. But today’s successfulorganizations are characterized by the ability to adapt by recognizing important environmental factors, analyzing them, evaluating the impacts and reacting to them. The art of strategic planning (as it relates to crisis management)involves all of the above activities. The right strategy, in general, provides for preventive measures, and treatment or resolution efforts both proactively and reactively. It wouldbe quite appropriate to examine the first three stages of acrisis before taking up the treatment, resolution or intervention stage.Prodromal crisis stageIn the field of medicine, a prodrome is a symptom of the onset of a disease. It gives a warning signal. In business organizations, the warning lights are always blinking. No matter how successful the organization, a number of issues andtrends may concern the business if proper and timely attentionis paid to them. For example, in 1995, Baring Bank, a UK financial institution which had been in existence since 1763,ample opportunitysuddenly and unexpectedly failed. There wasfor the bank to catch the signals that something bad was on thehorizon, but the company’s efforts to detect that were thwarted by an internal structure that allowed a single employee both to conduct and to oversee his own investment trades, and the breakdown of management oversight and internalcontrol systems (Mitroff et al., 1996). Likewise, looking in retrospect, McDonald’s fast food chain was given the prodromalsymptoms before the elderly lady sued them for the spilling ofa very hot cup of coffee on her lap - an event that resulted in a substantial financial loss and tarnished image of thecompany. Numerous consumers had complained about thetemperature of the coffee. The warning light was on, but the company did not pay attention. It would have been much simplerto pick up the signal, or to check the symptom, than facing the consequences.In another case, Jack in the Box, a fast food chain, had several customers suffer intestinal distress after eating at their restaurants. The prodromal symptom was there, but the company took evasive action. Their initial approach was to lookaround for someone to blame. The lack of attention, the evasiveness and the carelessness angered all the constituent groups, including their customers. The unfortunate deaths thatptoms,occurred as a result of the company’s ignoring thesymand the financial losses that followed, caused the company to realize that it would have been easier to manage the crisis directly in the prodromal stage rather than trying to shift theblame.Acute crisis stageA prodromal stage may be oblique and hard to detect. The examples given above, are obvious prodromal, but no action wasWebster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, an acute stage occursacutewhen a symptom “demands urgent attention.” Whether the acutesymptom emerges suddenly or is a transformation of a prodromalstage, an immediate action is required. Diverting funds and other resources to this emerging situation may cause disequilibrium and disturbance in the whole system. It is onlythose organizations that have already prepared a framework forthese crises that can sustain their normal operations. For example, the US public roads and bridges have for a long time reflected a prodromal stage of crisis awareness by showing cracks and occasionally a collapse. It is perhaps in light of the obsessive decision to balance the Federal budget that reacting to the problem has been delayed and ignored. This situation has entered an acute stage and at the time of this writing, it was reported that a bridge in Maryland had just collapsed.The reason why prodromes are so important to catch is thatit is much easier to manage a crisis in this stage. In the caseof most crises, it is much easier and more reliable to take careof the problem before it becomes acute, before it erupts and causes possible complications (Darling et al., 1996). In andamage. However, the losses are incurred. Intel, the largest producer of computer chips in the USA, had to pay an expensiveprice for initially refusing to recall computer chips that proved unreliable o n on certain calculations. The f irmfirm attempted to play the issue down and later learned its lesson. At an acutestage, when accusations were made that the Pentium Chips were not as fast as they claimed, Intel quickly admitted the problem,apologized for it, and set about fixing it (Mitroff et al., 1996). Chronic crisis stageDuring this stage, the symptoms are quite evident and always present. I t isIt is a period of “make or break.” Being the third stage, chronic problems may prompt the company’s management to once and for all do something about the situation. It may be the beginning of recovery for some firms, and a deathknell for others. For example, the Chrysler Corporation was only marginallysuccessful throughout the 1970s. It was not, however, until the company was nearly bankrupt that amanagement shake-out occurred. The drawback at the chronic stage is that, like in a human patient, the company may get used to “quick fixes” and “band “band--aid”approaches. After all, the ailment, the problem and the crisis have become an integral partoverwhelmed by prodromal and acute problems that no time or attention is paid to the chronic problems, or the managers perceive the situation to be tolerable, thus putting the crisison a back burner.Crisis resolutionCrises could be detected at various stages of their development. Since the existing symptoms may be related todifferent problems or crises, there is a great possibility thatthey may be misinterpreted. Therefore, the people in charge maybelieve they have resolved the problem. However, in practicethe symptom is often neglected. In such situations, the symptomwill offer another chance for resolution when it becomes acute,thereby demanding urgent care. Studies indicate that today anincreasing number of companies are issue-oriented and searchfor symptoms. Nevertheless, the lack of experience in resolvinga situation and/or inappropriate handling of a crisis can leadto a chronic stage. Of course, there is this last opportunityto resolve the crisis at the chronic stage. No attempt to resolve the crisis, or improper resolution, can lead to grim consequences that will ultimately plague the organization or even destroy it.It must be noted that an unsolved crisis may not destroy the company. But, its weakening effects can ripple through the organization and create a host of other complications.Preventive effortsThe heart of the resolution of a crisis is in the preventiveefforts the company has initiated. This step, similar to a humanbody, is actually the least expensive, but quite often the mostoverlooked. Preventive measures deal with sensing potential problems (Gonzales-Herrero and Pratt, 1995). Major internalfunctions of a company such as finance, production, procurement, operations, marketing and human resources are sensitive to thesocio-economic, political-legal, competitive, technological, demographic, global and ethical factors of the external environment. What is imminently more sensible and much more manageable, is to identify the processes necessary forassessing and dealing with future crises as they arise (Jacksonand Schantz, 1993). At the core of this process are appropriate information systems, planning procedures, anddecision-making techniques. A soundly-based information system will scan the environment, gather appropriate data, interpret this data into opportunities and challenges, and provide a concretefoundation for strategies that could function as much to avoid crises as to intervene and resolve them.Preventive efforts, as stated before, require preparations before any crisis symptoms set in. Generally strategic forecasting, contingency planning, issues analysis, and scenario analysis help to provide a framework that could be used in avoiding and encountering crises.出处：出处：Toby TobyJ. Kash and John R. Darling . Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis 179-186二、翻译文章标题：危机管理：预防，诊断和干预译文：本文的前提是，如果该公司做好准备得话，危机可以更有效地进行管理。
大学英语作文与翻译
大学英语作文与翻译College English Writing and Translation。
College English is an essential part of higher education. It not only helps students improve their language skills, but also broadens their horizons and enhances their ability to communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of college English, and how it has benefited me personally.First and foremost, college English provides students with the opportunity to improve their language skills. English is a global language, and proficiency in Englishcan open up a world of opportunities for students. Whether they want to study abroad, work for a multinational company, or simply communicate with people from different countries, a good command of English is essential. College English courses help students develop their reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills, and provide them with thefoundation they need to continue improving their English in the future.In addition to improving language skills, college English also helps students broaden their horizons. Through reading literature, watching films, and discussing current events in English, students are exposed to different cultures and ways of thinking. This not only helps them become more open-minded and tolerant, but also prepares them to interact with people from diverse backgrounds in their future careers. For example, as a student majoring in international business, I have found that my English classes have given me a better understanding of different cultures and business practices around the world, which has been invaluable in my studies and internships.Furthermore, college English enhances students' ability to communicate effectively. In today's globalized world, the ability to communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds is more important than ever. College English courses not only teach students how to express themselves clearly and persuasively in English, but alsohelp them develop the cultural awareness and sensitivity they need to communicate effectively with people from different backgrounds. This is a crucial skill for successin the 21st century, and college English provides students with the foundation they need to develop it.In conclusion, college English is an essential part of higher education. It not only helps students improve their language skills, but also broadens their horizons and enhances their ability to communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds. Personally, I have foundthat my college English courses have been invaluable in preparing me for my future career, and I am grateful forthe opportunity to study English at the college level.大学英语写作与翻译。
英语四级范文带翻译
英语四级范文带翻译As an author of Baidu Wenku documents, I will provide an English CET-4 essay with translation for your reference.Life in the 21st century is full of challenges and opportunities. With the rapid development of technology and the increasing globalization, the ability to communicate in English has become more important than ever. For Chinese students, passing the College English Test (CET-4) is a significant milestone in their English learning journey.In recent years, the CET-4 exam has attracted widespread attention and has become a hot topic among students. Many students find it challenging to prepare for the exam, as it requires not only a solid foundation in English grammar and vocabulary but also the ability to comprehend and analyze various types of English texts. As a result, writing a good CET-4 essay has become a daunting task for many students.To address this issue, it is essential for students to develop effective strategies for essay writing. Firstly, it is crucial to read extensively in English to improve language proficiency and broaden one's knowledge of different topics. Reading English newspapers, magazines, and books can help students to familiarize themselves with various writing styles and enrich their vocabulary. Additionally, practicing writing essays on a regular basis can enhance students' ability to express their ideas clearly and coherently.When writing a CET-4 essay, students should pay attention to the structure and organization of their writing. A well-structured essay should have a clear introduction, body paragraphs that present and support the main ideas, and a conclusion that summarizes the key points. Moreover, using appropriate transitional words and phrases can help to connect ideas and create a smooth flow of writing.In terms of content, it is important for students to choose topics that they are familiar with and have a strong interest in. This will enable them to generate ideas more easily and write with passion and enthusiasm. Furthermore, providing specific examples andevidence to support their arguments can make their essays more convincing and persuasive.In conclusion, preparing for the CET-4 exam requires dedication, perseverance, and effective strategies. By improving their language proficiency, expanding their knowledge, and mastering the skills of essay writing, students can increase their chances of success in the exam. With the right mindset and approach, passing the CET-4 exam is achievable for every English learner.生活在21世纪充满了挑战和机遇。
5000字英文论文
5000字英文论文篇一：论文用5000字中英文翻译MCU DescriptionSCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL s Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now are still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performances have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90 s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars; the most high-end model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the developmentand use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world s largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances,electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beingsSingle chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice. SCM and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are usingautomatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core componentsIt is an online real-time control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference.Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50 s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60 s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70 s with a series of successful SCM market, theresult will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PC s hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token,if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three power era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charged mechanical stomach in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontrolleror other programmable logic device.SCM historySCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages.First model1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systemsarchitecture. Innovation model success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed.2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control. It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCU s responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History.Embedded SystemsEmbedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications.MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment,aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1. In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).2. In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control 3. In Household AppliancesCan be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.篇二：毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译(c++)┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书英文翻译英语原文：. Introducing ClassesThe only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we ve seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language.Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we ll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We ll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes.To use a class we need to know three things:What is its name? Where is it defined?What operations does it support?For our bookstore problem, we ll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h.The Sales_item ClassThe purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides.As we ve seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren t picky about header file names, but IDEs ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书sometimes are. We ll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h.Operations on Sales_item ObjectsEvery class defines a type. The type name is the same as the name of the class. Hence, our Sales_item class defines a type namedSales_item. As with the built-in types, we can define a variable of a class type. When we write Sales_item item we are saying that item is an object of type Sales_item. We often contract the phrase an object of type Sales_item to aSales_ item object or even more simply to a Sales_item. In addition to being able to define variables of type Sales_item, we can perform the following operations on Sales_item objects:Use the addition operator, +, to add two Sales_items,Use the input operator, to read a Sales_item object,Use the output operator, to write a Sales_item object,Use the assignment operator, =, to assign one Sales_item object to another,Call the same_isbn function to determine if two Sales_items refer to the same book.Classes are central to most C++ programs: Classes let us define our own types that are customizedfor the problems we need to solve, resulting in applications that are easier to write andunderstand.Well-designed class types can be as easy to use as the built-in types.A class defines data and function members: The data members store the state associated with objectsof the class type, and the functions perform operations that give meaning to the data. Classeslet us separate implementation and interface. The interface specifies the operations that the classsupports. Only the implementor of the class need know or care about the details of the implementation. This separation reduces the bookkeeping aspects that make programming tedious anderror-prone.Class types often are referred to as abstract data types. An abstract data type treats the data(state) and operations on that state as a single unit. We can think abstractly about what the classd oes, rather than always having to be aware of how the class operates. Abstract data types arefundamental to both object-oriented and generic programming.Data abstraction is a programming (and design) technique that relies on the separation of interfaceand implementation. The class designer must worry about how a class is implemented, but programmersthat use the class need not know about these details. Instead, programmers who use a type need to know only the type s interface; they can think abstractly about what the type does rather than concretely about how the type works. Encapsulation is a term that describes the technique of combining lower-level elements to forma new, higher-level entity. A function is one form of encapsulation: The detailed actions performedby the function are encapsulated in the larger entity that is the function itself. Encapsulated elements hide the details of their implementationwe may call ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书a function but have no access to the statements that it executes. In the same way, a class is an encapsulated entity: It represents an aggregation of several members, and most (well-designed) class types hide the members that implement the type.If we think about the library vector type, it is an example of both data abstraction and encapsulation. It is abstract in that to use it, we think about its interfaceabout the operations that it can perform. It is encapsulated because we have no access to the details of how the type is representated nor to any of its implementation artifacts. An array, on the other hand, is similar in concept to a vector but is neither abstract nor encapsulated. We manipulate an array directly by accessing the memory in which the array is stored.Not all types need to be abstract. The library pair class is a good example of a useful, well-designed class that is concrete rather thanabstract. A concrete class is a class that exposes, rather than hides, its implementation.Some classes, such as pair, really have no abstract interface. The pair type exists to bundle two data members into a single object. There is no need or advantage to hiding the data members. Hiding the members in a class like pair would only complicate the use of the type.Even so, such types often have member functions. In particular, it is a good idea for any class that has data members of built-in or compound type to define constructor(s) to initialize those members. The user of the class could initialize or assign to the data members but it is less error-prone for the class to do so.Programmers tend to think about the people who will run their applications as users. Applicationsare designed for and evolve in response to feedback from those who ultimately use the applications. Classes are thought of in a similar way: A class designer designs and implements a class for users of that class. In this case, the user is a programmer, not the ultimate user of the application.Authors of successful applications do a good job of understanding and implementing the needs ofthe application s users. Similarly,well-designed, useful classes are designed with a close attention to the needs of the users of the class.In another way, the division between class designer and class user reflects the division betweenusers of an application and the designers and implementors of the application. Users care only if the application meets their needs in a cost-effective way. Similarly, users of a class care only about its interface. Good class designers define a class interface that is intuitive and easy to use. Users care about the implementation only in so far as the implementation affects their use of the class. If the implementation is too slow or puts burdens on users ofthe class, then the users must care. In well-designed classes, only the class designer worries about the implementation.In simple applications, the user of a class and the designer of the class might be one┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书and the same person. Even in such cases, it is useful to keep the roles distinct. When designing the interface to a class, the class designer should think about how easy it will be to use the class. When using the class, the designer shouldn t think about how the class works.When referring to a user, the context makes it clear which kind of user is meant. If we speak of user code or the user of the Sales_item class, we mean a programmer who is using a class in writing an application. If we speak of the user of the bookstore application, we mean the manager of the store who is running the application.Data abstraction and encapsulation provide two important advantages: 1.Class internals are protected from inadvertent user-level errors, which might corrupt the state of the object.2.The class implementation may evolve over time in response to changing requirements or bug reports without requiring change inuser-level code.By defining data members only in the private section of the class, the class author is free to make changes in the data. If the implementation changes, only the class code needs to be examined to see what affect the change may have. If data are public, then any function that directly accesses the data members of the old representation might be broken. Itwould be necessary to locate and rewrite all those portions of code that relied on the old pesentation before the program could be used again. Similarly, if the internal state of the class is private, then changes to the member data can happen in only a limited number of places. The data is protected from mistakes that users might introduce. If there is a bug that corrupts the object s state, the places to look for the bug are localized: When data are private, only a member function could be responsible for the error. The search for the mistake is limited, greatly easing the problems of maintenance and program correctness.If the data are private and if the interface to the member functions does not change, then user functions that manipulate class objects require no change.Because changing a class definition in a header file effectively changes the text of every source file that includes that header, code that uses a class must be recompiled when the class changes.Classes are the most fundamental feature in C++. Classes let us define new types that are tailored to our own applications, making our programs shorter and easier to modify.Data abstractionthe ability to define both data and function membersand encapsulationthe ability to protect class members from general accessare fundamental to classes. Member functions define the interface to the class. We encapsulate the class by making the data and functions used by the implementation of a class private.Classes may define constructors, which are special member functions that control how┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 装┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 订┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 线┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊安徽工业大学毕业设计（论文）说明书objects of the class are initialized. Constructors may be verloaded. Every constructor should initialize every data member. Constructors should use a constructor initializer list to initialize the data members. Initializer lists are lists of namevalue pairs where the name is a member and the value is an initial value for that member.Classes may grant access to their nonpublic members to other classes or functions. A class grants access by making the class or function a friend.Classes may also define mutable or static members. A mutable member is a data member that is never const; its value may be changed inside a const member function. A static member can be either function or data; static members exist independently of the objects of the class type. Copy ControlEach type, whether a built-in or class type, defines the meaning of a (possibly empty) set of operations on objects of that type. We can add two int values, run size on a vector, and so on. These operations define what can be done with objects of the given type.Each type also defines what happens when objects of the type are created. Initialization of objects of class type is defined by constructors. Types also control what happens when objects of the type are copied, assigned, or destroyed. Classes control these actions through special member functions: the copy constructor, the assignment operator, and the destructor. This chapter covers these operations.When we define a new type, we specifyexplicitly or implicitlywhat happens when objects of that type are copied, assigned, and destroyed. We do so by defining special members: the copy constructor, the assignment operator, and the destructor. If we do not explicitly define the copy constructor or the assignment operator, the compiler will (usually) define them for us.The copy constructor is a special constructor that has a single parameter that is a (usually const) reference to the class type. The copy constructor is used explicitly when we define a new object and initialize it from an object of the same type. It is used implicitly when we pass or return objects of that type to or from functions.Collectively, the copy constructor, assignment operator, and destructor are referred to as copy control. The compiler automatically implements these operations, but the class may define its own versions. Copy control is an essential part of defining any C++ class. Programmers new to C++ are often confused by having to define what happens when objects arecopied, assigned, or destroyed. This confusion is compounded because if we do not explicitly define these operations, the compiler defines them for usalthough they might not behave as we intend.Often the compiler-synthesized copy-control functions are finethey do exactly the篇三：毕业设计的5000字英文文献翻译外文及翻译英语原文 Android Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the code—along with any data and resource files—into an Android package, an archive file with an .apk suffix. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices use to install the application. Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox: ? The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which eachapplication is a different user.? By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system setspermissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to that application can access them.? Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application s code runs in isolation from other applications.? By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application s components need to be executed, then shuts down the process when it s no longer needed or when the system must recovermemory for other applications.In this way, the Android system implements the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in which an application cannot access parts of the system for which it is not given permission.However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:? It s possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in whichcase they are able to access each other s files. To conserve system resources,applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux processand share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the samecertificate).。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译智能交通信号灯控制中英文对照
英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Controlby Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from drivers going too fast.The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, people's traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road can't solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For example，according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly.There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower andlook out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city.When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes.In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone else’s.The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening.Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean thattraffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.We have implemented the 'Green Light District', a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting timeswith at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译：智能交通信号灯控制马克·威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。
英语作文范文带翻译
英语作文范文带翻译《The Importance of Learning English》English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and has become the global language of communication, business, and technology. Therefore, it is important for people to learn English in order to keep up with the pace of globalization and to have more opportunities in both their personal and professional lives.Firstly, learning English opens up a world of possibilities for communication. With English proficiency, people can easily communicate with others from different countries and cultures, making it easier to travel, work, and establish international relationships. In addition, English is the language of the internet, so being able to understand and use English can greatly expand one’s acces s to knowledge and information.Secondly, English is the language of business and technology. Many multinational companies and organizations use English as their primary language for communication, making it essential for employees to have a good command of English in order to succeed in the global market. Moreover, most of the world’s technological innovations and advancements are documented and discussed in English, so being proficient in English can provide individuals with a competitive edge in the field of technology.In conclusion, learning English is crucial for people who want to thrive in the modern world. It opens up doors to new opportunities, facilitates communication, and gives individuals an advantage inthe global market. Therefore, it is important for everyone to recognize the importance of learning English and to make effortsto improve their English proficiency.《学习英语的重要性》英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，已经成为全球的交流、商务和技术语言。
英语作文以及翻译
英语作文以及翻译Title: The Importance of Learning English。
English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is the official language of over 50 countries and is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide. Therefore, learning English is becoming increasingly important in today's globalized world.First of all, English is the language of international communication. It is the primary language used in business, science, technology, and the media. In order to succeed in these fields, knowledge of English is essential. In addition, English is the language of the internet. Most websites, social media platforms, and online content are in English. Without knowledge of English, people are limited in their ability to access and use these resources.Furthermore, English is the language of travel. When traveling to foreign countries, it is often necessary tocommunicate in English with locals and other travelers. Knowing English can make travel easier and more enjoyable. Additionally, many international universities teach courses in English, so knowing the language is crucial for students seeking higher education abroad.Moreover, learning English can open up job opportunities. Many companies require employees to be proficient in English, especially those that operate internationally. Speaking English can also lead to higher salaries and promotions.In conclusion, learning English is essential in today's globalized world. It is the language of international communication, the internet, travel, and job opportunities. Therefore, it is important for individuals to invest time and effort into learning English in order to succeed in today's society.重要性学习英语。
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International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and MaterialsVolume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-yCorresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@© University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake compositesfabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang XiongState Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China(Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009)Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-insitu reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at differentbrake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The densityand open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexuralstrength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribologicalperformances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s−1. The brake is stable, and the wear rateis less than 2.02×10−6 cm3·J−1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake andclutch systems.Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and theGraduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).]温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压−原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材料。
本文研究了在不同的制动速度下C / C-SiC复合材料的显微组织，力学性能，摩擦磨损性能，以及磨损机理。
结果表明，由58wt％的C，37wt％的SiC，和5wt％的Si组成的复合材料的密度和开孔隙率分别是是2.0g·cm3-和10％。
C / C-SiC 制动复合材料具有良好的机械性能。
其抗弯强度可达到160兆帕，冲击强度可以达到2.5 kJ·M-2。
C / C-SiC的制动复合材料表现出优异的耐磨损能力。
在8到24 m·s-1的制动速度之间的摩擦系数是0.57和0.67。
这种制动是稳定的且磨损率小于2.02×10-6cm3·J-1。
这些结果表明，对于先进的制动离合器系统C / C-SiC 的制动复合材料是极具潜力的。
关键词：C / C-碳化硅；陶瓷基复合材料；摩擦磨损性能；显微结构1、引言目前，粉末冶金（PM）和碳/碳（C / C + +）的摩擦垫或衬板是两种被用在先进的制动系统里的材料。
PM制动器的优点是成熟的开发材料，低的成本，而其主要缺点是密度高（7.8为2g·cm-3），在高温下性能较差[1-2]。
与PM刹车相比，C / C刹车克服了PM刹车的缺点。
C/C刹车具有明显的优势，例如优良的机械性能和较低的重量。
然而，C / C刹车也承受由湿度引起的摩擦系数稳定性不足的缺点。
此外，在高于400℃的温度下C / C 复合材料容易氧化和高的成本，这阻止了制动复合材料在客运汽车和火车或紧急制动的电梯和起重机中的广泛使用[3-5]。
C / C-SiC复合材料是随着PM材料和C/C复合材料的开发而研制的一种新型的高性能制动材料。
在组合中密度较低（约2.0g·cm-3的），高抗热震性，使用寿命更长，特别是降低对周围环境和温度的敏感性，碳化硅份额至少占20wt％，未来，在先进的摩擦材料中，C / C-SiC复合材料是极具潜力的[2，6-7]。
几个机构和行业一直在研究C / C-SiC的复合材料作为摩擦材料在制动垫和磁盘中的应用[8-10]。
例如，斯图加特大学的研究人员，德国航空航天中心已经将C / C-SiC 复合材料应用在摩擦领域，自从20世纪90年代中期，C / C-SiC刹车衬片被开发应用在新款911 Turbo保时捷与奥迪A8汽车。
目前，主要制备C / C-SiC复合材料的方法如下：（1）气体相途径，也称为作为化学气相渗透（CVI）；（2）液体相途径，包括聚合物的浸渍/高温分解（PIP）和液体渗硅（LSI），这也被称为（无功）熔渗（RMI或MI）进程；（3）陶瓷途径，即在高温度和高压力，通过技术结合用浆料浸渍加固步骤和烧结步骤，也简称为高压烧结过程（HP-烧结）。
前面的每一个途径都同时显示了优点和不足之处。
CVI 和PIP的长期准备过程主要是为航天制造热结构的C / C-SiC复合材料[11〜13]RMI易成型和制造周期短，但原始素坯成本很高[14-15]。
HP-烧结不损害纤维，并进一步影响复合材料的性能。
当前工作的目的是建立一个改良的技术以减少处理，并使C / C-SiC的制动复合材料实际应用在更多的工业中。
温压 - 原位反应法适合用于制作复合材料。
对其显微组织，力学性能，和C / C-SiC制动复合材料摩擦磨损特性进行了研究。
2、实验过程2.1、复合材料的制造采用日本东丽短切碳纤阶级维（PAN，T700）为增强相，长度为3和10毫米。
在C / C-SiC复合材料的碳基体来源于酚醛树脂和石墨粉末。
硅粉末的纯度和粒度分别为99.0%和30-50微米，根据提供的信息，从中国北京的制造商大泽林硅有限公司获得材料。
温压 - 原位反应法的处理包括三个主要步骤，如图1所示。
图1、温压-原位反应示意图首先，涉及在温和温度和压力下的混合C / C-Si原始素坯，随后的固化是在160和200℃温度下进行。
常压下进行固化，产品固化促进挥发物的逸出反应，从而产生一个密集的矩阵与一个最小的封闭的孔隙。
固化后的C / C-Si原始素坯测得其封闭孔隙度的平均比重约为体积的5％。
第二步骤中C / C-Si原始素坯高温分解转换成酚醛树脂，作为碳矩阵组成部分中的树脂碳的温度范围为200-650°C。
因此，该树脂是从200℃加热到650℃的热解过程中，通过矩阵的挥发性慢慢地扩散分解的产物，而不破坏复合材料的完整性。
最后是C / C-Si原始素坯件在1500-1750°C之间高温处理的原位反应过程（HTT）。
由此，硅与碳矩阵形成SiC矩阵。
其所得的C / C-SiC复合材料的密度约为2.0g·cm-3，其开孔隙率约为10％。
结论是较之传统的路线温压—原位反应具有许多优点，如简单的技术，大范围内的原料的选择和低的制造成本。
2.2、测试方法样品的密度和开口孔隙率分别通过阿基米德法测定。
测定抗弯强度和弯曲弹性模量使用三点弯曲加工方法，用4毫米×10毫米×55毫米的样品，以及0.5mm·min-1的加载速率。
测定抗压强度和抗压弹性模量的样品为10mm×10mm×10mm，并且加载速率为0.5 mm·min-1。
所有的测试在室温下由CSS-44100移动设备进行。
在QDM150摩擦试验机上进行测试C / C-SiC制动材料的摩擦磨损性能，同时将C /C-SiC复合材料的静态板和相应的30CrMoSiVA（HRC 50）板作为移动的钢盘。
试样和相应的钢盘尺寸分别为25mm×25mm×10mm和φ300mm。
在所需的摩擦测试干燥条件下，制动压力为1.0 MPa时，制动器2000圆（即，1884米）恒定的制动速度分别是8，12，16，20，和24m·s-1。