Improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of AISI 316 stainless steel

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等离子气缸套镀陶工艺探析

等离子喷涂技术是一种材料表面强化和表面改性的技术，可以使基体表面具有耐磨、耐蚀、耐高温氧化、电绝缘、隔热、防辐射、减磨和密封等性能。等离子喷涂技术是采用由直流电驱动的等离子电弧作为热源，将陶瓷、合金、金属等材料加热到熔融或半熔融状态，并以高速喷向经过预处理的工件表面而形成附着牢固的表面层的方法。［9，10］其具有超高温特性，便于进行高熔点材料的喷涂；喷射粒子的速度高，涂层致密，粘结强度高。由于使用惰性气体作为工作气体，所以喷涂材料不易氧化。
镀陶工艺，即在气缸套水道外圆处进行等离子镀陶工艺。通过等离子镀陶工艺，使气缸套的镀陶层结合力增
加，提高气缸套的抗穴蚀性能。
关键词：气缸套；工艺；等离子
中图分类号：U464.123
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1003-5168（2018）07-0046-03
Plasma Cylinder Set Plating Process
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第3期
等离子气缸套镀陶工艺探析
法较多，如表面氮化、三元共渗、电接触表面淬火和挤压碳化硅等技术被用于气缸套内表面处理。这些表面处理技术的应用，对延长发动机的寿命、提高气缸套的耐磨性都带来了积极作用。但是，这些技术也产生了许多新问题，如工艺复杂、耗费能源大、缸孔变形大、破坏原内孔尺寸和网纹结构以及废品率高等，效果均不理想［11，12］。
Abstract: In order to solve the engine cylinder liner water jacket surface cavitation, solve the problem of the engine cylinder liner processing technology improvement, increase the ceramic plating technology, name⁃ ly in waterway cylindrical cylinder for plasma ceramic plating technology. Through the plasma plating pro⁃ cess, the joint of the cylinder liner is increased, and the cavitation erosion performance of the cylinder lin⁃ er is improved. Keywords: cylinder liner；process；plasma

关于听音乐的好处英语作文

Listening to music is a universal pleasure that offers a myriad of benefits,both psychological and physiological.Here are some of the advantages of incorporating music into your daily routine:1.Stress Relief:Music has a calming effect on the mind.It can help reduce stress and anxiety by lowering cortisol levels,the hormone associated with stress.2.Mood Enhancement:Listening to your favorite tunes can elevate your mood and createa positive atmosphere.It can also help combat feelings of depression and sadness.3.Cognitive Stimulation:Music engages different parts of the brain,improving cognitive functions such as memory,attention,and problemsolving skills.4.Physical Health Benefits:Studies have shown that music can lower blood pressure, heart rate,and improve sleep quality.It can also serve as a form of exercise,especially when dancing to upbeat tunes.5.Social Connection:Music is a social activity that brings people together.Attending concerts or playing music with others can strengthen social bonds and create a sense of community.6.Cultural Appreciation:Exploring music from different cultures and eras can broaden your understanding and appreciation of the worlds diversity.7.Creativity Boost:Music can inspire creativity,whether you are a listener or a musician. It can spark new ideas and stimulate the imagination.8.Learning Tool:Music can be a powerful learning tool,aiding in the memorization of information and enhancing the learning process in various subjects.9.Emotional Expression:Music allows for the expression of emotions that might be difficult to articulate in words.It can serve as a cathartic release for pentup feelings.10.Personal Growth:Engaging with music can lead to personal growth by challenging you to learn new skills,such as playing an instrument or singing,and by exposing you to new ideas and perspectives.In conclusion,music is more than just entertainment it is a multifaceted activity that enriches our lives in numerous ways.Whether you prefer classical,jazz,rock,or pop, make sure to make music a part of your life to reap these benefits.。

关于旅游垃圾的英语作文

Tourism has become an integral part of modern life,offering people a chance to relax and explore new places.However,the growth of tourism has also brought about a significant issue:the accumulation of touristgenerated waste.This English essay will discuss the causes of tourism waste,its impacts on the environment and society,and potential solutions to mitigate this problem.IntroductionThe popularity of travel has soared in recent years,with millions of people visiting different destinations annually.While tourism boosts local economies and fosters cultural exchange,it also leads to the generation of waste that,if not managed properly,can harm the environment and detract from the beauty of tourist sites.Causes of Tourism Wasteck of Awareness:Many tourists are unaware of the environmental impact of their actions.They may not realize that disposing of waste improperly can harm the environment.2.Inadequate Waste Management Infrastructure:In some tourist destinations,the waste management system may not be equipped to handle the volume of waste generated by visitors.3.Cultural Differences:Tourists from different cultures may have varying attitudes towards waste disposal,leading to improper waste management practices.4.Overcrowding:Popular tourist spots often experience overcrowding,which can overwhelm local waste management systems and lead to littering.Impacts of Tourism Waste1.Environmental Degradation:Littering can lead to the pollution of natural habitats, affecting flora and fauna.Plastic waste,in particular,poses a threat to wildlife.2.Health Risks:Improper waste disposal can contaminate water sources and spread diseases.3.Economic Losses:The presence of waste can deter tourists,leading to a decline in tourism revenue for local economies.4.Cultural Erosion:Litter and pollution can deface historical and cultural sites, diminishing their value and appeal.Solutions to Tourism Wastecation and Awareness:Educating tourists about the importance of proper wastedisposal can encourage responsible behavior.2.Improved Waste Management Systems:Investing in better waste management infrastructure,such as more bins and recycling facilities,can help reduce waste accumulation.3.Regulations and Enforcement:Implementing and enforcing strict waste disposal regulations can deter littering and improper waste management.4.Sustainable Tourism Practices:Encouraging ecofriendly practices among tourists,such as using reusable bags and water bottles,can reduce waste generation.munity Involvement:Engaging local communities in waste management efforts can ensure that solutions are culturally sensitive and effective.ConclusionTourism waste is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention.By understanding its causes and impacts,and by implementing effective solutions,we can ensure that the tourism industry continues to thrive without compromising the environment or local communities.It is the collective responsibility of tourists,travel agencies,governments, and local communities to work together to minimize the environmental footprint of tourism and preserve the natural and cultural heritage for future generations.。

高中英语听力练习题

高中英语听力练习题I. 阅读理解第一篇In recent years, the popularity of listening tests has been on the rise. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, listening is an essential skill in foreign language learning. By practicing listening, students can improve their overall language proficiency. Secondly, listening tests can effectively assess students' ability to comprehend spoken language, which is often required in daily communication. Lastly, listening tests foster students' confidence in oral communication and encourage them to actively participate in conversations.For high school students, listening practice is particularly important as they prepare for college entrance exams. These exams often have a listening comprehension section, where students are required to listen to conversations or lectures and answer questions based on the information they hear. To excel in these exams, students need to develop good listening skills and be able to understand the main ideas, details, and infer meaning from context.To help students improve their listening skills, high schools often offer various listening exercises and practice tests. These include listening to audio recordings, watching videos with subtitles, and participating in group discussions. In addition, students are encouraged to invest in personal listening materials such as podcasts, audiobooks, and English movies. By immersing themselves in English listening materials, students can enhancetheir listening ability and become more familiar with the natural rhythm and pronunciation of the language.In conclusion, high school students should prioritize listening practice as part of their English language learning. With consistent effort and exposure to various listening materials, they will be able to achieve better results in listening comprehension tests and develop strong listening skills for both academic and real-life situations.第二篇Directions: In this section, you will hear short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.1. Woman: Do you have any plans for the weekend?Man: Yes, I'm going camping with a group of friends. Would you like to join us?Question: What does the man invite the woman to do?A. Go camping with him and his friends.B. Make plans for the weekend.C. Join a group of friends.D. Talk about camping.2. Man: I can't find my wallet. Have you seen it anywhere?Woman: Did you check your coat pocket? You usually keep it there.Question: Where does the woman suggest the man look for his wallet?A. In his coat pocket.B. In his bag.C. On the table.D. In his car.II. 完形填空Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage with ten blanks. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.PassageA vegetarian diet is becoming increasingly popular among people of all ages.（11）people choose to become vegetarians for health reasons, others do（12）because they believe it is wrong to kill animals for food.If you are thinking about becoming vegetarian, there are some important things to keep in mind. First, (13) is essential to ensure that your vegetarian diet provides all the necessary nutrients. A well-planned vegetarian diet can be very healthy, but if you are not careful, you may not get enough of certain nutrients, such as protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin B12. To prevent any nutrient deficiencies, it is important to eat a variety of foods and possibly take supplements if needed.Second, it is important to be aware of the potential challenges you may face as a vegetarian. For example, social situations can be difficult,especially when eating out or attending social gatherings where meat is the main focus. It is important to plan ahead and communicate your dietary needs to ensure that you have suitable options available.Lastly, it is important to be knowledgeable about different types of vegetarian diets. Some people choose to be lacto-ovo vegetarians, which means they eat dairy products and eggs in addition to plant-based foods. Others may follow a vegan diet, which excludes all animal products, including dairy and eggs.In conclusion, becoming a vegetarian can be a healthy and ethical choice. However, it is important to do thorough research and make informed decisions about your diet to ensure that you are meeting your nutritional needs.III. 对话理解Directions: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. After each conversation, you will be asked some questions about what was said. Choose the best answer to each question and mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.Conversation 1Woman: Excuse me, I'm looking for a pharmacy. Is there one nearby?Man: Yes, there's one just around the corner. Take a left at the traffic lights, and you'll see it on your right-hand side.Question 1: Where is the pharmacy?A. On the left at the traffic lights.B. On the right at the traffic lights.C. On the left-hand side.D. On the right-hand side.Question 2: How can the woman get to the pharmacy?A. By taking a right at the traffic lights.B. By taking a left at the traffic lights.C. By going straight ahead at the traffic lights.D. By turning around at the traffic lights.IV. 短文理解Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. After each passage, you will be asked some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you should choose the best answer from the four options marked A, B, C, and D. Mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.Passage 1Good morning, everyone. Today, I'd like to talk to you about the importance of time management. We all have the same 24 hours in a day, but how we use those hours can greatly affect our productivity and success.Firstly, it is essential to set clear goals and prioritize tasks. By having a clear understanding of what needs to be accomplished and organizing tasks based on their importance, we can avoid wasting time on unimportant activities and focus on what truly matters.Secondly, avoiding distractions is crucial for effective time management. In today's digital age, it is easy to get caught up in social media, emails, and other distractions. However, these can significantly hinder our productivity. One helpful tip is to allocate specific time slots for checking emails and social media, rather than constantly being available and getting distracted throughout the day.Lastly, learning to delegate tasks and asking for help when needed can greatly improve time management. By recognizing our strengths and weaknesses, we can distribute tasks accordingly and maximize efficiency. Additionally, seeking assistance from others can save time and prevent unnecessary stress.In conclusion, effective time management is crucial for achieving success in both personal and professional life. By setting clear goals, avoiding distractions, and learning to delegate, we can make the most of our time and accomplish more in less time.Question 1: What is the speaker's topic?A. The importance of setting clear goals.B. The significance of productivity and success.C. The effects of time management on personal life.D. The importance of time management.Question 2: According to the speaker, what can hinder productivity?A. Checking emails and social media constantly.B. Setting clear goals and tasks.C. Distributing tasks according to strengths and weaknesses.D. Asking for help from others.Passage 2Good morning, students. I hope you all had a good rest over the weekend. Today, I'd like to talk to you about the benefits of physical exercise.Regular physical exercise has numerous benefits for both our physical and mental health. Firstly, exercise helps improve cardiovascular health and strengthen muscles, which can reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes. Engaging in activities such as jogging, swimming, or cycling can significantly improve our overall fitness levels.In addition to its physical benefits, exercise also has a positive impact on our mental well-being. When we engage in physical activity, our bodies release endorphins, which are often referred to as "feel-good" hormones. This can improve our mood, reduce stress levels, and even alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety.Furthermore, exercise can enhance cognitive function and improve academic performance. Research shows that regular exercise can boost memory, attention, and concentration, which are important for studying and learning. Incorporating physical activity into your daily routine can help you stay focused and perform better academically.In conclusion, regular physical exercise has numerous benefits for our overall well-being. By engaging in exercise, we can improve our physical health, enhance our mental well-being, and even perform betteracademically. So, let's make exercise a priority in our daily lives and reap the rewards it brings.Question 1: What are the benefits of exercise mentioned by the speaker?A. The reduction of chronic diseases.B. The improvement of cardiovascular health.C. The enhancement of academic performance.D. All of the above.Question 2: According to the passage, how does exercise affect our mental well-being?A. It decreases stress levels.B. It improves memory and concentration.C. It elevates mood.D. All of the above.V. 信息转述Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. After you hear the passage, you will have 1 minute to retell it in your own words. You will have 10 seconds to prepare your response.PassageThe passage discussed the benefits of reading books. Reading books has numerous advantages for individuals of all ages. Firstly, reading can expand one's knowledge and understanding of the world. Through books, people canlearn about different cultures, historical events, and various perspectives. This broadens their horizons and allows them to view the world from different angles.Secondly, reading books can enhance one's language skills. By exposing oneself to well-written literature, individuals can improve their vocabulary, grammar, and writing abilities. This is particularly beneficial for students who are studying a foreign language or preparing for language exams.Additionally, reading can be a great source of entertainment and escapism. It provides a way to relax and unwind, allowing individuals to immerse themselves in different worlds and experiences. Whether it's a thrilling mystery, a heartwarming romance, or an inspiring biography, books have the ability to captivate readers and transport them to different time periods and settings.In conclusion, reading books is not only an enjoyable pastime but also a valuable activity for personal growth. It expands knowledge, enhances language skills, and offers a means of relaxation and escape. So, let's make reading a regular part of our lives and reap the many benefits it brings.。

2010ACC冠脉CTA专家共识-英文

Writing Committee Members Daniel B.Mark,MD,MPH,FACC,FAHA,Chair*Daniel S.Berman,MD,FACC†‡Matthew J.Budoff,MD,FACC,FAHA§J.Jeffrey Carr,MD,FACC,FAHAʈThomas C.Gerber,MD,FACC,FAHA¶#Harvey S.Hecht,MD,FACC§Mark A.Hlatky,MD,FACC,FAHAJohn McB.Hodgson,MD,FSCAI,FACC**Michael uer,MD,FACC,FAHA*Julie ler,MD,FACC*Richard L.Morin,P H DʈDebabrata Mukherjee,MD,FACCMichael Poon,MD,FACC‡Geoffrey D.Rubin,MD,FAHA¶#Robert S.Schwartz,MD,FACC***American College of Cardiology Foundation Representative;†Amer-ican Society of Nuclear Cardiology Representative;‡Society of Cardio-vascular Computed Tomography Representative;§Society of Athero-sclerosis Imaging and Prevention Representative;ʈAmerican College ofRadiology Representative;¶American Heart Association Representa-tive;#North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Represen-tative;**Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and InterventionsRepresentativeACCFTask Force Members Robert A.Harrington,MD,FACC,FAHA,ChairEric R.Bates,MD,FACCCharles R.Bridges,MD,MPH,FACC,FAHAMark J.Eisenberg,MD,MPH,FACC,FAHAVictor A.Ferrari,MD,FACC,FAHAMark A.Hlatky,MD,FACC,FAHAAlice K.Jacobs,MD,FACC,FAHASanjay Kaul,MD,MBBS,FACCDavid J.Moliterno,MD,FACCDebabrata Mukherjee,MD,FACCRobert S.Rosenson,MD,FACC,FAHAJames H.Stein,MD,FACC,FAHA††Howard H.Weitz,MD,FACCDeborah J.Wesley,RN,BSN,CCA††Former Task Force member during this writing effortThis document was approved by the American College of Cardiology Foundation Board of Trustees in November2009,the American College of Radiology in January 2010,the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Commit-tee in January2010,the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging in January2010,the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention in January2010, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions in January2010,and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography in January2010.The American College of Cardiology Foundation requests that this document be cited as follows:Mark DB,Berman DS,Budoff MJ,Carr JJ,Gerber TC,Hecht HS, Hlatky MA,Hodgson JM,Lauer MS,Miller JM,Morin RL,Mukherjee D,Poon M, Rubin GD,Schwartz RS.ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SAIP/SCAI/SCCT2010 expert consensus document on coronary computed tomographic angiography:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents.J Am Coll Cardiol2010;55:2663–99.This article has been copublished in the June8,2010,issue of Circulation and e-published in Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions.Copies:This document is available on the World Wide Web sites of the American College of Cardiology()and the American Heart Association(my. ).For copies of this document,please contact Elsevier Inc.Reprint Department,fax(212)633-3820.e-mail reprints@.Permissions:Modiﬁcation,alteration,enhancement,and/or distribution of this document are not permitted without the express permission of the American College of Cardiology Foundation.Please contact Elsevier’s permission department at healthpermissions@.Preamble (2664)1.Introduction (2665)1.1.Writing Committee Organization (2665)1.2.Document Development Process (2665)1.2.1.Relationships With Industry and Other Entities (2665)1.2.2.Consensus Development (2665)1.2.3.External Peer Review (2665)1.2.4.Final Writing Committee and Task ForceSign-Off on the Document (2665)1.2.5.Document Approval (2666)1.3.Purpose of This Expert Consensus Document (2666)2.Executive Summary (2666)3.Perspective and Scope of This Document (2668)4.Coronary CT Angiography:Brief Overview ofthe Technology (2668)4.1.Patient Selection and Preparation (2668)4.2.Coronary CT Image Acquisition (2669)4.2.1.Temporal Resolution of a CT Scan (2669)4.2.2.Spatial Resolution of a CT Scan (2669)4.3.Image Reconstruction and Interpretation (2670)5.Diagnostic Imaging of Coronary Arteries:Important Concepts (2671)6.Assessment of Left Ventricular Function:Important Concepts (2672)7.General Issues in Clinical Test Evaluation (2673)7.1.Key Clinical Questions (2673)7.1.1.Assessing Diagnostic Accuracy (2673)7.1.2.Likelihood Ratios and Receiver-OperatorCharacteristic Curves (2673)7.1.3.Assessing Prognostic Value (2674)7.1.4.Assessing Therapeutic Value (2674)8.Current Coronary CT Angiography Applications..26748.1.Diagnostic Accuracy of Coronary CT Angiographyin Stable Patients With Suspected CAD (2674)8.1.1.Coronary Anatomic Subgroup Data (2676)parison of Coronary CT Angiography WithStress Perfusion Imaging (2677)parison of Coronary CT Angiography WithFractional Flow Reserve (2678)8.2.Prognostic Evaluation of CoronaryCT Angiography in Stable Patients WithSuspected Coronary Disease (2678)e of Coronary CT Angiography in theAssessment of Patients With AcuteChest Pain (2679)e of Coronary CT Angiography in PreoperativeEvaluation of Patients Before NoncoronaryCardiac Surgery (2680)e of Coronary CT Angiography in theFollow-Up of Cardiac Transplant Patients (2680)e of Coronary CT Angiography in PatientsWith Prior Coronary Bypass Surgery (2680)e of Coronary CT Angiography in PatientsWith Prior Coronary Stenting (2681)8.8.Other Patient Subgroup Data (2682)8.9.Assessment of Global and Regional LeftVentricular Function (2682)9.Emerging Applications (2683)9.1.Noncalciﬁed Coronary Plaque Imaging andIts Potential Clinical Uses (2683)9.2.Assessing Atherosclerotic Burden (2683)9.3.Identiﬁcation of Vulnerable Plaques (2684)9.4.Left Ventricular Enhancement Patterns (2684)10.Areas Without Consensus (2684)10.1.Incidental Extracardiac Findings (2684)e of Coronary CT Angiography inAsymptomatic High-Risk Individuals (2686)10.3.The“Triple Rule-Out”in the EmergencyDepartment (2686)11.Safety Considerations (2687)11.1.Patient Radiation Dose (2687)11.2.Intravenous Contrast (2689)12.Cost-Effectiveness Considerations (2690)13.Quality Considerations (2691)References (2692)Appendix1.Author Relationships With Industryand Other Entities (2697)Appendix2.Peer Reviewer Relationships WithIndustry and Other Entities (2698)PreambleThis document was developed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation(ACCF)Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents(ECDs)and cosponsored by the American College of Radiology(ACR),American Heart Association(AHA),American Society of Nuclear Cardiology(ASNC),North American Society for Cardio-vascular Imaging(NASCI),Society of Atherosclerosis Im-aging and Prevention(SAIP),Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions(SCAI),and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography(SCCT)to provide2664Mark et al.JACC Vol.55,No.23,2010 Expert Consensus on CT Angiography June8,2010:2663–99a perspective on the current state of computed tomographic angiography(CTA).ECDs are intended to inform practi-tioners and other interested parties of the opinion of the ACCF and document cosponsors concerning evolving areas of clinical practice and/or technologies that are widely available or new to the practice community.Topics are chosen for coverage because the evidence base,the experi-ence with technology,and/or the clinical practice are not considered sufﬁciently well developed to be evaluated by the formal ACCF/AHA practice guidelines process.Often the topic is the subject of ongoing investigation.Thus,the reader should view the ECD as the best attempt of the ACCF and document cosponsors to inform and guide clinical practice in areas where rigorous evidence may not be available or the evidence to date is not widely accepted. When feasible,ECDs include indications or contraindica-tions.Some topics covered by ECDs will be addressed subsequently by the ACCF/AHA Practice Guidelines Committee.The task force makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conﬂicts of interest that might arise as a result of an outside relationship or personal interest of a member of the writing panel.Speciﬁcally,all members of the writing panel are asked to provide disclosure statements of all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conﬂicts of interest to inform the writing effort.These statements are reviewed by the parent task force,reported orally to all members of the writing panel at theﬁrst meeting,and updated as changes occur.The relationships and industry information for writing committee members and peer reviewers are published in Appendix1and Ap-pendix2of the document,respectively.Robert A.Harrington,MD,FACC,FAHAChair,ACCF Task Force onClinical Expert Consensus Documents 1.Introduction1.1.Writing Committee OrganizationThe writing committee consisted of acknowledged experts in theﬁeld of CTA,as well as a liaison from the ACCF Task Force on Clinical ECDs,the oversight group for this document.In addition to2ACCF members,the writing committee included2representatives from the ACR and AHA and1representative from ASNC,NASCI,SAIP, SCAI,and SCCT.Representation by an outside organiza-tion does not necessarily imply endorsement.1.2.Document Development Process1.2.1.Relationships With Industry and Other Entities At itsﬁrst meeting,each member of the writing committee reported all relationships with industry and other entities relevant to this document topic.This information was updated,if applicable,at the beginning of all subsequent meetings and full committee conference calls.As noted in the Preamble,relevant relationships with industry and other entities of writing committee members are published in Appendix1.1.2.2.Consensus DevelopmentDuring theﬁrst meeting,the writing committee discussed the topics to be covered in the document and assigned lead authors for each section.Authors conducted literature searches and drafted their sections of the document outline. Over a series of meetings and conference calls,the writing committee reviewed each section,discussed document con-tent,and ultimately arrived at consensus on a document that was sent for external peer review.Following peer review,the writing committee chair engaged authors to address re-viewer comments andﬁnalize the document for document approval by participating organizations.Of note,telecon-ferences were scheduled between the writing committee chair and members who were not present at the meetings to ensure consensus on the document.1.2.3.External Peer ReviewThis document was reviewed by15ofﬁcial representatives from the ACCF(2representatives),ACR(2representa-tives),AHA(2representatives),ASNC(1representative), NASCI(2representatives),SAIP(2representatives),SCAI (2representatives),and SCCT(2representatives),as well as 10content reviewers,resulting in518peer review com-ments.See list of peer reviewers,afﬁliations for the review process,and corresponding relationships with industry and other entities in Appendix2.Peer review comments were entered into a table and reviewed in detail by the writing committee chair.The chair engaged writing committee members to respond to the comments,and the document was revised to incorporate reviewer comments where deemed appropriate by the writing committee.In addition,a member of the ACCF Task Force on Clinical ECDs served as lead reviewer for this document. This person conducted an independent review of the doc-ument at the time of peer review.Once the writing committee documented its response to reviewer comments and updated the manuscript,the lead reviewer assessed whether all peer review issues were handled adequately or whether there were gaps that required additional review. The lead reviewer reported to the task force chair that all comments were handled appropriately and recommended that the document go forward to the task force forﬁnal review and sign-off.1.2.4.Final Writing Committee and Task ForceSign-Off on the DocumentThe writing committee formally signed off on theﬁnal document,as well as the relationships with industry that would be published with the document.The ACCF Task Force on Clinical ECDs also reviewed and formally ap-proved the document to be sent for organizational approval.2665JACC Vol.55,No.23,2010Mark et al. June8,2010:2663–99Expert Consensus on CT Angiography1.2.5.Document ApprovalTheﬁnal version of the document,along with the peer review comments and responses to comments were circu-lated to the ACCF Board of Trustees for review and approval.The document was approved in November2009. The document was then sent to the governing boards of the ACR,AHA,ASNC,NASCI,SAIP,SCAI,and SCCT for endorsement consideration,along with the peer review comments/responses for their respective ofﬁcial peer review-ers.ACCF,ACR,AHA,NASCI,SAIP,SCAI,and SCCT formally endorsed this document.This document will be considered current until the ACCF Task Force on Clinical ECDs revises or withdraws it from publication.1.3.Purpose of This Expert Consensus Document This document presents an expert consensus overview of the current and emerging clinical uses of coronary CTA in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD).Since the evidence base for this technology is not felt to be sufﬁciently mature to support a clinical practice guideline at present,this ECD offers an alternative vehicle in which the state of the art of coronary CTA can be described without the requirement to provide explicit rec-ommendations accompanied by formal ratings of the quality of available evidence.The intention of this document is to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of current clinical uses of coronary CTA as reﬂected in the published peer-reviewed literature and as interpreted by the writing committee.The document is not intended primarily as either a comprehensive litera-ture review or as an instruction guide for those interested in performing or interpreting coronary computed tomography (CT)angiograms.The document also does not offer speciﬁc statements rating the appropriateness of various potential clinical uses of coronary CTA,as this has been dealt with in the ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/ SIR2006Appropriateness Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1).Finally,this document does not address the evaluation of coronary calcium using CT,except as it pertains to CTA studies in patients with suspected or known CAD,since this topic has also been covered in the ACCF/AHA2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring by Computed Tomography in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and in Evaluation of Pa-tients With Chest Pain(1a).2.Executive SummaryAdvances in CT imaging technology,including the intro-duction of multidetector row systems with electrocardio-graphic gating,have made imaging of the heart and the coronary arteries feasible.The potential to obtain informa-tion noninvasively comparable to that provided by invasive coronary angiography has been the major driving force behind the rapid growth and dissemination of cardiac CT imaging.In the future,the ability of CTA to provide information not currently available from invasive angiogra-phy may provide the basis for a major shift in how patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are classiﬁed and managed.Currently,cardiac CTA can provide information about coronary anatomy and left ventricular(LV)function that can be used in the evaluation of patients with suspected or known CAD.The technology for performing coronary CT angiograms is evolving at a rate that often outpaces research evaluating its incremental beneﬁts.Multidetector CT technology prior to64-channel or“slice”systems should now be considered inadequate for cardiac imaging(except for studies limited to assessing coronary calcium).The incremental value of re-cently introduced CT hardware with128-,256-,and 320-channel systems over64-channel systems has not yet been determined.As with any diagnostic technology,cor-onary CTA has technical limitations with which users should be familiar,and proper patient selection and prepa-ration are important to maximize the diagnostic accuracy of the test.Most cardiac CTA examinations result in a large 4-dimensional(4D)dataset of the heart obtained over the entire cardiac cycle.Physicians who interpret these exami-nations must be able to analyze the image data interactively on a dedicated workstation and combine knowledge of the patient with expertise in coronary anatomy,coronary patho-physiology,and CT image analysis techniques and limita-tions.In addition,integration of coronary CTA data into clinical practice requires that the results be evaluated in terms of what was known diagnostically and prognostically before the test was performed and,thus,what incremental information the test provides.The ability of a test such as coronary CTA to provide incremental diagnostic informa-tion that alters management(as contrasted with increasing diagnostic certainty alone)is heavily dependent both on the pretest probability and on the alternative diagnostic strate-gies considered.The published literature on the diagnostic accuracy of 64-channel coronary CTA compared with invasive coronary angiography as of June2009consists of3multicenter cohort studies along with over45single-center studies,many of the latter involving fewer than100patients.This literature reﬂects careful selection of study subjects and test interpre-tation by expert readers,typically with exclusion of patients who would be expected to have lower quality studies,such as those with irregular heart rates(e.g.,atrialﬁbrillation), obesity,or inability to comply with instructions for breath holding.In addition,because the cohorts for these studies were assembled from patients referred for invasive coronary angiography,they do not necessarily reﬂect,in terms of obstructive CAD prevalence or clinical presentation,the population to which coronary CTA is most likely to be applied in clinical practice.Accepting these caveats,some consistent conclusions emerge from this literature that may be useful in clinical decision making.In these studies,2666Mark et al.JACC Vol.55,No.23,2010 Expert Consensus on CT Angiography June8,2010:2663–99overall sensitivity and speciﬁcity on a per-patient basis are both high,and the number of indeterminate studies due to inability to image important coronary segments in the select cohorts represented is less than5%.In most circumstances, a negative coronary CT angiogram rules out signiﬁcant obstructive coronary disease with a very high degree of conﬁdence,based on the post-test probabilities obtained in cohorts with a wide range of pretest probabilities.However, post-test probabilities following a positive coronary CT angiogram are more variable,due in part to the tendency to overestimate disease severity,particularly in smaller and more distal coronary segments or in segments with artifacts caused by calciﬁcation in the arterial walls.At present,data on the prognostic value of coronary CTA using64-channel or greater systems remain quite limited.Furthermore,no large-scale studies have yet made a direct comparison of long-term outcomes following conventional diagnostic im-aging strategies versus strategies involving coronary CTA. As with invasive coronary angiography,the results of coronary CTA are often not concordant with stress single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)myocar-dial perfusion imaging(MPI).The differences in the pa-rameters measured by MPI(“function”or“physiology”)and CTA(“anatomy”)must be considered when making patient management decisions with these studies.Of note,a normal MPI does not exclude the presence of coronary atheroscle-rosis although it does signify a very low risk of future major adverse events over the short to intermediate term.Con-versely,coronary CTA allows detection of some coronary atherosclerotic plaques that are not hemodynamically sig-niﬁcant.The optimal management of such disease has not been established.Neither test can presently identify with any reasonable clinical probability nonobstructive coronary plaques that might rupture in the future and cause acute myocardial infarction(MI).Invasive coronary angiography has a similar limitation.Studies comparing coronary CTA with fractionalﬂow reserve(FFR)measured as part of invasive coronary angio-graphic studies complement the MPI comparisons de-scribed in the preceding text by showing that coronary CTA anatomic data do not provide very accurate insights into the probability that speciﬁc lesions will produce clinically sig-niﬁcant ischemia.Similar observations have been made about the relationship of FFR data and the anatomic information provided by invasive coronary angiography.In the context of the emergency department evaluation of patients with acute chest discomfort,currently available data suggest that coronary CTA may be useful in the evaluation of patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS)who do not have either acute electrocardiogram (ECG)changes or positive cardiac markers.However, existing data are limited,and large multicenter trials com-paring CTA with conventional evaluation strategies are needed to help deﬁne the role of this technology in this category of patients.Coronary CTA imaging of patients with prior coronary bypass surgery yields very accurate information about the state of the bypass grafts but less accurate information about the native arteries distal to the bypasses and the ungrafted arteries.Because chest pain after bypass surgery might be associated with disease progression in either a graft or a native coronary artery,the difﬁculty of accurately assessing the native vessels is an important limitation for the clinical use of coronary CTA in the post-bypass patient. Coronary stents pose some signiﬁcant technical chal-lenges for coronary CTA,since the metal in the stents may create several types of artifacts in the images.Special algorithms are now routinely used that may reduce some of these artifacts during image reconstruction.The literature suggests that in patients who have large diameter stents, good image quality,and whose clinical presentation suggests low-to-intermediate probability for restenosis,64-channel coronary CTA can be used to rule out severe in-stent restenosis.There are no studies that directly compare a coronary CTA strategy with an invasive coronary angiog-raphy strategy in patients with coronary stents,and such data will be required to understand the efﬁciencies and tradeoffs of these2strategies in this population.The literature on the assessment of LV function using cardiac CTA in patients with suspected or known CAD is much smaller than that for diagnostic coronary imaging. One likely reason is that echocardiography already provides a readily available,noninvasive means of assessing ventric-ular function and wall motion and does so without exposing patients to ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast agents. Available comparisons with cardiovascular magnetic res-onance(CMR)suggest that CTA estimation of LV ejection fraction is accurate over a wide range of values.Accuracy may,however,be reduced at higher heart rates due to difﬁculties in capturing end-systolic and end-diastolic phases e of some newer strategies to reduce the radiation dose of coronary CTA studies,such as sequential scanning,will eliminate the ability to assess LV function with the same study.The writing committee considered several emerging ap-plications where empirical data were deemed insufﬁcient to support development of a consensus.Imaging of noncalci-ﬁed coronary plaques may in the future become a useful application for coronary CTA,but it has no role in current practice since there are insufﬁcient data to assess its clinical utility.CTA assessment of total atherosclerotic burden and potential plaque vulnerability similarly will require substan-tial additional technical development and clinical investiga-tion to deﬁne their potential value in patient management. The writing committee identiﬁed3areas without con-sensus:the interpretation of incidental noncardiacﬁndings on the CT examination,the use of coronary CTA in asymptomatic subjects,and the“triple rule-out”examina-tion of patients with acute chest pain in the emergency department.2667JACC Vol.55,No.23,2010Mark et al. June8,2010:2663–99Expert Consensus on CT AngiographyUse of coronary CTA raises2important safety issues:1) the amount of radiation absorbed by the body tissues;and2) the exposure to iodinated contrast agents that have the potential to produce allergic reactions and acute renal injury. Median effective radiation dose(which is a calculated rather than empirically measured quantity)for coronary CTA with current technology was12mSv in a cross-sectional inter-national study of50sites(both academic and community) assessed in2007.Individual sites in this study varied from a median of5to30mSv.In a15-hospital imaging registry in Michigan in2007,prospective use of a set of best practice radiation dose reduction recommendations resulted in a reduction in the average scan effective radiation dose from 21mSv to10mSv with no reduction in image quality. Several preliminary economic studies using claims data and/or modeling have examined the use of coronary CTA in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected coronary disease and in the evaluation of acute chest pain in the emergency department.Within the limits imposed by the data avail-able,these studies suggest that a diagnostic strategy using coronary CTA may potentially reduce both the time spent in the diagnostic process and the overall costs of clinical evaluation in selected populations,particularly in lower-risk subjects who otherwise would have been subjected to more expensive and possibly less accurate testing strategies.How-ever,longer-term empirical studies will be required to establish the full economic impact of this technology in contemporary practice.3.Perspective and Scope of This Document This document focuses on the perspective of clinicians caring for patients with suspected or known CAD in evaluating the potential current uses for cardiac CTA. Therefore,the use of cardiac CTA for other primary clinical questions,such as the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, pulmonary parenchymal disease,pericardial disease,cardiac masses,arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia,thoracic aortic disease,and congenital heart disease will not be directly addressed.Such disorders,of course,are relevant to the subject matter of this report when they are identiﬁed by the cardiac CT angiogram as a possible cause of the patient’s symptoms.This report does consider cardiac CT angio-graphic estimation of LV ejection fraction and evaluation of regional wall-motion abnormalities because theseﬁndings may help reﬁne the assessment of the severity and clinical relevance of CAD.Detection of coronary calcium by CT has been addressed in the ACCF/AHA2007Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring by CT in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and in Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain(1a),and therefore will not be considered here except where assess-ment of coronary calciﬁcation is relevant to the performance and interpretation of coronary rmation provided by coronary CTA that is relevant to the patient with suspected or known CAD is considered to the extent made possible by the available published evidence.The writing committee felt that abstracts and oral presentations were not sufﬁciently reliable sources to be used in the construction of this document.4.Coronary CT Angiography:Brief Overview of the Technology Noninvasive coronary imaging requires a system capable of acquiring motion-free,high spatial resolution images within less than20seconds,while patients are holding their breath. Current generation64-channel multidetector row com-puted tomography(MDCT)fulﬁlls these requirements reasonably well(2).This section will brieﬂy review selected technical and interpretive issues speciﬁcally relevant to the performance of MDCT coronary imaging.Readers of the literature should not be confused by the fact that several equivalent terms are used to refer to this technology, including multidetector CT,multidetector row CT,multi-slice CT,and multichannel CT.Appropriate patient selection and preparation are ma-jor preimaging determinants of image quality.Key as-pects of the imaging process include heart rate and rhythm control,the proper timing of the scan relative to the introduction of the intravenous contrast bolus into the circulation,and minimization of patient motion. Interactive image reconstruction techniques are critical to proper diagnostic interpretation but cannot remedy deﬁ-ciencies in collection of raw radiographic data.The determinants of patient radiation dose and the trade-offs between radiation dose and image quality are discussed in Section11,Safety Considerations.4.1.Patient Selection and PreparationImage quality of coronary CTA is improved by achieving a slow,regular heart rate,excluding very obese patients, selecting patients able to cooperate with instructions to be motionless and to hold their breath during imaging,and by assessing the presence and distribution of coronary calciﬁ-cation.All of these are evident from an initial patient evaluation except coronary calciﬁcation,which is typically assessed during the precontrast scans taken at the start of imaging.At present,there is noﬁrm consensus on the extent of coronary calciﬁcation that precludes a technically adequate coronary CT angiogram.Innovations in the scan-ning process currently under investigation may reduce the importance of this issue in the future.Patient preparation steps include achieving intravenous access,typically in an antecubital vein suitable for contrast administration at aﬂow rate of4to6mL/s,and adminis-tering preprocedure beta blockade when needed to achieve the desired heart rate and rhythm.Administration of sublingual nitroglycerin can be used to enhance coronary vasodilatation at the time of imaging.Rehearsal of the2668Mark et al.JACC Vol.55,No.23,2010 Expert Consensus on CT Angiography June8,2010:2663–99。

神外二区小讲课：洼田饮水试验及相关饮食指导

Be patient to enlighten（开导） and inspire, and try to assist intake all the
bookings.
Add a spoonful(匙) of water in the teeth in order to stimulate to open the
lung infection （肺炎）
Malnutrition （营养不良）
2.prevent
Dehydration （脱水）
Asphyxia （窒息）
Advantages
classify
simple operation
Ensure different degrees of swallowing dysfunction clearly
Guangzhou Medical University
Drinking water test & The relevant guidance of diet
洼田饮水试验及相关饮食指导
主讲人:石彩兰指导老师:朱美玲 2017. 03. 24
1.Reasons of drinking water test
cereal beverage（谷物饮料）, joined with thickening agent（增粘剂） of water, soup, eggs, etc
rice paste（米糊）, vegetables paste（菜糊）, meat paste, steamed egg（蒸水蛋）， water lotus root starch（水藕粉）,
Surgical treatment.
.
Prevent abnormal deglutition(误咽) and aspiration pneumonia（吸入性肺炎）

泵的技术的现状和发展

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------泵的技术的现状和发展泵的技术的现状和发展热能 08-1 班卞庆飞 03081170 摘要：泵是受原动机控制，驱使介质运动，是将原动机输出的能量转换为介质压力能的能量转换装置。

泵是应用非常广泛的通用机械，可以说凡有液体流动之处，几乎都有泵在工作。

泵是企业不可缺少的重要设备之一，但其工作条件恶劣，经常出现腐蚀、气蚀、冲刷、磨损等现象，导致设备失效。

泵的制造的材料选用是泵的设计使用中重要的一环。

实现泵内部流动的数值模拟对于泵的优化设计, 改善其水力性能以达到增效节能的目的具有重要的现实意义。

关键词：泵、现状、发展、改进、材料、数值模拟 Abstract：Pump is the prime mover control by the driving media campaign。

It is prime mover output will energy conversion for medium pressure can energy conversion devices. The pump is very extensive of general machinery, can say all the place of liquid flow, there are nearly pump in the work. The pump is the enterprise one of the indispensable and important equipment, but their work conditions, often appear corrosion, cavitation1 / 15erosion, the phenomenon such as, wear, lead to equipment failure. Pumps material selection of the design of the pump is the important one link in use. Realize the numerical simulation of the flow in the pump for the optimization design of the pump, improve its hydraulic performance in order to achieve the purpose of energy-saving efficiency has an important practical significance. Key word：Pump, the present situation, development and improvement, the material, the numerical simulation 0 前言泵是受原动机控制，驱使介质运动，是将原动机输出的能量转换为介质压力能的能量转换装置。

写作业发出噪音的危害英语

When completing homework,making noise can have several detrimental effects on both the individual and their surroundings.Here are some of the potential harms associated with noisy environments while doing homework:1.Distraction:Noise can be a significant distraction,making it difficult to concentrate on the task at hand.This can lead to a decrease in productivity and the quality of work.2.Stress and Anxiety:A noisy environment can increase stress levels,which can negatively impact cognitive functions and the ability to focus.This may result in feelings of anxiety and restlessness.3.Learning Difficulty:For students,especially those with learning disabilities or conditions like ADHD,noise can exacerbate difficulties in learning and retaining information.4.Sleep Disruption:If homework is done late into the night and involves noise,it can disrupt the sleep patterns of the student and others in the household,leading to fatigue and reduced cognitive performance the next day.5.Impaired Memory:Consistently working in a noisy environment can impair shortterm memory and the ability to recall information,which is crucial for academic performance.6.Health Issues:Prolonged exposure to noise can lead to various health issues,including hearing loss,cardiovascular problems,and a weakened immune system.7.Social Conflicts:Noise from homework activities can disturb others in the vicinity, leading to social conflicts and a negative impact on relationships.8.Inefficiency:Trying to work through the noise can lead to inefficiencies,as the student may need to reread or redo work due to errors caused by distractions.9.Miscommunication:If the homework involves group work or online collaboration, background noise can make communication difficult,leading to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.10.Impact on Creativity:A noisy environment can stifle creative thinking,which is essential for problemsolving and innovative approaches to assignments.To mitigate these harms,its important to create a quiet and comfortable studyenvironment,use noisecancelling headphones if necessary,and establish boundaries with others to minimize disruptions.。

红宝书必考词（纯单词版）

unit 1perform optional rate sensible tolerate choose performance organ ratio sensitive accumulate board period organic rational separate accuracy boast periodical organism reach sequence accurate bonus perish organiz(s)ation react serial accuse boom perpetual organiz(s)e realistic series achieve boost perplex enhance reality serious acknowledge verbal perspective enlarge realiz(s)e toast cheer verdict pessimistic enlighten select together chemical verify perform optional rate sensible tolerate choose optimum rare sense tolerance chip version option rarely sensation tolerant choice vesselunit 2acclaim charge dependent feed grant immigrant accommodate charm deposit feedback heap immune accommodation(s) c hase depress feeling heal likely accompany demand emerge fertile health likelihood accomplish democracy emergency goal healthy likewise account democratic eminent goods hesitate self accountant demonstrate emotion govern highlight selfishbias denote fear government highlandbid denial 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device plotsort affair collect commit devise policysoul affect collection committee ensure politesound affection collective commodity entail politicalsour affiliate collide common indeed politiciansource affirm column communicate independence politicsadvance afford combat communication independent polladvanced breach combine communism index ponderadvantage break command community mereadvice breakdown commend detect merelyadvise breed comment deteriorate plausibleadvisable coincide commerce determine pleaunit 7brisk alienate compete comply encounter specialbrief allocate competition compliment encourage specialistbrittle allow competitive differ end specializ(s)ebrowse alter competent difference endeavo(u)r specialty(-ity) aggravate alternate compile diffuse endorse species aggressive alternative complain emphasis indicate specific agitate comparable complaint emphasize indication specification agreeable comparative complement employ indicative specifyaid compare complete employee 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judge lateral theme observe qualitativeradical judgement latter theory obsession safeguardideal judicial law theoretical obsolete safetyideology jury magnitude therapy obtain savage identical justice magnify object obvious save identification justify magnificent objective pace saving identify key maintain objection panel scale identity knit maintenance obligation panorama scene journal label major oblige qualification scenery journalist lag majority obscure qualifyunit 17tow temporary ultimate union variable weigh toward(s) tempt underestimate unique variation weight take temptation undergo universal variety weird talent tend underlie universe various weld target tendency underlying unlike vary welfare taste tentative underline unlikely vast whirl technical term understand unusual wage whisper technician terminal understanding vague wander yield technique terminate undertake vain want youth technology testify uneasy valid way zigzag teenager trace unemployment valuable weak zone temper 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meaning opportunity seem utiliz(s)epay random means opponent seemingly utter payment range meantime oppose thrift wonder peculiar rank meanwhile opposite thrill worshippeer master measure oppress thrive worthper masterpiece opening scope through worthwhile perceive mate opera score throughout worthy percentage material operate scorn tip writeperfect mathematical operation secure title writerrail mature operational security urbanunit 22project promote respective suck superb atmosphere profit prompt respond sue superficial council profitable proof response suffer superfluous counsel profound reservation responsibility suffice superior drama program/programme reserve responsible sufficient superiority dramatic progressive resist succeed suggest supervise exploit prohibit resistance success suggestion trigger explore prolong resistant successful suicide triumph intellectual prominent resort succession suit assure intelligence promise resource successive suitable assurance intelligent 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interact nerve proposal attain credit extensive intercourse nervous propose attempt crisis extent interest nevertheless proposition attend drive human interiorprospect attention drug humanity internal prospective attitude export humble international。

健康的习惯英语作文

健康的习惯英语作文Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for both our physical and mental wellbeing. Here are some key habits that can contribute to a healthier life1. Regular Exercise Engaging in physical activities on a regular basis helps to strengthen the muscles improve cardiovascular health and boost the immune system. Its recommended to aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.2. Balanced Diet Eating a variety of foods ensures that you get all the necessary nutrients. Include plenty of fruits vegetables whole grains lean proteins and healthy fats in your diet. Limiting the intake of processed foods sugar and saturated fats can also help in maintaining a healthy weight.3. Adequate Sleep Getting enough sleep is essential for the body to repair and rejuvenate itself. Adults typically need between 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night. Establishing a regular sleep schedule and creating a restful environment can improve sleep quality.4. Hydration Drinking plenty of water throughout the day helps to maintain bodily functions and can aid in digestion circulation and temperature regulation. Aim for at least 8 glasses of water a day.5. Stress Management Chronic stress can have negative effects on health. Incorporating stressreducing activities such as meditation yoga or deep breathing exercises can help manage stress levels.6. Avoiding Harmful Substances Refraining from smoking and limiting alcohol consumption can significantly reduce the risk of various health issues including heart disease and certain types of cancer.7. Regular Checkups Visiting healthcare professionals for regular checkups can help detect and address health issues early on. This includes screenings for conditions like diabetes high blood pressure and cholesterol levels.8. Mental Health Taking care of your mental health is just as important as physical health. Engaging in hobbies spending time with loved ones and seeking professional help when needed can contribute to a healthy mental state.9. Personal Hygiene Practicing good hygiene habits like washing hands regularly brushing and flossing teeth and keeping your living environment clean can prevent the spread of germs and diseases.10. Social Connections Building and maintaining strong relationships with friends and family can provide emotional support and improve overall wellbeing.In conclusion adopting these healthy habits can greatly enhance your quality of life and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Its never too late to start making positive changes for a healthier you.。

2025年人教版中考英语试题与参考答案

2025年人教版英语中考复习试题与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the conversation between two friends and choose the best answer to the question.A. They are discussing their favorite sports.B. They are planning a trip.C. They are comparing their school life.Question: What are the two friends mainly talking about?A. They are discussing their favorite sports.B. They are planning a trip.C. They are comparing their school life.Answer: BExplanation: The conversation starts with one friend asking the other about their upcoming vacation, which indicates that they are planning a trip.2、Listen to the short dialogue and fill in the blank with the correct word.W: I can’t believe how quickly the time flies. It seems like jus t yesterday we were studying for our exams.M: Yeah, and now we’re both working full-time. It’s amazing how life changes.W: Definitely. I remember when we used to hang out after school. It was thebest part of my day.M: Oh, those were the days! We should definitely catch up more often.W: I agree. Let’s plan something for next week.Blank:__________A. Let’s go outB. Let’s meetC. Let’s talkAnswer: BExplanation: The context of the conversation indicates that the two friends are planning to meet each ot her soon. Therefore, the correct answer is “Let’s meet.”3、What does the speaker say about the weather tomorrow?•A) It will be sunny.•B) It will rain.•C) It will snow.Answer: B) It will rain.Explanation: In the dialogue, the speaker mentions that there’s a weather alert for heavy rainfall expected tomorrow, advising listeners to carry their umbrellas.4、How does the woman feel about the upcoming exam?•A) She feels well-prepared and confident.•B) She is worried and hasn’t studied enough.•C) She is indifferent and doesn’t care about it.Answer: A) She feels well-prepared and confident.Explanation: During the conversation, the woman expresses that she has been studying hard and feels very prepared for the exam. She mentions feeling confident about doing well on the test.5.Listen to the conversation between two friends about their weekend plans. Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A)They are planning to go hiking.B)They are planning to go shopping.C)They are planning to go to the movies.Answer: B) They are planning to go shopping.Explanation: The conversation mentions that they are going to the mall this weekend to buy new clothes.6.Listen to a short passage about the importance of exercise. Answer the question based on what you hear.Question: What is the main reason exercise is important according to the passage?A)It helps you stay healthy.B)It helps you relax and reduce stress.C)It helps you improve your academic performance.Answer: A) It helps you stay healthy.Explanation: The speaker in the passage emphasizes that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good physical health.7、In the following conversation between Sarah and Mike, what are they talking about?Audio Clip: (Sarah says, “I heard you’re moving to a new apartment next week.” Mike replies, “Yes, it’s closer to work and much quieter.”)A. Mike’s new jobB. Sarah’s apartmentC. Mike’s move to a new apartmentAnswer:C. Mike’s move to a new apartment.Explanation:Sarah mentions hearing that Mike is moving to a new apartment, and Mike confirms this by discussing the benefits of his new place, which is closer to work and quieter.8、What does John suggest to Lisa regarding her studies?Audio Clip: (Lisa s ays, “I’m struggling with my math homework.” John responds, “Why don’t you try watching some tutorial videos online? They helped me a lot.”)A. She should give up on math.B. She should watch tutorial videos online.C. She should ask her teacher for extra help.Answer: B. She should watch tutorial videos online.Explanation:John directly suggests that Lisa watch tutorial videos online as they were beneficial to him when he was in a similar situation.9.You are listening to a conversation between a student and a teacher.Student: Professor, I’m really struggling with the new assignment. Can you explain it to me again?Teacher: Of course, let’s go through it step by step. First, we need to identify the main topic of the passage. Can you tell me what it is?Student: (Pause) Um, it seems to be about the impact of technology on our daily lives.Teacher: Exactly! Great job. Now, let’s move on to the next part of the assignment. You’ll need to analyze the causes and effects of this impact. Does that make sense?Stu dent: (Pause) Yes, I think so. I’ll need to research and find examples to support my analysis.Teacher: Perfect. And remember to include a conclusion summarizing your findings. Now, go ahead and start working on your assignment.Question: What is the main topic of the assignment?A) The history of technologyB) The impact of technology on daily livesC) The future of technologyD) How to use technology effectivelyAnswer: B) The impact of technology on daily livesExplanation: The teacher mentions that the assignment is about the impact of technology on our daily lives, which directly corresponds to option B.10.You are listening to a news report about a new study.News Anchor: According to a recent study published in the Journal of Environmental Science, plastic pollution is a major concern worldwide. The researchers analyzed data from various countries and found that plastic waste is affecting both marine and terrestrial ecosystems.Reporter: That’s a significant finding. Can you tell us more about the methods used in the study?News Anchor: Sure. The researchers collected data on plastic waste in different ecosystems, including oceans, rivers, and forests. They then compared the levels of pollution and its impact on wildlife.Reporter: Interesting. So, what are the main causes of this pollution?News Anchor: The study identified several key causes, including improper waste management, increased consumption of single-use plastics, and inadequate recycling systems. These factors are leading to a rapid accumulation of plastic waste in natural environments.Question: What are the main causes of plastic pollution according to the study?A) Increased consumption of single-use plastics and inadequate recycling systemsB) Improper waste management and the use of plastic bags in grocery storesC) The production of plastic bottles and the disposal of electronic wasteD) Deforestation and industrial emissionsAnswer: A) Increased consumption of single-use plastics and inadequaterecycling systemsExplanation: The news report mentions that the study identified improper waste management, increased consumption of single-use plastics, and inadequate recycling systems as the main causes of plastic pollution. Option A encompasses all these factors.11、Listen to the following dialogue between two students discussing their favorite subjects.Question: What subject does the boy like best?A. MathematicsB. HistoryC. EnglishAnswer: A. MathematicsExplanation: In the dialogue, the boy clearly states that he enjoys solving problems and figuring out patterns, which he finds most satisfying in his math class. This indicates that his favorite subject is mathematics.12、Now, pay attention to a short passage about the benefits of learninga second language.Question: According to the passage, what is NOT mentioned as a benefit of learning a second language?A. Improved cognitive skillsB. Better job opportunitiesC. Increased physical strengthAnswer: C. Increased physical strengthExplanation: The passage discusses how learning a second language can enhance cognitive abilities and lead to improved career prospects. However, it does not mention anything about increased physical strength being a benefit of language learning.13.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their weekend plans. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the following question.What activity does the woman plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A. Visit a museum.B. Go hiking.C. Have a picnic.Answer: B. Go hiking.Explanation: In the conversation, the woman mentions that she and her friend are going to go hiking on Saturday afternoon. Therefore, the correct answer isB.14.You will hear a short passage about the importance of exercise. Listen carefully and answer the following question.According to the passage, what is one of the main benefits of regular exercise?A. Improved memory.B. Better sleep.C. Increased energy levels.Answer: C. Increased energy levels.Explanation: In the passage, the speaker emphasizes that regular exercise can help improve one’s energy levels. While the passage does mention the benefits of improved memory and better sleep, the question asks for one of the main benefits, which is increased energy levels. Therefore, the correct answer is C.15、Question: What does the speaker suggest about the importance of time management?A. It helps to reduce stress.B. It is not necessary for students.C. It only benefits working adults.D. It complicates daily routines.Answer: AExplanation: The speaker mentioned that by managing time effectively, one can avoid the last-minute rush which often leads to unnecessary stress. Therefore, the correct answer is A.16、Question: According to the passage, what is a benefit of learning a second language?A. It makes travel easier.B. It enhances cognitive abilities.C. It guarantees better job opportunities.D. It is required for graduation.Answer: BExplanation: The speaker stated that research has shown learning another language can improve overall brain function and problem-solving skills, which points to enhanced cognitive abilities as a benefit. Thus, the correct answer is B.Please prepare for the next passage.17.You will hear a short conversation between two friends. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the following question.Question: What is the woman’s major in university?A) MathematicsB) LiteratureC) ScienceD) ArtAnswer: B) LiteratureExplanation: The woman mentions that she is majoring in English Literature, so the correct answer is B) Literature.18.You will hear a monologue about the importance of exercise. Listen carefully and answer the following question.Question: What is the main benefit of regular exercise according to the speaker?A) Improved concentrationB) Better sleep qualityC) Weight lossD) Increased energy levelsAnswer: D) Increased energy levelsExplanation: The speaker emphasizes that regular exercise can significantly increase a person’s energy levels, making D) Increased energy levels the correct answer.19.Listen to the conversation between two friends and answer the question.A. What is the man’s favorite sport?B. What is the woman’s favorite team?C. Which sport do both of them like?D. Why does the man prefer the team he likes?Answer: CExplanation: The man says, “I really like soccer, but my friend likes basketball.” The woman responds, “Yeah, but I think we both enjoy watching the game.” Thus, both of them like watching the game, not necessarily the sport itself.20.Listen to the dialogue and complete the sentence with the correct information.The speaker says, “I went to the cinema last night. The movie was quite fascinating. It was a thriller, and the suspense was really high. I was on the edge of my seat the whole time. I highly recommend it to everyone. You should definitely see it.”What does the speaker recommend?A. A comedy movieB. A horror movieC. A thriller movieD. A romantic movieAnswer: CExplanation: The speaker specifically mentions, “It was a thriller, and the suspense was really high.” Therefore, the speaker recommends a thriller movie.二、阅读理解（30分）Title: The Importance of ExerciseReading Passage:Exercise has always been considered a vital part of a healthy lifestyle. It has numerous benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, weight management, and enhanced mental well-being. However, the importance of exercise extends beyond physical health. This article discusses the various aspects of exercise and its role in maintaining a balanced life.Exercise has been proven to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Regular physical activity helps in maintaining a healthy weight, which is crucial for preventing these diseases. Additionally, exercise has been found to improve mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.One of the most significant benefits of exercise is its impact on cognitive function. Studies have shown that regular exercise can enhance memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. Moreover, it has been linked to better academic performance in children and improved work performance in adults.Despite the numerous benefits of exercise, it is essential to find the right balance. Overtraining can lead to injuries, while insufficient exercise can result in negative health outcomes. It is recommended that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities.Now, let’s read the following questions based on the passage:Questions:1.What is the main purpose of the article?A) To discuss the different types of exercise available.B) To emphasize the importance of exercise in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.C) To provide tips on how to start exercising.D) To compare the effects of exercise on different age groups.2.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercise?A) Improved cardiovascular health.B) Weight management.C) Enhanced mental well-being.D) Increased risk of chronic diseases.3.The article suggests that adults should engage in how many minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week?A) 75 minutesB) 150 minutesC) 300 minutesD) 450 minutesAnswers:1.B) To emphasize the importance of exercise in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.2.D) Increased risk of chronic diseases.3.B) 150 minutes三、完型填空（15分）Task 3: Cloze TestRead the following passage and choose the best word for each blank from the options given. Write the letter of your choice (A, B, C, D, or E) in the space provided.In the small village of Greenfield, the [A] of the community was the annual festival. Every summer, people from all over the country would [B] to attend the event. The festival started with a [C] parade, where local groups would showcase their unique traditions and cultures. The highlight of the festival was the [D] competition, where participants would demonstrate their [E] in various sports and games.A)charmB)arriveC)colorfulD)athleticE)talentAnswers: A) charm B) arrive C) colorful D) athletic E) talent四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、The teacher asked us to read the book______(be) interesting.答案：that is解析：此题考查定语从句。

一种新型材料硬化技术 Kolst_RD_GB_FINR

Kolsterising®Corrosion resistant surface hardening of austenitic stainless steelAISI 316AISI 304DuplexHastelloy®Inconel®However the use of austenitic stainless steels is limi-ted due to the low hardness, low wear resistance and the risk of galling. Since these steels can not be surface hardened by conventional heat treatment processes without reducing/loosing the corrosion resistance, there was no possibility to extend their application range.Purpose of treatmentKolsterising ®improves the wear resistance of austenitic stainless steel parts, without affecting the corrosion resi-stance.I Improvement of wear resistance, also inside small cavities and bores. I Prevention of “galling“I Retention of corrosion resistance I Retention of non-magnetic properties I Improvement of fatigue strengthI No other chemical elements other than carbon are added during Kolsterising®There is a growing demand for increased corrosion resistance in many applications.Austenitic stainless steels meet the corrosion resis-tance required in most environments.Kolsterising ®is a treatment which involves diffusion of large quanti-ties of carbon into the surface without the formation of chromium carbides. No addition of elements which were not already present prior to Kolsterising ®. The risk of peeling is absent since Kolsterising ®neither adds a coating nor introduces brittle phases in the material.Kolsterising ®does not apply a coating on the surface but results in a pure diffusion zone from the surface inwards,with excellent toughness and no risk of delamination or pee-ling. Kolsterising ®increases the surface hardness of austeni-tic stainless steels to a level of 1000 to 1200 HV 0.05. Theattainable hardness depth is variably adjustable. Kolsterising ®components exhibit excellent fatigue properties due to high compressive stresses obtained in the kolsterised case.Kolsterising ® is a low temperature process therefore no changes in shape or size of components can be expected.Kolsterising ®is a registered trademark of Bodycote International plc.Hastelloy ®is a registered trademark of Haynes International Inc.Inconel ®is a registered trademarkof Inco Alloys International Inc.Bodycote Kolsterising ®Kolsterising ®Materials selectionIn principle, any austenitic stainless steel can be kolsterised.However, the preferred type is one containing molybdenum and is ferrite free, since this results in greatly increased resi-stance to pitting, crevice and stress corrosion.Kolsterising ®of duplex stainless steel and a number of nickel base alloys is also possible.Benefits of kolsterised products*Kolsterising ®offers the solution for austenitic stainless steels by improving mechanical - wear properties with-out adversely affecting corrosion resistance.Kolsterising ®is a proven process extending the life time of products thereby imparting economical advan-tages as well as technical advantages.Kolsterising ®results in a wear resistant surface all over the part, irrespective of geometry. Also very small bores (Ø < 0,1 mm) and sharp edges can be kolsterised.Kolsterising ®is the chosen treatment for many appli-cations in most industrial areas including food, marine,engineering, medical, chemical, nuclear and petroche-mical industries. Wherever components are subjected to severe wear and corrosion attack, Kolsterising ®is now the most technically advanced process offering the required quality to industry.Examples of treatable materialsI 304, 304L I 316, 316LI Duplex stainless steel (e.g. 2205®, 2507®)I Hastelloy C22 and C 276®I Hastelloy ®I Inconel 625 and 718®If you apply another material we will be pleasedto check whether it is treatable.Kolsterising ®I Corrosion resistance unchangedI No change in shape, colour or size (normally to neglect)I No change in surface roughness I No machining after treatment requiredI Increased surface hardness to 1000 - 1200 HV 0.05(depending on material)I No chemical elements are added to the material I The non-magnetic behaviour of austenitic materials is not altered I Insensitive to “galling“I Highly resistant to wear (e.g. by cavitation-erosion)I Uniformly hardened also at sharp edges, inside bores and cavities* Properties of kolsterised products listed are only valid for delta ferrite free + martensite free base material with no surface deterioation.01.2005/GBGERMANY / SWITZERLAND / AUSTRIABODYCOTE WÄRMEBEHANDLUNG GMBHRoland ChmuraKlingenhofstraße 1490411 Nürnberg GermanyMobil: +49 17 35 40 90 09 · Fax: +49 7163 10 34 78E-mail: roland.chmura@ITALYKOLSTERISING ®ITALIABodycote Trattamenti Termici SpAVittorio Bordiga Via Moie, 2825050 Rodengo Saiano (BS)ItalyTel: +39 030 68 10 209 · Fax: +39 030 68 10 218E-mail: kolsterising@bodycote.itFINLANDBODYCOTE LÄMPÖKÄSITTELY OYErik Saviranta Kisällintie 7 01730 Vantaa FinlandTel: + 358 92766510 · Fax: + 358 927665151E-mail: erik.saviranta@bodycote.fiUKBODYCOTE HEAT TREATMENTSJohn Yarnall Westgate Aldridge WS9 8BXUnited KingdomTel: + 44 1922453388 · Fax: + 441922459649E-mail: john.yarnall@SWEDENBODYCOTE VÄRMEBEHANDLING ABMats Jogin Spadegatan 23424 23 Angered SwedenTel: + 46 13 25 3300 · Fax: + 46 13 25 3323Mobil: + 46 706 995908E-mail: mats.jogin@DENMARKBODYCOTE VARMEBEHANDLING A/SHanne ØrstedHerlev Hovedgade 15A 2730 Herlev DenmarkTel: + 45 70150600 · Fax: + 45 70 150900E-mail: hanne@bodycote.dkBodycote Kolsterising ®is part of Bodycote International plc, the metallurgical services group, operating more than 235 facilities in 22 countries, providing heat treatments, hot isostatic pressing, materials testing and metallurgical coatings services to a wide variety of industries.THE NETHERLANDSBODYCOTE HARDIFF BVParamariboweg 457333 PA Apeldoorn The NetherlandsTel: + 31 555426392 · Fax: + 31 555423116E-mail: kolsterising@bodycote.nlUSABODYCOTE KOLSTERISING NORTH AMERICAPaul T. Dymond, Deborah Robbins 303 Wagner Drive Boaz 35957, Alabama USATel: +1 256 840 0801 · Fax: +1 256 840 0803E-mail: paul.dymond@FRANCEBODYCOTEAlexandra Violette, Marc Buvron ZI des Garennes II78570 Chanteloup les Vignes FranceTel: + 33 139702170 · Fax: + 33 139702171E-mail: kolsterising@bodycote.fr。

胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影评价经口内镜下幽门肌切开术疗效的价值

·临床研究·胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影评价经口内镜下幽门肌切开术疗效的价值卢延嘉黄岩夏丛燕史进军高启卢瞳Sachin Mulmi Shrestha顾建平摘要目的探讨胃三维容积超声造影与上消化道碘水造影在经口内镜下幽门肌切开术（G-POEM）疗效评估中的价值。

方法选取确诊为胃轻瘫且需行G-POEM的患者94例，随机分为胃三维容积超声检查组48例（A组）和X线碘水造影检查组46例（B组），A组口服超声造影剂后5min、15min、30min、60min及90min分别行超声检查，B组口服碘水造影剂后于上述相同时间点行上腹部平片检查，于G-POEM前后各测量一次，获得三维容积超声造影和X线碘水造影估测的胃容积，分析手术前后胃排空时间和胃排空率的差异，评估G-POEM后的胃排空改善情况。

结果①A组胃三维容积超声造影检查的成功率97.9%（47/48），B组上消化道碘水造影检查的成功率97.8%（45/46），两组比较差异无统计学意义；②A、B组分别有31例患者的术后胃排空时间较术前明显减少（均P<0.05）；③A组16例患者术前及术后胃排空时间均为90min，90min时间点测得胃排空率较术前明显改善者8例，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05），胃排空率无明显改善者8例，与术前比较差异均无统计学意义。

B组14例患者术前及术后胃排空时间均为90min，90min时间点测得胃排空率较术前明显改善者5例，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05），胃排空率无明显改善者9例，与术前比较差异均无统计学意义；④A组47例超声造影患者中，31例胃排空情况较术前显著改善，8例有一定改善，余8例患者无明显改善；B组45例碘水造影患者中，31例胃排空情况较术前显著改善，5例有一定改善，余9例无明显改善。

两组胃排空改善率比较差异无统计学意义（83%vs.80%）。

结论胃三维容积超声造影和上消化道碘水造影均可有效评估G-POEM前后的胃排空情况，临床可首选胃三维容积超声造影评估G-POEM前后的胃排空情况和术后胃排空功能的改善效果，上消化道碘水造影可作为补充方法，为临床提供客观的影像学信息。

毕业论文外文翻译-混凝土的耐久性

Durability of concreteBesides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be durable .The durability of concrete can be defined as its resistance to deterioration resulting from external and internal causes. The external causes include the effects of environmental and service conditions to which concrete is subjected, such as weathering, particularly chlorides and sulphates, in the constituent materials, interaction between the constituent materials, such as alkali-aggregate reaction, volume changes, absorption and permeability.In order to produce a durable concrete, care should be taken to select suitable constituent materials. It is also important that mix contains adequate quantities of materials in proportions suitable for producing a homogeneous and fully compacted concrete mass.WeatheringDeterioration of concrete by weathering is usually brought about by the disruptive action of alternate freezing and thawing of free water within the concrete and expansion and contraction of the concrete, under restraint, resulting from variations in temperature and alternate wetting and drying.Damage to concrete from freezing and thawing arises from the expansion of pore water during freezing; in a condition of restraint, if repeated a sufficient number of times, this results in the development of hydraulic pressure capable of disrupting concrete. Road Krebs and slabs, dams and reservoirs are very susceptible are very susceptible to frost action.The resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing can be improved by increasing its impermeability. This can be achieved by using a mix with the lowest possible water-cement ratio compatible with sufficient workability for placing and compacting into a homogeneous mass. Durability can be further improved by using air entrainment, an air content of 3 to 6 per cent of the volume of concrete normally being adequate for most applications. The use of air entrained concrete is particularly useful for roads where salts are used for deicing.Chemical Attackin general, concrete has a low resistance to chemical attack.There are several chemical agents which react with concrete but the most common forms of attack are those associated with leaching, carbonation, chlorides and sulphates. Chemical agents essentially react with certain compounds of the hardened cement paste and the resistance of concrete to chemical attack therefore can be affected by the type of cement used. The resistance to chemical attack improves with increased impermeability.WearThe main causes of wear of concrete are the cavitation effects of fast-moving water, abrasive material in water, wind blasting and attrition and impact of traffic. Certain conditions of hydraulic flow result in the formation of cavities between the flowing water and the concrete surface .These cavities are usually filled with water vapor charged with extraordinarily high energy and repeated contact with the concrete surface results in the formation of pits and holes, Known an cavitation erosion. Since even a good-quality concrete will not be able to resist this kind of deterioration, the best remedy is therefore the elimination of cavitation by producing smooth hydraulic flow. Wherenecessary, the critical areas may be lined with materials having greater resistance to cavitation erosion.In general, the resistance of concrete to erosion and abrasion increases with increase in strength. The use of a hard and tough aggregate tends to improve concrete resistance to wear.Alkali-Aggregate ReactionsCertain natural aggregates react chemically with the alkalis present in Portland cement. When this happens these aggregates expand or swell resulting in cracking and disintegration of concrete.Volume ChangesPrincipal factors responsible for volume changes are the chemical combination of water and cement and the subsequent drying of concrete, variations in temperature and alternate wetting and drying. When a change in volume is resisted by internal or external forces this can produce cracking, The greater the imposed restraint, the more severe the cracking. The presence of cracks in concrete reduces its resistance to the action of leaching, corrosion of reinforcement, attack by sulphates and other chemicals, alkali-aggregate reaction and freezing and thawing, all of which may lead to disruption of concrete. Severe cracking can lead to complete disintegration of the concrete surface particularly when this is accompanied by alternate expansion and contraction.V olume changes can be minimized by using suitable constituent materials and mix proportions having due regard to the size of structure. Adequate moist curing is also essential to minimize the effects of any volume changes.Permeability and AbsorptionPermeability refers to the ease with which water can pass through the concrete. This should not be confused with the absorption property of concrete and the two are not necessarily related. Absorption may be defined as the ability of concrete to draw water into its voids. Low permeability is an important requirement for hydraulic structures and in some cases water tightness of concrete may be considered to be more significant than strength although, other conditions being equal, concrete of low permeability will also be strong and durable. A concrete which readily absorbs water is susceptible to deterioration. Concrete is inherently a porous material. This arises from the use of water in excess of that required for the purpose of hydration in order to make the mix sufficiently workable and the difficulty of completely removing all the air from the concrete during compaction. If the voids are interconnected concrete becomes pervious although with normal care concrete is sufficiently impermeable for most purposes. Concrete of low permeability can be obtained by suitable selection of its constituent materials and their proportions followed by careful placing, compaction and curing. In general for a fully compacted concrete, the permeability decreases with decreasing water-cement ratio. Permeability is affected by both the fineness and the chemical composition of cement. Aggregates of low porosity are preferable when concrete with a low permeability is required. Segregation of the constituent materials during placing can adversely affect the impermeability of concrete.混凝土的耐久性混凝土除了承受荷载之外，还需要有一定的耐久性。

The Synergistic Effects of Cavitation Erosion–Corrosion in Ship Propeller Materials

ORIGINAL PAPERThe Synergistic Effects of Cavitation Erosion–Corrosion in Ship Propeller MaterialsJ.Basumatary 1•M.Nie 1•R.J.K.Wood 1Received:15December 2014/Revised:3March 2015/Accepted:5March 2015/Published online:25March 2015ÓSpringer International Publishing AG 2015Abstract Synergy tests were performed for two most common propeller materials,duplex stainless steel (DSS)and nickel aluminium bronze (NAB),by means of an indirect ultrasonic vibratory system.Tests were conducted for pure cavitation erosion in distilled water,pure corrosion using in situ electrochemistry under 3.5%NaCl solution and a combination of cavitation erosion–corrosion to un-derstand the overall synergism existing between the two.The results were analysed using gravimetric as well as volumetric analysis.Alicona and Talysurf were employed for the surface topography,and scanning electron micro-scope was used to see the microstructural morphologies of the samples under different conditions.As a result,the electrochemical tests held at open circuit potential showed that,although DSS exhibited higher resistance to corrosion under seawater alone,NAB exhibited much higher resis-tance to corrosion when subjected to cavitation.From the experiments conducted,it was concluded that synergy had measurable impact on the cavitation erosion–corrosion of both NAB and DSS.NAB was found to be more suscep-tible to erosion under both the conditions as compared to DSS with prominent selective cavitation erosion of alpha phase in the microstructure.The overall synergism of NAB was found to be higher than that of DSS.Keywords Cavitation ÁCavitation erosion ÁCavitation erosion–corrosion ÁPropeller materials ÁNickel aluminium bronze ÁDuplex stainless steel1IntroductionThe simultaneous existence of mechanical erosion and electrochemical corrosion is a common scenario for engi-neering alloys used in marine environments,such as pump impellers and valves.The situation is further complicated by the fact that the effects of erosion and corrosion are in general not additive owing to the interaction between them.The overall damage arising from erosion and corrosion including the interaction between them is termed cavitation erosion–corrosion.The relative signiﬁcance of corrosion,erosion and the interaction between them depends on the material and the environment system [1].The nature of the interaction is determined by a number of factors,the more important ones being the passivity of the metal surface,the adherence of the corrosion product,the metallurgical state of the metal,the signiﬁcance of the diffusion of dissolved oxygen,the presence of aggressive ions and the intensity of cavitation.These factors would determine the mode of corrosion and the rate of erosion–corrosion loss [2–4].Several studies have been conducted and proven the ex-istence of synergy between cavitation erosion and corrosion,and that this synergy can have a signiﬁcant effect on the cavitation behaviour of the test materials [5–12].Vyas and Hansson [1]conducted the ultrasonic vibrating cavitation on stainless steel (SS)in 3.5%NaCl solution,and they found that the degree of intergranular corrosion of the sensitized SS increased with increasing cavitation density.They con-ﬁrmed that for stainless steels due to the existence of the passive ﬁlm,cavitation could accelerate or decelerate cor-rosion,depending on the intensity of cavitation and the metallurgical state of the SS specimens.Tomlinson and Talks [3]studied the cavitation erosion–corrosion of various types of cast iron in 3%sodium chloride solution and found that the fractional weight loss due to pure corrosion ranged&J.Basumataryjan.basumatary@1National Centre of Advanced Tribology in Southampton (nCATS),University of Southampton,Southampton,UKJ Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12DOI 10.1007/s40735-015-0012-1from1to10%,while that due to corrosion-induced erosion ranged from16to90%.Between1998and2006,Kwok C.T.performed several experiments on laser-treated metals such as austenitic steel alloy and NiCrSiB alloy in3.5% NaCl solution.It was found that the synergism was re-sponsible for50–70%of total loss for laser-alloyed1050 steel specimen and20%for laser surface-alloyed316SS specimen,and the cavitation erosion–corrosion resistance was noticed improved for1050and316SS,respectively [13–18].In2000,Kwok,Chen and Man conducted another ultrasonic vibrating cavitation at20kHz on nine different kinds of metals including cast irons and SS under3.5% NaCl solution[19].From the experimental results,it was found that synergism had a signiﬁcant effect on mass loss with up to85%total damage.This synergy effect was found to be due to several factors such as impact of corrosive solution,the material property and also the type of materials itself.The most signiﬁcant impact was found at a mild corrosive environment[4,20–22].Few studies have also been conducted on ship propeller materials such as SS,copper alloys,manganese bronze and nickel aluminium bronze(NAB)among others.A synergy experiment conducted by Kwok,Cheng and Man ranked austenitic(304)stainless steels to have very high cavitation erosion resistance than austenitic316SS owing to its higher martensitic transformability and work hardenability and lower stacking fault energy of25mJ m-2[23].They also concluded that materials with high corrosion resis-tance such as copper alloys also displayed higher resistance to the erosion–corrosion synergy.They established that the effect of cavitation on corrosion behaviour particularly depended on two main effects of cavitation,corrosionﬁlm detachment and increase of mass transport[10].Several cavitation corrosion tests were conducted by Al-Hashem, Caseres,Riad and Shalaby on propeller materials like cast-nickel aluminium bronze(NAB)and duplex stainless steel (DSS)in seawater using20-kHZ ultrasonic vibrator under free corrosion and cathodic protection conditions,and they found that for DSS,the rate of mass loss was reduced by 19%under cathodic protection,slightly reducing the subsequent number of cavities as a result.The attack was seen to be concentrated in the austenite phase but was eventually seen to spread to the ferrite phase.This was associated with ductile tearing,cleavage-like facets,river patterns and crystallographic steps at later stages.Speci-men cross-sections revealed microcracks at the bottom of the cavities initiating from the ferrite matrix with crack propagation impeded by the austenite islands,branching along the parallel slip systems.They also observed an ac-tive shift in the free corrosion potential by about140mV when cavitation was applied,with a slight increase in the cathodic and anodic currents,shifting the corrosion po-tential in the noble direction by75mV[24].However,their cavitation corrosion test of NAB showed a decrease of rate of mass loss by47%under cathodic protection and a shift in corrosion potential in the active direction by70mV.This could be attributed to the cush-ioning of bubble collapse by cathodic gas and elimination of electrochemical dissolution.They also observed under the optical and scanning electron microscopy that NAB seemed to suffer from selective corrosion of the copper-rich a phase at its boundaries with intermetallic j pre-cipitates,while the j precipitates and precipitate-free areas did not suffer corrosion.Also,it was found that selective corrosion was enhanced by cavitation erosion.Under only cavitation,large cavities were found with a–j grain-boundary corrosion around the pit edge,whereas,in the presence of cathodic protection,the number of cavities was found to increase but the grain-boundary attack was seen to be absent.They also found microcracks of5l to10l m length were observed in the a phase adjacent to j pre-cipitates along the cross section of the material.Selective phase corrosion and cavitation stresses were implicated as the causes of cracking[25,26].However,despite all the studies done so far,the study on synergistic effects existing between erosion and corrosion were usually carried out under different conditions by different authors,making results difﬁcult to compare. Synergy can be measured in terms of two most common factors,mass loss incurred by combined contribution of erosion and corrosion or the mean depth of penetration (MDP)rate.The equation for synergy is commonly written asT¼SþEþC:ð1ÞHere,T is the total mass loss or overall cavitation ero-sion–corrosion rate,C is the pure corrosion contribution;E is the pure erosion contribution,and S is the combined contribution due to synergistic effect.S can be also rep-resented as in Eq.2:S¼TÀðEþCÞ¼D EþD C;ð2Þwhere D E=corrosion-enhanced erosion and D C=ero-sion-enhanced corrosion.The present study was carried out in order to understand the existence of synergism between erosion and corrosion in the overall cavitation erosion–corrosion damage of the two most commonly used ship propeller materials,2205DSS and CuAl10Ni cast-NAB in 3.5%NaCl solution at room temperature[10].2Experimental MethodThe experiment for synergy between cavitation erosion–corrosion was conducted using indirect ultrasonic cavita-tion rig.Although several tests have been conducted in the12Page2of12J Bio Tribo Corros(2015)1:12past using an ASTM G-32direct cavitation system where a round sample disc is threaded into the probe tip;however,the contact between the sample material and the probe material could render electrochemical analysis difﬁcult and could cause possible galvanic corrosion between the two resulting in either over-or under-evaluation of the corro-sion-induced loss,and hence an indirect ultrasonic vibra-tory cavitation system was used instead of the direct system.Ultrasonic vibratory transducer UIP1000hd with a sonotrode horn made from titanium of diameter 15.9mm was used for the cavitation experiment at a frequency of 20kHz and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 80micron at room temperature of 17±0.5°C.The test samples were placed under an ultrasonic transducer with a vibrating probe of diameter 15.9mm kept at a distance of 2mm above the specimen surface for 1h.The samples were tested for cavitation erosion in 5L of distilled water,for cavitation corrosion in 5L of 3.5%NaCl aqueous solution using in situ electrochemistry kept at open circuit potential (OCP)and ﬁnally for cavitation erosion–corrosion in 3.5%NaCl solution with in situ electrochemistry kept at OCP.Precision weighing machine (±0.01mg)was used to measure the gravimetric mass loss of each sample.Alicona measurements were taken using Alicona 3D optical pro-ﬁlometer to measure the volumetric mass loss of the samples along with surface roughness of cavitated regions and compared with each other,as well as surface topog-raphy.Form Talysurf 120L was also employed to capture the overall surface roughness.Scanning electron mi-croscopy was used to analyse the different microstructures obtained under different conditions and cavitation envi-ronment to compare the samples.2.1Propeller Materials UsedThe materials used were 25925-mm specimen samples of 2205DSS and NAB with a thickness of 5mm held under the horn with Perspex ﬁxture for the indirect cavitation process.The surfaces of all the test samples were wet-polished using 1200and 4000grit silicon carbide (SiC)abrasive papers.Table 1gives the mechanical properties of the ship propeller materials used for the experiment,and Table 2gives the chemical compositions of the test materials used.Ship propellers work in a very harsh environment under the sea,i.e.in a corrosive environment,for the majority oftheir lifetime.Hence,it is only reasonable for the chosen test materials to be based not only on their high tensile strength but also on their resistance to corrosion.DSS has been well known for its high resistance to intergranular corrosion,hence they serve as great raw material for building the propellers.DSS used for the experiment was type 2205.Mechanical properties were 774MPa ultimate tensile strength,542MPa yield strength with 34%elon-gation and 233Hv Vickers hardness.The microstructure consisted of a ferritic matrix with islands of austenite grains as shown in Fig.1.DSS displays properties char-acteristic of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels due to their composite microstructure and are found to be,in most cases,tougher than ferritic SS and have higher strength as well as corrosion resistance as compared to the generally used engineering austenitic SS [27].Similarly,NAB is another lightweight conventional ship propeller alloy used for the experiment for its high-strength mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 650MPa,yield strength of 270MPa and 170Hv Vickers hardness.It is also considered to exhibit excellent cavita-tion resistance against the seawater [26].NAB has high ability to retain its original smooth machined surface over a long period of time,thereby retaining its high efﬁciency factor,and it also has the ability to resist failure under impact when notched,contributing greatly to its value as aTable 1Mechanical properties of the materials used for the research Propeller material alloys Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)Yieldstrength (MPa)Elongation (%)Density (g/cm 3)Hardness (Hv)2205(duplex stainless steel)774542347.8233Nickel aluminium bronze (NAB)650270187.65170Table 2Chemical compositions of the materials used for the researchMaterial alloys composition (wt.%)Nickelaluminium bronze Duplex stainless steel (2205)C (%)–0.024Mn (%) 1.07 1.83Ni (%) 4.73 5.66Cr (%)–22.7Mo (%)– 3.01Cu (%)–0.22Sn (%)\0.01–Al (%)9.39–Pb (%)0.01–Zn (%)0.11–Fe (%) 4.53–W (%)–0.02N (%)–0.02J Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12Page 3of 1212propeller material [26].The microstructure of NAB is more complex than DSS with three distinct phases namely a ,b and four forms of kappa (j I ,j II ,j III and j IV )in the as-cast microstructure.The microstructure generally consists of columnar grains of fcc copper-rich solid solution known as a phase and a small volume fraction of lamellar eutectoid phases b 0phase or martensitic b phase,surrounded by a series of intermetallic k phases.The j I ,j II and j IV phases are all iron-rich precipitates distributed in the nickel alu-minium structure.Among these intermetallic compounds,j I phase is rosette-shaped precipitate formed at high tem-peratures in high-Fe content alloys and hence is coarser than the rest,j II phase is smaller than k I phase and form a dendritic rosette shape which is distributed mostly at the a /b boundaries;j III phase is a ﬁne lamellar ‘‘ﬁnger-like’’eutectoid structure,forms at the boundary of j I phase and is rich in Ni,and j IV phase is a ﬁne Fe-rich cruciform-shaped precipitation of varying sizes with plate-like mor-phology that are distributed throughout the a grains along certain crystallographic directions forming within the a matrix beginning at 850C[26,28–30].The j I and j II precipitates in the samples used for the experiment were found to be between 5and 10l m and around 2l m in size,respectively.Figure 2shows the SEM morphology of the NAB microstructure used in the experiment.2.2Cavitation Erosion MeasurementsThe ﬁrst test conducted was the pure erosion test.The sam-ples were cavitated in 5L of stagnant distilled water for 1h at a frequency of 20kHz and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 80micron.The samples were kept at a constant distance of 2mm away from the sonotrode tip.The temperature and pH of the water were monitored before and after the experiment,starting from room temperature and a pH of 8.9.Weight of the sample was recorded both before and after each ex-periment with a precision weighing machine.The samples were then analysed under Alicona and Talysurf to obtain the surface roughness,maximum depth of penetration,volume loss and the subsequent volumetric mass loss incurred.2.3Electrochemical MeasurementsFor the erosion-corrosion test the samples were cavitated in 5litres of 3.5%NaCl salt water while kept under OCP for 1hour with exactly the same electrochemical arrangements as for pure corrosion (as shown in Fig.3).The samples were kept at OCP for 1h in 5L of 3.5%NaCl solution where Ag/AgCl was used as the reference electrode,sam-ple as the working electrode and graphite rod as the counterelectrode.Fig.1SEM morphology of a two-phase microstructure of austenite and ferrite grains of 2205duplex stainlesssteelIIIIVIIIαFig.2Microstructuralmorphology of Cu3cast-NAB at a magniﬁcation of 100x.k II is the globular dendritic structure,k III is the lamellar ‘‘ﬁnger-like’’structure and k IV is the very ﬁne particulate imbedded within the alpha matrix (surrounding phase)12Page 4of 12J Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12For the erosion–corrosion test,the samples were cavitated in 5L of 3.5%NaCl salt water while kept under OCP for 1h with exactly the same electrochemical ar-rangements as for pure corrosion (as shown in Fig.3).The corrosion test preceded cavitation test by 10min,and after 10min the cavitation rig was switched on.The nature and properties of the sample materials as well as the corrosion products,formed in a corrosive environment,and the ef-fects of cavitation determine the behaviour of the sample alloys as well as help characterize them.3Results and DiscussionsFor the erosion and erosion-corrosion test the concentric rings of cavitated and non-cavitated regions were formed around a centrally damaged area.This phenomenon could be attributed to the natural resonant frequency of the probe and probe tip itself.The total cavitated diameter was measured to be 15mm across for both the materials as can be seen in Fig.4.There was a gradual increase in the temperature of the liquid medium from 16–17°C to 22°C after cavitation;however,pH remained almost the same throughout the entirety of the experiments,i.e.between 8.5and 9.This temperature rise could help enhance electro-chemical reaction on the samples.3.1Surface Proﬁlometry and MorphologyThe surface proﬁlometry and average roughness (R a )and MDP of each sample after each test were measured using Alicona and Talysurf.Figure 5shows the surfaceroughness and individually labelled damage regions of DSS sample after undergoing cavitation in distilled water obtained using Talysurf,which was employed to obtain the surface roughness across the diameter of the samples.Alicona was also employed to measure the volume loss for each sample post cavitation.Table 3tabulates the measured values of R a ,MDP and volume loss for NAB and DSS under each condition.The SEM morphologies of NAB and DSS under distilled water as well as 3.5%NaCl solution are shown in Fig.6.Fig.3Schematics of the cavitation rig with specimen under cavitation erosion–corrosionFig.4The cavitated surface of DSSJ Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12Page 5of 1212Figure 6a,e shows the general microstructures of NAB and DSS,respectively,where Fig.6a exhibits the lighter a phase with dark dendritic intermetallic kappa phases dis-tributed in the copper-rich a matrix and many visible Fe-rich j I and j II precipitates around the boundaries.Inter-faces between the matrix,intermetallic and grain bound-aries are generally the weak points in the microstructure of metallic materials that are more likely to be attacked by the cavitation.Figure 6b shows the morphology of NAB under cavitation in distilled water.Small cavities of sizes 10–30l m were found especially in grain boundaries as it was established that the material surface underwent selec-tive cavitation at the a –j phase boundaries.The j pre-cipitates and precipitate-free a zones did not suffer any visible cavitation after 1h of cavitation test in distilled water.For the cavitation erosion–corrosion test,the cavities were recorded to be much larger,50–80l m,and the sample surface had visible corrosion products.Fig-ure 6d is the magniﬁed (20,0009)image of one of the cavities on NAB tested under 3.5%NaCl salt solution with spheres of silicon and aluminium oxides visible in the rge cavity was observed with globules of oxides formed in these cavities along with ductile tearing and corrosion of the boundaries of the a columnar grains as seen in Figure 6d.Many factors could cause the results obtained such as the softer composition of the cu-rich a phase as compared to much harder iron-rich intermetallic precipitates;it could be expected for the a phase to be more susceptible to cavitation erosion.There were also grain-boundary attacks observed which could indicate that elec-trochemical dissolution within the structure may contribute in the cavitation damage.Another reason for theselectiveFig.5Talysurf surface roughness proﬁlometry at the centre of the cavitated surface of DSS in distilled water Table 3Average roughness,mean depth of penetration and volume loss measured using Alicona Material usedAverage surface roughness (nm)Mean depth of penetration (nm)Measured volume loss (mm 3)Uncavitated surfaceDistilled water 3.5%NaCl sol.Distilled water 3.5%NaCl sol.Distilled water 3.5%NaCl sol.Nickel aluminium Bronze 491531656459550.1150.169Duplex stainless Steel521131634605980.0810.10612Page 6of 12J Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12attack may be due to the cathodic behaviour of Fe-rich phase when compared with the a phase which may induce galvanic corrosion.This conclusion is found consistent with the ﬁndings of previous works [26,31–33].As for DSS,the morphologies of DSS under both dis-tilled water and salt solution were almost same with no visible corrosion product.However,on comparing the cavity sizes,the cavities under 3.5%salt solution were almost ﬁve times the size of that under distilled water,see Fig.6f,g.On taking a closer look under SEM,it was seen that the cavitation attack was rather selective,with cavities attacking the ferritic matrix and theferrite–austeniteFig.6a Generalmicrostructure of NAB at 9100magniﬁcation,b cavitated region of NAB under distilled water after 1h of exposure,c cavitated region of NAB under 3.5%NaCl solution,d 920,000magniﬁed cavitated region of NAB;e general microstructure of DSS,f cavitated region of DSS under distilled water after 1h of exposure,g cavitated region of DSS under 3.5%NaCl solution,h 9960magniﬁed cavitated region of DSS in 3.5%NaCl solutionJ Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12Page 7of 1212boundaries.Figure 6h shows a 40970-l m-large cavity formed in DSS under the salt solution where ductile failure can be seen in the form of extrusion of the austenite at the cavity boundary visible in Fig.7.Also visible are tiny microcracks and cleavage-like facets that may have been caused by the austenite-to-martensite transformation either due to high strain or due to the high temperature accredited to cavitation.This result holds consistent with the ﬁndings of the study by Al-Hashem and Riad [34].3.2Electrochemical ResultsFigure 8is the OCP curve obtained for DSS and NAB in pure corrosion and erosion–corrosion in 3.5%NaCl so-lution.All the tests were conducted for 1h.For the cavitation erosion–corrosion tests,the cavitation rig was switched on after 600s to obtain the change in theelectrochemical behaviour of the sample materials.As can be seen from the trend,there was a negative shift of OCP from -70to -500mV.However,DSS was seen to attain stability within 10min at a lower voltage,and this OCP shift can be attributed to the result of protective oxide layer destroyed by cavitation erosion.Similarly,the trend for NAB shifted to negative when the rig was turned on,but it attained stability much quicker than DSS (within 100s)at a lower potential than that under pure corrosion.On comparing the OCP trend of the two materials when un-dergoing cavitation,it can be seen that while NAB reaches stability at -210mV at a lower voltage as compared to DSS,the stability of DSS attained after the rig is switched on is much lower than that of NAB showing that NAB has higher corrosion resistance than DSS.Similar to the results observed by Al-Hashem et al.[24],there was a shift in corrosion potential for DSS under cavitation in the active direction by 75mV;however,there was not a very sub-stantial shift in case of NAB.This may be due to the ex-perimental reproducibility since several tests were conducted giving similar results.Figure 9shows the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS)graph for the DSS and NAB samples with and without cavitation.From the ﬁgure,it can be seen that both the samples show very good resistance to corrosion both with and without cavitation.Although it is clear that the impedance was higher for DSS in saltwater alone without cavitation as compared to DSS undergoing cavitation ero-sion–corrosion,it was seen that the impedance of NAB under corrosion was slightly lower than that under cavita-tion erosion–corrosion.The reason for the high resistance to corrosion may be explained from Fig.10a,b,where it can be seen that a high percentage of chromium was pre-sent in the chemical composition of DSS,and also ahighFig.7SEM images of plastic deformation at cavitation-damaged edge for DSS in distilledwaterFig.8OCP for DSS and NAB in 3.5%NaCl solution for 1h with and without cavitation12Page 8of 12J Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12percentage of silicon and aluminium oxides were formed on the surface of NAB.However,while DSS is highly corrosion resistant with a passive layer of iron oxide as well as chromium oxide forming to protect the surface from corrosion,the ﬁlm thickness is in the range of 2nm [35];whereas a passive layer of oxides forms in case of NAB that has a ﬁlm thickness of 900–1000nm [36];this was further veriﬁed on taking EDX spectrum of cavitated NAB surface under distilled as well as 3.5%NaCl solu-tion,which indicated the presence of silicon (SiO 2)andFig.9EIS for DSS and NAB in 3.5%NaCl solution with and without cavitation(a)(b)Fig.10EDS spectrum of a DSS cavitated under 3.5%NaCl solution and b NAB cavitated under 3.5%NaCl solutionJ Bio Tribo Corros (2015)1:12Page 9of 1212aluminium oxides(Al2O3),see Fig.10b.These may ac-count for the high corrosion resistance of both the material samples used.3.3Synergy CalculationFrom Table3,the value of volumetric mass loss for each sample was extracted using the simple mass,volume and density formula:Density=mass/volume;ð3Þwhere density of NAB=7.65g/cm3and density of DSS=7.8g/cm3.Hence,the following values are tabulated in Table4in order to compare the mass loss obtained using precision weighing machine and Alicona. The mass change observed during pure corrosion was mass gain rather than mass loss,hence it is considered negative since mass loss is considered positive.From the pure corrosion measurements shown in Table4and Eq.3,the thickness of the passive layer formed on the sample surface was calculated.The oxide layers consisting predominant of Al203in case of NAB and Cr2O3in case of DSS were found to be of thickness 0.24l m and0.03l m,respectively.Using Eqs.1and2,and considering the values of gravimetric mass loss from Table4,the synergy can be calculated and the values are tabulated in Table5.3.4DiscussionIt can be seen from Table5that for both NAB and DSS synergy has measurable impact on their cavitation erosion–corrosion.While the synergy between cavitation erosion and corrosion for NAB was found to be73.6%,it is almost half in case of DSS at36.5%,with D C(erosion-enhanced corrosion)dominating the synergy result for both cases. These values are in general much higher when compared with the synergy results obtained by other studies.The study by Neville,Hodgkiess and Dallas[37]found the synergy for2205DSS eroded under liquid–solid jet impingement under saline solution to be about20%, whereas the vibratory cavitation as well as hydrodynamic cavitation erosion–corrosion synergy tests conducted by Wood and Hutton[38]showed S/T%values to be in the range of30%to[60%for various materials tested under 3%NaCl solution such as grey cast iron,1020mild steel, 304SS and copper alloys.Several engineering alloys tested in3.5%NaCl solution by Kwok et al.[39]showed very low(negligible)S/T%of damage for corrosion-resistant materials such as316SS,304SS and Zeron100super DSS.However,it must be noted that these studies were carried out with varying conditions,and also most of these studies considered rate of depth of penetration as their means of calculating synergy.One reason for the existence of synergy could be due to the difference in the quantity of dissolved gases present in each medium.While3.5%NaCl solution may have higher amount of dissolved oxygen,it also has dissolved minerals and radicals among other such factors that can affect the bubble nucleation,growth and impact.Distilled water is considered to have negligible amount of dissolved miner-als,and hence cavitation impact and results obtained in distilled water can vary signiﬁcantly from that in3.5% NaCl solution.Also,few anomalies may exist due to cer-tain assumptions made during the experiment such as,the erosion test without any external electrochemical applica-tion was considered as pure erosion test;however,there was still a small level of corrosion taking place in the form of passivity of the individual materials itself.This alone may explain the difference in the mass change between the two materials for pure erosion test when comparing gravimetric with volumetric analyses.One way of immu-nizing the material from any corrosion could be by using the pH of the solution to move the material to immune section of pourbaix diagram in order to protect it fromTable4Comparison between gravimetric mass loss and volumetric mass lossMaterial used In distilled water cavitation erosion loss(E)In3.5%NaCl solution cavitation erosion–corrosionloss(T)Pure corrosionmass gain(C)(mg)Gravimetric mass loss(in mg)Volumetric massloss(in mg)Gravimetric massloss(in mg)Volumetric massloss(in mg)Nickel aluminium bronze 1.000.88 1.48 1.29-0.61 Duplex stainless steel0.710.630.960.82-0.10Table5Synergism summaryfor the samplesMaterial used T(mg)E(mg)C(mg)S=T-(E?C)(mg)(S/T)9100(%)Nickel aluminium bronze 1.48 1.00-0.61 1.0973.6Duplex stainless steel0.960.71-0.100.3536.512Page10of12J Bio Tribo Corros(2015)1:12。

欧洲泌尿外科学会指南EAU2009

iation of Urology 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1.1 References
page
4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
Guidelines on
Urinary Incontinence
A. Schröder, P. Abrams (Co-Chairman), K-E. Andersson, W. Artibani, C.R. Chapple, M.J. Drake, C. Hampel, A. Neisius, A. Tubaro, J.W. Thüroff (Chairman)
2. Epidemiology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Risk factors in women 2.2.1. Risk factors in pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 2.3 Risk factors in men 2.4 Overactive bladder (OAB) 2.5 Disease progression 2.5.1 Longitudinal studies 2.5.2 Genetic epidemiology 2.5.3 Twin studies 2.5.4 Worldwide estimates of current and future LUTS including urinary incontinence (UI) and OAB in individuals > 20 yrs 2.5.5 Conclusions 2.6 References 3. Pharmacotherapy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Drugs used in the treatment of OAB/detrusor overactivity (DO) 3.3 Drugs used in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SIU) 3.4 Drugs used for the treatment of ‘overflow incontinence’ 3.5 Hormonal treatment of UI 3.5.1 Oestrogen 3.5.2 Other steroid hormones/receptor ligands 3.5.3 Desmopressin 3.6 References 4. Incontinence in men 4.1 Initial assessment 4.2 Initial treatment 4.2.1 General management 4.2.2 Post-radical prostatectomy (RP) incontinence 4.2.3 Conclusions 4.3 Specialised management 4.3.1 Assessment 4.3.2 Interventions 4.3.3 Sphincter incompetence 4.3.3.1 Detrusor overactivity (DO) 4.3.3.2 Poor bladder emptying 4.3.3.3 Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) 4.4 Surgical treatment 4.4.1 Incontinence after surgery for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) or prostate cancer (CaP) 4.4.1.1 Incontinence after surgery for BPO or prostate cancer (CaP) 4.4.1.2 Incontinence after surgery for prostate cancer (CaP 4.4.1.3 Definitions of post-RP continence 4.4.1.4 Incontinence risk factors 4.4.1.5 Interventional treatment for post-RP incontinence 4.4.1.6 Age 4.4.1.7 Post-RP incontinence with bladder neck stricture 4.4.2 Incontinence after external beam radiotherapy for CaP 4.4.2.1 Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) after radiotherapy 4.4.2.2 Conclusion 4.4.2.3 Other treatments for SIU after radiotherapy 4.4.3 Incontinence after other treatment for CaP 4.4.3.1 Brachytherapy

布地格福吸入气雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的效果分析

DOI：10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2023.13.146布地格福吸入气雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的效果分析邓姗凌，刘莎莎，李大玮湖南省康复医院药剂科，湖南长沙410007［摘要］目的分析布地格福吸入气雾剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的效果。

方法随机抽取2020年11月—2022年10月湖南省康复医院诊治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者90例为研究对象，根据治疗方案不同分为对照组（n=45）、研究组（n=45），对照组予以布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗，研究组行布地格福吸入气雾剂治疗。

组间比较治疗效果、不良反应发生率及肺功能、血气分析指标。

结果研究组治疗总有效率（100.00%）较对照组（86.67%）更高，差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.464，P<0.05）。

治疗后，研究组PaCO2、心率、呼吸频率较对照组更低，PaO2较对照组更高，FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、6MWD较对照组更高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

两组不良反应发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。

结论布地格福吸入气雾剂用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者中，对提升治疗效果以及改善患者肺功能、血气分析指标，均有显著效果。

［关键词］布地格福吸入气雾剂；布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂；慢性阻塞性肺疾病；急性加重期；疗效［中图分类号］R5 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1674-0742（2023）05(a)-0146-05Effect of Budesonide Inhalation Aerosol on Patients with Acute Exacerba⁃tion of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseDENG Shanling, LIU Shasha, LI DaweiDepartment of Pharmacy, Hunan Rehabilitation Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410007 China[Abstract] Objective To analyze the effect of Budesonide inhalation aerosol on patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods Ninety patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmo⁃nary disease diagnosed and treated in Hunan Rehabilitation Hospital from November 2020 to October 2022 were ran⁃domly selected as the objects of study. They were divided into control group (n=45) and study group (n=45) according to different treatment regimens. The control group was treated with budesonide formoterol powder inhalation, while the study group was treated with Budesonide inhalation aerosol. The treatment effect, incidence of adverse reactions, lung function and blood gas analysis index were compared between groups. Results The total effective rate of the study group was 100.00%, which was higher than 86.67% of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =4.464, P<0.05). After treatment, PaCO2, heart rate and respiratory rate in the study group were lower than those in the control group, PaO2 was higher than that in the control group, FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, 6MWD were higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion The application of Budesonide inhalation aerosol in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has a sig⁃nificant effect on improving the therapeutic effect, lung function, blood gas analysis indexes.[Key words] Budesonide inhalation aerosol; Budesonide formoterol powder inhalant; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Acute exacerbation stage; Curative effect慢性阻塞性肺疾病属临床发病率较高的呼吸内科疾病之一，发病后患者出现呼吸困难、喘息、咳[作者简介] 邓姗凌（1984-），女，本科，主管药师，研究方向为抗感染专业方向及医院药事管理。

非创伤性修复治疗

对ART的评价-ART的优点
• • • • • • • 符合现代预防观点：最少的损伤，最佳的预防手用器械操作简单易学控制交叉感染方便病人容易接受玻璃离子含氟容易修补
可能影响其推广的因素
• • • • • • 充填微漏玻璃离子的强度长期保留率尚待观察对ART技术的误解误认为玻璃离子是临时充填材料病例丢失率高
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety secondary school students, aged 14 and 15 years, were included in the study. The ART restorations were prepared in 90 cavities and restored using an encapsulated high-viscosity glass ionomer. The depth of the cavities was judged from radiographs and clinically into outer, middle and inner third of dentine. Using a graded periodontal probe, cavity size was measured, into approximately half the width of the mesiodistal and buccolingual/palatal distance of the occlusal surface. The students were asked about the level of sensation experienced during cavity preparation immediately after completion of restoration. chi(2)-Test was used to test the effect of cavity depth and size on sensitivity from the teeth.