2第二章合同法概述
经济法课件第二章合同法
6、费用：由债务人承担。
7、提前履行：债务人在履行期限届满之 前提前履行合同的，债权人有权拒绝， 但提前履行不损害债权人利益的，债权 人应予以受领，因此而增加的费用由债 务人承担。
8、部分履行：债务人只履行部分债务， 同上处理。
9、主体发生变化不影响合同的履行
2、 注意点
A提供合同的一方要提醒对方注意免责 条款，否则无效。
B提供合同的一方不得免除自己的主要 义务， 排除对方的主要权利。
C双方发生争议时应当作出不利于提供 合同一方的解释。
例：王女士在某蛋糕房买蛋糕时，看到 墙上贴着：“满200元免费拍艺术照”的 促销广告，于是就挑选了一个满200元的 大蛋糕。但是当他前去免费拍照时，却 发现服装费、化装费、底片费等影楼都 照收不误，原来仅仅是“按快门”不收 费。王女士有一种受骗上当的感觉，问： 王女士能为自己讨个说法吗？
（2）特征：
A 合同自始无效：从订立时起无效
B 合同绝对无效：即使已经履行也无效
C 合同当然无效：不论当事人是否知道 都无效
D 合同可以全部无效，也可以部分无效， 且无效部分不影响其他部分的效力。
（3）种类： A一方采取欺诈或胁迫的手段订立的损
害国家利益的合同。
B双方恶意串通，损害国家、集体、或 者第三人利益的合同。
例：甲与乙约定到明年的5月1日就将自 己家里的房子出租一间给乙，问：该合 同为附条件的还是附期限的？
例：甲与乙约定：如果丙死了，就将自 己家里的房子出租一间给乙，问：该合 同为附条件的还是附期限的？
三、有效合同
四、无效合同
（1）定义：严重欠缺合同的生效要件， 不发生当事人预期后果，不受法律保护 的合同。
第2章 合同法基本概念.ppt
第 章 合同法
①当事人的名称或者姓名和住所 ②标的 ③数量 ④质量 ⑤价款或者报酬 ⑥履行的期限、地点和方式 ⑦违约责任 ⑧解决争议的方法
合同主要条款
合同的主要条款是指合同必须具备的条款， 如果欠缺它合同就不成立。
如合同法规定，借款合同应有借款币种的 条款，该条款即为借款合同的主要条款。
建设工程施工合同应有建设工期、工程质 量和工程造价条款，这些条款即为施工合 同的主要条款。
•合同法概述 •合同的成立 •合同的主要内容与形式 •合同的效力 •合同的履行 •合同的保全 •合同变更与转让 •违 约 责 任 •复习思考题
2.1合同法概述
一、我国统一合同法的制定及其特点
1999年3月19日，第九届全国人民代表大会 第二次会议审议通过了《中华人民共和国合同 法》，从1993年开始设计立法方案到合同法正 式颁布，历经6年的风雨历程，终于形成了一部 统一的正式合同法律文本。
该单位，说明屋面防水保修期满及以后使用维护的
注意事项。此事体现了合同法的（ ）原则。
A.公平
B自愿
C.诚实信用
D.维护公共利益
答案：C
Monday, March 08, 2021
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一、单项选择题
下列属于我国《合同法》调整的法律关系是（）。
A．收养合同
B．劳动合同
C．税款代扣合同
D．赠与合同
答案： D
例如，某甲欺骗某乙说：“我有工程需要向 外分包，你是否希望自己来承包这个分包工 程？”
某乙说：“当然愿意”。 某甲说：“那好，你回去购买机械、材 料然后回来与我签订合同” 当某乙购买了机械设备、材料后来找某 甲签订合同，某甲告诉某乙自己根本没有工 程要分包。 由于某甲与某乙还没有签订合同，某乙 不能要求某甲承担违约责任，但是他可以要 求某甲承担缔约过失责任。
《经济法》第二章 合同法(中国政法大学出版社)
第六节 合同的终止
一、合同终止概述 二、合同的解除 三、合同的提存
一、合同终止概述
（一）合同终止的概念 是指有效成立的合同，因法定或约定的原因 终止其法律效力，合同规定的当事人的权利 义务关系归于消灭。 （二）合同终止的原因 履行、抵销、免除、混同、解除、提存
二、合同的解除
（二）先履行抗辩权
又顺序履行抗辩权，是指在双务合同中应当先履行 一方未履行或履行不符合约定的，后履行一方可以 拒绝先履行一方请求履行的抗辩权。
第六十七条 当事人互负债务，有先后履行顺序， 先履行一方未履行的，后履行一方有权拒绝其履行 要求。先履行一方履行债务不符合约定的，后履行 一方有权拒绝其相应的履行要求。
（一）约定解除（合意解除） （二）法定解除
1、不可抗力； 2、预期违约； 3、迟延履行； 4、根本违约； 5、其他情形。
三、提存
（一）提存的原因 1、债权人无正当理由拒绝受领； 2、债权人下落不明； 3、债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失民事 行为能力未确定监护人； 4、法律规定的其他情形。
原告某商贸公司与被告某投资公司签订了某某小区b区建设项目配套协议约定被告必须于年底前拆除其建在商贸公司所有的位于某某小区的消防水池等设施逾期未拆除则由被告支付原告项目延期建设损失补偿费及违约金共计120万元并继续履行拆除消防水池的义务
第二章 合同法
第一节 合同法概述 第二节 合同的订立 第三节 合同的效力 第四节 合同的履行 第五节 违约责任 第六节 合同的终止
第一节 合同法概述
一、合同法的概念和体系 二、合同的概念和特征
一、合同法的概念和体系
中华人民共和国合同法概述2
资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载中华人民共和国合同法概述2地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容合同法(英文版)2007-11-25合同法（英文版）中华人民共和国合同法（英文版）【标题】 CONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA【时效性】有效【颁布时间】1999.03.15【实施时间】1999.10.01【发布部门】National People’s Congress CONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINACONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA(Adopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress March 15, 1999)GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONSCHAPTER 2 CONCLUSION OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 3 EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 5 MODIFICATION AND ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 6 TERMINATION OF THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACTS CHAPTER 7 LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACTSCHAPTER 8 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSSPECIFIC PROVISIONSCHAPTER 9 CONTRACTS FOR SALESCHAPTER 10 CONTRACTS FOR SUPPLY AND USE OF ELECTRICITY, WATER, GAS OR HEATINGCHAPTER 11 CONTRACTS FOR DONATIONCHAPTER 12 CONTRACTS FOR LOANSCHAPTER 13 CONTRACTS FOR LEASECHAPTER 14 CONTRACTS FOR FINANCIAL LEASECHAPTER 15 CONTRACTS FOR WORKCHAPTER 16 CONTRACTS FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSCHAPTER 17 CONTRACTS FOR TRANSPORTATIONSECTION 1 GENERAL RULESSECTION 2 CONTRACTS FOR PASSENGER TRANSPORTATIONSECTION 3 CONTRACTS FOR GOODS TRANSPORTATIONSECTION 4 CONTRACTS FOR MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORTATIONCHAPTER 18 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNOLOGYSECTION 1 GENERAL RULESSECTION 2 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTSECTION 3 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERSECTION 4 CONTRACTS FOR TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY AND TECHNICAL SERVICECHAPTER 19 CONTRACTS FOR STORAGECHAPTER 20 CONTRACTS FOR WAREHOUSINGCHAPTER 21 CONTRACTS FOR COMMISSIONCHAPTER 22 CONTRACTS FOR BROKERAGECHAPTER 23 CONTRACTS FOR INTERMEDIATIONGENERAL PRINCIPLESChapter One General ProvisionsArticle 1 PurposeThis Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.Article 2 Definition of Contract; ExclusionsFor purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations.An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws.Article 3 Equal Standing of PartiesContract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party.Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract VoluntarilyA party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily underthe law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right.Article 5 FairnessThe parties shall abide by the principle of fairness inprescribing their respective rights and obligations.Article 6 Good FaithThe parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations.Article 7 LegalityIn concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.Article 8 Binding Effect; Legal ProtectionA lawfully formed contract is legally binding on the parties. The parties shall perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract, and neither party may arbitrarily amend or terminate the contract.A lawfully formed contract is protected by law.Chapter Two Formation of ContractsArticle 9 Capacity; Contract through AgentIn entering into a contract, the parties shall have the appropriate capacities for civil rights and civil acts.A party may appoint an agent to enter into a contract on its behalf under the law.Article 10 Forms of Contract; Writing RequirementA contract may be made in a writing, in an oral conversation, as well as in any other form.A contract shall be in writing if a relevant law oradministrative regulation so requires. A contract shall be in writing if the parties have so agreed.Article 11 Definition of WritingA writing means a memorandum of contract, letter or electronic message (including telegram, telex, facsimile, electronic data exchange and electronic mail), etc. which is capable of expressingits contents in a tangible form.Article 12 Terms of ContractThe terms of a contract shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the following:(i) names of the parties and the domiciles thereof;(ii) subject matter;(iii) quantity;(iv) quality;(v) price or remuneration;(vi) time, place and method of performance;(vii) liabilities for breach of contract;(viii) method of dispute resolution.The parties may enter into a contract by referencing a model contract for the relevant contract category.Article 13 Offer-AcceptanceA contract is concluded by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance.Article 14 Definition of OfferAn offer is a party's manifestation of intention to enter into a contract with the other party, which shall comply with the following:(i) Its terms are specific and definite;(ii) It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, theofferor will be boundthereby.Article 15 Invitation to OfferAn invitation to offer is a party's manifestation of intention to invite the other party to make an offer thereto. A delivered pricelist, announcement of auction, call for tender, prospectus, or commercial advertisement, etc. is an invitation to offer.A commercial advertisement is deemed an offer if its contentsmeet the requirements of an offer.Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through Electronic MessageAn offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.When a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, if the recipient of an electronic message has designated a specific system to receive it, the time when the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed its time of arrival; if no specific system has been designated, the time when the electronic message first enters into any of the recipient's systems is deemedits time of arrival.Article 17 Withdrawal of OfferAn offer may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.Article 18 Revocation of OfferAn offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance.Article 19 Irrevocable OfferAn offer may not be revoked:(i) if it expressly indicates, whether by stating a fixed timefor acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable;(ii) if the offeree has reason to regard the offer as irrevocable, and has undertaken preparation for performance.Article 20 Extinguishment of OfferAn offer is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:(i) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror;(ii) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer;(iii) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at the end of the period for acceptance;(iv) The offeree makes a material change to the terms of the offer.Article 21 Definition of AcceptanceAn acceptance is the offeree's manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.Article 22 Mode of Acceptance; Acceptance by ConductAn acceptance shall be manifested by notification, except whereit may be manifested by conduct in accordance with the relevant usage or as indicated in the offer.Article 23 Timely Dispatch of AcceptanceAn acceptance shall reach the offeror within the period prescribed in the offer.Where the offer does not prescribe a period for acceptance, the acceptance shall reach the offeror as follows:(i) Where the offer is made orally, the acceptance shall be dispatched immediately, unless otherwise agreed by the parties;(ii) Where the offer is made in a non-oral manner, the acceptance shall reach the offeror within a reasonable time.Article 24 Commencement of the Period for AcceptanceWhere an offer is made by a letter or a telegram, the period for acceptance commences on the date shown on the letter or the date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch. If the letter does notspecify a date, the period commences on the posting date stamped on the envelop. Where the offer is made through an instantaneous communication device such as telephone or facsimile,etc., the period for acceptance commences once the offer reaches the offeree.Article 25 Contract Formed upon Effectiveness of AcceptanceA contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective.Article 26 Effectiveness of AcceptanceA notice of acceptance becomes effective once it reaches the offeror. Where the acceptance does not require notification, it becomes effective once an act of acceptance is performed in accordance with the relevant usage or as required by the offer.Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the time of arrival of the acceptance shall be governed by Paragraph 2 of Article 16 hereof.Article 27 Withdrawal of AcceptanceAn acceptance may be withdrawn. The notice of withdrawal shall reach the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance.Article 28 Late AcceptanceAn acceptance dispatched by the offeree after expiration of the period for acceptance constitutes a new offer, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance is valid.Article 29 Delayed Transmission of AcceptanceIf the offeree dispatched its acceptance within the period for acceptance, and the acceptance, which would otherwise have reached the offeror in due time under normal circumstances, reaches the offeror after expiration of the period for acceptance due to anyother reason, the acceptance is valid, unless the offeror timely advises the offeree that the acceptance has been rejected on grounds of the delay.Article 30 Acceptance Containing Material ChangeThe terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer. A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute resolution is a material change to the terms of the offer.Article 31 Acceptance Containing Non-material ChangesAn acceptance containing nonmaterial changes to the terms of the offer is nevertheless valid and the terms thereof prevail as the terms of the contract, unless the offeror timely objects to such changes or the offer indicated that acceptance may not contain any change to the terms thereof.Article 32 Time of Formation in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where the parties enter into a contract by a memorandum of contract, the contract is formed when it is signed or sealed by the parties.Article 33 Time of Formation in Case of Letters or Electronic Messages;Confirmation LetterWhere the parties enter into a contract by the exchange of letters or electronic messages, one party may require execution of a confirmation letter before the contract is formed. The contract is formed upon execution of the confirmation letter.Article 34 Place of Formation; Electronic MessagesThe place where the acceptance becomes effective is the place of formation of a contract.Where a contract is concluded by the exchange of electronic messages, the recipient's main place of business is the place of formation of the contract; if the recipient does not have a main place of business, its habitual residence is the place of formation of the contract. If the parties have agreed otherwise, such agreement prevails.Article 35 Place of Formation in Case of Memorandum of Contract Where a contract is concluded by a memorandum of contract, its place of formation is the place where the parties sign or seal the contract.Article 36 Effect of Failure to Conclude Contract in WritingWhere a contract is to be concluded by a writing as required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by the parties, if the parties failed to conclude the contract in writing but one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.Article 37 Effect of Failure to Sign in Case of Memorandum of ContractWhere a contract is to be concluded by a memorandum of contract, if prior to signing or sealing of the contract, one party has performed its main obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed.Article 38 Contract under State Mandatory PlanWhere the state has, in light of its requirements, issued a mandatory plan or state purchase order, the relevant legal personsand other organizations shall enter into a contract based on therights and obligations of the parties prescribed by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.Article 39 Standard Terms; Duty to Call AttentionWhere a contract is concluded by way of standard terms, the party supplying the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing the rights and obligations of the parties and shall,in a reasonable manner, call the other party's attention to the provision(s) whereby such party's liabilities are excluded or limited, and shall explain such provision(s) upon request by the other party.Standard terms are contract provisions which were prepared in advance by a party for repeated use, and which are not negotiatedwith the other party in the course of concluding the contract.Article 40 Invalidity of Certain Standard TermsA standard term is invalid if it falls into any of the circumstances set forth in Article 52 and Article 53 hereof, or if it excludes the liabilities of the party supplying such term, increases the liabilities of the other party, or deprives the other party ofany of its material rights.Article 41 Dispute Concerning Construction of Standard TermIn case of any dispute concerning the construction of a standard term, such term shall be interpreted in accordance with common sense. If the standard term is subject to two or more interpretations, it shall be interpreted against the party supplying it. If a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term prevails.Article 42 Pre-contract LiabilitiesWhere in the course of concluding a contract, a party engaged in any of the following conducts, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages:(i) negotiating in bad faith under the pretext of concluding a contract;(ii) intentionally concealing a material fact relating to the conclusion of thecontract or supplying false information;(iii) any other conduct which violates the principle of good faith.Article 43 Trade Secrets; Liability for Disclosure or Improper UseA party may not disclose or improperly use any trade secret which it became aware of in the course of negotiating a contract, regardless of whether a contract is formed. If the party disclosed or improperly used such trade secret, thereby causing loss to the other party, it shall be liable for damages.Chapter Three Validity of ContractsArticle 44 Effectiveness of ContractA lawfully formed contract becomes effective upon its formation.Where effectiveness of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.Article 45 Conditions Precedent; Conditions Subsequent; Improper Impairment orFacilitationThe parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A contract subject to a condition precedent becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A contract subject to a condition subsequent is extinguished once such condition is satisfied.Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a party improperly facilitated the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been satisfied.Article 46 Contract TermThe parties may prescribe a term for a contract. A contractsubject to a time of commencement becomes effective at such time. A contract subject to a time of expiration is extinguished at such time.Article 47 Contract by Person with Limited CapacityA contract concluded by a person with limited capacity for civil act is valid upon ratification by the legal agent thereof, provided that a contract from which such person accrues benefits only or the conclusion of which is appropriate for his age, intelligence ormental health does not require ratification by his legal agent.The other party may demand that the legal agent ratify thecontract within one month. If the legal agent fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract.Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faithis entitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.Article 48 Contract by Unauthorized AgentAbsent ratification by the principal, a contract concluded on his behalf by a person who lacked agency authority, who acted beyond his agency authority or whose agency authority was extinguished is not binding upon the principal unless ratified by him, and the person performing such act is liable.The other party may demand that the principal ratify the contract within one month. Where the principal fails to manifest his intention, he is deemed to have declined to ratify the contract. Prior to ratification of the contract, the other party in good faith isentitled to cancel the contract. Cancellation shall be effected by notification.Article 49 Contract by Person with Apparent Agency AuthorityWhere the person lacking agency authority, acting beyond his agency authority, or whose agency authority was extinguished concluded a contract in the name of the principal, if it was reasonable for the other party to believe that the person performing the act had agency authority, such act of agency is valid.Article 50 Contract Executed by Legal RepresentativeWhere the legal representative or the person-in-charge of a legal person or an organization of any other nature entered into a contract acting beyond his scope of authority, unless the other party knew or should have known that he was acting beyond his scope of authority, such act of representation is valid.Article 51 Unauthorized Disposal of Property through ContractWhere a piece of property belonging to another person wasdisposed of by a person without the power to do so, such contract is nevertheless valid once the person with the power to its disposal has ratified the contract, or if the person lacking the power to disposeof it when the contract was concluded has subsequently acquired such power.Article 52 Invalidating CircumstancesA contract is invalid in any of the following circumstances:(i) One party induced conclusion of the contract through fraud or duress, thereby harming the interests of the state;(ii) The parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or any third party;(iii) The parties intended to conceal an illegal purpose under the guise of a legitimate transaction;(iv) The contract harms public interests;(v) The contract violates a mandatory provision of any law or administrative regulation.Article 53 Invalidity of Certain Exculpatory ProvisionsThe following exculpatory provisions in a contract are invalid(i) excluding one party's liability for personal injury caused to the other party;(ii) excluding one party's liability for property loss caused to the other party by its intentional misconduct or gross negligence.Article 54 Contract Subject to Amendment or CancellationEither of the parties may petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of a contract if:(i) the contract was concluded due to a material mistake;(ii) the contract was grossly unconscionable at the time of its conclusion.If a party induced the other party to enter into a contract against its true intention by fraud or duress, or by taking advantage of the other party's hardship, the aggrieved party is entitled to petition the People's Court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation of the contract.Where a party petitions for amendment of the contract, the People's Court or arbitration institution may not cancel the contract instead.Article 55 Extinguishment of Cancellation RightA party's cancellation right is extinguished in any of the following circumstances:(i) It fails to exercise the cancellation right within one year, commencing on the date when the party knew or should have known the cause for the cancellation;(ii) Upon becoming aware of the cause for cancellation, it waives the cancellation right by express statement or by conduct.Article 56 Effect of Invalidation or Cancellation; Partial Invalidation orCancellationAn invalid or canceled contract is not legally binding ab initio. Where a contract is partially invalid, and the validity of the remaining provisions thereof is not affected as a result, the remaining provisions are nevertheless valid.Article 57 Independence of Dispute Resolution ProvisionThe invalidation, cancellation or discharge of a contract does not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning the method of dispute resolution, which exists independently in the contract.Article 58 Remedies in Case of Invalidation or CancellationAfter a contract was invalidated or canceled, the parties shall make restitution of any property acquired thereunder; whererestitution in kind is not possible or necessary, allowance shall be made in money based on the value of the property. The party at fault shall indemnify the other party for its loss sustained as a result. Where both parties were at fault, the parties shall bear their respective liabilities accordingly.Article 59 Remedies in Case of Collusion in Bad FaithWhere the parties colluded in bad faith, thereby harming the interests of the state, the collective or a third person, any property acquired as a result shall be turned over to the state or be returned to the collective or the third person.Chapter Four Performance of ContractsArticle 60 Full Performance; Performance in Good FaithThe parties shall fully perform their respective obligations in accordance with the contract.The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the contract and in accordance with the relevant usage.Article 61 Indeterminate Terms; Supplementary AgreementIf a term such as quality, price or remuneration, or place of performance etc. was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, after the contract has taken effect, the parties may supplement it through agreement; if the parties fail to reach a supplementary agreement, such term shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage.Article 62 Gap FillingWhere a relevant term of the contract was not clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, one of the following provisions applies:(i) If quality requirement was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard orindustry standard; absent any state or industry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;(ii) If price or remuneration was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract was concluded, and if adoption of a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement applies;(iii) Where the place of performance was not clearly prescribed, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; for any other subject matter, performance shall be at the place where the obligor is located;(iv) If the time of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation;(v) If the method of performance was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;(vi) If the party responsible for the expenses of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor shall bear the expenses.Article 63 Performance at Government Mandated PriceWhere a contract is to be implemented at a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines, if the government adjusts the price during the prescribed period of delivery, the contract price shall be the price at the time of delivery. Wherea party delays in delivering the subject matter, the original price applies if the price has increased, and the new price applies if the price has decreased. Where a party delays in taking delivery or making payment, the new price applies if the price has increased, and the original price applies if the price has decreased.Article 64 Performance toward a Third PersonWhere the parties prescribed that the obligor render performanceto a third person, if the obligor fails to render its performance to the third person, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.Article 65 Performance by a Third PersonWhere the parties prescribed that a third person render performance to the obligee, if the third person fails to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract.Article 66 Simultaneous PerformanceWhere the parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order of performance, the parties shall perform simultaneously. Prior to performance by the other party, one party is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the other party renderednon-conforming performance, one party is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance.Article 67 Consecutive PerformanceWhere the parties owe performance toward each other and there is an order of performance, prior to performance by the party required to perform first, the party who is to perform subsequently isentitled to reject its requirement for performance. If the party required to perform first rendered non-conforming performance, the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its corresponding requirement for performance.Article 68 Right to Suspend PerformanceThe party required to perform first may suspend its performanceif it has conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances:(i) Its business has seriously deteriorated;(ii) It has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts;(iii) It has lost its business creditworthiness;(iv) It is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform.Where a party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall be liable for breach of contract.Article 69 Notification upon Suspension of Performance; TerminationIf a party suspends its performance in accordance with Article 68 hereof, it shall timely notify the other party.。
第二章 合同法的概述
第二章合同法的概述第一节合同法的概念与特征一、合同法的概念1、合同法：是调整特定平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间因合同的订立、履行、变更、转让、终止等行为所发生的财产性民事权利义务关系的法律规范的总和。
2、合同法含义:（1）合同法是调整自然人、法人、其他组织之间权利义务关系的法律（2）合同法是调整平等主体之间权利义务关系的法律。
1）当事人地位不平等的权利义务关系(如行政法律关系),不属于合同法调整2）合同法不调整行政合同关系（3）合同法是调整财产性权利义务关系的法律1）依据我国《合同法》第2条第2款关于婚姻、收养、监护等身份关系的协议不适用《合同法》而适用其他法律的规定,作为民法组成部分的合同法,仅仅调整财产关系,而不调整人身关系（4）合同法是调整特定当事人之间的民事权利义务关系的法律。
（5）合同法是调整因合同行为所生债权债务关系的法律。
合同法规定了合同订立过程中合同当事人的权利义务、合同成立和生效条件、合同成立和生效后当事人的权利义务、合同的无效及撤销规则、合同的履行规则、合同的变更和转让规则、合同的违约责任、合同的终止等,所有这一切都是在调整因合同行为所生的法律关系3、合同法只调整债权债务关系,不调整物权关系、知识产权关系的原因：民事权利是否具有对世性作为划分标准,民事权利义务关系可以分成两大类:一类是绝对权(又称“对世权”)关系,另一类是相对权(又称“对人权”)关系。
前者,义务主体表现为不特定的任何人,彼此并非特定当事人之间的关系(例如物权关系、人身权关系、知识产权关系),其权利内容为独占支配特定对象(支配特定物、支配自己人身、支配特定智力成果),排除任何人干涉;后者,义务主体表现为特定人,属于特定当事人之间的关系(例如债权债务关系),其权利内容为受领、请求特定人为特定给付4、债的发生原因：包括单方允诺、遗赠、不当得利、合同、无因管理等事由5、合用法调整的债务债权的关系包括：因合同的订立、履行、变更、转让、终止等行为所产生的债权债务关系。
《合同管理》第二章 合同法律知识
第二章合同法律知识第一节概述一、合同 P. 71. 合同——是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。
《合同法》22. 契约——是依据利益关系和理性原则签订的必须遵守的协议。
二、合同分类 P. 10—11从不同的角度可以对合同作出不同的分类：1. 合同法的基本分类。
《合同法》分别将合同分为15类：买卖合同，供用电、水、气、热力合同，赠与合同，借款合同，租赁合同，承揽合同，建设工程合同，运输合同，技术合同，保管合同，仓储合同，委托合同，行纪合同，居间合同。
合同法对每一类合同都作了较为详细的规定。
2. 按学术理论来分类（1）双务合同与单务合同——双务合同是当事人双方相互享有权利和相互负有义务的合同；——单务合同是指合同当事人双方并不相互享有权利，负有义务的合同。
工程建设合同属于双务合同。
（2）诺成合同与实践合同——诺成合同是当事人意思表示一致即可成立的合同（如：建设工程合同、监理合同等）——实践合同则要求当事人意思表示一致的基础上，还必须交付标的物或者其他给付义务的合同（如：保管合同、运输合同等）（3）主合同与从合同1）主合同——是指独立存在并发生法律效力的合同；2）从合同——是以主合同存在为前提并发生法律效力的合同（如：担保合同、工程保险合同、分包合同是典型的从合同）。
（4）要式合同与不要式合同如果法律要求必须具备一定形式和手续的合同，称为要式合同；反之，法律不要求具备一定形式和手续的合同，称为不要式合同。
（5）有偿合同与无偿合同3. 根据合同的效力划分——有效合同、无效合同、效力待定合同、可撤销和可变更的合同4. 按合同内容划分 P. 78——勘察合同、设计合同、施工承包合同、监理咨询服务合同、物质设备采购合同、总包合同、分包合同等。
5. 按计价方式划分 P. 79——总价合同、单价合同、成本价酬金合同三、合同的法律特征1. 合同是一种民事法律行为2. 合同是双方或多方的法律行为3. 合同当事人的法律地位平等商品交换首先要求自由。
2第二章合同法基本知识
案例2.1
《合同法》第10条规定:“法律、行政法规规定采用 书面形式的,应当采用书面形式”。
《合同法》第270条规定:“建设工程合同应 当采用书面形式”。
但该法第36条规定:“法律、行政法规规定或者 当事人约定采用书面形式订立合同,当事人未 采用书面形式但一方已经履行主要义务的,对 方接受的,该合同成立”
根据《德国民法典》所确立的制度，要约 人在他自己确定的期限内、 或者在他自己
未定有期限时的一个合理的期限内受法律 约束(第145条)。这一条文的意思是，要约 人不可提前撤销其要约;而且要约人即使在 得以撤销要约时，则不但要招致承担损害
赔偿的义务，而且还会导致法律不许可其 撤销的后果。
《德国民法典》第130 条寻找的是另一条道 路：任何意思表示，包括要约的和承诺的 意思表示，只要一旦“到达”，即只要到 达接受人一方的控制之下，即发生法律约 束力。这种做法，可以使得意思表示的传 达风险能够公平地分担。发出意思表示的 一方，就其选择的发送方式、发送机关等 ，承受因此而产生的风险;而接受人一方承 受其控制范围之内的风险。这正像过去的 谚语说的：即使是爱鸟也得注意查看自己 的信箱，别让麻雀在里边做了窝——因为 那正是收信人得到意思表示的控制区域。
承诺在国际贸易中，也称“接受”或“收 盘”地产开发公司进行工程 招标。工程项目位于上海市闸北区的中山北路和 共新路相交处，工程建筑面积74781㎡。广东省汕 头建筑安装工程总公司和另外三家建筑公司参加 投标，经规范的评标程序由汕头建筑安装工程总 公司中标，房地产开发公司于1993年12月14日向汕 头建筑安装工程总公司发出中标通知书，该中标 通知书载明：中标造价人民币8000万元，要求在 同年12月25日前签订工程承包合同，
受其约束 要约人必须发给要约人希望与其订立合同
第二章合同法
2.2 合同的订立
( Conclusion of Contract )
一、订立的过程—— 要约和承诺
( Offer and Acceptance )
一） 要约 （Offer )
1、要约的定义 指当事人一方向另一方提出订立合同的要求，并列明
合同的条款，以及限定在一定其期限作出承诺的意思表 示。
2、要约的构成条件
4、要约的生效
要约到达受要约人时生效。
5、要约的撤回和撤销
1）撤回 要约发出后生效之前，要约人欲使其丧失法律效力 的意思表示。
2）撤销
要约生效后，要约人取消要约从而使要约的效力归于消灭
3）两者的比较
相同点
都是发出要约之后新的意思表示，可以对 整个要约废止，也可以变更增加；
都是在对方作出承诺之前作出
2）意思表示要真实、自愿
2、特殊要件
1）合同的形式 合同 的形式要合法，法律规定用书面形式的应当用
书面形式。 2）合同的内容 3）合同订立的程序要合法
四）附条件、附期限合同
1、附条件合同
当事人约定一定的条件作为合同是否生效或失效的合同。 当条件成就时，合同生效或无效
2、附期限合同
当事人约定未来某一期限作为合同是否生效的合同。 附解除期限的合同，期限到来合同失效； 附生效期限的合同，期限到来合同失效。
不同点 撤回在要约生效前，而撤销在要约生效后
4）不得撤销要约的情况 （1）要约人规定有承诺期限的；
（ 2）要约中包含有不可撤销的意思表示的
（3）受要约人有理由认为要约不可撤销，并以 为履行合同作了准备工作。
6、要约的失效
1）含义：指要约丧失其法律约束力。
2）体现
拒绝要约通知到达受要约人 要约人依法撤销要约 承诺期满，受要约人未作出承诺 受要约人对要约的内容作了实质性变更
第二章 合同法(新)
• (2) 几种典型的要约邀请行为：(合同法15 条) –1、寄送价目表 –2、拍卖公告 –3、招标公告 –4、招股说明书 –5、商业广告 (例外-内容符合要约规定)
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甲公司于3月27日收到了乙公司寄送的价目表。 经商讨后，甲公司于4月5日致电乙公司，要求其为自 己运送8吨一级钢材，但将价格每吨降低了800元。乙 公司收到传真后，认为价格太低，于4月7日回电称， 已经为甲公司准备好了8吨一级钢材，如果甲公司同 意每吨价格上调200元，则立即为其发货。甲公司于4 月8日回电：请发货。4月9日该批钢材从大连港发出。 下列正确的是（）
合同的分类
合同根据不同的标准有不同的分类。
1、根据当事人是否存在给付义务，把合 同分为双务合同和单务合同。 双务合同，是指当事人相互承担给付义务， 如买卖、租赁等。 单务合同，是指当事人不承担对等给付义 务，如赠与、借用等。
• 2、根据当事人取得权利是否偿付代价， 把合同分为有偿合同和无偿合同。 有偿合同，是指当事人取得权利必须 支付相应的代价的合同，如买卖、租赁等。 无偿合同，是指当事人取得权利无须 支付相应的代价的合同，它不是商品交易 的典型形式，等价有偿原则对它没有适用 价值，如赠与、借用等。
第二章 合同法
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第一节 合同法概述
一、合同的概念和特征
• 广义的合同泛指一切确立权利义务关系 的协议。 • 狭义的合同指平等主体的自然人、法人、 其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权 利义务关系的协议。
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合同特征
• 1、合同是当事人之间在自愿基础上达成 的协议，是双方或多方的民事行为； • 2、合同当事人的法律地位平等； • 3、合同所确立的关系是民事法律关系； • 4、合同一经成立即具有法律效力。
第2章合同法PPT课件
❖ 企业、单位内部的管理关系，不是平等 主体间的关系，也不适用《合同法》。
❖ 有关婚姻、收养、监护等身份关系的协 议，虽然是平等主体间的关系，但也不适用 《合同法》的规定，由其它法律调整。
❖
劳动争议和土地承包合同不适用合同法。
5
选择题
下列合同中，适用于《合同法》调 整的有（ ）
A．劳动合同
B．收养合同
前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务并且对方接受的，合同成 立，即“事实合同”。)
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思考题
❖ 甲公司与乙公司达成一份买卖协议，由 甲分两批给乙供货，约定采用合同书形式， 但双方忙于经营，均未在合同书上签字盖章， 5月10日甲按约定将第一批货物50台计算机 如约送到乙公司，乙也按约定的时间支付了 货款。后来由于乙公司计算机销售不畅，于 是拒绝接受甲公司按约送来的第二批货物 30台计算机，理由是双方均未在合同书上 签字盖章，双方合同关系不成立。
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❖三、合同法
❖ 合同法是调整合同关系的法律 规范的总称。我国现行合同法是 1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代 表大会第2次会议审议通过，1999年 10月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国 合同法》
❖ 《合同法》调整的是平等主体之 间的关系。
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❖ 注意：
❖ 政府的经济管理活动，属于行政管理关 系，不是民事关系，不适用《合同法》。
C．借款合同
D．运输合同
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❖四、合同法的基本原则
❖ 合同法的基本原则，是指合同当 事人在合同中应遵守的基本准则，是 合同立法 、执法和司法的基本守则。
❖ 平等、自愿、公平、诚实
一、合同订立的形式和内容
❖ （一）合同订立的形式 ❖ 三种形式：书面、口头和其他形式。 ❖ （二）合同的内容 ❖ 1.当事人的名称或者姓名和住所 ❖ 2.标的 3.数量 4.质量 ❖ 5.价款或者报酬 ❖ 6.履行期限、地点和方式 ❖ 7.违约责任 ❖ 8.解决争议的方法
第二章 合同法 一二节
• 在这个问题上，英美法与大陆法，特别 在这个问题上，英美法与大陆法， 是德国法有很大的分歧。 是德国法有很大的分歧。两者的不同规 定表现为三种不同的主张: 定表现为三种不同的主张 （1）“投邮主义”（mail-box rule）。 ） 投邮主义” ）。 2） 到达主义” （2）“到达主义”（received the letter of acceptance）。 ）。 （3）“了解主义”（knowledge of the ） 了解主义” letter of acceptance。 。
（二）、西方两大法律体系关于合同的 ）、西方两大法律体系关于合同的 定义 • 德国民法典运用“法律行为”这个抽象 德国民法典运用“法律行为” 的概念，把合同纳入法律行为的范畴内， 的概念，把合同纳入法律行为的范畴内， 作为法律行为的一种。 作为法律行为的一种。 • 法国民法典中没有“法律行为”这个抽 法国民法典中没有“法律行为” 象的概念，而是运用“合意” 象的概念，而是运用“合意”（consensus）这个比较具体的概念。 ）这个比较具体的概念。 大陆法系合同概念的实质是： 大陆法系合同概念的实质是：当事人意 思一致
• A向B发出一项询电：“你愿意向我们 向 发出一项询电 发出一项询电： 出售巴布、赫尔笔吗？ 出售巴布、赫尔笔吗？------电告最低 电告最低 回电： 巴布。 价。”B回电：“巴布。赫尔笔最低现 回电 金价900英镑。”A立即发了一份加急 英镑。 金价 英镑 立即发了一份加急 电报：“我们同意按你方要求的900英 电报： 我们同意按你方要求的 英 镑价格购买巴布、赫尔笔” 镑价格购买巴布、赫尔笔”。后来因为 B拒绝提供巴布、赫尔笔而与 发生争 拒绝提供巴布、 拒绝提供巴布 赫尔笔而与A发生争 诉助于法院， 议。诉助于法院，请用学过的知识分析 一下。 一下。
第二章合同法.doc
第二章合同法第一节合同法概述合同是商品交换的法律形式，一切商事交易的展开，都离不开合同，国际商事交易更是如此。
在当今世界，无论社会制度、法系、种族、语言、文化等等如何不同，都几乎无一例外地使用着合同，从生产至分配、流通领域的每个环节，是一个又一个紧密相联的合同，使社会生活处于相对稳定的状态。
然而，由于国际社会尚无统一的立法机构，因此，到目前为止，还没有为国际社会普遍承认和接受的、统一适用于各类合同的国际合同法。
在这种背景下，国际商事交易以及为此而订立的国际商事合同的法律问题，就变得极为复杂。
由于国际商事合同是在不同国家的主体之间订立的，那么，就合同本身而言，在无统一的国际合同法可循的情况下，究竟什么是合同？合同有些什么特征？各国合同法律制度如何呢？这些都是我们需要了解的内容。
一、合同的定义和特征由于社会条件、背景等方面的不同，世界各国法律对合同下的定义不尽相同。
但普遍认为，合同是一种民事法律行为，是当事人意思表示一致的协议。
大陆法系国家的合同定义来源于罗马法。
依罗马法合同定义，合同为双方当事人间发生债权债务的合意。
以《法国民法典》为代表所规定的合同定义，即从罗马法定义脱化而来,《法国民法典》第1101条规定：“合同是一人或数人对另一人或数人承担给付某物、做或不做某事的义务的一种合意”。
此处强调合意，即当事人之间就有关义务达成了一致意见。
《德国民法典》虽未给合同下定义，但观其合同在民法典中的位置，德国法上的合同是广义的私法合同，泛指一切以意思表示一致为要素而发生的在私法上的行为，其305条规定：“依法律行为债务关系或变更法律关系的内容者，除法律另规定外，应依当事人之间的合同。
”《德国民法典》把合同纳入法律行为、债务关系的范畴内。
英美法的传统理论，是强调合同来源于当事人所作出的诺言。
美国法学会1981年编纂出版的《第二次合同法重述》第1条为合同下的定义是：“合同是一项或一组这样的诺言：它或它们一旦被违反，法律就会给予救济；或者是法律以某种方式确认的义务的履行。
第二章 合同法
第二章合同法第一节合同法概述一、合同的概念和特征我国«合同法»并不调整一切的合同关系。
«合同法»所称合同具有如下特征：〔一〕合同是对等主体之间的协议〔二〕合同主体的范围具有普遍性〔三〕合同的内容限于一定范围的民事权益义务关系〔四〕合同的客体具有多样性二、合同的种类〔一〕有名合同、无名合同〔二〕单务合同、双务合同区分单务合同和双务合同的法律意义在于合同实行中当事人的抗辩权不同。
〔三〕有偿合同、无偿合同区分有偿合同和无偿合同的法律意义在于当事人的合同责任不同。
〔四〕要式合同、非要式合同〔五〕诺成合同、实际合同区分诺成合同和实际合同，关于判定合同能否成立以及当事人之间的法律关系具有严重意义。
〔六〕主合同、从合同普通而言，主合同有效，从合同也有效。
但«担保法»规则：〝担保合同是主合同的从合同，主合同有效，担保合同有效。
担保合同另有商定的，依照规则。
〞«中华人民共和国合同法»第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议于1999年3月15日审议经过。
«合同法»分为总那么、分那么、附那么三编，共二十三章四百二十八条。
«合同法»于1999年10月1日起实施，«中华人民共和国经济合同法»、«中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法»、«中华人民共和国技术合同法»同时废止。
为了正确适用«合同法»，1999年12月1日最高人民法院审讯委员会第1090次会议经过了«最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉假定干效果的解释。
三、合同法的基本原那么(一) 对等的原那么«合同法»第三条。
(二) 自愿的原那么«合同法»第四条。
(三) 公允的原那么«合同法»第五条(四) 老实信誉的原那么«合同法»第六条(五) 违法、不损害社会公共利益的原那么«合同法»第七条第二节合同的订立一、合同的方式当事人订立合同，有书面方式、行动方式和其他方式。
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（四）平等原则：
平等原则是民法赋予民事主体的民事
权利能力，并要求所有民事主体同受 法律的约束。 此原则反映在合同法中，就是通过基 本原则肯定当事人主体地位平等，在 权利义务的分配上平等协商，肯定合 同主体平等地受法律保护。
（五）公平原则
公平原则实际上是社会道德的观念，是正 义的观念。 它要求民事主体本着公正的观念从事合同 活动，在满足自己的利益时还要兼顾他人 的利益和社会公共利益。 贯彻该原则有助于保障公平交易和公平竞 争，有利于合同纠纷的公平合理解决。
第四节 合同法的原则
案例 一、合同自由原则 二、诚实信用原则 三、鼓励交易原则 四、当事人法律地位平等原则 五、公平正义原则 六、社会公德和社会公共利益原则
案 例
某山区农民赵某家中有一花瓶，系赵
某的祖父留下。李某通过他人得知赵 某家有一清朝花瓶，遂上门索购。赵 某不知该花瓶真实价值，李某用1万5 千元买下。随后，李某将该花瓶送至 某拍卖行进行拍卖，卖得价款11万元。 赵某在一个月后得知此事，认为李某 欺骗了自己，通过许多渠道找到李某， 要求李某退回花瓶。
三、本质：合同法是调整合法财产流转的 法律规范体系，为社会经济提供合法交易、 促进交易、指导交易、保护交易、维护交 易秩序与安全的法律手段，是债权法中最 主要的部分。 三、合同法的功能: 1．合同是产生私法上权利义务关系的最重 要的依据。 2．维护合同自由与正义,维护交易秩序. 3．保护合同当事人的合法权益。 4．促进
二、鼓励交易原则在合同法中的体现 1．严格限制无效合同的范围。 2．严格区分合同的无效和可撤销。 3．严格区分合同的无效和效力待定。 4．严格区分合同的成立与生效。 5．确立了合同订立制度。 6．将形式要件作为证明合同存在的标准，而不 是作为合同生效的要件。 7．规定了合同解释制度，把内容不明确的合同， 通过解释而使之明确，从而促进交易。 8．严格限制违约解除合同的条件。
（二）诚实信用原则
涵义：指当事人在订立、履行合同的过程中，应当诚实 守信、相互协作、密切配合、正确、适当地行使合同规 定的权利，全面履行合同规定的义务，不得滥用权利及 规避义务，不损害对方和国家、集体、第三人及社会公 共的利益。主要内容有： 1．在订立合同时不得为欺诈行为； 2．合同条款中不得有限制竞争、维护垄断、损害另一 方和他人、集体、国家利益的内容； 3．在履行过程中不得曲解合同条款，损害对方利益； 4．不能按时履行合同时应急时通报情况； 5．发生纠纷时，应当持善意的态度去解决问题。
（六）公序良俗 公序良俗是公共秩序和善良风俗的 合称。 公序是指社会公共秩序、国家社会 存在及其发展所必要的一般秩序。 善良风俗是以道德为核心的概念， 是一定社会应有的道德准则。
第二章 合同法概述
第一节概念、特征、功能 第二节合同法的适用范围 第三节合同法的立法概况 第四节合同法的原则
第一节 合同法的概念、特征、本质、功能
一、概念：合同法是调整平等的自然人、 法人、其他组织之间财产性民事权利义务 关系的法律规范。 二、特征： ①合同法具有较强的任意性。 ②合同法强调平等协商、等价有偿的原则 ③合同法是统一性的财产法。
一、合同自由原则
（一）涵义： 1．合同是当事人相互同意的结果。 2．合同是当事人自由选择的结果。 3．合同神圣。 4．合同的相对性。
（二）合同自由原则的内容
1．缔结合同的自由 2．选择相对人的自 由 3．决定内容的自由 4．变更或解除的自 由 5．选择合同形式的 自由。
李某以买卖花瓶是双方自愿的，不存
在欺骗，拒绝赵某的请求。经人指点， 赵某到李某所在地人民法院提起诉讼， 请求撤销合同，并请求李某返还该花 瓶。 试分析： 1．本案适用合同法的哪些基本原则？ 2．赵某的请求有无法律依据？ 3．法院应如何处理？ 分析如下：
1．适用公平原则和诚实信用原则。公平原 则包含：情势变更、显失公平、重大误解 等 制度。 2．赵某的请求有法律依据。依合同法第54 条， 李、赵间的买卖合同显失公平，赵某 有权请求撤销合同，请求李某返还财产。 3．法院应依合同法第54条撤销该买卖合同。 并依第58条要求李某将花瓶退还给赵某。 若李某愿意支付与该花瓶价值相当的价款， 赵某也同意接受，赵某可以不用撤销该合 同，由李某补齐余下的价款即可。
（三）鼓励交易原则
一、含义：鼓励交易原则，是指合同法在制度设 计上以降低当事人的交易成本，减少交易的制度 障碍为指导思想，达到促进当事人通过合同实现 交易的目的的原则。 二、确立鼓励交易原则的必要性 1．鼓励交易是促进市场发展的需要。 2．鼓励交易是提高效率、增进社会财富积累的 手段。 3．鼓励交易有利于维护合同自由，实现当事人 的意志和缔约目的。
6．确定违约责任的 自由。 7．选择地域管辖的 自由。 8．选择适用法律的 自由。 9．选择解决合同争 议方式的自由。
（三）合同自由原则的发展 合同是当事人自由意志的表现，但合同自 由不是绝对的、无限制的。 20世纪以来，合同自由原则受到越来越多 的限制，有的人甚至发出了“合同的死亡” 的哀叹，使“从身份到契约”格言受到了 怀疑。 但合同自由原则在民法中的地位并没有变。 传统契约法规范将依然存在，取代它的理 论和规范尚没有发现。
第二节 适用范围
《合同法》第2条： “本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、
法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终 止民事权利义务关系的协议。” “婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系 的协议，适用其他法律的规定。”
第三节 合同法的立法概况
新中国成立后的20多年中，合同立法一片 空白. 1981年12月13日制定《经济合同法》 1985年3月21日制定《涉外经济合同法》。 1987年6月23日制定《技术合同法》。 1986年4月12日制定的《民法通则》。 “一马当先，三足鼎立”局面形成。 1997年3月15日,全国人大通过《合同法》。