1-what is geomatics
测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
Table of ContentsUuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） 2Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） 6Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） 10Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） 14Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） 18Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） 22Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） 26Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） 30Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors 34Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） 37Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment 40Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts 42Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid 44Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions 46Unit 15 Map Projection 48Unit 16 Gravity Measurment 51Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network 53Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） 56Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture 59Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识 GPS） 62Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识 GPS(II) 65Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） 68Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） 73Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 79 Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） 83Unit 26 Applications of GIS 88Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry 92Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） 95Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS 99Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） 104Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) 108Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics 110Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization 112Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization 115Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics 118Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies 123Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and ScientificFormulsa 124Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing 128Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST 136Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？） GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or“surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academicdiscipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘专业英语翻译
Unit1 What is Geomatics? 3页Data plotting (presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens (where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices. 数据绘图（描述，表达）是通过使用绘图和其他示范的计算机程序；这种表达显示在电脑屏幕（可以进行交互式编辑）和通过数字绘图设备输出到纸上。
Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users. Through the use of modem information technology (IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.Other Definitions of Geomatics.一旦地理实体的位置和属性已被数字化并存储在计算机的内存中，它们即可以被各种各样的用户使用。
测绘专业英语中文翻译unit1
Uuit1什么是测绘学测绘学定义Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学。
据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解。
这个术语作为一个学科第一次形成于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向的课程后重新命名的。
随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面，现在，传统测量学定义连同日益增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。
日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力。
这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。
在内的数个国际机构所采用，因此它就这样被普遍接受(be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受”)。
surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指（这换成“总称”较好）那些从事上述活动的人。
更具体的工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被业内人士用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。
(直译为：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。
)geomatics 这个术语是个新词，表达了实体集合和它们相关联的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合成为可能。
这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业里和学校建立了一个一致的专业市场。
结果，世界上许多一流大学的传统的测量专业的无论是课程还是授予资格都改为“测绘学位”的了。
这并不意味着“surveyor”这个词的消亡，测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的土地测量员、摄影测量员及其他的工作。
测绘英语
Unit 1 What is Geomatics? Origins raditional term: Surveying and MappingModern term:Geomatics =Geodesy+informatics=Geodesy+information+automation+ics （Geo- which is earth）（-ics which is the accepted form for the name of science）Definitions (cont.)：he science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analysing and presenting geographically referenced information (geo-spatial data). Geomatics has application in the following disciplines:surveying for civil engineering & mining photogrammetry geodesy GIS remote sensing land registration and conveyancing land management environmental investigation and visualisation.Geodesy/Geodetic Surveyin g大地测量学Topographic Surveying地形测量学Engineering Surveying工程测量学Cartography/Cartology 地图制图学Hydrographic Surveying海洋测量学Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing摄影测量学与遥感Geographical Information System地理信息系统Global positioning system全球定位系统Unit 2 Geodetic（大地测量）and Plane Surveying（平面测量）1.Basic concepts of surveying The definition: the art and science of determining…The categories: geodetic and plane surveying. The basic operations of surveying are measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work.2. Geodetic Surveying considered the true shape of the earth, suited for large areas and long lines, used to find the precise location of basic points for establishing control for other surveys, and required precise instruments and surveying methods3 Plane Surveying considered the earth as a plane, or disregarded its curvature, the distances or areas are of limited extent.Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量）1.Ordinary and Precise Taping ifferent kinds of tapes, and the methods of distance measurement by taping2 .Tacheometry and Stadia Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter either by means of a fixed-angle intercept, or by multiplying the stadia interval factor.3. Electronic Distance Measurement EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and radio waves. The basic principle is that distance equals time multiplied by velocity. Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（三角测量）1. Horizontal（水平）and vertical （垂直）Angle（角）A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes or the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontal plane. A vertical angle is an angle measured in a vertical plane which is referenced to a horizontal line by plus (up) or minus (down) angles .2. Angle Measurement The operating procedures of theodolite for measuring the angle.3. Direction Measurement Azimuth, bearing, and orientationUnit 5 Traversing（导线测量）1. Control network（控制网）A control network may cover a small or large area by consisting of a few precise-established control points. There are horizontal and vertical control network. They can be realized by trigonometry, traverse.GPS.2.Trigonometry Triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition. Such as triangulation, trilateration, intersection, resection3. Definition of traversing A traverse is a sequence of lengths and directions of lines between points, the angles are measured using transits, theodolites, or total stations, and the distances are measured using steel tapes or EDM instruments.4 .Classifications of traversing A traverse is either an open traverse or a closed traverse.As for a closed traverse, it is either a closed loop traverse or a connecting traverse.Unit 6 Determination of Elevation（目标高程）1. Definition of Elevation An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference datum.2 Typical methods of Leveling Direct /spirit leveling, Indirect /trigonometric leveling3. Spirit Leveling Differences in elevation between points are acquired by using a surveyor’s level together with a graduated measuring rod.4 .Trigonometric Leveling It is used where difficult terrain, spirit leveling is useless, realized by measuring slope distance and vertical angle.Unit 7 Errors in Measurement1（测量）. Error and error propagation（误差传播）a n error is the difference between a measured value for any quantity and its true value. The indirect measurements contain errors that were present in the original direct observations and propagated by the computational process.2.Sources and classifications of errors（）The sources of errors: Instrumental（仪器）errors. Natural errors and Personal errors.,Errors are classified: Systematic errors and random errors3. Random errors（偶然误差）follow the empirical rules:(1)Random errors not exceed a certain amount. (2)The Positive and negative occur at the same frequency.(3)The small in magnitude are more likely to occur than the larger. (4)The mean of random errorstends to zero as the sample size tends to infinite.4. Least-squares adjustment The sum of the square of the errors times their respective weights are minimized. There are two adjustment methods: conditional and parametric adjustments.Unit 9 Construction Surveying1. Definition of construction survey It is the translation of construction plans into physical points on the ground that can be used as a basis for the actual construction. It is also called“construction layout“2 .Construction control It is necessary to reestablish the horizontal and vertical control in areas of proposed construction.3 .Construction layout The work is to provide with the special relationship of the construction stake to the actual point of construction.4. Techniques of layout A very popular technique called Free Station.5 .As-built surveys The final survey includes cross sections and locations that are used for final payments to the contractor and for the completion of an as-built drawing. It is needed for future maintenance, changes, and new construction.Unit 10 Basics of GPS Part 1 What is GPS?Full name of GPS. Navigation Satellite Time and Ranging/Global Positioning System (GPS)The GPS operated by the U.S. Department of Defense is a satellite-based system that can be used to locate positions anywhere on the earth.GPS provides continuous (24hours/day), real- time, 3-dimensional positioning, navigation and timing worldwide. Any person with a GPS receiver can access the system, and it can be used for any application that requires location coordinates.The GPS system consists of three segments: 1. The space segment, the GPS satellites themselves. 2. The control segment, operated by the U.S. military. 3. The user segment, which includes both military and civilian users and their GPS equipment.1.Definition and segments of GPS The GPS is a satellite-based system that can be used to locate positions anywhere on the earth. It consists of three segments: the space, the control and the user segment.2. Positioning theory of GPS Spatialtrilateration/resection3.Errors of GPS At mospheric effects, ionosphere and troposphere, Sunspot activity. electrical interference or errors in the receiver, Errors in the ephemeris, clock drift, Multi-path effects. 4.Differential correction When the base station’s positions are known, the errors in their positions can be computed, and applied to any number of roving receivers in the same area.Differential correction counteracts only the errors that are common to both reference and roving receiver error, but cannot correct for multi-path or receiver error.Two ways: real-time differential correction. post-processed differential correction, 5.Accuracy of GPS The accuracy depends on the type of equipment used, the time of observingtime, the satellites’ positions, the model and the software used.Unit 11 Basics of GIS1. D efinition of GIS GIS is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. ponents of GIS Hardware, software, data, and user 3. Functional Elements of GIS Data acquisition，preprocessing，data management，manipulation and analysis，and product generation.4. Features of GIS Mapping, planning, research, and routing 5. Applications of GIS Land-use planning and natural-resource management, tax assessment, emergency vehicle routing, maintenance of transportation facilities and public lands, military exercisesUnit 12 Basics of RS1.Definition of RS Remote sensing is the science and technology of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface without actually being in contact with it. 2. Working process of RS Energy source or illumination, Radiation and the atmosphere, Interaction with the target, Recording of energy by the sensor , Transmission, reception, and processing ,Interpretation and analysis, Application 3. Classification of RS Sensors with energy source or not---passive and active. Either passive or active ---analog and digital types. Platform used--Aerial and satellite/space RS。
测绘工程专业英语Unit 1
Unit 1What Is Geomatics?Geomatics DefinedWhere does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY + GEOINFORMATICS =GEOMATICS or GEO-for earth and -MATICS for mathematical or GEO-for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics.It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people. The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called " geodesy"or"surveying", and by adding a number of computer science--and/ or GIS-oriented courses. Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment. Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural resources, and the continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities. As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences. Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization (ISO), so it is here to stay.The term "surveyor" is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities. More explicit job descriptions such as Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are commonly used by practitioners to more clearly describe and market their specialized expertise.The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields. Adoption of the term also allows a coherent marketing of the profession to industry and schools on a worldwide basis."As a result,both course and award titles in the traditional Land Surveying sector at many of the world's leading universities are being changed to. "Degree in Geomatics". This does not suggest the demise of the term " surveyor" and graduates will still practice as land surveyors or photogrammetrists,etc. as appropriate to their specialization.In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. This has created and will continue to create new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. As a result, the role of the " surveyor" is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity. In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high academic standard.To enable graduates to take full advantage of these developments, significant changes in education and training are required. Academic and professional oinstitutions are also responding, in part, by adopting the term geomatics both as a course and as an award title. A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing ,canalyzing and presenting geographically referenced information (geo-spatial data).This broad term applies both to science and technology, and integrates the following more specific disciplines and technologies including surveyingand oimapping, geodesy,m satellite o positioning,photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) , land management, computer systems, environmental visualization and computer graphics.Several terms such as "geomatics,""geomatic engineering," and"geoinformatics" are now in common use pertaining to activities generally concerned with geographic information. These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed,and applied. Along with land surveying,photogammetry,remote sensing,and cartography,GIS is an important component of geomatics.Branches of GeomaticsData acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system (GPS)satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.Data management and process are handled through the use of computer programs for engineering design, digital photogrammetry,image analysis, relational data base management, and geographic information systems (GIS). Data plotting ( presentation)is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computer screens ( where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper from digital plotting devices.Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in computer memory,they are available for use by a wide variety of users. Through the use of modem information technology (IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry,agriculture, planning and development, geology,geographical sciences,infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and computer science.Other Definitions of GeomaticsAs defined by the Canadian Institute of Geomatics in their quarterly journal Geomatica:Geomatics is a field of activities which, using a systemic approach, integrates all the means used to acquire and manage spatial data required as part of scientific,administrative, legal and technical operations involved in the process of the production and management of spatial information.The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be "the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographically-referenced information.Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of site specific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management.Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earth-based data, often termed spatial data. These data come from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and sea-borne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with state-of-the-art information technology using computer software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies,planning, engineering,navigation,geology (and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data.[ from the School of Geomatic Engineering, Univ. of New South Wales]Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation, analysis,management,retrieval and display of spatial data concerning both the Earths physical features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics include the mapping sciences, land management, geographic information systems,i1environmental visualisation, geodesy, photogrammetry, remote sensing and surveying.[ from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of Melbourne]Geomatics comprises the science, engineering, and art involved in collecting andmanaging geographically-referenced information. Geographical information plays animportant role in activities such as environmental monitoring, management of land andmarine resources, and real estate transactions.[ from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at UNB]The science of Geomatics is concerned with the measurement, representation , analysis management, retrieval and display of spatial information describing both the Earth'g physical features and the built environment. Geomatics includes disciplines such as:Surveying, Geodesy,Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.[ from the Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science at the Univ. of Tasmania]□ Notes:①测绘学（Geomatics）这个术语最初作为一门学科专业出现于加拿大，在过去几年里已被世界各地众多的高等教育机构所采纳，大多数是由以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”并引入许多计算机科学和地理信息系统方向的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语考试重点
第一单元What is Geomatics?GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS测绘学或者 geo代表地球，matics代表数学，或者 geo代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences.（这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学相The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific nature of these related activities and has the flexibility to allow for the incorporation of future technological developments in these fields.（geomatics这个术语是个新词，表达【convey传达】了实体集合和它们相关联【related】的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合【incorporation 结合】成为可能。
【flexibility弹性、机动性】）互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。
测绘专业英语_01什么是测量
湖南城市学院
Geoscience地球科学 Any science, such as geology, geophysics, geochemistry, or geodesy, concerned with the earth. 任何科学，例如地质、地球物理、地球化 学或者测地学等有关与地球的科学 an earth science地球科学 these sciences collectively 科学的集合体
湖南城市学院
句子倒装 In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. 在过去的十年间，测量和地球空间数据处 理的软件和硬件都得到了飞速发展。
湖南城市学院
along with
1.和…一起，随着 She came along with us.
2.除…以外(还) Tobacco is taxed most countries, along with alcohol.
湖南城市学院
Measure vt.
1,量出；记录 They measured the strength of an electric current. 2,估计；估量 It’s hard to measure his ability when we haven’t seen his work. 3,仔细考虑 He’s a man who measures his words. 4,考验，较量 5,测量；度量
湖南城市学院
测绘工程专业英语翻译1~6
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义） Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者 geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学， matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语作为一个学科第一次形成于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向的课程后重新命名的。
基本常用测绘英语
测绘专业最常用英语(软件开发特别版)总结：Kiseigo 2008.08.22eve 来自：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社2005年1月第一版一．基础篇1. 概率What is Geomatics?geomatics 测绘学geodesy 大地测量学surverying and mapping 测绘fieldwork 外业工作theodolite 经纬仪allowance 容许误差latitude 纬度longitude 经度meridian 子午线gravity 重力curvature 曲率geoid 大地水准面2. 大地测量和平面测量Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying geodetic surveying 大地测量(学)plane surveying 平面测量control survey 控制测量vertical survey 高程测量topographic survey 地形测量detail survey 碎部测量land survey 地籍测量route survey 路线测量hydrographic survey 水道测量marine survey 海洋测量mine survey 矿山测量geological survey 地质测量Multiple channel 多通道dual-frequency sounder 双频Single Frequency Depth Sounder 单频multibeam echosounding 多波束3. 距离测量Distance Measurementfundamental 基本原则，基本原理revolution n.旋转stadia n. 视距，视距仪器telescope 望远镜terrain n. 地形infrared adj. 红外线的electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪distance measuring instrumentdistance-measuring error 测距误差fixed error 固定误差proportional error 比例误差sighting distance 视距multiplication constant 乘常数addition constant 加常数tape 卷尺4. 角度和方向测量Angle and Direction Measurement projection n.投影radius n. 半径，范围compass 罗盘，指南针clockwise adj. 顺时针方向的counterclockwise adj. 反时针方向的compensator n. 补偿器azimuth n. 方位，方位角bearing n. 方向，方位horizontal angle 水平角vertical angle 垂直角elevation angle 高度角5. 导线测量Traversingtraverse n. 导线traversing 导线测量law of sines 正弦定律law of cosine 余弦定律terminate v. 停止evenly adv. 均匀地control network 控制网control point 控制点forward intersection 前方交会6. 高程测量的方法Methods of Elevation Detemination elevation 海拔reference datum 参考基准面Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统national vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准direct leveling, spirit leveling 几何水准测量BM (benchmark) 水准基点level rod 水准尺level 水准仪backsight (BS) 后尺foresight (FS) 前尺height of instrument (HI) 仪器高height of target (HT) 目标高elevation difference 高差annexed leveling line 附合水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线elevation of sight 视线高程optical level 光学水准仪electronic level 电子水准仪automatic level, compensator level 自动安平水准仪laser level 激光水准仪7. 全站仪Robotic Total Stationprism 棱镜instrument of geomatics engineering 测绘仪器geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器optical theodolite 光学经纬仪total station 全站仪geo-robot 测量机器人data recorder 电子手簿，数据采集器data transfer 数据转换8. 测量误差Erros in Measurementlaw of probability 概率论theory of error 误差理论true error 真误差observation error 观测误差instrumental error 仪器误差personal error 人为误差gross error 粗差systematic error 系统误差random error, accident error 随即误差，偶然误差probable error 或然误差constant error 常差average error 平均误差absolute error 绝对误差relative error 相对误差error of closure, closing error, closure 闭合差error propagation, propagation of error 误差传播error test 误差检验gross error detection 粗差检验tolerance 限差limit error 极限误差error of focusing 调焦误差index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差9. 随机误差的基本统计分析Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors statistical adj. 统计的，统计学的mean n. 平均数stochastic adj.随机的irregular adj. 不规则的probability n. 概率，可能性normal n. 正态divisor n. 除数，约数rationale n.基本原理error distribution 误差分布most probable value (MPV) 最或然值expectation, expected value 期望值index of precision 精度指标variance 方差standard deviation 标准差mean square error (MSE) 中误差mean square error of a point 点位中误差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中误差mean square error of cordinate 坐标中误差mean square error of height 高程中误差variance of unit weight 单位权方差，方差因子error ellipse 误差椭圆10. 准确度和精确度Accuracy and Precisionaccuracy n. 准确precision n. 精确calibrate v. 校准methodology n. 方法论11. 最小二乘法Least-Squares Adjustmentadjustment n.平差parameter n.参数least square method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment 最小二乘平差function model 函数模型stochastic model 随机模型redundant observation 多余观测variance 方差covariance 协方差normal equation 法方程conditional 条件平差direct adjustment 直接平差condition equation 条件方程parametric adjustment 参数平差indirection adjustment 间接平差adjusted value 平差值inverse of weight matrix 权逆矩阵weight coefficient 权系数geoidal undulation 大地水准面高earth’s flattening地球扁率12. 大地测量学的概念Geodesy Conceptsvery long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 甚长基线干涉测量13. 大地水准面和参考椭球Geoid and Reference Ellipsoidmean sea level (MSL) 平均海水面reference ellipsoid 参考椭球semi-major axis of ellipsoid 椭球长半轴semi-minor axis of ellipsoid 椭球短半轴orthometric heights (H) 正高geodetic height, ellipsoidal height (h) 大地高geoidal height, geoid undulation (N) 大地水准面高,大地水准面差距quasi-geoid 似大地水准面normal height 正常高height anomaly 高程异常Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) 1980大地测量参考系统Krasovsky ellipsoid 克拉索夫斯基椭球14. 坐标转换Datums, Coordinatesgeodetic datum 大地基准geodetic coordinate 大地坐标geodetic origin 大地原点geodetic latitude 大地纬度geodetic longitude 大地经度world geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84) 1984世界大地坐标系rectangular grid 直角坐标网independent coordinate system 独立坐标系coordinate conversion 坐标转换translation parameters 平移参数rotation parameters 旋转参数scale parameter 尺度参数Xi’an Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 1980西安坐标系15. 地图投影Map Projectionmap projection 地图投影arbitrary projection 任意投影conformal projection 正形投影Mercator projection/ Mercator’s projection 墨卡托投影transverse projection 横轴投影Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 通用横轴墨卡托投影Lambert projection/ Lamber’s projection 兰勃特投影16. 重力测量Gravity Measurementgravity measurement 重力测量law of universal gravitation 万有引力定律centrifugal force 离心力gravitational constant 重力常数gravimeter, gravity meter 重力仪17. 大地网的最佳解决方案Optimal Design of Geomatics Network specification n. 规格，说明书，规范sensitivity n. 灵敏度deformation n. 变形18. 施工测量Construction Layoutengineering survey 工程测量construction control network 施工控制网deformation observation变形观测reliability 可靠性construction survey 施工测量setting-out survey, construction layout 施工放样road engineering survey 道路工程测量cross section 横断面profile survey 纵断面测量19. 变形监测Deformation monitoring of Engineering Structure deformation monitoring(observation) 变形监测(观测) displacement observation 位移观测settlement (subsidence) observation 沉陷观测二．高级篇20-21. 了解GPS Understanding the GPSionosphere 电离层troposphere 对流层antenna 天线GPS (global positioning system) 全球定位系统GPS receiver GPS接收机broadcast ephemeris 广播星历precise ephemeris 精密星历precise code 精码pseudorange 伪距ionospheric delay 电离层延迟tropospheric delay 对流层延迟multipath effect 多路径效应reference receiver 基准接收机roving receiver 流动接收机receiver antenna 接收机天线real-time kinematic (RTK) 实时动态定位differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential correction 差分改正post-processed differential correction 后处理差分改正22. 各种卫星系统Competition in Space OrbitGlobal Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) 全球导航卫星系统GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellite System) 全球导航卫星系统(俄) GALILEO 伽利略系统satellite clock 卫星钟dual-frequency 双频precise positioning service (PPS) 精密定位服务standard position service (SPS) 标准定位服务geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星23-25. GIS基础GIS BasicsGIS (geographic information system) 地理信息系统raster n. 光栅vector n. 向量，矢量image data 图像数据vector data 矢量数据raster data 栅格数据data capture 数据采集data classification 数据分类data compression 数据压缩data transmission 数据传输digital terrain model (DTM) 数字地面模型digital elevation model (DEM) 数字高程模型27. 摄影测量的发展Developments of Photogrammetryaerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量homologous points 同名点image point 像点picture element / pixel 像素intensity value 强度值，亮度值relative orientation 相对定向absolute orientation 绝对定向block adjustment 区域网平差image rectification 影像纠正digital raster graph DRG 数字栅格图29. RS应用Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS digital image processing 数字图像处理digital image 数字影像optical image 光学影像gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度等级image analysis 图像分析image processing 图像处理image transformation 图像变换image coding 图像编码image correlation 影像相关image digitization 图像数字化image matching 影像匹配image overlaying 影像重合32.interferometry 干涉测量interometry SAR 干涉雷达常用数学表达1/2 a half; one half1/4 a fourth; a quarter; one quarter1/1234 one over a thousand, two hundred and thirty-four 2x x square; x squared; x to the second power3x x cube; x cubed; x to the third powernx the nth power of x; x to the power of n10x y to the minus tenth power1:2 the ratio of one to twob' b primeb'' b double prime; b second primeb b sub one1F'the first derivative of func)(xa square root of a±plus or minus= is equal to; equals≤equal(s) to or less than≥equal(s) to or larger thana≈ a is approximately equal to b (a approximately equals b)ba +b =c a plus b is (are; equals; is equal to ) c(a + b – c×d) / e = f a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divided by equals to f a ×b a times b; a multiplied by bc - b = a c minus b equals to a; b from c leaves av = s / t v equals to s divided by t10 + 20 + 30 = 60 10,20, and 30 added together are 6020 / 5 = 4 20 divided by 5 equals (is) 4a a approaches infinity∞=A×B vector product of A and BA⋅scalar product of A and BBlength, width, height, thickness, depthThe big apple weights 100g.China has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.The length of the railway is 2,000 miles.The gate has a width of 2ft.运算过程中的套语假设if ……(then/ therefore/ consequently)Suppose thatNow assume thatLete.g. if a – b = b – a; then 2a = 2b; hence a = b解释和说明For……, we have……This shows that……The face that……is / has……The graph is shown in……The following is……As discussed/ mentioned above求证To prove this formula, note that……Prove the following,Prove that……The calculation/ formula is……This can be expressed as follows:基本常用测绘英语参考文献：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社2005年1月第一版11 / 11。
测绘工程专业英语全文翻译
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMA TICS or GEO- for earth and –MA TICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renamingwhat was previously called “geodesy”or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science-and/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语全文翻译
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMA TICS or GEO- for earth and –MA TICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renamingwhat was previously called “geodesy”or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science-and/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语多媒体教案_尹辉
例句3. The transmitter works well. 译文 发射机运作良好。 例句4. Works about microcomputers are particularly desirable at present. 译文 有关微型计算机的著作目前特别需要。 例句5. In general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys. 译文 凡是为人工建筑物所进行的测量都是 平面测量。
大量使用名词和介词短语； 大量使用名词和介词短语； 大量使用名词和介词短语
Ex. Scientific exploration, the search for the knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and calamities imposed by other man
(2) 辨明语法关系— 理解原意中很关键的一步。 辨明语法关系，包括判明句型结构，找出句子的各 个成分，弄清各个成分的并列关系或从属关系。 (a) 通读全文。根据主语、谓语的数目及有无连词， 确定句子是属于简单句、并列句还是主从复合句。 (b) 找出各个句子的主要成分（主、谓、宾、表 等），进一步判明各次要成分（定、状、补、同位、 插入等）同主要成分之间的关系。判明各个成分的 涉及范围及其内部组成的层次。 (c) 如果不是简单句，就要进一步判明歌从句之间 的并列关系或从属关系。
2. 科技英语的特点： 科技英语的特点：
以客观陈述为主，较多使用被动语句。 以客观陈述为主，较多使用被动语句。 以客观陈述为主 使用大量科技英语词语； 使用大量科技英语词语； 使用大量科技英语词语 表达方式程序化； 表达方式程序化； 表达方式程序化 大量使用非限定动词； 大量使用非限定动词； 大量使用非限定动词 There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry. The term geomatics emerged first in Canada as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called "geodesy" or "surveying", and by adding a number of computer science- and/ or GIS-oriented courses.
基本常用测绘英语
测绘专业最常用英语(软件开发特别版)总结：Kiseigo 2008.08.22eve 来自：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社2005年1月第一版一．基础篇1. 概率What is Geomatics?geomatics 测绘学geodesy 大地测量学surverying and mapping 测绘fieldwork 外业工作theodolite 经纬仪allowance 容许误差latitude 纬度longitude 经度meridian 子午线gravity 重力curvature 曲率geoid 大地水准面2. 大地测量和平面测量Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying geodetic surveying 大地测量(学)plane surveying 平面测量control survey 控制测量vertical survey 高程测量topographic survey 地形测量detail survey 碎部测量land survey 地籍测量route survey 路线测量hydrographic survey 水道测量marine survey 海洋测量mine survey 矿山测量geological survey 地质测量Multiple channel 多通道dual-frequency sounder 双频Single Frequency Depth Sounder 单频multibeam echosounding 多波束3. 距离测量Distance Measurementfundamental 基本原则，基本原理revolution n.旋转stadia n. 视距，视距仪器telescope 望远镜terrain n. 地形infrared adj. 红外线的electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪distance measuring instrumentdistance-measuring error 测距误差fixed error 固定误差proportional error 比例误差sighting distance 视距multiplication constant 乘常数addition constant 加常数tape 卷尺4. 角度和方向测量Angle and Direction Measurement projection n.投影radius n. 半径，范围compass 罗盘，指南针clockwise adj. 顺时针方向的counterclockwise adj. 反时针方向的compensator n. 补偿器azimuth n. 方位，方位角bearing n. 方向，方位horizontal angle 水平角vertical angle 垂直角elevation angle 高度角5. 导线测量Traversingtraverse n. 导线traversing 导线测量law of sines 正弦定律law of cosine 余弦定律terminate v. 停止evenly adv. 均匀地control network 控制网control point 控制点forward intersection 前方交会6. 高程测量的方法Methods of Elevation Detemination elevation 海拔reference datum 参考基准面Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统national vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准direct leveling, spirit leveling 几何水准测量BM (benchmark) 水准基点level rod 水准尺level 水准仪backsight (BS) 后尺foresight (FS) 前尺height of instrument (HI) 仪器高height of target (HT) 目标高elevation difference 高差annexed leveling line 附合水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线elevation of sight 视线高程optical level 光学水准仪electronic level 电子水准仪automatic level, compensator level 自动安平水准仪laser level 激光水准仪7. 全站仪Robotic Total Stationprism 棱镜instrument of geomatics engineering 测绘仪器geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器optical theodolite 光学经纬仪total station 全站仪geo-robot 测量机器人data recorder 电子手簿，数据采集器data transfer 数据转换8. 测量误差Erros in Measurementlaw of probability 概率论theory of error 误差理论true error 真误差observation error 观测误差instrumental error 仪器误差personal error 人为误差gross error 粗差systematic error 系统误差random error, accident error 随即误差，偶然误差probable error 或然误差constant error 常差average error 平均误差absolute error 绝对误差relative error 相对误差error of closure, closing error, closure 闭合差error propagation, propagation of error 误差传播error test 误差检验gross error detection 粗差检验tolerance 限差limit error 极限误差error of focusing 调焦误差index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差9. 随机误差的基本统计分析Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors statistical adj. 统计的，统计学的mean n. 平均数stochastic adj.随机的irregular adj. 不规则的probability n. 概率，可能性normal n. 正态divisor n. 除数，约数rationale n.基本原理error distribution 误差分布most probable value (MPV) 最或然值expectation, expected value 期望值index of precision 精度指标variance 方差standard deviation 标准差mean square error (MSE) 中误差mean square error of a point 点位中误差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中误差mean square error of cordinate 坐标中误差mean square error of height 高程中误差variance of unit weight 单位权方差，方差因子error ellipse 误差椭圆10. 准确度和精确度Accuracy and Precisionaccuracy n. 准确precision n. 精确calibrate v. 校准methodology n. 方法论11. 最小二乘法Least-Squares Adjustmentadjustment n.平差parameter n.参数least square method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment 最小二乘平差function model 函数模型stochastic model 随机模型redundant observation 多余观测variance 方差covariance 协方差normal equation 法方程conditional 条件平差direct adjustment 直接平差condition equation 条件方程parametric adjustment 参数平差indirection adjustment 间接平差adjusted value 平差值inverse of weight matrix 权逆矩阵weight coefficient 权系数geoidal undulation 大地水准面高earth’s flattening地球扁率12. 大地测量学的概念Geodesy Conceptsvery long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 甚长基线干涉测量13. 大地水准面和参考椭球Geoid and Reference Ellipsoidmean sea level (MSL) 平均海水面reference ellipsoid 参考椭球semi-major axis of ellipsoid 椭球长半轴semi-minor axis of ellipsoid 椭球短半轴orthometric heights (H) 正高geodetic height, ellipsoidal height (h) 大地高geoidal height, geoid undulation (N) 大地水准面高,大地水准面差距quasi-geoid 似大地水准面normal height 正常高height anomaly 高程异常Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) 1980大地测量参考系统Krasovsky ellipsoid 克拉索夫斯基椭球14. 坐标转换Datums, Coordinatesgeodetic datum 大地基准geodetic coordinate 大地坐标geodetic origin 大地原点geodetic latitude 大地纬度geodetic longitude 大地经度world geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84) 1984世界大地坐标系rectangular grid 直角坐标网independent coordinate system 独立坐标系coordinate conversion 坐标转换translation parameters 平移参数rotation parameters 旋转参数scale parameter 尺度参数Xi’an Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 1980西安坐标系15. 地图投影Map Projectionmap projection 地图投影arbitrary projection 任意投影conformal projection 正形投影Mercator projection/ Mercator’s projection 墨卡托投影transverse projection 横轴投影Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 通用横轴墨卡托投影Lambert projection/ Lamber’s projection 兰勃特投影16. 重力测量Gravity Measurementgravity measurement 重力测量law of universal gravitation 万有引力定律centrifugal force 离心力gravitational constant 重力常数gravimeter, gravity meter 重力仪17. 大地网的最佳解决方案Optimal Design of Geomatics Network specification n. 规格，说明书，规范sensitivity n. 灵敏度deformation n. 变形18. 施工测量Construction Layoutengineering survey 工程测量construction control network 施工控制网deformation observation变形观测reliability 可靠性construction survey 施工测量setting-out survey, construction layout 施工放样road engineering survey 道路工程测量cross section 横断面profile survey 纵断面测量19. 变形监测Deformation monitoring of Engineering Structure deformation monitoring(observation) 变形监测(观测) displacement observation 位移观测settlement (subsidence) observation 沉陷观测二．高级篇20-21. 了解GPS Understanding the GPSionosphere 电离层troposphere 对流层antenna 天线GPS (global positioning system) 全球定位系统GPS receiver GPS接收机broadcast ephemeris 广播星历precise ephemeris 精密星历precise code 精码pseudorange 伪距ionospheric delay 电离层延迟tropospheric delay 对流层延迟multipath effect 多路径效应reference receiver 基准接收机roving receiver 流动接收机receiver antenna 接收机天线real-time kinematic (RTK) 实时动态定位differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential correction 差分改正post-processed differential correction 后处理差分改正22. 各种卫星系统Competition in Space OrbitGlobal Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) 全球导航卫星系统GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellite System) 全球导航卫星系统(俄) GALILEO 伽利略系统satellite clock 卫星钟dual-frequency 双频precise positioning service (PPS) 精密定位服务standard position service (SPS) 标准定位服务geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星23-25. GIS基础GIS BasicsGIS (geographic information system) 地理信息系统raster n. 光栅vector n. 向量，矢量image data 图像数据vector data 矢量数据raster data 栅格数据data capture 数据采集data classification 数据分类data compression 数据压缩data transmission 数据传输digital terrain model (DTM) 数字地面模型digital elevation model (DEM) 数字高程模型27. 摄影测量的发展Developments of Photogrammetryaerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量homologous points 同名点image point 像点picture element / pixel 像素intensity value 强度值，亮度值relative orientation 相对定向absolute orientation 绝对定向block adjustment 区域网平差image rectification 影像纠正digital raster graph DRG 数字栅格图29. RS应用Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS digital image processing 数字图像处理digital image 数字影像optical image 光学影像gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度等级image analysis 图像分析image processing 图像处理image transformation 图像变换image coding 图像编码image correlation 影像相关image digitization 图像数字化image matching 影像匹配image overlaying 影像重合32.interferometry 干涉测量interometry SAR 干涉雷达常用数学表达1/2 a half; one half1/4 a fourth; a quarter; one quarter1/1234 one over a thousand, two hundred and thirty-four 2x x square; x squared; x to the second power3x x cube; x cubed; x to the third powernx the nth power of x; x to the power of n10x y to the minus tenth power1:2 the ratio of one to twob' b primeb'' b double prime; b second primeb b sub one1F'the first derivative of func)(xa square root of a±plus or minus= is equal to; equals≤equal(s) to or less than≥equal(s) to or larger thana≈ a is approximately equal to b (a approximately equals b)ba +b =c a plus b is (are; equals; is equal to ) c(a + b – c×d) / e = f a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divided by equals to f a ×b a times b; a multiplied by bc - b = a c minus b equals to a; b from c leaves av = s / t v equals to s divided by t10 + 20 + 30 = 60 10,20, and 30 added together are 6020 / 5 = 4 20 divided by 5 equals (is) 4a a approaches infinity∞=A×B vector product of A and BA⋅scalar product of A and BBlength, width, height, thickness, depthThe big apple weights 100g.China has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.The length of the railway is 2,000 miles.The gate has a width of 2ft.运算过程中的套语假设if ……(then/ therefore/ consequently)Suppose thatNow assume thatLete.g. if a – b = b – a; then 2a = 2b; hence a = b解释和说明For……, we have……This shows that……The face that……is / has……The graph is shown in……The following is……As discussed/ mentioned above求证To prove this formula, note that……Prove the following,Prove that……The calculation/ formula is……This can be expressed as follows:参考文献：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社。
测绘工程专业英语翻译
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy”or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘专业英语词汇
专业英语复习Unit 1 What is Geomatics? geoscience---n,地球科学informatics---n,信息学hydrographic---adj,水利的hydrographic survey---n,水利测量expertise---n,专家的意见flexibility---n,适应性incorporation---n,结合，合并visualization---n,可视化plotting---n,标图，测绘illustrative---adj,说明性的entity---n,实体digitize---v,数字化registration---n,注册，登记forestry---n,林学geology---n,地质学geographical---adj,地理学的，地理的infrastructure---n,基础下部组织，下部构造navigation---n,导航cadastre---n,地籍，地籍图cadastral surveying---地籍测量geophysics---n,地球物理学geomatics---测绘学geodesy---大地测量学surveying and mapping---测绘学photogrammetry---摄影测量学remote sensing(RS)---遥感global positioning system(GPS)---全球定位系统satellite positioning---卫星定位geographic information systems(GIS)---地理信息系统land management---土地管理computer graphics---计算机图形学appreciate---v,增值dwindle---v,减少ISO(International Standards Organization)---国际标准化surveyor---n,测量工作者market---v,定位award titles---授予学位photogrammetrist---n,摄影测量者process---v,处理analyze---v,分析aerial photography---航空影像学database---n,数据库geographic entities---地理实体civil and marine engineering---土木海洋工程demise---v,消失quarterly---adv,一年四次的，四季的aerial---adj,航空的Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveyingartificial---adj,人造的analog---n,类似物dimensional---adj,空间的monument---n,纪念碑permanent monument---永久标石monumentation---埋石fieldwork---n,野外测量category---n,种类theodolite---n,经纬仪spheroid---n,球状体allowance---n,容许误差diameter---n,直径equator---n,赤道latitude---n,纬度longitude---n,经度meridian---n,子午线prime meridian---本初子午线gravity---n,重力gravity field---重力场curvature---n,曲率plumb---n,铅锤，adj,垂直的plumb line---铅垂线trigonometry---n,三角法chord---n,弦长triangle---n,三角形spherical---adj,球形的sophisticate---vt,弄复杂sophistication---n,复杂；强词夺理geoid---n,大地水准面tangent---adj,相切的n,切线backsight---n,后视foresight---n,前视refraction---n,折光geodetic surveying---大地测量plane surveying---平面测量control survey---控制测量horizontal survey---水平测量vertical survey---高程测量topographic survey---地形测量detail survey---碎部测量land survey---土地测量，地籍测量route survey---路线测量pipe survey---管道测量city survey---城市测量hydrographic survey---水利测量marine survey---海洋测量mine survey---矿山测量geological survey---地质测量feature---n,要素establish---v,建立a spheroid of reference---参考椭球coordinate---n,坐标algebra---n,代数学datum---n,基准面the mean surface of the earth---平均海水面the mean sea level---平均海平面canals---n,地铁boundary---n,边界automatically---adv,自动地real estate---房地产Unit 3 Distance Measurementdistance measurement---距离测量precise measurement---精密测量pacing---步测distance measuring instrument，rangefinder---测距仪EDM（electronic distance measurement）---电子测距仪geodimeter---光电测距仪electromagnetic distance measuring instrument---电磁波测距仪fixed error---固定误差proportional error---比例误差multiplication constant---乘常数addition costant---加常数stadia hair---视距丝stadia interval---视距间隔infrared---n,红外线laser---n,激光microwave---n,微波Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement perpendicular---adj,垂直的，正交的intersect---vt,横断,vi,相交，交叉projection---n,投影zenith---n,天顶celestial---adj,天上的celestial sphere---天球radius---n,半径compass---n,罗盘，指南针protractor---n,量角器clockwise---adj,顺时针方向的counterclockwise---adj,逆时针方向的commence---v,开始bisect---v,切成两份，对开spindle---n,轴initialize---vt,初始化azimuth---n,方位，方位角bearing---n,方向，方位quadrant---n,像限horizontal angle---水平角vertical angle---垂直角depression angle---俯角zenith distance---天顶距elevation angle---高度角horizontal circle---水平刻度盘vertical circle---垂直刻度盘true north---真北geodetic azimuth---大地方位角grid bearing---坐标方位角magnetic azimuth---磁方位角method by series,method of direction observation---方向观测法method in all combinations---全组合测角法plus(up) or minus(down) angles---正负角poles---n,极Unit 5 Traversingtraverse---n,导线traversing----导线测量arbitrary---adj,任意的triangulation---n,三角测量trilateration---n,三边测量triangulateration---n,边角测量proposition---n,命题law of sines---正弦定律law of cosine---余弦定律terminate---v,停止property---n,所有物，所有权evenly---adv,均匀地indication---n,指示，迹象consistency---n,一致性alter---v,改变departure---n,横距rectangular---adj,矩形的discrepancy---n,差异apportion---v,分配control network---控制网horizontal control network---平面控制网vertical control network---高程控制网control point---控制点forward intersection---前方交会resection---后方交会side intersection---侧方交会linear-angular intersection---边角交会法linear intersection---边交会法traverse point---导线点traverse leg---导线边traverse angle---导线折角open traverse---支导线closed traverse---闭合导线closed loop traverse---闭合环导线connecting traverse---附和导线angle closing error of traverse---导线角度闭合差total length closing error of traverse---导线全长闭合差closing error in coordinate increment---坐标增量闭合差traverse network---导线网triangulateration network---边角网triangulation network---三角网trilateration network---三边网survey specifications,specifications of surveys---测量规范preliminary---adj,初步的annex---adj,附加的the primary control---首级控制total station---全站议coordinate system---坐标系Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determinationreference datum---参考基准面direct leveling,spirit leveling---几何水准测量differential leveling---微差水准测量ellipsoid---n,椭球preclude---v,排除reference datum---参考基准面level rod---水准尺level---水准仪elevation difference---高差difference in elevation---高差annexed leveling line---附和水准路线closed leveling line---闭合水准路线spur leveling line---支水准路线refraction correction---折光差改正elevation of sight---视线高程electronic level---电子水准仪automatic level---自动安平水准仪laser lever---激光水准仪optical level---光学水准仪adjusted---v,平差slope---n,斜坡trigonometric leveling---三角高程测量gravimetric leveling---重力水准测量river-crossing leveling---跨河水准测量barometric leveling---气压水准测量BM(benchmark)---水准基点backsight(BS)---后尺foresight(FS)---前尺height of instrument(HI)---仪器高height of target(HT)---目标高target---n,目标Unit 7 Robotic Total Stationprism---n,棱镜layout---n,放样data transfer---数据转换optical plummet---光学对中器a bubble level---水准气泡tripods---n,三角架orbit---n,轨道Unit 8 Errors in Meaeurementgeometric---adj,几何的，几何学的graduated---adj,分级的error propagation---误差传播propagate---v,传播atmospheric---adj,大气的blunder---n,粗差，错误obviate---vt,消除，排除，避免eliminate---vt,消除，排除conscientious---adj,尽责的maintenance---n,维护，保持quantify---vt,量化calibration---n,校准，标度law of probability---概率论theory of error---误差理论true error---真误差observation error---观测误差instrument error---仪器误差personal error---人为误差gross erreo---粗差systematic error---系统误差random error,accident error---偶然误差probable error---或然误差constant error---常差average error---平均误差absolute error---绝对误差relative error---相对误差error of closure,closing error,closure---闭合差error test---误差检验tolerance---n,限差limit error---极限误差horizontal refraction error---水平折光差index error of vertical circle---竖盘指标差gross errors---粗差system errors---系统误差random errors---偶然误差Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision calibrate---v,校准uniformity---n,一致，均匀reproducibility---n,重复能力，再现性scatter---v,分散methodology---n,方法论conform---vt,使一致，使遵从conformity---n,一致，符合indicator---n,指示器confuse---vt,使糊涂，搞乱Unit 18 Construction Layoutarchitect---n,建筑师urban---adj,城市的suburban---adj,郊外的on-site---工地上complexity---n,复杂reestablish---v,重建crew---n,全体人员curb---n,路边engineering survey---工程测量engineering control network---工程控制网construction control network---施工控制网control network for deformation observation---变形观测控制网precision---n,精度sensitivity---n,灵敏度reliability---n,可靠性construction survey---施工测量free station---自由设站法as-built survey---竣工测量setting-out survey,construction layout---施工放样setting-out of main axis---主轴线放样building axis survey---建筑轴线测量property line survey---建筑红线测量construction plan---施工平面图site map---工地总平面图cross section---横断面profile diagram，profile---纵断面图profile survey---纵断面测量cross-section survey---横断面测量Unit 20 Understanding the GPS(1) constellation---n,星群atmospheric drag---大气阻力solar panel---太阳能电池板pseudorange---n,伪距synchronize---v,同步synchronized---adj,同步的segment---n,部分altitude---n,高度，海拔orbital plane---轨道平面a master control station---主控站satellite ranging---卫星测距3-dimensiomal---latitude,longitude,altitude Unit 21 Understanding the GPS(2) ionosphere---n,电离层troposphere---n,对流层interference---n,干扰ephemeris---n,星历表nanosecond---n,纳秒antenna---n,天线space segment---空间部分control segment---控制部分user segment---用户部分GPS receiver ---GPS接收机GPS constellation---GPS星座master control station---主控站monitor station---监控站atomic clock---原子钟clock error---钟差broadcast ephemeris---广播星历precise ephemeris---精密星历Coarse/Acquisition Code (C/A code)---C/A码precise code---精码ionospheric delay---电离层延迟tropospheric delay---对流层延迟multipath effect---多路径效应Selective A vailability(SA)---选择可用性reference receiver---基准接收机roving receiver---流动接收机receiver antenna---接收机天线real-time kinematic(RTK)---实时动态定位differential GPS(DGPS)---差分GPS differential correction---差分改正real-time differential correction---实时差分改正post-processed differential correction---后处理差分改正sunspot---n,太阳黑点Unit 23 GIS Basicsdistinguish---v,区别，辨别attribute---n,属性v,归结于digitizer---n,数字转换器raster---n,光栅vector---n,向量，矢量overlay---n,覆盖，覆盖图buffering---n,缓冲theme---n,主题scanner---n,扫描仪optical disk---光盘floppy disk---软盘magnetic disk---磁带survey documents---测量文档Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS resolution---n,分辨度，分辨率postal code---邮递区号meander---v,蜿蜒而流，漫步border---n,边界vegetion---n,植被Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing exemplify---vt,例证moisture---n,湿度synthetic aperture radar(SAR)---合成孔径雷达side-looking---adj,侧视的Unit 38concise---adj,简洁familiar---adj,通俗fluid---adj,流畅Author and affiliation---作者和通讯地址Abstract and keywords---摘要和关键字Methods or Procedures---Results and discussion or conclusion--- Acknowledgments---n,致谢Reference---n,参考文献School of Geodesy and Geomatics---测绘学院。
测绘专业英语原文+译文(1—8)
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics －测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者 geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于GIS” 】的课程后重新命名的。
测绘工程专业英语复习资料
Unit1 What is GeomaticsGeomatics :Where does the word Geomatics come from GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS = GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and -MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics .Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment . Geomatics bridges wide arcs from the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences .ISO: the International Standards Organization ( ISO)surveyor:The term“surveyor”is traditionally used to collectively describe those engaged in the above activities .Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane SurveyingGeodetic Surveying : The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying . This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys .In geodetic surveys, the stations are norm ally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying .Geodetic control survey points:Widely spaced , permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions . These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects .Plane Surveying :The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying .The term is used to designate survey work in which the distancesor areas involved are of limited extent .the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precisesurveys of large areas .Surveys for the location and construction of high ways, railroads, canals, and in general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys, as are the surveys made to establish boundaries, except state and national .There is close cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveying . The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth , and its own results are available to those who measure the earth . The plane surveys, in turn , are generally tied to the control points of the geodetic surveys and serve particularly in thedevelopment of national map series and in the formation of real estate cadastres .Unit3 Distance MeasurementElectronic Distance Measurement (EDM): EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and radio waves . Both light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic .The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques .优点：Distance can now be measured easily , quickly and with great accuracy , regardless of terrain conditions .分类：The EDM instruments may be classified according to the type and wavelength of the electromagnetic energy generated or according to their operational range . EDM instruments use three different wavelength bands: ( 1) Microwave systems with range up to 150 km , wavelength 3 cm , not limited to line of sight and unaffected by visibility; (2 ) Light wave systems with range up to 5 km (for small machines) , visible light, lasers and distance reduced by visibility; ( 3) Infrared systems with range up to 3 km , limited to line of sight and limited by rain , fog , other airborne particles .两种方法：There are basically two methods of measurement employed which may divide the instruments into two classification as electro-optical (light waves) and microwaves ( radio waves) instruments . These two basic methods are namely the pulse method and more popular phase differentmethod . They function by sending light waves or microwaves along the path to be measured and measuring the time differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuring the phase differences between transmitted and received signals in returning the reflecting light wave to source .Unit 4 Angle and Direction MeasurementA vertical line: A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point . It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point . At a given point there is only one vertical line .A horizontal line: A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the verticalline at the point . At any point there are an unlimited number of horizontal lines .A horizontal plane: A horizontal plane at a point is the plane that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point . There is only one horizontal plane through a given point .A vertical plane: A vertical plane at a point is any plane that contains the vertical line at the point . T here are an unlimited number of vertical planes at a given point .A horizontal angle: A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes, or a horizontal angle between two lines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontalplane .A vertical angle: A vertical angle is an angle measured in a vertical plane which is referenced to a horizontal line by plus (up) or minus ( down ) angles, or to a vertical line from the zenith direction .Zenith: Zenith is the term describing points on a celestial sphere that is a sphere of infinitely large radius with its center at the center of the earth .Azimuth: Azimuth is the horizontal angle measured in a clock wise direction from the plane of the meridian , which is a line on the mean surface of the earth joining the north and south poles .Bearing: Bearing is the traditional way of stating the orientation of the line . It is actually the angle measured from the north or south .Unit 5 TraversingTraversing : A survey traverse is a sequence of lengths and directions of lines between points on the earth, obtained by or fro m field angle and distance measurements and used in deter mining positions of the points . In general, a traverse is always classified as either an open traverse or a closed traverse.An open traverse:An open traverse originates either at a point of known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum or at an assumed horizontal position , and terminates at a station whose relative position is not previously known .A closed traverse: A closed traverse can be described in any one of the following two ways: ( 1) A closed loop traverse , as the name implies, forms a continuous loop , enclosing an area . This type of closed traverse starts at assumed horizontal position or at a known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum and ends at the same point .比较：The open traverse provides no check against mistakes and large errors for its termination at an unknown horizontal position and lack of geometric closure . This lack of geometric closure means that there is no geometric verification possible with respect to the actual positioning of the traverse stations . Thus, the measuring technique must be refined to provide for field verification . At a minimum , distances are measured twice and angles are doubled . Open traverses are often used for preliminary survey for a road or railroad .Closed traverses, whether they return to the starting point or not, provide checks on the measured angles and distances . In both cases, the angles can be closed geometrically , and the position closure can be determined mathematically . Therefore they are more desirable and used extensively in control, construction , property , and topographic surveys .angular closure: The difference between the geometric sum and actual field sum of the interior angles is called angular closure .latitude: By definition , latitude here is the north/ south rectangular component of a line and departure is the east/ west rectangular component of a line .Unit 6 Methods of Elevation DeterminationElevation: An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference datum .MSL : mean seal level (MSL) . MSL is assigned a vertical value (elevation) of 0 .000 ft or 0 .000 m .Direct or spirit leveling:Direct or spirit leveling, by measuring vertical distances directly . Direct leveling is most precise method of deter mining elevations and the one commonly used .In direct or trigonometric leveling:In direct or trigonometric leveling, by measuring vertical angles and horizontal or slope distances .B S : a is called Backsight (BS) which is a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation in order to establish the elevation of the instrument line of sight .F S : b is called Foresight (FS) which is a rod reading taken on a turning point, benchmark , or temporary benchmark in order to determine its elevation .比较：Spirit Leveling :The most precise method of determining elevations and most commonly used method.Trigonometric leveling is used where difficult terrain , such as mountainous areas, precludes the use of conventional differential leveling.The important notes should be mentioned here is that surveyors used toworking with spirit levels have referenced orthometric heights (H) to the“average”surface of the earth , as d epicted by MSL . However, the elevation coordinate (h) given by GPS solutions refers to the height from the surface of the ellipsoid to the ground station .Unit 7 Robotic Total StationTotal Station:the total station that integrate these two instruments into a single instrument . Total stations contain built-in microprocessors that calculate and display the horizontal distance from the measured slope distance and vertical height .A total station is the most commonly used instruments now in geomatics engineering , which is fully integrated instrument that capture all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensional positional information . A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder .Total stations allow the measurement of m any points on a surface being observed within a very short time range .Robotic Total Station:特点: When those total stations have been designed with automatic target recognition ( ATR ) function , they allow the user to automatically track , measure and record targets . Current technology provides robotic (motorized) total stations that are able to measure angles with an accuracy of ±0 .5″and dis tances with an acc uracy of ±1 mm + 1 pp m to a range of 3500m . Latest models are capable of searching automaticallyfor targets and then locking onto them precisely , turning angles automatically to designated points using the uploaded coordinates of those points , repeating angles by automatically double-centering , and even equipped with automatic data transfer systems . These instruments, when combined with a remote controller held by the prism surveyor, enable the survey to proceed with a reduced need for personnel . All these characteristics make the robotic total stations very useful for geomatics engineering tasks .Take advantage of the measuring speed and have multiple rod people on larger jobs . Robotic total stations are already being used in hazardous areas to provide continuous monitoring of structures or processes.Unit 8 Errors in MeasurementA direct measurement: A direct measurement is one where the reading observed represents the quantity measured , without a need to add , take averages or use geometric formulas to compute the value desired .An indirect measurement: An indirect measurement requires calculation and can be determined from its mathematical relationship to direct measurements w hen it is not possible or practical to make direct measurements .error: By definition , an error is the difference between a measured value for any quantity and its true value . The sources of errors fall into three broad categories.Instrumental Errors : These errors are caused by imperfections in instrument construction or adjustment . For example, the divisions on a theodolite or total station instrument may not be spaced uniformly . These error sources are present whether the equipment is read manually or digitally .Natural Errors : These errors are caused by variation in the surrounding environment conditions, such as atmospheric pressure, temperatures wind , gravitational fields, and magnetic fields , etc .Person al Errors : These errors arise due to limitations in hum an senses, such as the ability to read a micrometer or to center a level bubble . T he sizes of these errors are affected by personal ability to see and by manual dexterity .Mistakes :Mistakes or blunders ( gross errors ) actually are not errors because they usually are so gross in magnitude compared to the other two types of errors . Carelessness, inattention , improper training , badhabits, poor judgment, adverse measuring or observing conditions, and various negative attitudes and emotions are the traces or the common reasons for mistakes .Systematic Errors : Systematic Errors are defined as those errors whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be calculated and applied as a correction to the measured quantity , or these errors follow some physicallaw and thus can be predicted .Some systematic errors are removed by some correct measurement procedures (e .g ., balancing backsight and foresight distances in differential leveling to compensate for earth curvature and refraction ) . Others are removed by deriving corrections based on the physical conditions that were responsible for their creation (e .g ., applying a computed correction for earth curvature and refraction on a trigonometric leveling observation) . Surveyors should know how to deal with systematic errors . The first requirement is to recognize and accept the possible existence of errors . Next, identify the various sources that might be affecting a reading systematically , then , determine w hat the“syste m”is . Once syste matic errors discovered and quantified , the errors can be essentially compensated by certain processes of measuring or corrected to reduce their effect .Random Errors : Random (also known as accident) errors are introduced into each measurement mainly because of human and instrument imperfections as w ell as uncertainties in determining the effects of the environment on measurements .Examples of random errors are (a) imperfect centering over a ground point during distance measurement with an EDM instrument, (b) bubble not centered at the instant a level rod is read , and (c) small errors in reading graduated scales .Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random ErrorsRandom errors: Random errors are those variables that remain after mistakes are detected and eliminated and all systematic errors have been removed or corrected from the measured values .rando merrors follow the following empirical rules:(1 ) A random error will not exceed a certain amount .(2 ) Positive and negative random errors may occur at the same frequency .(3 ) Errors that are small in magnitude are more likely to occur than those that are larger in magnitude .(4 ) The mean of random errors tends to zero as the sample size tends to infinite .Mean: The most comm only used measure of central tendency is the mean of a set of data (a sample) . The concept of mean refers to the most probable value of the random variable .The mean is defined as x̅=1n ∑x xxx=1where x x are the observations, n is the sample size , or total number of observations in the sample , and x̅is the mean which is also called most probable value ( MPV ) .Standard deviation:Standard deviation is a numerical value indicating the amount of variation about a central value .Propagation of errors (or error propagation): Error propagation is one of the many aspects of analyzing errors . It is the mathematical process used to estimate the expected random error in a computed or indirectly measured quantity , caused by one or more identified and estimated random errors inone or more identified variables that influence the precision of the quantity .Unit 10 Accuracy and PrecisionPrecision: The degree of refinement in the performance of an operation , or the degree of perfection in the instruments and methods used to obtain a result, or an indication of the uniformity or reproducibility of a result . Precision relates to the quality of an operation by which a result is obtained , and is distinguished from accuracy , which relates to the quality of the result .Accuracy:The degree of conformity of a final measured value , with respect to the true value as defined by accepted standard (the“truth”) .区别：So from the analysis of precision and accuracy , several important facts should be mentioned as follows . (1) Scatter is an“ indicator of precision”; the wider the scatter of a set of results about the mean , the less reliable they will be compared with results having a small scatter . (2) Precision must not be confused with accuracy; the former is a relative grouping without regard to the nearness to the truth , whilst the latter denotes absolute nearness to the truth . (3) Precision may be regarded as an index of accuracy only when all sources of error, other than random errors, have been eliminated .An example that explains the difference between precision and accuracy better than any other in surveying has to do with error of closure in traversing . Many surveyors seem to think that error of closure checks the accuracy of the work . Wrong ! Error of closure primarily checks the precision ,not the accuracy . It checks accuracy only in that it can find blunders . But, since it cannot detect systematic errors in the distances, it cannot fully check accuracy .Unit 31 Interferometric SAR( In SAR )Radar interferometry: Radar interferometry is a technique for extracting three-dimensional information of theEarth’s surface by using the phase content of radar signal as an additional informationsource derived from the complex radar data .SAR:Synthetic Aperture Radar is an active sensor transmitting and receiving microwave signals,i.e. measuring distances between the sensor and the point on the Earth’s surface,where the signal is backscattered .The sensor emits electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and then records the strength and time delay of the returning signal to produce images of the ground .The interferometric data processing scheme includes in general (1) registration of the complex images, (2) the formation of the interferograms, (3) the phase unwrapping, and (4)the digital elevation model reconstruction .1.To DEFINE the background and argument of the present study:➢Although(the research subject)…,(the related problem)… is as yet undetermined➢(The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)… remains unsolved.➢(Previous studies) have examined…, (the related problem) is that…, despite…➢(Problems in certain research area) are…, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned bec ause…➢This paper describes/presents… (the argument) within… (a theoretical context)➢While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to…, (the present agreement) is still problematic.2.To STATE the purpose of the present study:➢This paper advances the view that…➢The article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/proposes/holds that/…➢The purpose/intention of this paper is…➢The primary goal/aim of this research is…➢The overall objective of this study is…➢In this paper/study, we aim at…➢The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…➢This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…➢The author intends/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of…3.To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues:➢… from the angle of…➢… in the light of the context that…➢To view something at a different angle/from various angles…➢From the point of view of…➢From the perspective of…4.To INTRODUCE the main participants or materials:➢The present study has investigated… by using/analyzing… (participants/m)➢In this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated… (participants/materials)➢The experiments/investigations of the present study involved…(p/materials)5.To DESCRIBE research method and procedures:➢Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using..➢Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of…➢The technique the author adopted is referred to as…➢The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in…➢The method/approach used in the present study is…➢The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting…➢The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as…➢The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: …➢Included in the experiment were…➢Based on the idea that…, we conducted the present study, categorized…, and evaluated…6.To PRESENT results, findings and conclusion:➢The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that…; it is also found that…➢The results are as follows: …➢The analysis of the samples indicates that..➢The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier by…➢It is concluded that..; the results also imply the further study into…➢The inves tigation/experiment varied by… and the results also revealed that…➢These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…➢Based on/upon the outcome/findings of the research, …➢The data/results obtained appear to…, thus we may conclude that…➢As a result of the current experiments, we conclude that…➢The author points out/recommends/concludes that…➢In summing up it may be stated that…➢All the preliminary results throw light on the nature of…。
Unit01 What is Geomatics
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- forGeoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS测绘学或者geo代表地球，matics代表数学，或者geo代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called“geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science- and/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
基本常用测绘英语
基本常用测绘英语(总11页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--测绘专业最常用英语(软件开发特别版)总结：Kiseigo 来自：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社2005年1月第一版一．基础篇1. 概率 What is Geomatics?geomatics 测绘学geodesy 大地测量学surverying and mapping 测绘fieldwork 外业工作theodolite 经纬仪allowance 容许误差latitude 纬度longitude 经度meridian 子午线gravity 重力curvature 曲率geoid 大地水准面2. 大地测量和平面测量 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying geodetic surveying 大地测量(学)plane surveying 平面测量control survey 控制测量vertical survey 高程测量topographic survey 地形测量detail survey 碎部测量land survey 地籍测量route survey 路线测量hydrographic survey 水道测量marine survey 海洋测量mine survey 矿山测量geological survey 地质测量Multiple channel 多通道dual-frequency sounder 双频Single Frequency Depth Sounder 单频multibeam echosounding 多波束3. 距离测量 Distance Measurement fundamental 基本原则，基本原理revolution n.旋转stadia n. 视距，视距仪器telescope 望远镜terrain n. 地形infrared adj. 红外线的electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪distance measuring instrumentdistance-measuring error 测距误差fixed error 固定误差proportional error 比例误差sighting distance 视距multiplication constant 乘常数addition constant 加常数tape 卷尺4. 角度和方向测量 Angle and Direction Measurement projection n.投影radius n. 半径，范围compass 罗盘，指南针clockwise adj. 顺时针方向的counterclockwise adj. 反时针方向的compensator n. 补偿器azimuth n. 方位，方位角bearing n. 方向，方位horizontal angle 水平角vertical angle 垂直角elevation angle 高度角5. 导线测量 Traversingtraverse n. 导线traversing 导线测量law of sines 正弦定律law of cosine 余弦定律terminate v. 停止evenly adv. 均匀地control network 控制网control point 控制点forward intersection 前方交会6. 高程测量的方法 Methods of Elevation Detemination elevation 海拔reference datum 参考基准面Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统national vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准direct leveling, spirit leveling 几何水准测量BM (benchmark) 水准基点level rod 水准尺level 水准仪backsight (BS) 后尺foresight (FS) 前尺height of instrument (HI) 仪器高height of target (HT) 目标高elevation difference 高差annexed leveling line 附合水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线elevation of sight 视线高程optical level 光学水准仪electronic level 电子水准仪automatic level, compensator level 自动安平水准仪laser level 激光水准仪7. 全站仪 Robotic Total Stationprism 棱镜instrument of geomatics engineering 测绘仪器geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器optical theodolite 光学经纬仪total station 全站仪geo-robot 测量机器人data recorder 电子手簿，数据采集器data transfer 数据转换8. 测量误差 Erros in Measurementlaw of probability 概率论theory of error 误差理论true error 真误差observation error 观测误差instrumental error 仪器误差personal error 人为误差gross error 粗差systematic error 系统误差random error, accident error 随即误差，偶然误差probable error 或然误差constant error 常差average error 平均误差absolute error 绝对误差relative error 相对误差error of closure, closing error, closure 闭合差error propagation, propagation of error 误差传播error test 误差检验gross error detection 粗差检验tolerance 限差limit error 极限误差error of focusing 调焦误差index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差9. 随机误差的基本统计分析 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errorsstatistical adj. 统计的，统计学的mean n. 平均数stochastic adj.随机的irregular adj. 不规则的probability n. 概率，可能性normal n. 正态divisor n. 除数，约数rationale n.基本原理error distribution 误差分布most probable value (MPV) 最或然值expectation, expected value 期望值index of precision 精度指标variance 方差standard deviation 标准差mean square error (MSE) 中误差mean square error of a point 点位中误差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中误差mean square error of cordinate 坐标中误差mean square error of height 高程中误差variance of unit weight 单位权方差，方差因子error ellipse 误差椭圆10. 准确度和精确度 Accuracy and Precisionaccuracy n. 准确precision n. 精确calibrate v. 校准methodology n. 方法论11. 最小二乘法 Least-Squares Adjustment adjustment n.平差parameter n.参数least square method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment 最小二乘平差function model 函数模型stochastic model 随机模型redundant observation 多余观测variance 方差covariance 协方差normal equation 法方程conditional 条件平差direct adjustment 直接平差condition equation 条件方程parametric adjustment 参数平差indirection adjustment 间接平差adjusted value 平差值inverse of weight matrix 权逆矩阵weight coefficient 权系数geoidal undulation 大地水准面高earth’s flattening地球扁率12. 大地测量学的概念 Geodesy Conceptsvery long baseline interferometry (VLBI) 甚长基线干涉测量13. 大地水准面和参考椭球 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoidmean sea level (MSL) 平均海水面reference ellipsoid 参考椭球semi-major axis of ellipsoid 椭球长半轴semi-minor axis of ellipsoid 椭球短半轴orthometric heights (H) 正高geodetic height, ellipsoidal height (h) 大地高geoidal height, geoid undulation (N) 大地水准面高,大地水准面差距quasi-geoid 似大地水准面normal height 正常高height anomaly 高程异常Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) 1980大地测量参考系统Krasovsky ellipsoid 克拉索夫斯基椭球14. 坐标转换 Datums, Coordinatesgeodetic datum 大地基准geodetic coordinate 大地坐标geodetic origin 大地原点geodetic latitude 大地纬度geodetic longitude 大地经度world geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84) 1984世界大地坐标系rectangular grid 直角坐标网independent coordinate system 独立坐标系coordinate conversion 坐标转换translation parameters 平移参数rotation parameters 旋转参数scale parameter 尺度参数Xi’an Geodetic Coordinate System 1980 1980西安坐标系15. 地图投影 Map Projectionmap projection 地图投影arbitrary projection 任意投影conformal projection 正形投影Mercator projection/ Mercator’s projection 墨卡托投影transverse projection 横轴投影Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 通用横轴墨卡托投影Lambert projection/ Lamber’s projection 兰勃特投影16. 重力测量 Gravity Measurementgravity measurement 重力测量law of universal gravitation 万有引力定律centrifugal force 离心力gravitational constant 重力常数gravimeter, gravity meter 重力仪17. 大地网的最佳解决方案 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network specification n. 规格，说明书，规范sensitivity n. 灵敏度deformation n. 变形18. 施工测量 Construction Layoutengineering survey 工程测量construction control network 施工控制网deformation observation变形观测reliability 可靠性construction survey 施工测量setting-out survey, construction layout 施工放样road engineering survey 道路工程测量cross section 横断面profile survey 纵断面测量19. 变形监测Deformation monitoring of Engineering Structuredeformation monitoring(observation) 变形监测(观测) displacement observation 位移观测settlement (subsidence) observation 沉陷观测二．高级篇20-21. 了解GPS Understanding the GPS ionosphere 电离层troposphere 对流层antenna 天线GPS (global positioning system) 全球定位系统GPS receiver GPS接收机broadcast ephemeris 广播星历precise ephemeris 精密星历precise code 精码pseudorange 伪距ionospheric delay 电离层延迟tropospheric delay 对流层延迟multipath effect 多路径效应reference receiver 基准接收机roving receiver 流动接收机receiver antenna 接收机天线real-time kinematic (RTK) 实时动态定位differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential correction 差分改正post-processed differential correction 后处理差分改正22. 各种卫星系统 Competition in Space OrbitGlobal Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) 全球导航卫星系统GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellite System) 全球导航卫星系统(俄) GALILEO 伽利略系统satellite clock 卫星钟dual-frequency 双频precise positioning service (PPS) 精密定位服务standard position service (SPS) 标准定位服务geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星23-25. GIS基础 GIS BasicsGIS (geographic information system) 地理信息系统raster n. 光栅vector n. 向量，矢量image data 图像数据vector data 矢量数据raster data 栅格数据data capture 数据采集data classification 数据分类data compression 数据压缩data transmission 数据传输digital terrain model (DTM) 数字地面模型digital elevation model (DEM) 数字高程模型27. 摄影测量的发展 Developments of Photogrammetryaerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量homologous points 同名点image point 像点picture element / pixel 像素intensity value 强度值，亮度值relative orientation 相对定向absolute orientation 绝对定向block adjustment 区域网平差image rectification 影像纠正digital raster graph DRG 数字栅格图29. RS应用 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS digital image processing 数字图像处理digital image 数字影像optical image 光学影像gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度等级image analysis 图像分析image processing 图像处理image transformation 图像变换image coding 图像编码image correlation 影像相关image digitization 图像数字化image matching 影像匹配image overlaying 影像重合32.interferometry 干涉测量interometry SAR 干涉雷达常用数学表达1/2 a half; one half1/4 a fourth; a quarter; one quarter1/1234 one over a thousand, two hundred and thirty-four 2x x square; x squared; x to the second power3x x cube; x cubed; x to the third powernx the nth power of x; x to the power of n-10x y to the minus tenth power1:2 the ratio of one to twob' b primeb'' b double prime; b second primeb b sub one1F' the first derivative of func)(xa square root of a± plus or minus= is equal to; equals≤ equal(s) to or less than≥ equal(s) to or larger thanba≈ a is approximately equal to b (a approximately equals b)a +b =c a plus b is (are; equals; is equal to ) c(a + b – c×d) / e = f a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divided by equals to f a × b a times b; a multiplied by bc - b = a c minus b equals to a; b from c leaves av = s / t v equals to s divided by t10 + 20 + 30 = 60 10,20, and 30 added together are 6020 / 5 = 4 20 divided by 5 equals (is) 4a a approaches infinity=∞A×B vector product of A and BA⋅ scalar product of A and BBlength, width, height, thickness, depthThe big apple weights 100g.China has an area of million square kilometers.The length of the railway is 2,000 miles.The gate has a width of 2ft.运算过程中的套语假设if ……(then/ therefore/ consequently) Suppose thatNow assume thatLet. if a – b = b – a; then 2a = 2b; hence a = b 解释和说明For……, we have……This shows that……The face that……is / has……The graph is shown in……The following is……As discussed/ mentioned above求证To prove this formula, note that……Prove the following,Prove that……The calculation/ formula is……This can be expressed as follows:参考文献：《测绘工程专业英语》尹晖主编武汉大学出版社。
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What is geomaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱics?
Where does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY （ 大 地 测 量 学 ） +GEOINFORMATICS= GEOMATICS or GEO-for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO-for Geoscience and – MATICS for informatics. It has been said that geomatics is many to many people. The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline（ 学科 ， 科目 ） ; it has been （ 学科， 科目） introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science-and/or GIS-oriented courses.
Now the term includes the traditional surveying definition along with surveying steadily increased importance with the development of new technologies and the growing demand for a variety of spatially related types of information, particularly in measuring and monitoring our environment. Increasingly critical are areas of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling （减少的）natural resources, and the 减少的） continuing stressing of the quality of our land, water and air from human activities.
The end, thank you!
As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs form the geosciences through various engineering sciences and computer sciences to spatial planning, land development and the environmental sciences. Now the word geomatics has been adopted by several international bodies including the International Standards Organization (ISO), so it is here to stay.