COA课件07
主动脉缩窄主动脉内支架术ppt课件
目前主动脉缩窄的治疗方法有外科手术、 单纯经皮球囊扩张成形术及支架置入术。 外科手术由于创伤大、术后再次缩窄发生 率高等原因已逐渐成为第二选择。单纯球 囊扩张成形术后残余压力阶差大、术中并 发症及随访期动脉瘤发生率高、长期疗效 较差。
3
血管内支架治疗CoA是介入治疗方法学上的 一大飞跃。有效减少了球囊血管成形术相 关并发症(如再缩窄和动脉瘤形成)的发生。
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CP 支架的缺点在
于输送鞘直径须
大于球囊2 个F ,
此时较难将支架
卷曲成8~9 F 以
下的较小直径。
尽管这个缺点在
静脉途径并不十
分重要,但在股动
脉途径可能造成
对股动脉的损伤
。
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BIB 球囊特点
BIB 球囊由内球囊和外球囊组成,内球囊扩 张直径为外球囊的1/ 2 ,长度较外球囊短1 cm。外 球囊扩张直径范围8~24 mm ,相当于靶血管需扩 张的目标直径。内球囊总是短于CP 支架,故在内球 囊扩张过程中支架边缘不张开,可降低对球囊和靶 血管的损伤概率。外球囊总是长于CP 支架,支架完 全扩张之前,如需要可对支架重新精确定位。因此 BIB 双球囊能更好地控制支架展开,最大限度降低 术中支架移位的危险。
合并其他心血管畸形的患者:主动脉缩窄合并其他畸形 的治疗,可先解决介入能解决的主动脉缩窄,以缓解左 心排血受阻症状,再择期外科矫治其他畸形,可简化手 术过程、减少术中创伤利于术后恢复,提高手术成功率。
2013昆明血管介入研讨会
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谢谢!
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1例合并冠脉狭窄,术中同时行冠脉支架植 入术
2例合并主动脉瓣严重关闭不全,术后转心外 科行换瓣术
6
789源自101112
13
coa课件第七章(1)
I/O Mapping
Page208
• Memory mapped I/O 存储映射式I/O 存储映射式
—Devices and memory share an address space —I/O looks just like memory read/write —No special commands for I/O –Large selection of memory access commands available
• Isolated I/O 独立I/O 独立
—Separate address spaces —Need I/O or memory select lines —Special commands for I/O –Limited set 只有少数几种I/O命令 命令 只有少数几种
Page206
※§7.4 Interrupt Driven I/O
• CPU waits for I/O module to complete operation • Wastes CPU time
Programmed I/O – detail
Page205
• CPU requests I/O operation • I/O module performs operation • I/O module sets status bits • CPU checks status bits periodically周期性地 • I/O module does not inform CPU directly • I/O module does not interrupt CPU
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition
乙酰CoA草酰乙酸α酮戊二酸琥珀酰课件
目录
• 乙酰CoA • 草酰乙酸 • α-酮戊二酸 • 琥珀酰化
01
乙酰CoA
乙酰CoA的结构
乙酰CoA的结构是由乙酰基和CoA构成的, 其中CoA是辅酶A的缩写,是一个由泛酸、维 生素B5等构成的复合物。
乙酰基通过硫酯键与CoA相连,形成一个稳 定的五元环结构。
03
α-酮戊二酸
α-酮戊二酸的结构
总结词
α-酮戊二酸是一种有机化合物,分子式为C5H4O5。它含有 五个碳原子、四个氧原子和一个羧基,属于有机酸类物质。
详细描述
α-酮戊二酸是一种重要的代谢中间产物,在生物体内的三羧 酸循环和氧化呼吸链中起着关键作用。其结构由一个酮基和 两个羧基组成,这些基团使得α-酮戊二酸具有较高的化学反 应活性。
作为脂肪酸合成的起始原料,乙酰CoA参与脂肪酸的合成,是生物体内重要的有机 物质。
作为能量代谢的重要中间产物,乙酰CoA可参与三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化等过程, 释放出所储存的能量。
作为酮体的生成原料,乙酰CoA可参与酮体的生成,为肝脏输出能源的一种形式。
02
草酰乙酸
草酰乙酸的结构
总结词
草酰乙酸是一种有机酸,分子式为C4H4O5,结构中包含一个羧基和一个酮基。
α-酮戊二酸的合成与分解
总结词
α-酮戊二酸的合成主要发生在线粒体内,由乙酰CoA和琥珀酰CoA反应生成。分 解则主要通过三羧酸循环进行,最终产生CO2和H2O。
详细描述
在合成过程中,乙酰CoA和琥珀酰CoA通过缩合反应形成α-酮戊二酸。这个反应 需要消耗ATP,并在线粒体中进行。在分解过程中,α-酮戊二酸进入三羧酸循环, 经过一系列的氧化还原反应,最终产生CO2和H2O。
医生护士骨科COA外出学习汇报 PPT
1.建议:机械通气患者不常规使用雾化吸入抗菌药物(2C) 2.静脉使用抗菌药物 3.建议:机械通气患者可考虑使用SDD或SOD策略 预防VAP(2B) 4.建议:不建议常规应用肠道益生菌预防VAP(2B) 5.预防应激性溃疡并不降低机械通气患者消化道出血的危险
机械通气时护理关注要点
敏感度:压力触发-0.5-2cmH2O,流量触发更敏感 吸气压力:使用压力控制通气时,<30cmH2O 呼气末CO2分压:35-45mmHg,每分钟产量150-240ml 气道分压:9-16cmH2O,>40cmH2O易致气压伤 吸气末正压:5-13cmH2O
• 1小时 • 3小时 • 6小时
重症感染,我们怎么做?
2019镇静镇痛临床实践指南
损伤或炎症刺激,或因情感痛苦而产生的不适 疼痛行为量表(BPS):面部表情、上肢运动、
人机顺应性 烦躁原因依次:疼痛、失眠、插管、恐惧、约束 镇静深度:
ICU常用镇静药物
起效快、半衰期短、副作用小
药名 力月西
7.谵妄发生的危险因素
7.右美减少谵妄发生
8.血流动力学不稳定/肾功能不全
8.删除某些特殊镇药的特殊禁忌症
VAP预防
定义
指气管插管或气管切开患者在接受机械通气48h后发生的肺炎 撤机、拔管48h内出现的肺炎,仍属于VAP 分期:早发≤4d,晚发≥5d
VAP诊断、预防、和治疗指南
推荐:机械通气患者无需定期更换呼吸机回路(1A) 建议:机械通气患者可采用HMEs或含加热导丝的 HHs作为湿化装置(2B) 机械通气患者若使用HMEs,每5-7天更换1次,当 受污、气道阻力增加时应及时更换(1B) 推荐:除非破损或污染,机械通气患者的密闭式细 谈装置无需每日更换(1B) 建议:机械通气患者不常规使用细菌过滤器(2C)
雷丹COA课件 (7)
Two Stage Instruction Pipeline
Page 425
作废
Improved Performance
Page 424
• But not doubled, for two reasons:
—Fetch usually shorter than execution —Any jump or branch means that prefetched instructions are not the required instructions
Page 428
无条件转移
条件转移
※Dealing with Branches*
Page 431
• Multiple Streams多流水线 • Prefetch Branch Target 预取转移目标 • Loop buffer 循环缓冲 • Branch prediction 转移预测 • Delayed branching 延迟转移
• Add more stages to improve performance
Instruction operations divided 6 stages 6阶段
Page 425
• • • • • •
Fetch instruction(FI) Decode instruction(DI) Calculate operands(CO) (i.e. calculate EA) Fetch operands(FO) Execute instructions(EI) Write result(WR)
转移历史表:用来记录许多曾经执行过的转移指令,并 转移历史表: 记录猜测的策略
Branch history table strategy
脂酰CoA合成酶课件
CO~SCoA
HCO3- + H+ + ATP
ADP + Pi
乙酰CoA羧化酶(别构酶)
(柠檬酸正调节,软脂酰COA变构抑制)
CO2 生物素羧化酶 CO2
ATP+HCO3-+BCCP
BCCP-CO2 +ADP
O
羧基转移酶
=
BCCP-CO2 +CH3-C~SCOA
O
HOOC-CH2-C~SCOA +BCCP
CH2O P α-磷酸甘油
一、脂肪酸的生物合成
❖饱和脂肪酸的从头合成 ❖脂肪酸碳链的延长 ❖不饱和脂肪酸的合成
(一)饱和脂肪酸的从头合成 (偶数碳)
❖部位: ▪ 组织定位:肝、肾、脑、肺、乳腺及 脂肪等组织
▪ 细胞定位:胞浆(植物在叶绿体中进行) ❖原料 : 乙酰CoA(膳食,体内代谢)
NADPH+H+(磷酸戊糖途径)
脂酰CoA合成酶(硫激酶1) 催化
R-COOH
脂酰CoA合成酶
R-CO~SCoA
HSCoA+ ATP
AMP + PPi
(2)脂酰CoA转运入线粒体
❖由肉碱(肉毒碱, carnitine)来携带 脂酰基。
CH3
HOOC-CH2-CH-CH2-N+-CH3
OH
CH3
β-羟基-r-三甲基铵基丁酸
肉碱(肉毒碱, carnitine)
ATP 。
酮体生成及利用的生理意义
❖肝脏向肝外组织提供的第二能源 ❖饥饿,低糖时代替葡萄糖供能 ❖防止肌肉蛋白的过多消耗
第二节 脂肪的生物合成
甘 脂肪酸 脂肪酸
油 脂肪酸
certificates of analysis (coa)
certificates of analysis (coa)【原创实用版】目录1.证书分析 (COA) 的定义和重要性2.COA 的具体内容和组成部分3.COA 在各行业中的应用4.COA 的优缺点分析5.我国在 COA 方面的发展及前景正文证书分析 (COA) 是指对产品、物品或物质的特性、质量、安全性等进行详细分析和描述的文件,它是一种权威的、具有法律效力的证明文件。
在现代社会,COA 已经成为了保证产品质量、维护消费者权益、促进国际贸易的重要手段,其重要性不言而喻。
COA 的具体内容和组成部分通常包括以下几个方面:首先是产品的基本信息,如名称、型号、生产日期等;其次是产品的质量指标,如化学成分、物理性能、微生物指标等;再次是产品的检验方法和设备;最后是产品的合格标准和结论。
这些内容共同构成了 COA 的主体,是 COA 的核心和灵魂。
COA 的应用范围非常广泛,几乎涵盖了所有行业。
在食品行业,COA 可以证明食品的安全性和营养成分;在化工行业,COA 可以证明化学品的纯度和性能;在医药行业,COA 可以证明药品的有效性和安全性;在建筑行业,COA 可以证明建筑材料的质量等等。
可以说,COA 是连接生产和消费、保障产品质量和安全的重要桥梁。
COA 的优缺点也十分明显。
其优点在于,COA 可以提供权威、公正、准确的产品质量信息,有利于消费者选择和购买,也有利于生产企业提高产品质量,提升竞争力。
其缺点在于,COA 的获取需要付出一定的成本,包括检验费用、证书费用等,而且 COA 的有效期有限,需要定期更新,这也是 COA 的一种负担。
我国在 COA 方面的发展也取得了显著的成就。
我国已经建立了一套完善的 COA 制度,包括 COA 的制定、审核、颁发、管理等各个环节,保障了 COA 的权威性和准确性。
同时,我国也在积极推动 COA 的国际化,与国际接轨,提升我国产品的国际竞争力。
《ERPCOA制定方案》课件
基于调研结果,设计满足需求的 ERPCOA方案。
ERPCOA实施效果
了解ERPCOA的实施效果,包括财务管理效率的提高、决策支持能力的提升和系统集成能力的增 强。
财务管理效率提高
通过ERPCOA的实施,财务管理流程更加高效和规范。
决策支持能力提升
ERPCOA提供了更准确和全面的数据,帮助决策者做出更好的决策。
系统集成能力增强
ERPCOA使各系统间的数据流程更加协同和集成,提高整体效能。
ERPCOA后续维护
ERPCOA的实施并不是终点,我们需要进行后续的维护工作,以确保系统的稳定和持续运行。
1 提供技术支持
为用户提供技术支持和 解决方案,保障系统的 正常运行。
2 定期优化升级
定期评估系统性能和功 能需求,进行优化和升 级。
《ERPCOA制定方案》PPT课件
欢迎大家来到今天的课程,我们将一起探讨ERPCOA制定方案,帮助公司更 好地发展和管理。
背景介绍
我们首先来了解一下公司的发展历程以及当前的系统建设情况,为制定ERPCOA方案做好准备。
公司发展历程
回顾公司在过去的发展里程碑,了解公司的历史 变迁和里程碑事件。
系统建设情况
分析公司当前的系统建设情况,找出现有系统的 优点和不足。
ERPCOA概述
让我们先来了解一下ERPCOA的定义、模型以及应用场景,帮助大家对ERPCOA有一个整体的认识。
ERPCOA定义
介绍ERPCOA是什么,以及其在企业管理中的作用和意义。
ERPCOA模型
解释ERPCOA模型的构成部分,以及每个部分的功能和关系。
制定方案时应统一和规范化各类数据的处理和管理。
ERPCOA实施过程
模具的coa,certificate of analysis
模具的coa,certificate of analysis1. 引言1.1 概述模具作为制造业的重要工具,广泛应用于汽车、电子、家电、航空等众多行业。
与模具相关的质量控制和验证显得尤为重要,因为不合格的模具可能导致产品质量、生产效率和企业声誉受损。
在模具行业中,COA(Certificate of Analysis)即分析证书是一种重要的文件,被用于对模具材料、制造工艺和质量进行验证。
1.2 文章结构本文将深入研究COA在模具行业中的定义、作用以及核心要素和编制内容。
接着,通过案例分析来展示COA在模具材料检测、质量评估和出厂验收等方面的应用。
最后,对已有观点进行总结,并展望未来COA在模具行业中的发展方向。
1.3 目的本文旨在全面了解COA在模具行业中的应用,并揭示其带来的益处和挑战。
通过对核心要素和编制内容的详细解释,读者将更好地理解COA对于确保模具质量并提高企业竞争力所起到的关键作用。
通过案例分析部分,读者将深入了解COA在实际操作中的应用,并从中获得启示和借鉴。
最后,本文还将提供对未来COA发展方向的展望,为模具行业的相关从业者指明前进方向。
2. COA的定义与作用2.1 COA的概念COA(Certificate of Analysis)又称分析证书,是指一份文档或报告,它提供了有关特定产品批次的详细分析结果和质量信息。
COA通常由生产厂家、供应商或第三方实验室提供,并在产品销售时随附。
这个证书用于确保产品符合规定的质量标准,并向消费者提供关于产品成分、性能和安全性等方面的重要信息。
2.2 COA的重要性COA在现代质量管理体系中起着至关重要的作用。
它不仅是厂商履行质量承诺的方式之一,还为采购者提供了关于产品品质的确切证据。
通过对原材料、生产过程和最终成品进行系统化检测和分析,COA能够客观地评估产品是否符合预期标准,并验证其合规性。
首先,COA可以确保产品质量和安全性。
通过对关键指标如物理性质、化学成分和微生物污染进行检测,并与制定的标准进行比较,COA可以揭示潜在问题并及时采取措施,以防止次品或不安全产品流入市场。
certificate of analysis(coa)
certificate of analysis(coa)certificate of analysis(COA)是指分析证书,是一种用于证明货物、产品或样品质量的分析报告。
在国际贸易中,COA起着至关重要的作用,因为它可以为买卖双方提供关于货物质量的客观依据。
本文将详细介绍COA的定义、作用、主要内容、在国际贸易中的应用,以及在我国的管理与认证制度。
一、COA的定义与作用COA是由权威检验机构或专业实验室出具的,用于证明货物、产品或样品质量的分析报告。
它包含了各项质量指标的数据和结论,可以为买卖双方提供客观依据。
在国际贸易中,COA有助于消除双方在质量方面的疑虑,降低交易风险。
二、COA的主要内容与结构COA通常包括以下几个部分:1.报告编号和日期:唯一标识报告,确保报告的真实性和准确性。
2.委托单位与收样单位:表明报告的发起者和接受者。
3.货物名称、型号和规格:明确检验的对象。
4.检验项目:列举各项质量指标,如化学成分、物理性能、微生物指标等。
5.检验方法和标准:阐述检验过程中所采用的方法和依据的标准。
6.检验结果:详细罗列各项质量指标的实测数据。
7.结论与建议:对货物质量进行总体评价,并提出改进措施或处理意见。
8.签发人及有效期:确保报告在规定时间内具有法律效力。
三、COA在国际贸易中的应用在国际贸易中,COA通常作为买卖双方确认货物质量的重要依据。
买方可以通过COA了解货物的实际质量,确保货物符合合同要求。
而卖方则可以利用COA证明己方产品质量,提高信誉,降低交易风险。
此外,COA还可以为金融机构、保险公司、海关等部门提供货物质量的参考。
四、我国COA的管理与认证制度在我国,COA的管理与认证主要涉及以下几个方面:1.法规政策:国家制定了一系列关于产品质量、进出口商品检验检疫等方面的法规政策,为COA的出具和审核提供了法律依据。
2.检验检疫机构:国家质量监督检验检疫总局(AQSIQ)负责全国范围内的进出口商品检验检疫工作。
coa课件第七章(2)
• DMA is the answer
DMA Function
Pagule (hardware) on bus • DMA controller takes over from CPU for I/O
Direct Memory Access
Issue read block command to I/O module Read status Of DMA module Next instruction CPU—>DMA Do something else Interrupt DMA—> CPU
—PC —Limits number of devices
• Software poll 软件轮询
—CPU asks each module in turn —Slow
Identifying Interrupting Module (2)
• Daisy Chain or Hardware poll
• Bus Master 总线主控(向量 总线主控 向量) 向量
—Module must claim the bus before it can raise interrupt
Multiple Interrupts
Page213
• Each interrupt line has a priority • Higher priority lines can interrupt lower priority lines
• Program Sate Word(PSW) 程序状态字
—In the PSW register of CPU —Save the state of result in arithmetic & logical operation
COA——精选推荐
COACOA考试资料前⼆章作业1.计算机的四个基本功能(Functions)是什么?(P6带圆点处)2.在计算机的top-level structure view中,四个structuralcomponents 是什么?P10 Figure 1.43.谁提出了store-program concept ?(P17)你能⽤汉语简单地描述这个存储程序的概念吗?4.CPU的英⽂全称是什么(P9)?汉语意义是什么?P11CPU构造Figure 1.55.ALU的英⽂全称是什么?汉语意义是什么?(P9)6.V on Neumann 的IAS机的五⼤部件都是什么?(P20带圆点处)7.在第⼀章中我们认识到的四个结构性部件(第2题)与V on Neumann的IAS机(第6题)中部件有本质差别吗?8.Fundamental Computer Elements 有哪⼏个(P28 figure2.6)?它们与计算机的四个基本功能的关系是什么?9.Moore’s Law在中⽂翻译为什么?它描述了什么事物的⼀般规律?(P24 double every 18 months)10.本书的次标题和第⼆章第⼆节标题均为“Designing forPerformance”,Performance 主要指什么(P37 带圆点处)?Performance Balance的(balance)平衡要平衡什么(P38)?11.本书作者将他要研究的范围局限在“desktop,workstation , server“中,它们的中⽂名称是什么(桌⾯体、⼯作站和服务器)?各⾃的⼯作范围是什么?(P37)Chapter 3Homework1.PC means _ (P53 相关的IR 、MAR、MBR 、I/O、AR、I/OBR means牢记)A. personal computerB. programming controllerC. program counterD. portable computerPC——存放下⼀条指令的地址(address of next instruction)MAR——存放本条指令的地址(address of the instruction) MBR ——存放取得的内容(comtents )2. PC holds AA. address of next instructionB. next instructionC. address of operandD. operand3. At the end of fetch cycle, MAR holds ___(P54 fetch cycle 的步骤,对应12章的内容P422)A. address of instructionB. instructionC. address of operandD. operand4. Interrupt process steps are __P61(相当重要)A. suspending , resuming , branching & processingB. branching , suspending , processing & resumingC. suspending , branching , processing & resumingD. processing , branching , resuming & suspending5. A unsigned binary number is n bits, so it is can represent a value in the range between _________ .(未带符号)A. 0 to n-1B. 1 to nC. 0 to 2n-1D. 1 to 2n6.The length of the address code is 32 bits, so addressing range (or the range of address) is ________________. (1K=210B 1M=210K 1G=210M)A. 4GB.from –2G to 2GC.4G-1D. from 1 to 4G7.There are three kinds of BUSes. Which is not belong to them?(P70 Figure 3.16)A. address busB. system busC. data busD. control bu第四章⼀:选择题1.The computer memory system refers to __(P97 区分Internal Memory和External memory)_A.RAM Internal Memory(内部存储器)——register,main memory,acheB.ROM External memory(外部存储器)——diskC.Main memoryD.Register , main memory, cache, external memory2.If the word of memory is 16 bits, which the following answer is right ?A.The address width is 16 bitsB.The address width is related with 16 bitsC.The address width is not related with 16 bitsD.The address width is not less than 16 bits3.The characteristics of internal memory compared to external memory(P100 figure4.1 图中从上往下看:速度变慢,容量增⼤,单位成本降低)A.Big capacity, high speed, low costB.Big capacity, low speed, high costC.small capacity, high speed, high costD.small capacity, high speed, low cost4.On address mapping of cache, any block of main memory can be mapped toany line of cache, it is (P107~117 )总结映射:Direct Mapping——fixed main memory be mapped to fixed line of cacheAssociative Mapping——any block of main memory can be mapped to any line of cache,Set Associative Mapping——the data in any block of main memory can be mapped to fixed set any l(way) of cache A) Associative Mapping B) Direct MappingC) Set Associative Mapping D) Random MappingP118 总结写策略:write through——as well as to cacheWrite back——when the difference between cache and main memory is found5. Cache’s write-through polity means write operation to main memory _______.A)as well as to cacheB)only when the cache is replacedC)when the difference between cache and main memory is foundD)only when direct mapping is used6.Cache’s write-back polity means write operation to main memory ______________.a)as well as to cacheb)only when the relative cache is replacedc)when the difference between cache and main memory isfoundd)only when using direct mapping7. O n address mapping of cache, the data in any block of mainmemory can be mapped to fixed line of cache, it is _________________.A)associative mapping B) directmappingC)set associative mapping D) randommapping8.On address mapping of cache, the data in any block of main memory can be mapped to fixed set any line(way) of cache, it is _________________.B)associative mapping B) directmappingD)set associative mapping D) randommapping⼆:计算题(from page 126)Problem 4.1 , Problem 4.3 , Problem 4.4 , Problem 4.5 , , Problem 4.7, Problem 4.10第五章作业1.which type of memory is volatile?(P140 Table 5.1 熟记此表)A.ROMB. E2PROMC. RAMD. flash memory2.which type of memory has 6-transistor structure?(P141 Figure5.2(b))DRAM——is made with cells that store data as charge on capacitors (read refresh circuits but slower)SRAM——binary values are stored using traditional flip-flop logic-gate configurations(faster & does not need refresh circuits)A. DRAMB. SRAMC. ROMD. EPROM/doc/751ed7c28bd63186bcebbce6.html ing hamming code, its purpose is of one-bit error. (P150第⼆段)A. detecting and correctingB. detectingC. correctingD. none of all4.Flash memory is (同1).A. read-only memoryB. read-mostly memoryC. read-write memoryD. volatile5.Which answer about internal memory is not true? (P139)A. RAM can be accessed at any time, but data would be lost when power down..B. When accessing RAM, access time is non-relation with storage location.C. In internal memory, data can’t be modified.D. Each addressable location has a unique address.Page161 Problems: 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8第六章作业⼀、选择题P180~183RAID0——四个数据盘:不能纠错RAID1——四个数据盘和四个copy盘:have copy ,mirror disk that contains the same dataRAID2——四个数据盘和三个校验盘:make use lf a parallel access technique(have copy)RAID3——四个数据盘和⼀个校验盘:(同2)+only a single redundant (只要知道有错误,⽆需其位置)RAID4——四个数据盘和⼀个校验盘:make use of independent access techniqueRAID5——distributes the parity strips across all disksRAID6——two different parity calculations are carried out and stored in separate blocks on different disks1. RAID levels_________make use of an independent access technique.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. all2. In RAID 4, to calculate the new parity, involves _ reads_P183.(two reads & two writes )A. oneB. twoC. threeD.four3. During a read/write operation, the head is ------P164最后⼀段A. movingB. stationaryC. rotatingD. above all4. On a movable head system, the time it takes to position the head at the track is know as______.总结:(P171)seek time ——the time it takes to position the head at the trackRotational delay——the time it takes for the beginning of the sector to reach the headAccess time—the time it takes to get into position to read or writeB. rotational delayC. access timeD. transfer time5. RAID makes use of stored______information that enable the recovery of data lost due to a disk failure.(P175 相关的1,2,3 点内容)A. parityB. user dataC. OSD. anyone6. Recording and retrieval via _________called a head(P167)A. conductive coilB. aluminiumC. glassD. Magnetic field7.In Winchester disk track format, _________is a unique identifier or address used to locate a particular sector.总结:ID field is a unique identifier or address used to locate a particular sector.SYNCH byte is a special bit pattern that delimits the beginning of the fieldData field holds dataDisk Data Layout:Sectors ,Tracks ,Intersector gap (各⾃的功能P165~166)A. SYNCHB. GapC. ID fieldD. Data field8. Data are transferred to and from the disk in ________.A. trackB. sectorC. gapD. cylinder9. In _________, each logical strip is mapped to two separate physical disk.A. RAID 1B. RAID 2C. RAID 3D. RAID 410. With _________, the bits of an error correcting code are stored in the corresponding bit position on multiple parity disk.A. RAID 1C. RAID 3D. RAID 411. The write-once read-many CD, known as ___(P184~187)A. CD-ROMB. CD-RC. CD-R/WD. DVD总结:CD/CD-ROM——read only ,CD-R——write only ,CD-RW——write manyDVD——read only第七章总结:Programmed I/O(P205)——CPU periodically reads & checks the status of I/O module until it find that the operation is completeINTERRUPT-DRIVEN I/O——(P209 11个步骤)processor to issue an I/O command to a module and then go on to do some other useful workDMA(direct memory access)——the latter technique is more common and is referred to as cycle stealing,the DMA module in effect steals a bus cycle1.“When the CPU issues a command to the I/O module, it mustwait until the I/O operation is complete”. It is programmed I/O , the word “wait” means ___a. the CPU stops and does nothingb. the CPU does something elsec. the CPU periodically reads & checks the status of I/O moduled. the CPU wait the Interrupt Request Signal2.See Figure 7.7. To save (PSW & PC) and remainder onto stack,why the operations of restore them is reversed? Because the operations of stack are __a. first in first outb. randomc. last in first outd. sequenced/doc/751ed7c28bd63186bcebbce6.html ing stack to save PC and remainder, the reason is_______P209~210 figure 7.7a.some information needed for resuming the currentprogram at the point of interruptb.when interrupt occurs, the instruction is not executed over, sothe instruction at the point of interrupt must be executed once againc.the stack must get some information for LIFOd.the start address of ISR must transfer by stack4.The signals of interrupt request and acknowledgementexchange between CPU and requesting I/O module. The reason of CPU’s acknowledgement is _____P210 第3步a.to let the I/O module remove request signalb. to let CPUget the vector from data busc.both a & bd. other aims5.In DMA , the DMA module takes over the operations of datatransferring from CPU, it means _--P216(抓住关键词cycle stealing)第⼀段+带圆点处a.the DMA module can fetch and execute instructions likeCPU doesb.the DMA module can control the bus to transfer data to orfrom memory using stealing cycle techniquec.the DMA module and CPU work together(co-operate) totransfer data into or from memoryd.when DMA module get ready, it issues interrupt requestsignal to CPU for getting interrupt service6.Transfer data with I/O modules, 3 types of techniques can beused. Which one is not belong them? P204a. Interrupt-driven I/Ob. programmed I/Oc. direct I/O accessd. DMAProgrammed I/O——sending a read or write command,and transferring the dataInterrupt-driven I/O——extracting data from main memory for output and storing data in main memory for input DMA——I/O module and main memory exchange data directly,without processor involvement7.Think 2 types of different data transferring, to input a wordfrom keyboard and to output a data block of some sectors to harddisk. The best choice is to use ___P204a.interrupt-driven I/O and DMAb. DMA and programmed I/O C. both interrupt-driven I/Os d. both DMAsprogrammed I/O——read/write one word one timeinterrupt-driven I/Os——read/write a block of dataDMA——read/write a block of data/doc/751ed7c28bd63186bcebbce6.html paring with interrupt-driven I/O, DMA further raises the usage rate of CPU operations, because ___P209 P219a. it isn’t necessary for CPU to save & restore sceneb. itisn’t necessary for CPU to intervene the dada transferc. it isn’t necessary for CPU to read & check status repeatedlyd. both a and bDMA 与Programmed I/O⽐较则选C第九章1.Suppose bit long of two’s complement is 5 bits, which arithmetic operation brings OVERFLOW? P288 (-2n-1~2n-1-1) A. 5+8 B. (-8)+(-8)C. 4-(-12)D.15-72.Overflow occurs sometime in ______arithmetic operation.P293A. addB. subtractC. add and subtractD. multiply3. In twos complement, two positive integers(正整数) are added, when does overflow occurs?(同号相加,如果符号相反则overflow) P293A. There is a carryB. Sign bit is 1C. There is a carry, and sign bit is 0D. Can’t determine4. An 8-bit twos complement 1001 0011 is changed to a 16-bit that equal to____.(n位码变为m位码,只需将原符号位向左重复写(m-n)位)A.1000 0000 1001 0011B. 0000 0000 1001 0011C.1111 1111 1001 0011D.1111 1111 0110 1101 115. An 8-bit twos complement 0001 0011 is changed to a 16-bit that equal to____.(同4)A. 1000 0000 1001 0011B. 0000 0000 0001 0011C. 1111 1111 0001 0011D. 1111 1111 1110 11016.Booth’s algorithm is used for Twos complement ___P301Block Diagram of Hardware for Addition and Subtraction P296 figure9.6Flowchart for Unsigned Binary Multiplication P298 figure9.9Booth's Algorithm for Twos complement P301 figure 9.12Flowchart for Unsigned Binary Division P305 figure9.16A. additionB. subtractionC. multiplicationD. division7. In floating-point arithmetic, addition can divide to 4 steps:______.A. load first operand, add second operand, check overflow and store resultB. compare exponent, shift significand, add significands and normalizeC. fetch instruction, indirectly address operand, execute instruction and interruptD. process scheduling states: create, get ready, is runningand is blocked8. In floating-point arithmetic, multiplication can divide to 4 steps: ______.A. load first operand, add second operand, check overflow and store resultB. fetch instruction, indirectly address operand, execute instruction and interruptC. process scheduling states: create, get ready, is runningand is blockedD. check for zero, add exponents, multiply significands, normalize, and round.9.The main functions of ALU are?A. LogicB. ArithmeticC. Logic and arithmeticD. Only addition10. Which is true?A. Subtraction can not be finished by adder and complement circuits in ALUB. Carry and overflow are not sameC.In twos complement, the negation of an integer can be formedwith the following rules: bitwise not (excluding the sign bit), and add 1.D. In twos complement, addition is normal binary addition,but monitor sign bit for overflowChapter 10 and Chapter 11(寻址⽅式)P(383)Table 11.1 Basic Addressing Modes (disadvatage & advatage)Immediate——no memory access in execution cycle ,very fast,but value range limited and operand no-normal Direct——one times memory access in execution cycle,but address length(range) limitedIndirect——two times memory access (slow), operand normal ,value range non-limited,address length(range) non-limitedRegister——no memory access(fast),operand normal(value no limited),address length limited(address range very litter ) Register indirect——one times memory access operand normal(value range non-limited ),address length non-limited(address length very large) Displacement——one times memory access(value non-limited),address calculation complex1: In instruction, the number of addresses is 0, the operand(s)’address is implied, which is(are) in_______.p334 addresses is 1——a second address must be implicit to ACaddresses is 2——one address does double duty both an operand and a resultaddresses is 3——one address ,two operandsA. accumulatorB. program counterC. top of stackD. any register2: Which the following addressing mode can achieve the target of branch in program?(p387)A.Direct addressing modeB.Register addressing modeC.Base-register addressing modeD.Relative addressing mode3: In index-register addressing mode , the address of operand is equal toA.The content of base-register plus displacementB.The content of index-register plus displacementC.The content of program counter plus displacementD.The content of AC plus displacement4: The address of operand is in the instruction, it is_________ ?A.Direct addressing modeB.Register indirect addressing modeC.Stack addressing modeD.Displacement addressing mode5: Which the following is not the area that the source and result operands can be stored in ?(p331)A.Main or virtual memoryB.CPU registerC.I/O deviceD.Instruction6: Compared with indirect addressing mode , the advantage of register indirect addressing mode is/doc/751ed7c28bd63186bcebbce6.html rge address spaceB.Multiple memory referenceC.Limit address spaceD.Less memory access7:With base-register ADDRESSING , the ______________ register can be used.A.BASEB. INDEX Relative addressing——PCC. PCD. ANY Indexing——Index-Register8:The disadvantage of INDIRECT ADDRESSING is ____________.。
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branching
处理
分支
suspending
break point
断点
挂起
resuming
恢复
(5) Resuming User Program (1)Do User Program ……(2)Suspending (3)Branching (4) Processing
Interrupt Driven I/O Basic Operation(read)
CPU<—I/O module<—external Device
data
data
• Write???
I/O Module Diagram
Page204
控制信息 状态信息
I/O Module Decisions
• Hide or reveal device properties to CPU • Support multiple or single device • Control device functions or leave for CPU • Also O/S decisions
Page209
• 0. CPU issuses I/O command to I/O module, then CPU does something else…. • 1. After I/O module prepares data, issues an interrupt request signal to CPU • 2. CPU finishes execution of the current instructions, CPU checks interrupt request. • 3. The CPU makes sure of an interrupt , and sends an acknowledge signal to module( allows the module to remove its interrupt signal & to sends interrupt number to CPU) • 4. The CPU saves information of current program to stack for resuming it. The important information is PSW(running status of current program) & PC(the address of next instruction)
Page208
• CPU issues read command • I/O module gets data from peripheral whilst CPU does other work • I/O module interrupts CPU • CPU requests data • I/O module transfers data
• Isolated I/O 独立I/O
—Separate address spaces —Need I/O or memory select lines —Special commands for I/O – Limited set 只有少数几种I/O命令
Page206
※§7.4 Interrupt Driven I/O
I/O module Viewpoint
Page208
• Receives a read command from CPU • Then, proceeds to read data in from an associated peripheral • Once data in its data register , signals an interrupt request to CPU • Then waits until its data requested by CPU, places its data on the data bus • Then ready for another I/O operationProgLeabharlann ammed I/O – detail
Page205
• CPU requests I/O operation • I/O module performs operation • I/O module sets status bits • CPU checks status bits periodically周期性地 • I/O module does not inform CPU directly • I/O module does not interrupt CPU • CPU may wait or come back later
Page208
• Overcomes CPU waiting • No repeated CPU checking of device • I/O module interrupts when ready
Transfer of Control via Interrupts
Page61
processing
I/O Mapping
Page208
• Memory mapped I/O 存储映射式I/O
—Devices and memory share an address space —I/O looks just like memory read/write —No special commands for I/O – Large selection of memory access commands available
Simple interrupt processing
Hardware
Device controller or other system hardware issue an interrupt Processor finishes execution of current instruction Processor signals acknowledgment of interrupt Processor pushes PSW & PC onto control stack Processor loads new PC value based on interrupt
I/O Steps(Read)
Page201
• CPU checks I/O module device status • I/O module returns status • If ready, CPU requests data transfer • I/O module gets data from external device • I/O module transfers data to CPU
Page209
software ISR
Save remainder of process state information
Process interrupt
Restore process state information
Restore old PSW & PC
※ Interrupt Processing(1)
CPU Viewpoint
Page208
• Issue read command, then do other work • Check for interrupt at end of each instruction cycle • If interrupted: —Save context (e.g.PC and registers) —Process interrupt –Fetch data & store —Restore context and resume interrupted work
直接存储器存取
§7.3 Programmed I/O
Page204
• CPU has direct control over I/O
—Sensing status 检查设备状态 —Read/write commands 发送读/写命令 —Transferring data 传送数据
• CPU waits for I/O module to complete operation • Wastes CPU time
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition
Chapter 7 Input/Output
The Computer
外设 通信线路
I/O
主存
CPU
Input/Output Problems
Page196
• Wide variety of peripherals
—With various methods of operation —At different transfer rate —In different data formats
• often slower than CPU and RAM • Need I/O modules
I/O Module(Two major functions)
控制 状态
Page198
数据
Control bus
变换器
Typical I/O Data Rates
Page203
千兆位以太网 图形显示器 硬盘 以太网 图形显示
扫描仪
激光打印机 软盘 调制解调器 鼠标 键盘
§7.2 I/O Module Function
Page201
• Control & Timing 控制和定时 • CPU Communication 处理器通信 -command decoding 命令译码 -data transfer 数据传输 -status reporting 状态报告 -address recognition 地址识别 • Device Communication 设备通信 • Data Buffering 数据缓冲 • Error Detection 检错