In-Fusion_Advantage_International
英语 口译笔记
7.2一、专业词汇擅自使用要付法律责任。
Using them without authorization shall be legally accountable.Brake 制动（刹车）磨砂玻璃Ground/foster/mat glass钢化玻璃Armored/toughened glass米色Cream-coloured/buff coloured宝蓝色royal blue/dark blue白玉兰花（上海市花）The white Yulan( Shanghai city flower)棕褐色dark brown二、听力to /du/toilet /dɔli/三、技巧1、数学符号Sub-contractor outsourcing(外包公司)成套设备公司：assembly…IRS (Internal Revenue Service) 国内收入Defense Secretary 外交部长Auto Show=Automobile Industry Exhibition (汽车工业展)2、缩写市政府Municipal People’s Government复婚remarry大力发展generositySS 社会制度CT 文化传统WPD 世界和平发展I’d like to thank sb for kind invitation/thoughtful arrangement/gracious hospitality欢迎某人上台Please join me in welcoming sb onto the stage.We’re very please to have sb with us.3、政治、新闻4、come all the way, 远道而来Conference(文科类的会议)Symposium(理科类的、科技类的研讨会)Seminar (研讨会)Forum (论坛)E.g. … on IT Shanghai 2011 上海2011（国际研讨会）7.9一、口译的Topic应对之策之一：1、Comparison Today I’d like to talk about …2、Opinion Some people thing …3、Other Others believe …4、My opinion …二、口译的Topic应对之策之二：1、Comparison Today I’d like to talk about …2、Achievements3、Problems existing in this field4、Solution三、口译的Topic应对之策之三：1、Comparison Today I’d like to talk about …2、Achievements3、Advantages of doing sth.4、Solution四、Communication1、EQ (Emotion quotient) IQ (intelligence quotient)2、Job vacancy/opportunitiesClear up misunderstandingPromote friendship3、educational background4、healthcare (medical professionals, cities)5、science, technology, pollution6、family, marriage, divorce五、日常知识Tap tops 手提电脑岗前培训：Pre-employment trainingPersonality training 仪表仪容培训进修：Further study儿童医学Pediatrics亲和力winning personality影响shape (customer requirement)“非常好的四金”attractive/competitive benefit/remunerations([ri͵mju:nə'rei∫ən])/package/healthcare system养老保险retirement and pension plan住房公积金public(housing) reserve fund补充公积金fringe benefits补贴subsidyPosition/business travel subsidy 职位津贴、出差补贴Cheese 笑Annuity 年金Your Excellency, the president如果本人不在现场，就用Her majesty, the QueenHis Highness, the Duke… (皇室成员)Your honor, the city mayor of…十月的北京，万木葱茏，金凤送爽。
国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征
国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征*李广建，罗立群*本文系国家社会科学基金重大项目“大数据时代知识融合的体系架构、实现模式及实证研究”（项目编号：15ZDB129）研究成果。
摘要建设高端交流平台是对国家科技信息和科技情报体系的顶层设计，也是新时期科技情报研究和工作的指导思想，为科技情报的未来指明了发展方向。
在国家“十四五”规划中，高端交流平台的构建上升到了国家战略高度，是加强我国科学战略力量的重要任务之一，相较于一般意义的平台具有更丰富的内涵和更高的定位。
文章站在全球科技格局和创新生态的高度，从国家科技安全、国家重大需求、科技创新范式等三个维度系统思考高端交流平台的战略定位。
基于对高端交流平台的三个定位、中国国家科技战略发展的根本需要以及对全球科技创新态势的正确认知，结合中国国情，从三个维度阐释高端交流平台构建的核心特征：一是开放，从单向被动不对等开放走向双向主动对等开放交流；二是融合，从成果发布走向知识融合；三是计算，从辅助科学发现的工具走向自主科学发现的主体。
关键词高端交流平台知识融合情报计算科学发现开放科学引用本文格式李广建，罗立群.国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台的战略定位与核心特征[J].图书馆论坛，2022，42（1）：13-20.On the Positioning and Core Features of the National High-end Exchange Platform for Scientific and Technological Papers and InformationLI Guangjian &LUO LiqunAbstract The construction of the national high-end exchange platform for scientific and technological papers and information is among the top-level designs of the national scientific and technological information and intelligence system ，and it is vital for the strengthening of China ’s scientific strategic forces.With a view of global scientific andtechnological pattern and innovation ecology ，this paper discusses the positioning of such a national high-end exchange platform ，focusing on national scientific and technological security ，major national needs ，and scientific and technological innovation paradigms.It then makes an analysis of its three core features ，i.e.，openness ，fusion ，and computing.As for openness ，it should transfer from the one-way passive non-equivalent openness to the two-way active reciprocal open communication.As for fusion ，it should transfer from the singlerelease of scientific and technological findings to the fusion of such findings.As for computing ，it should not onlyact as a tool to assist scientific discovery ，but also become a main body of autonomous independent scientific discoveries.Keywords high-end exchange platform ；knowledge fusion ；intelligence computing ；scientific discovery ；open science0引言国家科研论文和科技信息高端交流平台(以下简称“高端交流平台”)已经被正式列入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》，这是党和国家在“百年未有之大变局”时代对我国国家科技创新体系的高瞻远瞩，是对国家科技信息和科技情报体系的顶层设计，也是新时期科技情报研究和工作的指导思想，为科技情报的未来指明了发展方向。
《科技英语阅读与翻译》句子翻译
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very—high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information，and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job。
对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器内。
The program,or part of it，which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem，are kept inside the computer in place called memory。
计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull，routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了;但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
新型2XXX系列铝合金
第八届国际钛合金会议中国航空信息中心 石 琳本文介绍了第八届国际钛合金会议的情况,主要包括欧、美、中及独联体的航空用钛情况。
同时重点介绍了钛合金的发展、钛金属间化合物、冷膛熔炼、模拟技术以及T i-6-4无缝钛管生产。
关键词:航空材料 钛合金 钛铝金属间化合物T he8t h Wor ld Conference on T it anium are highlight ed in t he paper,including t it anium appl i-cat ion in European,US,CIS and Chinese aviat ion industr ies.Cert ain import ant t opics are in-volved including t it anium development,int er metallics,cold hear th m elt ing,modell ing technique and T i-6-4seamless t ubing product ion.Keywords:Av iat ion m at erials T it anium al loys T itanium aluminides 第八届国际钛合金会议于1995年10月22～26日在英国伯明翰召开,会议代表近650人,论文约500篇。
欧洲航空用钛情况 会议主席英国伯明翰大学P.A Blenkinsop介绍了欧洲的钛工业情况:过去3年欧洲国家之间的合作有助于解决一些困难。
例如由英、法、德及独联体生产商技术委员会出版了一系列有关钛合金的低倍及显微组织标准、质量及过程控制的出版物。
其他的国际间合作包括一系列研究课题,其中之一是对结构金属间化合物的合作研究(CEASI)。
有限元素分析已从闭式模锻件扩展到铸锭开坯及坯材料生产上,用来获取有关金属流变、温度、应变、低倍及显微组织的信息。
大连In-Fusion Cloning
Q2：引物合成的纯化方式和修饰要求？ A2：脱盐处理即可，较长引物可以PAGE纯化。 3’-OH，而5’无需磷酸化处理。
Q4：引物 除了15 bp的同源序列和目的基因的特异 性序列，还可以包含其它的序列？
A4：可以，在15 bp同源序列之后引入其它适当序 列，用于酶切位点构建、读码框的完整性和融合标 签。15 bp+其它序列+GSP序列。
A7：阅读框由引物序列决定，可以在15 bp同源序列之后，特异性序列之前添加1-2个碱基来保证读码 框完整性。
6
In-Fusion HD Cloning FAQs
Primer Design
Q1：同源序列必须是15 bp吗？ A1：推荐同源序列碱基为15 bp，小于12或者大 于20 bp的克隆效率会降低。根据经验，多片段 克隆，20 bp的同源性序列，效率会更好一些。 Q3：15 bp同源序列必须与载体末端完全契合吗？ A3：是的，必须与载体末端的15 bp完全契合， 如果不完全相同或者错开几个碱基，In-Fusion反 应可能无法进行，克隆效率也无法保证。 Q5：引物设计的基本原则？ A5：1.目的片段特异性序列设计在3’端，长度18-25 nt，Tm值58-65℃，上下游的∣Tm∣≤4℃，GC 含量40-60%，3’端最后5个碱基不要超过2个G or C。 2.15 nt同源性序列设计在5’端，与线性化载体末端同源。 载体为酶切获得，同源序列包含载体末端的5’端悬挂序列，而不是3’端悬挂序列。 载体为高保真酶PCR扩增获得，同源序列与线性载体末端同源。 3.OligoAnalyzer 3.1（IDT：/calc/analyzer）分析Tm值，默认的Na+ （50 mM），Mg2+（0 mM）和dNTP（0 mM）浓度。
国际会议级别
Asian Control Conference (ASCC)
European Association for Signal Processing 18.
(EURASIP)
European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO)
19. European Graphics Society
The Optoelectronics and Communications Conference (OECC)光電與通訊工程國際研討會
International Symposlum on Growth of
19. Association for "Optoelectronics Frontier by Nitride Ⅲ-Nitrides(ISGN)三族氮基半導體生長國際研討
23. European Union Control Association (EUCA)
European Control Conference (ECC)
Innovative Computing, Information and Control 24.
(ICIC)
International Symposium on Intelligent Informatics (ISII)
6. Society (WSEAS)
八)
Administered by UCMSS Universal Conference The International Conference on e-Learning,
7. Management Systems & Support/The University of e-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and
美国空军实验室 The US Air Force Research Laboratory AFD-070822-085
The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratoryand Programs for International CooperationDr. M.S. MAURICEDirector, International OfficeAir Force Office of Scientific ResearchAir Force Research Laboratory4040 Fairfax Dr., Ste. 500Arlington, VA 22203Ph: +1-703-588-1772 Fax: +1-703-588-1785 Email: mark.maurice@AbstractThe U.S. Air Force established the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in October 1997 to consolidate its science and technology (S&T) needs within a single entity. The AFRL, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, consists of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and nine Technology Directorates (TDs) throughout various locations in the U.S. The Laboratory employs approximately 5,700 civilian and military personnel, and invests nearly $2.5 billion annually within the TDs, academia, and industry, pursuing basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development. Despite the size of this investment, AFRL recognizes that world class S&T exists worldwide. Consequently, the Laboratory strives to infuse international S&T into its programs, and to leverage its resources with the investments of friends and allies. Two overseas detachments (located in Europe and Asia) and two domestic offices within AFRL spearhead this effort, and use several programs and strategies to identify and develop international opportunities. The aim of this paper is to describe these programs in detail, and to invite both government and non-government organizations to propose project areas that are of mutual interest and could lead to mutual benefit.IntroductionIn January 1939, Major General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Corps stated: 1“All of us in the Army Air Corps realize that America owes its present prestige and standing in the air world in large measure to the money, time, and effort expended in aeronautical experimentation and research. We know that our future supremacy in the air depends upon the brains and efforts of our engineers.”Only a few years earlier, the American aircraft industry was still in its infancy, and the Army Air Corps was struggling just to acquire planes. MGen Arnold, however, visualized a much larger role for air power with a strong foundation in S&T that included not only the military, but also the best that universities, industry, and civil aviation had to offer. In 1937 he addressed the Western Aviation Planning Conference and stated:“Remember that the seed comes first; if you are to reap a harvest of aeronautical development, you must plant the seed called experimental research. Install aeronautical branches in your universities; encourage your young men to take up aeronautical engineering. It is a new field, but it is likely to prove a very productive one indeed. Spend all the funds you can possibly make available on experimentation and research. Next, do not visualize aviation as merely a collection of airplanes. It is broad and far reaching. It combines manufacture, schools, transportation, airdrome, building and management, airmunitions and armaments, metallurgy, mills and mines, finance and banking, and finally, public security-national defense.”Not only did MGen Arnold’s prophecies prove true more than 60 years ago, but they remain relevant to the technological advantage of the U.S. Air Force today. Nearly 80% of Air Force funded S&T is done by universities and industry, and the Air Force funds not only S&T for short term and medium term evolutionary applications, but also engages in S&T for the revolutionary breakthroughs of the future.The Air Force Research LaboratoryPrior to 1990, there were more than 20 Air Force laboratories and offices engaged in S&T. At Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for example, there was the Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Propulsion & Power Laboratory, Avionics Laboratory, and Materials & Manufacturing Laboratory. Each of these laboratories had their own Commander and Staff, and dealt independently with the user, even though weapons systems were increasingly reliant on multidisciplinary design and optimization. Consequently, the Air Force streamlined its laboratories into four “Super Labs”. Wright Laboratory, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, became the center for fixed wing aircraft technologies. Phillips Laboratory, Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, became the center for space related S&T. Brooks Laboratory, at Brooks AFB, Texas, became the center for human effectiveness S&T, and Rome Laboratory, at Rome AFB, New York, became the S&T center for information technologies.Although this new structure was well suited to meet the multidisciplinary needs of S&T programs at the time, the sudden end of the Cold War led to a re-evaluation of priorities, potential adversaries, and cooperative relationships. The U.S. scrutinized the costs of next generation weapon systems in areas where the Air Force already had leading edge technologies, and the country looked for a “peace dividend” savings in defense spending. Consequently, the Air Force needed to re-evaluate its role, and think beyond traditional evolutionary programs.To accomplish this, the Air Force re-organized into one single laboratory with the goal of transforming the Air Force into an Air and Space Force, and then to a Space and Air Force. The Air Force Research Laboratory25,700 people, and is re-sponsible for planning andexecuting nearly $1.3 billionannually in Air Force S&Tfunds, as well as an additional$1.1 billion received by othercustomers of Air Forcetechnologies. This budgetincludes basic research, de-fined as “6.1”, applied re-search (6.2), and advancedtechnology development (6.3). As shown in Fig. 1, 6.1 through 6.3 define the range of S&T. Once a technology has matured beyond advanced technology development, System Program Offices manage further engineering and manufacturing development (E&MD). The distribution of Air Force S&T investment is approximately 13% for 6.1, 42% for 6.2, and 45% for 6.3.The Air Force Research Laboratory comprises nine technology directorates (TDs), and a tenth directorate, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). As shown in Fig. 2, AFRL receives programmatic direction from the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition), while theAir Force Materiel Command (AFMC) houses its infrastructure. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio servesas the Headquarters of AFRL, along with five of its ten directorates. As shown in Fig. 3, the laboratory is located in several different locations.Fig. 2 Air Force Research Laboratory StructureAFOSR was elevated to the status of a separate center in 1955 to plan, formulate, initiate and manage all Air Force basic research. AFOSR, the single manager of Air Force basic research, invests approximately 70% of its Air Force funds in about 300 academic institutions; the nine technologydirectorates (20%) and industry (10%) conduct the remainder of AFOSR’s programs. AFOSR’s headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia. It is also home to the AFRL International Office, as well as two overseas detachments in Europe and Asia that invest in international research opportunities.Air Vehicles Directorate4 (AFRL/VA) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/VA focuses on the core technologies of aeronautical sciences, control sciences, structures, and integration, for applications of hypersonic and long range strike next generation aerospace vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and aircraft sustainment.Directed Energy Directorate5 (AFRL/DE) – Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, AFRL/DE focuses on high power microwave technology, laser devices and applications, and laser beam control and optics such as compensation/beam control techniques.Human Effectiveness Directorate6 (AFRL/HE) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/HE develops technologies to enhance, train, protect, and sustain the warrior. Their core technology areas include warfighter skill development and training, training simulation, information display and decision support, crew system design technologies, directed energy bioeffects, toxic hazards effects, crew protection, and logistician effectiveness.Information Directorate7 (AFRL/IF) – Headquartered at Rome, New York, AFRL/IF develops technologies for aerospace command and control, and their transition to air, space, and ground systems. Its focus areas include information fusion and exploitation, communications and networking, collaborative environments, modeling and simulation, defensive information warfare, and intelligent information systems technologies.Materials and Manufacturing Directorate8 (AFRL/ML) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/ML has a wide array of programs for structural and propulsion materials for air and space applications, materials for sustainment and deployment of the aerospace force, laser-hardened materials for sensing and protection of laser threats, and materials for surveillance sensors and power generation applications.Munitions Directorate9 (AFRL/MN) – Headquartered at Eglin AFB, Florida, AFRL/MN develops S&T for air-launched munitions for defeating ground fixed, and mobile/relocatable, air and space targets. These include ordnance, carriage and release, guidance and control, and assessment and simulation.Propulsion Directorate10 (AFRL/PR) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/PR develops air and space vehicle propulsion and power technologies. Their focus areas include turbine and rocket engines, advanced propulsion systems, fuels and propellants for all propulsion systems, and most forms of power technology.Sensors Directorate11 (AFRL/SN) – Head-quartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,AFRL/SN develops sensors for air and spacereconnaissance, surveillance, precisionengagement, and electronic warfare systems.Its core technology areas include radar,active and passive electro-optical targetingsystems, navigation aids, automatic targetrecognition, sensor fusion, threat warning,and threat countermeasures.Space Vehicles Directorate12 (ARFL/VS)– Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, NewMexico, AFRL/VS develops technologies Fig. 4 Air Force S&T President’s Budgetfor space-based surveillance, including space power, structures, and electronics, hyperspectral imaging and multi-color sensing, and autonomous systems. In addition, they develop technologies for space capability protection, including passive and active threat mitigation, threat environment modeling, and environmental hazard sensors.At this time, the President’s Budget for Air Force S&T for fiscal year 2003 is $1.659 billion.Figure 4 shows the distribution of this investment between the AFRL directorates.International Cooperation 13Why AFRL Pursues International S&TJust as MGen Arnold understood that a technologically superior Air Corps would require the best and brightest from all sectors in society, AFRL today recognizes that this must include the international community. International universities, research institutes, governments, and industries provide intellectual stimulus with new ideas and innovative approaches. In the former Soviet Union,for example, computational fluid dynamicists did not have access to the supercomputers used routinely in the U.S. But, through a deeper understanding of the physics they were often able to simplify equation sets to achieve the same results on much smaller machines. By working with the Russians after the Cold War to integrate this theoretical understanding with state-of-the-art computational resources, we can now produce calculations thought impossible just a decade ago.Despite a seemingly large S&T budget, it is significantly smaller in real dollars than it was during the Cold War era. Therefore, to maintain research infrastructure and technical momentum,AFRL must leverage resources with friends and allies. Conducting projects cooperatively not only leverages AFRL’s investment, but it also improves coalition interoperability, which is a much-needed capability in any modern operation. Consequently, the Department of Defense (DoD) leadership mandates cooperation. DoD Directive 5000.1 tasks all elements of DoD to explore cooperation with allied nations before undertaking new programs.As shown in Fig. 6, the U.S. does not have a total monopoly in S&T. In this example,between 1998 and 2000, researchers published approximately 3000 papers on nanotechnology subjects. The U.S. did publish the most by far with nearly 1800 papers, comparedto just over 400 papers for Japan, in second place.However, the papers from Japan, Germany, U.K., China,France, Russia, and Switzer-land (shown as the composite bar on the right), total nearly 1200. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for AFRL to cooperate on nanotechnol-ogy S&T, and in fact the U.S.must to cooperate to maintain a leading edge.When AFRL Pursues International S&TFor AFRL to enter into a cooperative agreement, or to fund research overseas, it must be in the best interest of the Air Force to do so. In general, any international project must fall into one of four categories:Total Fig. 5 Published Papers on Nanotechnology, 1998-20001.When the potential return on investment is high. AFRL does not spend research dollarsoverseas for political purposes. If U.S. investigators can accomplish the effort, the research overseas must be much less expensive, to justify acquiring more for the money. This type of research may come from countries such as Russia, where the dollar is significantly stronger than the ruble. And it also comes from countries such as Japan, where a university may fully pay a researcher’s salary, so that U.S. research funding need only cover supplies and materials.2.When the researcher has unique capabilities. World-class researchers and ideas existworldwide. AFRL widely publicizes its research interests, and pursues unique talent that comes from abroad.3.When the Establishment has unique research facilities. Experimental facilities are thebackbone of S&T, and no country, not even the U.S., can afford a monopoly. When another country has unique facilities, or more timely access to a facility than is available domestically, it is ample justification for pursing the research overseas.4.When it is a cooperative quid-pro-quo exchange toward common goals. AFRL strives todevelop projects with friends and allies to leverage each other’s S&T budgets.How AFRL Pursues International S&TAFRL’s organization and structure, scientist-to-scientist interaction, and several specific international programs discover and mine international S&T opportunities.Organization and StructureOrganizationally, as shown in Fig. 6, the Department of Defense and the Air Force provide policy guidance, program funding, and direction. Quite often, at their broader level, they can see the greater benefits of S&T cooperation. For example, S&T cooperation might help influence foreign military sales (FMS) to the advantage of the U.S. At the laboratory level, however, there must still be a technical benefit. The DoD, Air Force, Department of State, and others may influence how hard we look for cooperative opportunities in certain places, but technical quid-pro-quo is still paramount.formed, it created a ResearchCouncil to ensure that the TDswould truly work cooperativelyin a multidisciplinary fashion.The Research Council, led bythe Chief Technologist, isprimarily comprised of theChief Scientists of eachdirectorate. It serves as anadvisory council to the AFRLCorporate Board, whichincludes the TD Directors andis led by the AFRLCommander. In addition to itsother functions, the Research Council has the responsibility of advising the Corporate Board on all international activity, and strategizing this activity toward the best possible return on investment for AFRL. To assist with this international enterprise, there are four dedicated offices for international activity. AFRL/IA (International Affairs) provides staffing functions through the chain-of-command,provides direct support to the Command Section’s international activity, and hosts internationaldistinguished visitors to the Headquarters. Within AFOSR, there are three offices that serve as liaisons between AFRL researchers and their overseas counterparts through the direction of the Research Council. The European Office of Aerospace Research & Development 14 (EOARD), located in London, UK, primarily serves as a liaison for non-government research in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the countries of the Former Soviet Union. Similarly, the Asian Office of Aerospace Research & Development 15 (AOARD) liaises with countries in and around the Pacific Rim, India, and Australia. AFOSR/IO 16 (The Air Force Research Laboratory International Office) primarily liaises with non-government researchers in the Americas, and with government researchers worldwide.Scientist-to-Scientist InteractionManagement can guide and encourage international interaction, but scientist-to-scientist interaction leads to some of the best opportunities. As shown in Fig. 7, this can occur through a hierarchy of interaction within the public domain, through a variety of country-to-country exploratory fora, and through active government-to-government cooperative agreements.AFRL scientists andengineers (S&Es) are encouragedto publish their public domainresearch through technical reports,conference papers and journals,and to attend conferences andmake exploratory visits to otherresearch labs. In this sense, allAFRL S&Es serve as talentscouts, both domestically andinternationally.Country-to-country foraare regularly scheduled venues where AFRL leadership and S&Es meet with counterparts from government labs in other countries to seek out new cooperative opportunities. These include the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO),17 which has seven Panels overseeing 133current activities among NATO and Partnership for Peace countries; the Technology Cooperation Program (TTCP),18 which has ten groups overseeing 83 current activities between the U.S., U.K.,Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Bi-Lateral Air Senior National Representatives and Technical Working Groups that are Co-Chaired by AFRL Command. AFRL currently holds these bi-lateral meetings with Australia, Canada, France, Israel, Sweden, and the U.K.The Air Force uses Government-to-Government agreements if quid-pro-quo exists, and exchanging data or working cooperatively benefits all participating countries. AFRL currently has more than 150 agreements in place, leveraging approximately $30 million per year in Air Force S&T investment. There are several types of agreements, including the following:Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or Memorandum of Agreement (MOA): MOU/MOAs are formal bi-lateral or multi-lateral arrangements aimed at joint accomplishment of system or topic-specific technology area projects.Technology Research and Development Program (TRDP): These are normally bi-lateral, non-system specific “umbrella” agreements that provide an overarching framework for cooperation. With this agreement in place, it is easier and quicker to develop “sub-agreements” for specific projects or exchanges.Loan Agreement (LA): LAs allow for the loan, or acceptance of a loan of materials, supplies, and equipment in exchange for the data and results produced. LAs are specific to NATO members and some major non-NATO allies.Information/Data Exchange Agreement/Program (IEA, DEA, IEP): These agreements allow for the exchange of technical information/data on specifically designated S&T topics and areas. These agreements are often the foundation for a relationship that leads to joint projects and programs that leverage funds.Project Arrangement (PA): PAs are specific cooperative projects under the “umbrella” of a TRDP MOU/MOA. All PAs must identify clear quid-pro-quo, and they can leverage significant S&T resources.Long Term Technology Program (LTTP): The LTTP provides the framework for the Four-Power NATO Countries (France, Germany, U.K., and U.S.) to collaborate multi-laterally on technologies of mutual interest.International ProgramsFinally, to facilitate an environment where AFRL scientists and engineers can best discover and develop exceptional international research opportunities; AFOSR and the international liaison offices provide the TDs with a number of specific programs.Window Programs: Window programs provide a means for AFRL S&Es to interact internationally with non-government industry and academia. The Window-on-Science program14,15 pays the expenses for approximately 300 visitors each year to share their research with AFRL and explore other programs for possible continued interaction. Any AFRL S&E can very easily nominate and host a visiting scientist for a short term visit, and the large volume of participants in the program nearly insures that several international “success stories” will develop each year. For AFRL S&Es that have been invited to do research abroad with counterparts in non-government establishments, AFOSR manages the Window-on-Europe, Asia, and Canada, Central & South America Programs.3 For these programs, AFRL continues to pay the researcher’s salary, AFOSR pays travel and per diem expenses, and the host establishment provides the research facility.Conference Support Program:14,15 Each year, AFRL supports more than 120 conferences, workshops, and symposia abroad with financial grants of approximately three to five thousand dollars. The laboratory supports these meetings, often jointly with the U.S. Army and/or U.S. Navy, to promote interchange on topics of interest to the DoD, to facilitate attendance and access by U.S. researchers, and to aid the discovery of Window-on-Science candidates.Research Project Contracts and Grants:14,15 Contracts and grants offer the opportunity to directly purchase technologies and capabilities from non-government international sources. These sources usually submit proposals to AFRL through EOARD or AOARD, in response to a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA). BAAs for both basic research (6.1) and applied research (6.2) are publicly accessible on the internet,15 and they specifically detail the S&T that the laboratory wants to acquire outside of the TDs. In addition, AFOSR has an International Research Initiative (IRI) program. The IRI competitively provides a total $2.2M per year to AFOSR (6.1) Program Managers for international opportunities above-and-beyond what they may already be investing in overseas. EOARD and AOARD typically manage about 125 contracts and grants per year on behalf of all of AFRL.The National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Program.3,19 This program is open to both domestic and overseas researchers. Research mentors within AFRL provide the NRC with research position descriptions, and scientists ranging from young post-docs to senior professors send the NRC their proposals in response. The NRC has the proposals reviewed, and selects the higher rated applicants to work in the Laboratory for one to two years. During Fiscal Year 2000, for example, 11 of 30 AFRL participants were international.The Engineer and Scientist Exchange Program (ESEP):3 ESEP is a Secretary of the Air Force program administered by AFOSR that allows for AFRL civilian and military S&Es to do research in foreign government institutes, and for overseas government researchers to do research at U.S. Air Force sites. Current ESEP countries are: Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and UK. In addition, ESEP agreement negotiations are in progress with Brazil (to renew an expired agreement), Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, and Poland. AFRL sends up to eight S&Es abroad on a regular two-year cycle, and the lab generally hosts between 10 and 15 S&Es in one- to two-year assignments at any given time.ConclusionsAFRL is proactive in discovering and nurturing international opportunities to acquire world-class research. The design of the Laboratory’s structure and programs efficiently infuse the best the world has to offer into Air Force programs, and offer quid-pro-quo to the S&T programs of U.S. friends and allies. AFRL invites interested researchers to share their proposals through the appropriate government-to-government fora, or through AFOSR’s overseas detachments, as the U.S. Air and Space Force of today transforms to the Space and Air Force of tomorrow.References1Daso, D., “Origins of Airpower: Hap Arnold’s Command Years and Aviation Technology, 1936-1945.” /aedc/bios/daso2.htm.2Air Force Research Laboratory, /.3Air Force Office of Scientific Research, /.4Air Vehicles Directorate, /.5Directed Energy Directorate, /.6Human Effectiveness Directorate, /.7Information Directorate, /.8Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, /.9Munitions Directorate, /.10Propulsion Directorate, /.11Sensors Directorate, /.12Space Vehicles Directorate, /.13AFRL International Enterprise Briefing, /content/mission.asp.14European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /.15Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /aoard/.16Air Force Research Laboratory International Office, /.17NATO’s Research & Technology Organization, http://www.nato.int/structur/rto/rto.htm.18The Technical Cooperation Program, /ttcp/.19Research Associateship Programs, /pga/rap.nsf.。
英语作文公司的名称大全
英语作文公司的名称大全Title: Comprehensive List of Company Names: A Compilation。
In today's bustling business world, where innovation and creativity are keys to success, choosing the right name for your company is crucial. A company's name not only represents its identity but also reflects its values, aspirations, and uniqueness. With countless businesses emerging every day, the task of selecting a compelling and memorable name becomes even more challenging. To assist entrepreneurs and visionaries in this endeavor, we present a comprehensive list of company names, curated from various sources and inspired by diverse industries and niches.1. Apex Innovations Inc.2. Zenith Solutions Group。
3. Stellar Ventures LLC。
4. Nexus Technologies。
5. Synergy Dynamics。
6. Quantum Quest Enterprises。
7. Visionary Ventures International。
国际贸易双语课程习题集
《国际贸易》双语课程习题集Chapter 1 Introduction1. Important Concepts:SpecializationExchange rateImport quotaExport industriesGlobalizationRelatively closed economyImport-competing industries2. Choices:(1) International transactions constitute an extension of domestic transactions. In both cases, trade offers the benefits of .a. specializationb.industrializationc.globaliz ationd.tariff(2) There are a few of the differences between domestic and foreign trade. Which one is NOT included?a.Exchange Ratesmercial Policiesc.Marketing Considerationsd.Aggregate Measures(3) Commodity trade is not the only component of international transactions that has expanded rapidly. So dointernationaltransactions.a.industrial productsb.agriculturalproducts c.service d.raw materials3. Review Questions(1) Distinguish between (a) export industries,(b) import-competing industries, and (c) nontraded goods. Give examples of each.(2) Japanese labor productivity is roughly the sameas that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are nontraded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?(3) Evaluate the statement, "The United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is of no consequence to it."Chapter 2 International trade theories1. Important ConceptsComparative advantageAbsolute advantageFactor proportions (or endowment) theoryProduct cycleInter-industry tradeIntra-industry tradeCapital-intensive productsCapital-abundant countryMonopolistic competitionFactor price equalizationLeontief scarce-factor paradox2. Choices(1) The principle of comparative advantage was enunciated early in the nineteenth century by the Englisheconomist .a. David Ricardo b. David Hume c. Adam Smith d. Mordechai E. Kreinin(2) While comparative advantage determines the direction of trade, absoluteadvantage determines and therefore the relative living standards of the two countries.a. allocation of resourcesb. inflationc. the country 's(3) Country A has an absolute advantage over country B in commodity X if it can produce the commodity cheaper is the concept of .a. comparative advantage advantageb. absolutec. relativeadvantage petitive advantageChapter 3 International trade policies1. Important ConceptsDemand considerationDynamic gains from tradeCountry "in isolation"Anti-inflationary trade2. Choices(1) Japan primarily exports manufactured goods, while importing raw materials such as food and oil.Find out the negative impactions on Japan's terms of trade of the following events .a. A war in the Middle East disrupts oil supply.b. Korea develops the ability to produce automobiles that it can sell in Canada and the United States.c. U.S. engineers develop a fusion reactor that replaces fossil fuel electricity plants.d. A harvest failure in Russia.e. A reduction in Japan's tariffs on imported beef and citrus fruit.(2) A national government can introduce a variety of restrictions upon international transactions that cannot be imposed on domestic transactions. These could include .a. different domestic policiesb.voluntary export restraintc.statistical datad.relative immobility of productive factors3. Review QuestionsWhat is meant by strategic trade policy? What are its limitations? How can export subsidies bring about an increase in the share of global profitsms? obtained by “our ” firChapter 4 Tariffs1. Important ConceptsTariff protectionAd valorem tariffSpecific tariffEffective tariff2. Choices(1) Which one is NOT the type of tariff?a. ad valorem tariffb. specific tariffc. export tariffd. compound duty(2) The rule, which guards against discrimination in international trade, is known as .a. WTOb. MFNc. GATTd. IMF(3) The elimination of tariff in a customs union will cause the effect of .a. trade improvementb. tradediversionc. trade creationd. trade competationhigh enough to keep out all imports of the (4) A tariff rate isproduct which we calla. revenue tariffb. prohibitive tariffc. protective tariffd. specific tariffChapter 5 Non-tariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism1. Important ConceptsImport quotasQuota rentsQuality upgradingAntidumping duty2. Choices(1) sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a productthat may enter the country.a. An export quotab. An import quotac.Tariff d. Voluntary export restraints(2) International trade in certain primary commodities ( namely raw materials or agricultural products ) is governed by .a. WTOb. EUc. OECDd. ICAs(3) It is customary to distinguish amongthree types of dumping.Which one does NOT belong to those?a. anti-dumpingb. sporadic dumpingc. predatory dumpingd. persistent dumping(4) A country sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a product that may enter it is the concept of ___________________ .a. quota rentsb. indirect taxesc. auctioning import license import quotasd.3. Review Questions(1) Evaluate the following statements:a. As instruments of protection go, a tariff is less harmfulto a country than an quota, and a quota is less harmful thanb. Protection is an expensive and inefficient way to create jobs.c. International commodity agreements constitute the best way of helping LDCscombat the effect of violent price fluctuations on their economies.d. The Multifibre Agrement represents an excellent way to organize international trade. We should apply it to steel and other industries. (2) "Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urbanChapter 6 Economic Integration and WTO1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2. What are the conflicts between the WTOand the environmentalmovement?3. Choices(1) International and regional forums for trade and financial negotiation include some organizations except .a. WTOb. EUc. World Bankd. OECD(2) What is unique about inrernational economics _________________a. exchange ratesb. relative immobility of productive factorsc. marketing considerationsd. commercial policies(3) Which of the following actions would be legal under GATT .a. A U.S. tariff of 20 percent against any country that exports more than twice as much to the United States as it imports in return.b. A subsidy to U.S. wheat exports, aimed at recapturing some of the markets lost to the European Union.c. A U.S. tariff on Canadian lumber exports, not matched by equivalent reductions on other tariffs.d. A Canadian tax on lumber exports, agreed to at the demand of the United States to placate U.S. lumber producers.e. A program of subsidized research and development in areasrelated to hightechnology goods such as electronics and semiconductors.f. Special government assistance for workers who lose theirjobs because of import competition.Chapter 7 International Trade and E-Commerce1. What is the process of e-commerce ？2. Briefly review the key innovations that culminated in thedigital revolution. What is the basic technological process that made the revolution possible?3. What is convergence? How is convergence affecting Sony? Kodak?Nokia?4. What is the innovator's dilemma? What is the difference betweensustaining technology and disruptive technology? Briefly review Christensen's five principles of disruptive innovation.5. What key issues must be addressed by global companies thatengage in e-commerce?6. What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that inducecompanies to invest abroad.Chapter8 procedure of international trade1. Please list at least three essential constituents of adefinite offer.2. According to the text, what characteristics does an indefinite offer have?3. Please briefly describe the export process.4. Why is it of great importance for the exporter to check theL/C against the sales contracts very carefully after receiving the L/C? 5. What documents should usually be submitted when negotiating through the bank?6. Please briefly describe the import process.7. Why is the shipping advice so important on CFR?8. What information should be included in a packing list?9. Please list at least six kinds of documents used in international trade?10. What are the major functions of an B/L11. What are the contents and functions of commercial invoice?12. What is the function of documentation in export and import practices?Chapter9 International Trade Terms oceanic transportation?1. What's trade terms?2. Please briefly describe the thirteen trade terms inIncoterms 2000.3. What are the obligations of the buyer under the termsof CIF, FOB and CFR?4. What are the obligations of the seller under the termsof FCA, CPT and CIP?5. Which trade term is suitable to inland waterway and6. Please briefly describe three international trade practices.7. Please describe the formation domestic expenses andforeign expenses.8. Please list at least four derived forms of CFR.9. What's the meaning of main freight?10. What's difference between symbolic delivery andphysical delivery?11. What's the relationship among FOB, CFR and CIF?12. What's Commission ?13. Please describe the formula about conversion among FOB,CFR and CIF.Chapter10 terms of commodity1. How to name goods exported ?2. What's quality of commo dity?3. Please describe types of quality.4. How to weight different commodities?5. What's more or less clause?6. Please describe functions of sales packing and shipping packing.7. Why is shipping mark important in international transportation?8. Please describe the standardized format of shipping mark suggested by ISO.9. When choosing appropriate cargo packing, what factors should one take into consideration?Chapter11 international cargo transportation1. List at least 4 major type of transportation.2. What are the characteristics of Liner shipping?3. How to compute freight of Liner shipping?4. Who will undertake the loading and unloading charges in chartering a vessel?5. What's International Multimodal transportation.6. What are the Features of containerization?7. What's demurrage and dispatch?8. what 's the function of bill of lading?9. Please explain the clean bill of lading.10. What 's the difference between Hague Rules and Hamburg Rules?Chapter12 international cargo transportation insurance1. Please describe the scope of cargo transportation insurance.2. What's the difference between Perils of sea and extraneous risks?3. Please list at least 6 major type of fortuitousaccidents.4. Which risk did TITANIC encounter? Can this kindof risk be avoided?5. Did all the cargoes sunk with the ship? What type of loss they belonged to ?(actual loss, constructive loss, particular loss or general loss).6. What measures were taken after TITANICWhat was the nature of the Expense caused encountered the risk?by the measures? Did the insurance compensate for it?7. Who relieve the survivor on TITANIC ? what wasthe nature of this kind of expense? Who must undertake it?8. What's actual total loss and what is thedifference between Constructive total loss and actual total loss?9. What's General Average and what is thedifference between Particular Average and General Average?10. Please explain sue and labor expense and salvage charge11. What's coverage of CIC ?12. What's the relationship between CIC and ICC?13. How to compute the insurance value of the goodsand it 's insurance premium ?14. Please describe the content of insurance policy.Chapter13 international payments1. What payment instruments are used in international trade? Please list at least 5 of them.2. What's the difference between a commercial d raft and a banker 's draft?3. What is the advantage and disadvantage of transferring money through DD compared with TT?4. How many stages are there in handling a draft?5. What's the difference between draft and Promissory note?6. What are the Characteristics of remittance?7. when will you release documents if you are the exporter under collection?8. Please describe the difference amongD/P at sight , D/P after sight and D/A.9. What's D/P ? T/R?10. What are the characteristics of letter of credit?11. Will the issuing bank undertake payment if the applicant goes bankrupt?12. Will the bank deal with the transaction according tocontract or L/C if they aren 't in accordance with each other?13. What will happen if the documents are not inconsistent with theL/C?14. Please describe the chief contents of L/C.。
C-TPAT
3. 工厂必须保证对所有空的集装箱在装货前经过安全专 员或管理人员的检查，保证没有导致货物损害或者受 污染的因素存在。
4. 工厂应该制定对集装箱、拖车和卡车上的封铅或封条 等进行检查的程序和记录。
5.所有封条都应满足或超越显示PAS ISO 17712标准。
C-TPAT 标准（六）信息技术安全
1. 工厂一定要采取措施确保电脑系统不会被非法的盗 用、确保其防火墙、电脑密码和防病毒软件的安全。
工厂应该有书面的程序来规定每台Байду номын сангаас脑设备的使用 者，和每个部门应用软件和硬件的权限。
2.
C-TPAT 标准（七）安全教育和意识培训
1. 工厂应该制定一份强制性的安全保障体系，并对所有 的员工进行安全意识的培训。培训应包括识别内部阴 谋，保护产品完整性，对非法入侵的警觉以及对可疑 征兆的敏感。 工厂必须要求培训所有的员工，保证员工都了解工厂 的安全政策与程序，及遇有情况如何与工厂的保安、 当地的公安局或派出所、消防局联络。
AMG
AMG
贵宾证
Visitor
C-TPAT 标准（二）通行管制
5. 所有的来访者在工厂期间（厂区内）都须有工厂的人 员陪伴。 6. 工厂包装区、装货区、卸货区、仓库区和危险品仓库 等重要的场地要限制出入。并要有程序来监控出入的人 员,并进行登记。
7. 工厂须有一份书面的程序，说明当遇到可疑人物或危 险人物时，工厂应采取什么方式处理。
C-TPAT 目的 为了避免恐怖袭击
提高整个供应链细到每个环节的安全。 通过多方面的合作提高美国国土安全。 促进合法性贸易活动。 增进各方面知识和经验的沟通。
C-TPAT 益处
Package Insert
肌肉注射后30-60分钟之间妥布霉素的平 均血药浓度达到峰值。
2. Therapeutically, ATP injection exhibits effects, especially such as activation of the function and metabolism of the nerve, and also coronary and peripheral vasodilation to increase the blood stream.
solution
tablets
溶液
片剂
gas
molecular formular molecular weight
气体
分子式 分子量
derivative 衍生物
liquid powder
液体 粉末
solid injection
固体 注射剂
4.药理作用（Pharmacological Actions)
药品说明书 (package insert)
英文药品说明书包含的项目，也是从简
到繁，昔日药品说明书不过三四项内容 （药名，成分，适应症，剂量用法）， 现在美国FDA规定为十项，但实际项目 已经远远超过十项。
比如：
1. Animal Pharmacology and Animal
Toxicology
（二）常用给药途径
orally
intramuscularly intravenously sublingually subcutaneously intragluteally Intraarterially
口服给药
肌肉注射 静脉注射 舌下给药 皮下给药
by mouth(os)
华为FusionSphere优势参数
文档密级 秘密
成本
第 3 页， 共 4 页
FusionSphere3.1 控标项 至其他 IPSAN 需单独购 买软件功能VDP
文档密级 秘密
2014-1-13
华为保密信息，未经授权禁止扩散
第 4 页， 共 4 页
第 2 页， 共 4 页
FusionSphere3.1 控标项 业务的维护工作。 2) 安全管理员：只能授予安全管理 员的角色， 可以管理用户及授权， 不 能 进 行 资源 和 业务 的 维 护工 作。 3) 安全审计员：只能开展审计类业 务，无权维护其他业务。 与业界主流防病毒厂商合作， 提供无代 理方式防病毒功能 屏蔽小厂商，此功能只 有 VMware 和华为可以 提供 无代理方式防病毒 功能可以节约物理 机资源，不需要为 每个虚拟机安装防 病毒软件，由虚拟 化软件统一提供防 护 实现F5等负载均衡器的虚拟化，将一 负载均 衡 个物理负载均衡器虚拟化为多个虚拟 负载均衡器 支持利用物理主机本地磁盘形成高可 分布式 存储系 统 靠的分布式虚拟存储系统。 分布式存储 最多支持 2000 块本地硬盘、 164 个物 理主机节点。支持全SSD盘部署。 管理节点提供主备高可用机制， 确保平 台的可用性 VMware VSAN每个主 机 节 点 只 支 持 36 块 硬 盘， 总共支持8个物理主 机节点 此功能华为不需要报 价， VMware 需要单独 报价 管理节点采用免费Linux操作系统和数 据库，不需要额外的License费用 VMware vCenter 支持 Linux 部 署 ， 但 采 用 Linux 后 则 不 能 提 供 管 理节点的HA 华为备份管理软件是标配功能 VMware 的 标 配 功 能 仅支持备份至虚拟机所 在的 IPSAN中，如备份 2014-1-13 华为保密信息，未经授权禁止扩散 节约备份成本 VMware VDP 价格1万元左 右/CPU 在提供管理节点 HA 的 情 况 下 ， VMware成本更高 vmware 只 支 持 windows 增强系统的可靠性 vmware VMware支持 1 、为应用虚拟机 提供负载均衡服务 2、 VMware的方案 实施成本更高 满足大规模部署场 景需要 vwmare 立专门的安全管理 员，将权限控制和 业务维护分开，并 通过安全审计员对 业务流程进行审 计，从系统上根本 解决了维护权利集 中的问题。
托福TPO10（试题+答案+译文...
托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrow托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，小编为广大的托福考生整理了TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth，下面就来跟小编一起来看下面精彩内容吧!托福阅读原文In the late sixteenth century andinto the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of therelatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late1400s). Among thekeyfactors behind this growth were increasedagricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.Populations cannot grow unlessthe rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people.During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at theexpense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in theNetherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the mostspectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.Much of the potential forEuropean economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to havebeen only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions ofrelatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survivalof peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus forinvestment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.Increased agricultural productionin turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion ofindustry. Woolens and textilemanufacturers, in particular, utilized ruralcottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rurallabor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasantfamilies spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in anattempt to supplementmeagerfamily income.More extended trading networksalso helped develop Europe's economy in this period.English and Dutch shipscarrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Populationgrowth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly ofhandicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts ofnorthern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only ironsmelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealthinvested to create more wealth).The development of banking andother financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middleof the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills ofexchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, whichhad their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises topay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerpfinancier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more tradewithout bill s of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longerhad to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. Theexchanger would then send a bill ofexchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.Bills of exchange contributed tothe development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not untilthe eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank ofAmsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for businessinvestment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.The rapid expansion in internationaltrade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from goldand silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financedthe production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe andoverseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments andloans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stockpartnerships—an English innovation(the first major company began in1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a singlecommercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding ofcapital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors whopurchased shares in the company.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, what was trueof Europe during the medieval period?A. Agricultural productivity declined.B.There was relatively little economicgrowth.C.The general level of prosperity declined.D.Foreign trade began to play an importantrole in the economy.2.The word key in the passage(Paragraph1)is closest in meaning toA.historicalB. manyC. importantD.hidden3.According to paragraph 2, one effect ofthe desire to increase food production was thatA. land was cultivated in a different wayB.more farmers were neededC.the ruraleconomy was weakenedD. forests and wetlands were used forfarming4.According to paragraph 3, what was onereason villages had such great economic potential?A.Villages were located in regions whereagricultural production was relatively advanced.B.Villages were relatively small inpopulation and size compared with urban areas.C.Some village inhabitants made investmentsin industrial development.D.Village inhabitants established markets withintheir villages.5.Paragraph 4 supports the idea thatincreased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industryprimarily because itA.increased the number of available workersin rural areasB.provided new types of raw materials foruse by industryC. resulted in an improvement in the healthof the rural cottage workers used by manufacturersD. helped repair some of the ravages of theThirty Years’ War6.The word “meager” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.very necessaryB. very lowC.traditionalD.primary7.Why does the author mention that “Englishand Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain andPortugal”(Paragraph 5)?A.T o suggest that England and theNetherlands were the two most important trading nations in seventeenth-centuryEuropeB.T o suggest how extensive tradingrelations wereC.To contrast the importance ofagricultural products with manufactured productsD.To argue that shipping introduced a rangeof new products8.By including the quotation in paragraph 6by the financier from Antwerp, the author is emphasizing thatA.sailing was an important aspect of theeconomyB. increasing the number of water routesmade trade possibleC.bills of exchange were necessary forsuccessful tradingD.financiers often exaggerated the need forbills of exchange9.According to paragraph 6, merchants wereable toavoid the risk of carrying large amounts of gold and silver ing third parties in Marseille to buygoods for themB. doing all their business by using DutchcurrencyC. paying for their purchases through billsof exchangeD. waiting to pay for goods until the goodshad been delivered10.According to paragraph 7, until theeighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following toprovide funds for the state?A.Bills of exchangeB.Exchangers who took loansC. BanksD. Business investment11.The phrase “an English innovation” inthe passage(Paragraph 8)is closest in meaning toA.a new development introduced by theEnglishB.an arrangement found only in EnglandC. a type of agreement negotiated inEnglishD.a type of partnership based on Englishlaw12.According to paragraph 8, each of thefollowing was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPTA.groups of investors engaged in short-termfinancial cooperationB. the stateC.wealthy merchantsD.joint-stock companies13. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherewould the sentence best fit? They could also avoid having to identify andassess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.The development of banking and otherfinancial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of thesixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchangein place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had theirorigins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay aspecified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. ■【A】Atmid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can nomore trade without bills of exchange thansail without water." ■【B】Merchants nolonger had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. ■【C】An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. ■【D】Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.In late sixteenth-and earlyseventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansionof trade were important in economic growth.A.Bringing more land under cultivationproduced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well asfor supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.B.Most rural villages established an arrangementwith a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urbanmarkets to sell any handicrafts they produced.C. Increases in population and theexpansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale incharacter but some requiring significant capital investment.D.Increased capital was required for theproduction of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of creditthroughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.E.Bills of exchange were invented inmedieval Italy butbecame less important as banks began to provide loans formerchants.F.The expansion of trade was facilitated bydevelopments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the hugeinflux of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.托福阅读答案1.以medieval period做关键词定位至第一句，说medievalperiod不那么prosperous繁荣，但如果只看这句的话很容易错选答案C，C的decline叫做减少，也就是说C说medieval时期prosperity下降了，但原文说不prosperous，是一种低的状态，不是下降的趋势，所以C错;而B的经济几乎没有增长是less prosperous 的同义替换，正确;A与C错的原因类似;D没说2.key众所周知的意思是钥匙，当然还有关键的意思，所以important正确。
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PART ONE
华为NetEco6000数据中心基础设施管理系统iManager说明书
Data Center Infrastructure Management SystemiManager NetEco6000TheNetEco6000isa next-generationdatacenter infrastructure management systemdeveloped and continuouslyevolvedbyHuawei.Itisdedicatedtoproviding an innovative and leading intelligent O&M solution for data centers to maximize the efficiency and value of data centers.Product OverviewValue & Design ConceptApplication ScenariosMicro/Small-sized data center,medium-and large-sized data center,outdoor prefabricated data centerDigital visualization for intelligent, for the ultimate experience and operation insight.Digital and intelligent O&M, improve O&M quality and efficiency, and save O&M costs by 35%.Asset life cycle management, intelligent capacity planning, and increase resource utilization by 20%.iCooling@AI solution enable energy efficiency optimization, reducing PUE by 8%-15%Digital VisualizationAutonomous MaintenanceIntelligent OperationAI PUE OptimizationAir ConditionerUPS PDU GeneratorCameraAccess ControlWater LeakageSmokeSensorT&H Sensor···Mobile APP3rd party systemDC 1DC 2DC 3DC N•Power system •Security system•Building system •Firefighting others…………LANWeb Browser Big Screen DisplaySystem ArchitectureServer ServerServerCategory LicenseFeaturesNoteBasic Features NADevice Monitoring, Big Screen Display, Alarm Management, Power Link Visualization, Cooling Link Visualization,Report Management, Energy Efficiency Analysis and Fault Analysis.Platform InterfaceNorthbound Interface Device/System Integration.Southbound Interface Optional FeaturesTemperature Nephogram Temperature Map 3D View-Lite 3D View-Lite Choose one of three.3D View-Pro 3D View-Pro 3D View-BIM 3D View-BIMDashboard Report Big Data Dashboard and Report Analysis.Basic MaintenancePersonnel and Shift Management, Electronic Inspection, App O&M, O&M Process Management, Knowledge Library and O&M Process ManagementChoose one of two.Digital MaintenancePersonnel and Shift Management, Electronic Inspection, App O&M, O&M Process Management, Knowledge Library, O&M ProcessManagement, Conserve, Repair Management,Routine Drill, Entry and Exit Registration and Supplier Management.AI Inspection of Power Facility AI Automatic Inspection of Power Facility AI Inspection of Cooling Facility AI Automatic Inspection of AHU AI Robot InspectionAI Robot InspectionAI Predictive Maintenance of Circuit BreakerBreaker Health Prediction and Circuit Breaker Setting Analysis.AI Predictive Maintenance of Power FacilityTemperature PredictionAI Predictive Maintenance of Energy Storage Lithium Battery Health PredictionIntelligent Operation Asset management,Capacity Management, Tenant management,Warehouse Management and Automatic detection of U space.Cooling OptimizationAI PUE Optimization.Features Overview ：CategoryDescriptionNoteDeployment ModeSingle server, cluster server, or VM(FusionSphere or FusionCompute)Operating System / Database EulerOS / GaussDB, Huawei-developed.Management Capability ≥3 million monitoring points (about 30,000 cabinets), supporting capacity expansion.Number of Online Users ≤100Data StorageDefault 1 year, maximum support 3 years.Basic Parameters ：Digital Visualization Module：License Feature Description Advantages SpecificationsNA-Basic Features DeviceMonitoringReal-timemonitoring of datacenterinfrastructure.Topology of thepower and coolingsystem.•Monitor data center infrastructure in real time,such as power equipment, cooling equipment,sensors, etc.•Can centrally manage multiple data centers.Big ScreenDisplayDisplay the KPI onthe splicing LCD.Professionalcustomized bigscreen•You can flexibly display the alarm, energyefficiency, capacity and O&M dashboards on thebig screen•Support custom development of big screen.AlarmManagementViewing andHandling Alarms.Alarm masking rulesthat support multipleconditions.•Supports alarm browsing, query, masking,redefinition and threshold setting.•Notification methods include SMS, phone,emailand WeChat.•Supports the expert experience library to recordalarm handling experience and suggestions.Power LinkVisualizationDisplays theoperating status ofthe power system.Accurately locateproblems and reducerepair time.•Automatically generate power links, which can becustomized and show power flow.•You can click the device or alarm icon on the linkto quickly jump to view.Cooling LinkVisualizationDisplays theoperating status ofthe cooling system.Shortens theemergency handlingduration andimproves reliability.•The flow direction can be displayed on the link,which can be defined.•You can click the device or alarm icon on the linkto quickly jump to view.ReportManagementStatistics andanalysis ofplatform data.Supports reportcustomization andcreate scheduledreport tasks.•Built-in report templates, such as asset reports,capacity reports, energy consumption reports, etc.•The content, logo, etc. of the report can becustomized.•Reports can be sent to designated users regularly.EnergyEfficiencyAnalysisStatistical analysisof data centerenergy efficiencyindicators.The calculationmethod of energyefficiency indicatorscan be customized,and different levelsof PUE calculationsare also provided.•Support different levels of PUE and historical curveanalysis such as data center, room and smartmodule.•The threshold and reference value of PUE can beset, and an alarm is generated when PUE is toohigh.•Electricity cost calculation supports multistepelectricity price.•Identify abnormal cPUE and energy consumption.License Feature Description Advantages SpecificationsNA-Basic Features FaultAnalysisSimulates andanalyzes theservice scopeaffected by adevice fault.Dynamic linkanalysis,supporting real-time analysis andpre-rehearsal.•Analyzes the impact of device alarms anddisplays the impact range on power links.•Supports fault simulation and displays theimpact.•Fault impact analysis reports can be generated.Temperature Nephogram TemperatureMapTemperaturedistribution in thedata center.The data is accurate,which is collected bythe sensor in realtime.•Three-layer temperature maps are supported,automatically identifying top 5 hot and cold spots.•It can be displayed in 2D or 3D mode.•The range of temperature rendering colors can bemodified.3D View-Lite3D View-Lite Provides a 3D viewof the data center.Built-in 3D engine,2D/3D view one-clickswitching.•Provides 3D views of building, floor, room, module,and cabinet.•Automatically generate 3D view based on 2Dlayout.•Provide 3D capacity view and 3D temperaturemap.3D View-Pro 3D View-ProImproved 3Dvisualizationexperience ofdata center.More professional3D technology,supportingsimulationrendering ofvarious details.•Provides 3D views of campus, building, floor,room, module, and cabinet.•Provides rendering of decorations such as grass,stairs, tables and chairs, walls, etc.•The IT device panel can be rendered and deviceconnection relationships can be viewed.•Provide 3D capacity view and 3D temperaturemap.3D View-BIM 3D View-BIMUse the BIMmodel tovisualize the reallayout of thedata center.The BIM modelcaptures realityand effectivelyintegrates projectdesign resources.•BIM views of buildings, floors, rooms, modules,and cabinets are displayed.•Supports simulation of facilities such as cables,cable trays, and pipes.•Allows users to zoom in and out views, cutmodels, and measure distances.•Provide 3D capacity view and 3D temperaturemap.Northbound /Southboun d Interface Device/SystemIntegrationIntegration with 3rdparty systems.Pre-integrated withmany3rd partysystems.•Provides southbound and northbound interfaces.•Monitors performance and alarm informationreported by system.•Pre-integrated with many systems for fast delivery.License Feature Description Advantages SpecificationsBasic Maintena nce & Digital Maintena nce Personnel andShiftManagementPersonnelmanagement andshift management.Distribute O&M tasksautomatically basedon duty.•You can configure the basic information, shifts andgroups of O&M personnel.•Provide the duty information on the shift calendar.•Provide duty plan and handover plan etc.•Provide statistics and analysis of abnormal shifts.ElectronicInspectionElectronic andmobile routineinspection ofequipment rooms.Provide inspectiontemplates, shareexpert experience,and reduceinspection skillrequirements.•You can plan inspection tasks and createinspection templates, such as inspection content,sequence, methods, reference values, and notes.•Receive tasks on the APP and obtain detailsthrough QR codes or NFC.•Inspection reports can be generated.App O&MRemote accessthrough mobilephones.APP permissioncontrol, supportoffline data cache.•View alarms, PUE,device parameters, etc.•Supports viewing and processing O&M tasks。
美军主要仿真系统及其对现代战争的影响
第38卷第3期计算机仿真2021年3月文章编号:1〇〇6 -9348(2021)03 -0001 -04美军主要仿真系统及其对现代战争的影响黄其旺，朱旭(军事科学院评估论证研究中心，北京100091)摘要:伴随着军用高新技术的迅猛发展，信息化和智能化条件下的战争越来越体现为体系与体系之间的相互对抗，仿真推演 技术是研究复杂体系对抗的一种有效手段，且具有其它技术无法替代的重要作用，受到各军事强国的高度重视，其中美军的 发展又最具有代表性。
总结了美军仿真推演技术经历的三个主要阶段，介绍了美军的典型仿真推演系统及其应用情况，分 析了仿真推演系统对现代战争的影响，并初步探讨了美军建设情况对我发展仿真推演系统的启示。
关键词：仿真与战争推演技术;典型仿真系统;影响分析中图分类号:TP391.9 文献标识码:AThe U. S. Army’s Major Simulation Systemand its Impact on Modern WarfareHUANG Qi - wang,ZHU Xu(Center for Assessment and Demonstration Research,Academy of Military Science,Beijing 100091, China) ABSTRACT：With the development of military science and technology,the war in era of big data and artificial intelligence depends more and more on the operational system of systems.The simulation technology is an effective means to study the confrontation of complex systems whose irreplaceable important role has been highly valued by various military powers.The US military is the most representative in simulation system development.This paper summarized the three main stages of the US military simulation and war- gaming technology development experience,introduced the typical simulation system of the US military and its application,analyzed the impact of the simulation system on modem warfare,and put forward some suggestions for future simulation system planning.KEYWORDS：Simulation and war- gaming technology；Typical simulation system；Impact analysisi引言21世纪以来，随着科学技术的飞速发展以及新型高科技在现代化武器装备体系中的应用，现代战争也随之进人了 信息化时代,近年来伴随人工智能、机器学习以及大数据等 智能化技术的迅猛发展，现代战争将要迈入智能化的时代[1]。
常用词根、前缀、后缀一览表
常用词根、前缀、后缀一览表一．常用词根act, ag做，驱动（actress 女演员agent 代理人）acu尖锐（acute 尖的，敏锐的）agr农田（agriculture农业，农事）am爱，亲爱（amicable 友善的amiable 和蔼可亲的）anim心灵，精神，生命（animal 动物animate有生命的）ann,enn年（annual 一年的centennial 一世纪）astro星，太空（astronomy 天文学astronaut宇航员）audi听（auditor 旁听生audience听众）bell战争(rebellion 反叛，反抗bellicose 好战的)bio生命，生物（biology 生物学biosphere生物圈）brev短（brevity 简短abbreviate缩短，节略）ceed,cess走，进行（access 进入proceed前进）cent百（centimeter 厘米centigrade百分度的）center,centre中心（concentrate 集中centrifugal离心力的）cide,cis杀，切（suicide 自杀bactericide杀菌剂）claim,clam叫喊（exclaim 惊叫proclaim宣布，宣告）clar清楚，明白（declare 表明，声明clarify讲清楚）clud,clos关闭（close 关闭exclude排斥）cogn知道（recognize 承认cognitive认识的）cord 心（cordial 衷心的core核心）cosm宇宙，世界（cosmic 宇宙的cosmos宇宙）cred相信，信任（credible 可信的discredit不信任）cur,cours跑（occurrence 出现，发生current流通的）cycl圆，环（bicycle 自行车cyclone旋风）di日（diary 日记diarist记日记的人）dict,dic言，说（predict 预言indicate说明）duc,duct引导（educate 教育introduction引进）ed吃（edible 可吃的edacity贪吃）equ相等的（equality平等，等式）fact做，制（factory 工厂manufacture制造，加工）fet带，拿（transfer 转移ferry渡船）flex,flect弯曲（flexible 易弯的reflect反射，反映）flu流（fluent 流利的influenza流行性感冒）form形式，外形（transform 改变formula公式）fract,frag破，折（fraction 碎片fragile易碎的）fus倾，注，溶化（fusion 溶解effuse泻出）gen起源（generate 使产生genetic遗传的）geo地球，土地（geography 地理geology地质学）grad步，走，级（gradual 逐步的graduate毕业）gram写，记录（diagram 图表program节目单方案）graph写，画，记录（photograph 照相autograph亲笔，手稿）gress行走（progress 进步retrogress后退）hap机会，运气，偶发（happen 发生mishap灾祸）hospit客人（hospital 医院hospitable好客的，殷情的）hydro水，氢化的，氢化（hydrogel 水凝胶hydrocortisone氢化可的松insul岛（peninsula 半岛insulation隔绝，孤立）ject投，掷，抛（eject 射出project投射）junct连接，结合（conjunction 连接词adjunct附属物）lect,leg,lig选，收集（elect 选举collect收集）lev举，升（elevator 电梯lever杠杆）liber自由（liberate 解放liberalism自由主义）lingu语言（linguist 语言学家bilingual两种语言的）liter文字，字母（literate 识字的literature文学）lith 石，人造石（aerolith 陨石granolith人造铺地石）loc地方（local 当地的locate使坐落于）log词，语言，讲演（dialogue 对话logic逻辑）loqu说话（eloquent 雄辩的colloquial口语的，会话的）manu手（manuscript 手稿manual手的，用手的）medi中间（medium 中等的mediation居中调解）memor记忆，记住的（memory 记忆memorial纪念日，纪念物）milit兵（military 军事的militant战斗性的）min小，少（minimum 最小量minority少数）mis,mit送出（missile 导弹emit发光，声，吐露）mob,mot,mov移动（automobile 汽车motion 运动move移动）mort死亡（mortal 终有一死的mortician承办殡葬的人）nov新（novel 小说novelty新奇）numer数（numeral 数字的numerous为数众多的）oper工作（operate 操作cooperate合作）opt视线，光线（optic 视力的optics光学）path感情，苦楚，疾病（sympathy 同情pathetic可怜的）pel 推，逐，驱（expel 驱逐repel击退，反击，抵抗）pend,pen悬挂（depend 依靠pendent悬空的）phon声音（microphone 扩音器telephone电话）plen满，全（plenty 充足，大量plentitude丰富，充足）pon,pos放置（postpone 推迟position位置）popul人民（population 人口popular人民的，大众的）port搬运，带（portable 可携带的porter搬运工人）press压（pressure 压力compress压缩）prim第一，首要（primary 最初的psychic精神的）pur清，纯，净（purify 使纯净depurate使净化）rect直，正（erect 直立的correct改正）rod,ris笑（ridicule 嘲笑derision笑柄，嘲笑）rupt打破（bankruptcy 破产interrupt中断）scend,scens,scent爬（ascend 上升descent下降）sci知道（science 科学conscious有知觉的）sens,sent感觉（sensitive 敏感的sentiment感情）sol 太阳（solar 太阳的extrasolar太阳系以外的）son声音（sonar 声纳supersonic超声波）spec看（inspect 观察prospect展望）spir呼吸，生命（conspire 共谋inspire吸气，鼓舞）tact,tang,tag接触（intact 未接触的tangible可接触的）tail切，割（tailor 裁缝retail零售）tain,ten,tin保持，握，容纳（contain 容纳obtain 取得sustain支持）tect掩，盖（detect 侦察，发觉detective侦探的）tele远(telescope望远镜telegram电报)tend,tens,tent 伸（extend 伸开，扩展extensive广阔的）text编织（textile 纺织的texture组织，结构）therm热（thermal 热的thermometer温度计）tor,tort扭，扭转（torsion 扭转distortion歪曲）tract拉，引（attractive 有吸引力的tractor拖拉机）un,uni一（unite 统一，联合union联合，工会）us,ut用（usage 用法utility 有用utilize利用）vac,can空，空虚（vacation 假期vanity空虚，虚荣）vari变化（various 各样的variant变异的，不同样的）ven来（intervene 干预，介入prevent防止）vert,vers转（adverse 相反的convert转换）vid,vis看见（evident 明显的visible 可见的invisible看不见的）vit,viv生命，生存（vitamin 维他命survive幸存）volv滚动（revolve 旋转involve卷入）wis,wit知道（wisdom 智慧witty机敏的）一、常用前缀anti-表示“反对”clockwise顺时针方向转动的/地——anti-clockwise反时针方向转动的/地fascist法西斯的——anti-fascist反法西斯的tank坦克——anti-tank反坦克auto-表示“自，自己，自动”biography传，传记——autobiography自传，自传文学alarm报警——autoalarm自动报警器bi-表示“双”monthly每月的，每月一次的——bimonthly隔月的，每月两次的lingual 舌的——bilingual（能讲）两国语言的cycle循环，（自行）车——bicycle自行车co-表示“共同”exist存在——co-exist同在，共存operate操作——co-operate合作，协作counter-表示“反”attack进攻——counter-attack反攻revolutionary革命的——counter-revolutionary反革命的de-表示“向相反方向发展”code(编)——decode译码，解码mobilize发动，调动——demobilize复员，遣散dis-表示否定：“不”或（做相反的动作）advantage优点——disadvantage缺点agree同意——disagree不同意honest诚实的——dishonest不诚实的appear出现——disappear消失like喜欢——dislike不喜欢ex-表示“前”husband丈夫——ex-husband前夫president总统——ex-president前总统fore-表示“预先，前”tell告诉——foretell预言，预示leg（兽的）腿——foreleg（兽的）前腿il-（在字母I的前面）legal合法的——illegal不合法的logical合乎逻辑的——illogical不合乎逻辑的legitimate合法的，正当的——illegitimate非法的，违法的im-（在字母M，B和P的前面）balance平衡——imbalance不平衡moral道德的——immoral不道德的polite礼貌的——impolite不礼貌的possible可能的——impossible不可能的in-表示否定ability能力——inability无能direct直接的——indirect间接的formal正式的——informal非正式的inter-表示“互相”change更换——interchange交换national国家的——international国际的ir-（在字母R的前面）regular规则的——irregular不规则的responsible承担责任的——irresponsible不承担责任的mid-表示“中间”day白天——midday中午night夜晚——midnight午夜mis-表示“错误地”judge判断——misjudge错误地\判断spell拼写——misspell误拼understand理解——misunderstand误解multi-表示“多”national民族的，国家的——multinational多民族的，多国家的racial种族的——multiracial多种族的neo-表示“新”colonialism殖民主义——neocolonialism新殖民主义Nazi纳粹——neo-Nazi新纳粹non-表示否定，“不”或“非”existent存在的——non-existent不存在的metal金属——non-metal非金属resident定居的——non(-)resident非定居的over-表示“过于”estimate估计——overestimate过高估计state陈述——overstate言过其实post-表示“在……之后的”war战争——post-war战后graduate得学士称好的——postgraduate大学毕业后的pre-表示“预先，之前的”liberation解放——pre-liberation解放前cook 煮——precook预煮school(children)学龄（儿童）——pre-school(children)学龄前（儿童）pro-表示“亲”American美国的——pro-American亲美的French 法国的——pro-French亲法的re-表示“再次，回”pay支付——repay偿还use使用——reuse重复使用write写——rewrite重写self-表示“自动的，自我的”starter启动装置——self-starter（内燃机的）自动启动装置service服务——self-service无人售票，顾客自取correcting更正的——self-correcting自我更正的study学习——self-study自学semi-表示“半”conductor导体——semi-conductor半导体final决赛（的）——semi-final半决赛（的）sub-表示“下面的，局部的，分”way道路——subway（过马路的）地道，地铁let出租——sublet分租，转租，转包super-表示“超级，上层”man 人——superman超人market市场——supermarket超市structure建筑，结构——superstructure上层建筑trans-表示“转移”form形成——transform使变形plant种植——transplant移植tri-表示“三”angle角——triangle三角形atomic原子的——triatomic含三原子的，三代的ultra-表示“外，极”left左的——ultra-left极“左”的mundane现世的，世俗的——ultramundane世界之外的un-表示否定：“不”或“做相反的动作”fit适合的——unfit不适合的known知道的——unknown不知道的fortunately幸运地——unfortunately不幸地important重要的——unimportant不重要的dress穿衣——undress脱衣pack包装——unpack解开under-表示“不够”estimate估计——underestimate低估pay支付——underpay付得太少state陈述——understate软弱无力地陈述uni-表示“单”cycle自行车——unicycle（杂技表演用）独轮sex性，（男，女的）性别——unisex（服务，发饰等）不分男女的vice-表示“副”chairman主席——vice-chairman副主席president总统——vice-president副总统说明：1.前缀一般不造成词性的转变，而只是引起意思上的变化。
海尔公司英文简介
海尔公司英文简介海尔集团是全球大型家电第一品牌，，目前已从传统制造家电产品的企业转型为面向全社会孵化创客的平台。
下面由作者为你提供的海尔公司英文简介，希望大家喜欢。
海尔公司英文简介(一)Haier was incorporated in 1984, entrepreneurship in 26 years, insist on entrepreneurship and innovation spirit, create world famous brand from a shaky business has bee a global collective small factory owns more than 70,000 employees, 20xx turnover 1357 billion yuan of globalization group has bee the first brand for global white goods, and was Newsweek (Newsweek website named as the world top ten innovative to create the age of the Internet world famous Internet age world famous brand is characteristic of can quickly meet the user’s inpidualized demand, the enterprise needs to mass customization rather than mass seize Internet opportunities to solve this challenge, and actively explore practice win-win mode, single unity through DaoSanJiao organizational innovation and end-to-end independent operation body construction, realizes from sell products to sell service transition, create business of alienation, sustainable petitive the trend of development advantage - haier accumulative patent application 1 million multinomial, home appliance enterprise in China top, and take the lead to achieve the international standard of zero accumulative total has joined fifty-one international standard drafting, 27 a standard has through standard output, driving the whole industry chain distance under virtual net fusions, haier in the domestic market has strong marketing network advantage, and with the Internet sufficiently fusion, with zero distance under virtual network convergence makes the first time meet user first demand network refers to the Internet, through the Internet munity formation user viscosity,Real nets refers to the marketing network, logistics network, network, the firsttime service customer many world famous brand in China they will sale of all or part of the entrusted to haier,Haier also through their abroad channel sales haier products, formed resources swap, quicken the pace of haier march world inventory of will be namely for -- change traditional enterprise to product-centered model of development, the implementation of user-centered namely need namely for mass customization, realized the zero inventory and zero liquidity zero loans, on the basis of haier CCC (cash turnover days) to negative 10 future development, haier living things networking the demand of The Times, will U - Home (intelligent household) integration as the key, the discourse power, control patent standard further development worldwide marketing network to create more user , the trinity localized pattern integrated global rd, manufacturing, marketing resources, create globalization in development and at the same time actively to social responsibility, rebuilding the 129 hope schools made 212 sets the animated film hb children science and education .Haier is the 20xx Beijing Olympic Games, the only global white goods sponsors.海尔公司英文简介(二)Haier is the world’s fourth largest white goods manufacturer and is the official home appliances sponsor of the Beijing 20xx Olympic of 20xx, the Haier Group has established a total of 64 trading panies (19 located overseas), 29 manufacturing plants (24 overseas), 8 design centers (5 overseas) and 16 industrial parks (4 ove rseas). Consistent with Haier’s position as a global brand, the pany employs over 50,000 people around the world. In addition, Haier boasts a 58,800-strong sales network which last year accounted for a global turnover of 118 billion RMB ( billion USD). Guided by the branding strategy of CEO Zhang Ruimin, Haier has advanced through the ‘brand building,’ ‘persification,’ and ‘internationalization’ stages, and since 20xx has embarked on the fourth stage: Global Branding. Haier has enjoyed a growing internationalreputation over the past 24 years. 19 of the panies products, including refrigerators, air conditioners,washing machines, televisions, water heaters, personal puters, mobile phones, and kitchen appliances have been rated as Top Brands in China, and China’s General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has named Haier refrigerators and washing machines as among China’s Top Global Brands. In 20xx, for the fourth consecutive year, Haier was ranked first in terms of overall leadership among mainland Chinese panies in the Wall Street Journal Asia’s annual survey of Asia’s 200 Most Admired panies. In March 20xx, the Financial Times once again added Haier to its list of Top 10 Chinese Global Brand Names with survey respondents ranking Haier number one in terms of product quality, trust, innovation, management, and branding. In May 20xx, Haier ranked 13th on Forbes’ Reputation Institute Global 200 of June 20xx, the pany has been awarded 8333 patents, with 1996 for Haier design team inventions. In 20xx alone Haier obtained 875 patents; 502 were invention has participated in theinstitution and modification of nine international standards, as well as 152 national and 425 industry standards, with three international standards set to launch in the near future. Of all the Chinese household appliance panies, Haier by far leads the way in the creation of international, national, and industry standards. Haier management models such as OEC, market chain, and Integration of Inpiduals and Goals have been case studies at Harvard Business School, the University of Southern California; IMD in Lausanne, Switzerland; INSEAD in France, and Kobe University. Haier’s market chain management model has been included in the European Union’s case study library.海尔公司英文简介(三)panysbrief introduction Mainproducts DevelopmentStrategyPublicservice, welfare undertaking(公益事业) Introduction 1984:beingestablished Turnover：135，700，000，000CNY Patent：more than 10，000 Brandvalue：8，000，000，000 CNY InternetsWorld Famous Brand(互联# 时代的知名品牌):satisfy customers needs OneSingle Integrated Mode(人单合一模式)：sell service instead rewarding:China Innovative pany Reputation % whiteapplicant market under marketingsurvey Euromonitor(欧睿国际)in 20xx firstbrand globalwhite applicants, refrigerator winecabinet globalmanufacturer firstplace Chinasmost valuable brand rankings (中国最有价值品牌排行榜)last yearsProducts Washing Machine Wine Cabinet (酒柜) Others puter Refrigerator Others Products Strongemission gas water heater Hanging air conditioning Cupboard Freestanding refrigerator Freestanding washing machine Disinfection cabinet Cabinet air conditioner Embedded air-conditioning Freestanding dishwasher Freestandingwine cooler Embedded dishwasher Display cabinet icebar Stand-alone dry cleaning machine Freezer Wall-type electric water heater Range hood Side suctionhood Large electric water heater Gas stove High-end oven Development Strategy Brandstrategy(1984~1991)：produce refrigerator only, accumulate management experience Diversification(多元化)strategy(1992~1998)：one product variousproduct Internationalstrategy(1998~20xx)： being sold mainglobal economic area market Globalstrategy(20xx~now)：creating different kinds HaierBrandadjust differentcountries worldCulture racehorses. (人人是人才，赛马不相马) youmust confirm his hervalue, provided employees create value service, welfare undertaking greenenvironmental protection hopeproject :129 Hope School onlyglobal sponsor 20xxBeijing Olympic Games Povertyalleviation (扶贫) disabledactivities (助残) HaierBrothers Thanks。
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在以上实验中，研究人员使用新产品In-Fusion Advantage和原始In-Fusion PCR Cloning克隆2kb PCR产物到pAcGFP（Kpn I线性化）。为研究PCR添加剂对每种克隆系统的影响，所有PCR反 应中加入DMSO和半数反应加入GC-Melt Reagent。扩增后，PCR产物经过柱纯化或Cloning Enhancer处理，克隆到线性化载体。进行In-Fusion反应，最后转化到Fusion-Blue感受态细胞。 只需将产物的 1/10涂布平板。每种系统产生的平均克隆数如表中所示。一般In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning System所得到的克隆数是原始In-Fusion PCR Cloning System的3–4 倍。 当使用In-Fusion时克隆效率不受 时克隆效率不受PCR缓冲液的影响。 缓冲液的影响。 当使用 时克隆效率不受 缓冲液的影响 In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning的克隆数是原始 In-Fusion PCR Cloning Kits的3-4 倍。 的克隆数是原始 的
Advantage w/CE
InIn-Fusion Enzyme 5x Reaction Buffer Control Vector Control Insert Cloning Enhancer 规格： 规格：10, 50, 100
Advantage
w/NucleoSpin InIn-Fusion Enzyme 5x Reaction Buffer Control Vector Control Insert NucleoSpin Extract II 规格： 规格：10, 50, 100
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-FusionTM PCR克隆的特点 克隆的特点
In-Fusion PCR 克隆的优点： 克隆的优点：
灵活 高效 便捷 无缝连接 定向克隆
适用任何载体和插入片段 阳性克隆效率>90% 不受载体限制 节省筛选克隆试剂
PCR产物无需限制性内切酶处理、 节省处理PCR产物的时间和试剂 纯化或连接 无附加多余碱基序列,获得预期 结果 插入片段以正确方向克隆 载体自由选择 节省筛选克隆的时间和试剂 节省亚克隆的时间和试剂
试剂盒规格
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion Advantage PCR克隆特性检测 克隆特性检测
不同实验条件下In-Fusion Advantage PCR 克隆效率比InFusion Liquid PCR Cloning Kits 高 3-4倍：
载体 插入片段
确保完全切开或PCR扩增，降低背景反应 插入片段经纯化或Cloning Enhancer处理 使用过量插入片段导致克隆数少
感受态细胞 用于转化的感受态细胞效率 >108 cfu/g 引物 In-Fusion 反应 转化
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion PCR 克隆的长远策略是使克隆更简便 Clontech推出完整试剂盒： 包含 Cloning Enhancer或NucleoSpin，促销/ 附加PCR酶 In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kits给客户提供优化的方法纯化PCR产物
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
正确引物的设计和合成 载体和/或插入片段的使用量的确定 执行推荐的孵育条件：37oC 15’分钟，50oC 15分钟 转化前需要稀释 In-Fusion克隆反应产物 转化一小部分稀释的 In-Fusion克隆反应产物
In-Fusion
TM
Advantage 总结
In-FusionTM Advantage PCR Cloning Kits 实现更完美的In-Fusion克隆 实现更完美的 克隆 改进酶的形式： 改进酶的形式：
了解In-Fusion Advantage请登陆/infusion
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
总结
In-Fusion系统与其它克隆系统相比具有以下优点：大 片段克隆、使用载体克隆（如腺病毒载体）、多片段 同时克隆和高通量克隆等等。 优化的In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning kits 克隆效 率更高，产品种类多。新酶更稳定、更强大。 In-Fusion系统定位比其它公司产品好的原因：
2007 Clontech Labontage: 高效克隆的强大系统
每种克隆系统获得的平均克隆数
实验条件 柱纯化PCR 产物 添加DMSO 柱纯化PCR 产物 添加 DMSO & GC-Melt Reagent Cloning Enhancer处理PCR产物 添加 DMSO Cloning Enhancer处理PCR产物 添加 DMSO & GC-Melt Reagent 新产品 In-Fusion Advantage ~1358 598 706 391 原始 In-Fusion 218 180 268 163
细胞类型
Top 10 DH 10B XL-1 Blue JM 109
In-FusionTM Advantage 兼容细胞类型广。对于一些细胞系In-Fusion cloning反应时需要10x稀释
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion克隆成功的要素？ 克隆成功的要素？ 克隆成功的要素
不同的插入片段：2kb, 8.5kb 和 12 kb。 同源区域富含GC。 几种PCR片段克隆到相同载体。 不同量的PCR产物和载体/插入片段的不同分子比（10 ng-100 ng； 1/0.4 -1/4。 不同形式的线性化载体：单一酶切、 双酶切、 PCR 扩增、 粘性末端、 3’ 和5’ 突出。 使用不同E.coli感受态细胞的不同稀释度转化。 使用PCR 添加剂如DMSO和GC-Melt Reagent。
与In-FusionTM Liquid and In-Fusion Dry Down Kits相比，InFusionTM Advantage 具有更高的克隆效率和更强大的性能。 In-FusionTM Advantage Kits 具有便捷的产品形式(10 rxn)。
2007 Clontech Laboratories, Inc.
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kits:
产品概述 产品选择及参考文献
In-FusionTM PCR Cloning操作手册概述 操作手册概述
In-Fusion PCR 克隆：快速、简便和高效地 克隆：快速、 克隆PCR扩增的DNA PCR扩增的DNA片段 克隆PCR扩增的DNA片段
In-FusionTM 产品的选择
New Product Description Format Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Dry Down Dry Down Dry Down Dry Down In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit w/Cloning Enhancer In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning w/Cloning Enhancer and Competent Cells Dry Down Dry Down Dry Down Size , RXN 10 50 100 10 50 100 10 50 100 8 24 96 24 24 96 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes Spin Cells CE Columns Included Included Included Cat# 639619 639620 639621 639616 639617 639618 639622 639623 639624 639602 639604 639605 639606 639607 639608 639609
In-FusionTM Advantage概述 概述
特征 酶的形式 酶的活性 In-Fusion PCR 克隆 10X 反应前需要稀释 严格按照操作手册进行实验 效率可能会受到PCR缓冲液的影响 依据细胞类型得到不同的实验结果 酶的稳定性 10X 酶-70oC保存1 年 1X 酶-20oC保存5个月 克隆效率 平均克隆数比In-Fusion Advantage少 3-4倍 阳性克隆效率>90% 没有便捷的产品包装 50 rxn 100 rxn 平均克隆数比In-Fusion多3-4倍 阳性克隆效率>90% 10 rxn 50 rxn 100 rxn 所有规格的都有配备Cloning Enhancer 或NucleoSpin和不配备 Cloning Enhancer 或NucleoSpin 的产品形式 In-Fusion Advantage PCR 克隆 直接使用的1X 无需稀释 操作手册的细微变化不影响实验 不受PCR缓冲液的影响 兼容的E. Coli 细胞类型广 1X 酶-20oC保存 1 年
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit w/Cloning Enhancer
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
In-Fusion Advantage PCR Cloning Kit w/NucleoSpin In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit w/Competent cells In-Fusion Dry-Down PCR Cloning Kit
一次克隆获得预 无需亚克隆 期结果
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