vk 20070415
Roland VK-8 Combo Organ TurboStart TBS158说明书
Combo OrganIt’s a Fact…The VK-8 is a totally new, re-designed combo organ that utilizes Roland's incredible-sounding Virtual ToneWheel technology. The VK-8 has a cool new waterfall-style keyboard for palm glissandos. With its COSM® rotary speaker modeling, collection of new tones, and D-Beam controller, the VK-8 is the new leader in combo organs. Its features include:•Fully polyphonic 61-key waterfall-style keyboard with velocity sensitivity•64 built-in orchestral voices•9 harmonic bars for shaping of organ sounds •11-pin rotary tone cabinet connector for use with optional speaker cabinet•Sophisticated rotary speaker and tube amp simulator based on Roland's COSM technology Playing the Demo SongsTo play the demonstration (demo) songs:1.Simultaneously press the SPLIT and H-BARMANUAL buttons.2.Press the PRESET button—Demo One starts,followed by the other demo songs.3.To listen to the other demos individually, pressthe desired 1-4 buttons.4.Press PRESET to stop demo playback.5.Press SPLIT to exit Demo mode.Selecting Organ Voice PresetsUse this procedure to select an organ voice preset.1.Press the PRESET button so it’s lit.2.Hold down the BANK button and press Button1-8 to select the desired preset bank.3.Release the BANK button.4.Press Button 1-8 to choose the desired presetwithin the selected bank.Selecting Other TonesThe VK-8 has an Other Tones bank of non-organ tones. Use the following procedure to select one.1.Press the PRESET button so it’s not lit.2.Press the H-BAR MANUAL button so it’s lit.3.Pull the harmonic bars all the way out and thenall the way in to silence the organ voice.4.Press the buttons under PERCUSSION sothey’re not lit.5.Press Buttons 1-8 to choose the desired yering Other Tones with the Organ Use the following procedure to layer a tone from the Other Tones bank with the organ voice:1.Select the desired organ voice preset asdescribed earlier.2.Press PRESET so it’s not lit.3.Press Button 1-8 to select the desired tone.4.Turn the OTHER TONES LEVEL knob to adjustthe volume of the selected Other Tone.Splitting the KeyboardWhen the organ voice and a non-organ tone are layered together, you can divide the keyboard so one part of it sounds the organ voice and the other part sounds the non-organ tone. Here’s how to do this: yer a non-organ tone with the organ voice asdescribed above.2.Press the SPLIT button.3.Press the UPPER button under HARMONICBAR PART so it’s lit.4.Pull the harmonic bars all the way out and thenpush them all the way in to silence the organvoice on the right side of the keyboard.5.Press the buttons under PERCUSSION sothey’re not lit.The lower part of the organ voice now sounds inthe left-hand keyboard zone and the non-organtone sounds in the right-hand zone.Saving Your SettingsThe VK-8 provides 64 memory locations in which you can store organ voice settings as presets.Note: When you store your current settings in a memory location, it replaces the factory preset currently stored there. As shipped from the factory, all of the VK-8’s 64 memory locations contain presets. You can restore the factory presets by initializing the VK-8—see Page 20 of the VK-8 Owner’s Manual. 1.While holding down WRITE and BANK, pressthe desired 1-8 button to select a preset bank. 2.Hold down WRITE again and press a 1-8 buttonto choose the desired preset location in theselected bank.When the 1-8 button stops flashing, the presethas been saved in the selected location.Combo OrganAdding Vibrato or ChorusUse the following procedure to add vibrato or chorus to the current sound.Note: Vibrato or chorus cannot be applied to percussion sounds.1.Press the button beneath VIBRATO ANDCHORUS so it’s lit.2.Turn the VIBRATO AND CHORUS knob toselect the desired type of vibrato or the desiredtype of chorus.Note: Vibrato and chorus cannot be applied together.Changing the Amp TypeThe VK-8 offers a COSM-based virtual amplifier for a vintage organ cabinet sound. Use the following procedure to change the amp type and its characteristics.1.Press the button beneath AMPLIFIER to selectthe desired type of virtual amp.2.Turn the OVERDRIVE knob to dial in the amountof distortion you want.3.Turn the TONE knob to adjust the brightness ofthe amp.。
诺基亚电动自行车 Electropak 技术数据说明书
Technical DataBasic technical dataNumber of cylinders.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...6 Cylinder arrangement... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...vertical in-line Cycle. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .4 stroke Induction system... ... ... ... turbocharged, air-to-air charge cooling Combustion system.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... direct injection diesel Compression ratio. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...16,3:1Bore.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 130 mm Stroke ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 157 mm Cubic capacity .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..12,5 litres Direction of rotation... ... anticlockwise when viewed from flywheel Firing order (number 1 cylinder furthest from flywheel)1-5-3-6-2-4Estimated total weight of Electropak (dry) ... ... ... ... ... ... .1478 kg Estimated total weight of Electropak (wet) ... ... ... ... ... ... .1582 kgOverall dimensions - Electropak-height... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..1725 mm -length (air cleaner fitted).. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..2410 mm -width ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1120 mmMoments of inertia (mk²)Engine... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .1,36 kgm²Flywheel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.41 kgm²Centre of gravityForward of rear face of cylinder block... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 650 mm Above crankshaft centre line ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 250 mmCyclic irregularity-1500 rev/min ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..1,54-1800 rev/min ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..1,82PerformanceNote:All data based on operation to ISO 3046-1, BS5514 AND DIN 6271standard reference conditions.All data based on 42584 MJ/kg calorific value for diesel conforming to specification BS2869 ClassA2All ratings certified to within .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... + 3%Steady state speed capability at constant load - G2.. ... .. + 0,25%Test conditions-air temperature . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...25 °C -barometric pressure.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...100 kPa -relative humidity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 %-air inlet restriction at maximum power (nominal).. ... ... ... 2,5 kPa -exhaust back pressure at maximum power (nominal).. ... 6,8 kPa -fuel temperature (inlet pump) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...40 °CSound levelSound pressure level (exhaust piped away, cooling pack and air cleaner fitted)-1500 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102 dB(A)-1800 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .104,6 dB(A)If the engine is to operate in ambient conditions other than those of the test conditions, suitable adjustments must be made for these changes. For full details, contact Perkins Technical Service Department.Emissions capability: All 2206A ratings are to ‘best fuel consumption’ and do not comply to Harmonised International regulation Emission Limits.General installation DesignationUnits Prime Standby Prime Standby 50Hz @ 1500 rev/min60Hz @ 1800 rev/minGross engine powerkWb 324,2368,4373,4406,5Brake mean effective pressure kPa 2061235519842171Combustion air flow (at rated speed)m³/min 21,323,627,429,0Exhaust gas flow (Max.)m³/min 56,664,867,573,5Exhaust gas mass flowkg/min 25,127,832,634,5Exhaust gas temperature (turbocharger outlet)°C630630630660Boost pressure ratio2,83,23,13,4Overall thermal efficiency (nett)%41,340,840,740,3Typical genset electrical output (0.8pf 25 °C)kWe 280320320350kVA 350400400438Assumed alternator efficiency %9292Energy balance Energy in fuelkWt 739,9854,1857,0945,7Energy in power output (gross)kWb 324,2368,4373,4406,5Energy to additional losses kWb 4,95,55,66,1Energy to cooling fan kWm 1419Energy in power output (nett)kWt 305,3348,9348,8381,4Energy to exhaustkWt 213,2245,3244,7273,7Energy to coolant and lubricating oil kWt 113,5128,5130,2139,5Energy to charge cooler kWt 64,879,768,476,5Energy to radiationkWt24,132,240,349,5 - 2206A-E13TAG22200 Series2206A-E13TAG2 2206A-E13TAG3ElectropaKGeneral installationDesignation Units Prime Standby Prime Standby50Hz @ 1500 rev/min60Hz @ 1800 rev/min Gross engine power kWb368,4412,5373,4406,5 Brake mean effective pressure kPa2344263719842171 Combustion air flow (at rated speed)m³/min24,326,427,429,0 Exhaust gas flow (Max.)m³/min64,672,567,573,5 Exhaust gas mass flow kg/min28,130,932,634,5 Exhaust gas temperature (turbocharger outlet)°C630630660660 Boost pressure ratio3,23,53,13,4 Overall thermal efficiency (nett)%41,440,940,740,3Typical genset electrical output (0.8pf 25 °C)kWe320360320350 kVA400450400438Assumed alternator efficiency%9292Energy balanceEnergy in fuel kWt842,6958,2857,0945,7 Energy in power output (gross)kWb368,4412,5373,4406,5 Energy to additional losses kWb5,56,25,66,1 Energy to cooling fan kWm1419Energy in power output (nett)kWt348,9392,3348,8381,4 Energy to exhaust kWt252,6290,4244,7273,7 Energy to coolant and lubricating oil kWt127,3139,9130,2139,5 Energy to charge cooler kWt60,375,568,476,5 Energy to radiation kWt34,039,840,349,6 - 2206A-E13TAG3Rating definitionsPrime powerVariable load. Unlimited hours usage with an average load factor of 70% of the published Prime Power rating over each 24 hour period.A 10% overload is available for 1 hour in every 12 hours of operationStandby powerVariable load. Limited to 500 hours annual usage up to 300 hours of which may be continuous running, No overload is permittedCooling systemRadiatorFace area . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...1,238 m²Number of rows and materials . ... ... ... ... ... ... .1rows, aluminium Matrix density and material .. ... ... ... ..12 fins per inch, aluminium Width of matrix . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1048 mm Height of matrix ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1100 mm Weight of radiator (dry). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..132 kg Pressure cap setting (min) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..70 kPa Charge coolerFace area.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...1,006 m²Number of rows and materials . ... ... ... ... ... ... .1rows, aluminium Matrix density and material .. ... ... ... ..12 fins per inch, aluminium Width of matrix . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 915 mm Height of matrix ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 1100 mm Coolant pumpSpeed @ 1500 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2056 rev/min Speed @ 1800 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2468 rev/min Drive method. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .Gear FanDiameter ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 927 mm Drive ratio.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...0,92:1 Number of blades.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 9 Material. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .composite Type.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . pusher Cooling fan air flow @ 1500 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...654 m³/min Cooling fan air flow @ 1800 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ...788 m³/min CoolantTotal system capacity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 51,4 litres Max. top tank temperature ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..104 °C Temperature rise across engine... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 °C Max. pressure in engine cooling circuit. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..70 kPa Max. permissible external system resistance ... ... ... ... ... ..30 kPa Max. static pressure head on pump.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..30 kPa Coolant flow (min) against 30 kPa rstriction@ 1500 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .5,3 litres/sec @ 1800 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .6,7 litres/sec Thermostat operation range.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 87 to 98°C For details of recommended coolant specifications, refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual for this engine model Duct allowanceDuct allowance 2206A-E13TAG2 - standbyMaximum additional retsriction (duct allowance) to cooling airflow and resultant minimum airflowEngine speedrev/minAmbient clear-ance inhibitedcoolant °CDuctallowancePam³/min 150059200563180059200716Duct allowance 2206A-E13TAG3 - standbyMaximum additional retsriction (duct allowance) to cooling airflow and resultant minimum airflowEngine speedrev/minAmbient clear-ance inhibitedcoolant °CDuctallowancePam³/min 150055200563180059200716Electrical system-type... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .24 Volt negative earth Alternator type ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .22SI -alternator voltage.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..24V -alternator output ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..70A Starter motor type.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...39MT -starter motor voltage. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..24V -starter motor power... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .7,8 kW Number of teeth on flywheel.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..113 Number of teeth on starter pinion.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (11)Minimum cranking speed... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 106 rev/min Starter solenoid maximum-pull-in current @ 0°C ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 200A -hold-in current @ 0°C... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..25A Cold start recommendations-5°C to -10°Coil... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..SAE grade 15W40 Starter ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...42MT Battery ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 volts Max. breakaway current. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..1311 amps Cranking current ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 588 amps Starting aids (ECM controlled)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... none Min. mean cranking speed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .106 rev/min -11°C to -25°Coil... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... SAE grade 5W40 Starter ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...42MT Battery ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 volts Max. breakaway current. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..1585 amps Cranking current ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 828 amps Starting aids (ECM controlled)... block heater 1,5kW (110V/240V) Min. mean cranking speed. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .106 rev/min Notes:z Battery capacity is defined by the 20 hour ratez The oil specification should be for the minimum ambient temperature as the oil will not be warmed by the immersion heaterz Breakaway current is dependent on the battery capacity available. Cables should capable of handling transient current twice that of cranking current.Exhaust systemMaximum back pressure-1800 rev/min . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .10,0 kPa Exhaust outlet, internal diameter. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 123 mm Fuel systemInjection system... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..MEUI Injector type. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..MEUI Governor type.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... electronic Governing conforms to ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .ISO 8528-5 Class G2 Injector pressure.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .207 MPa Fuel lift pump-lift pump type.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .gear driven -lift pump delivery @1500 rev/min... ... ... ... ... ... ... 480 litres/hour -lift pump delivery @1800 rev/min... ... ... ... ... ... ... 600 litres/hour -lift pump delivery pressure. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..621 kPa -max. suction head at pump inlet ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .3 m -max. static pressure head.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .4 m -max. fuel inlet temperature. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..55 °C -fuel filter spacing primary... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .10 microns -fuel filter spacing secondary... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...2 microns Fuel specificationBS2869 Class A2 or BSEN590ASTM D975 Class 1D and class 2DNote:For further information on fuel specifications and restrictions, refer to the OMM, “Fluid Recommendations” for this engine model. Induction systemMaximum air intake restriction-clean filter... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...2,5 kPa -dirty filter. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...6,4 kPa -air filter type ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . paper element - 15 inch diameterLubrication systemMaximum total system oil capacity ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .40 litres Minimum oil capacity in sump... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..32,5 litres Maximum oil capacity in sump.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .38 litres Maximum engine operating angles -front up, front down, right side, left side ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 °Lubricating oil-oil flow @ 1500 rev/min... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 140 litres/min -oil flow @ 1800 rev/min... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 172 litres/min -oil pressure at bearings @ 1500 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... 310 kPa -oil pressure at bearings @ 1800 rev/min. ... ... ... ... ... ... 358 kPa -oil pressure at bearings (min).. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 270 kPa -oil temperature (continuous operation) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..113 °C -oil consumption at full load as a % of fuel consumption.. ...0.15% Oil filter screen spacing. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 microns Oil consumption as % of fuel consumption... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0,1 Sump drain plug tapping... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .1 1/8 UNF Lubricating oil specification... ... ... ... ... ... API-CH4 - SAE15W-40 Recommended SAE viscosityEngine Oil ViscosityEMA LRG-1API CH-4 Viscosity GradeAmbient Temperature Minimum MaximumSAE 0W20-40 °C10 °CSAE 0W30-40 °C30 °CSAE 0W40-40 °C40 °CSAE 5W30-30 °C30 °CSAE 5W40-30 °C40 °CSAE 10W30-20 °C40 °CSAE 15W40-10 °C50 °C MountingsMaximum static bending moment at rear face of block. ...1356 Nm Fuel consumption2206A-E13TAG2 - 1500 rev/minLoad g/kWhr l/hr Standby19580 110% Prime power19577 100% Prime power19671 75% of Prime power19854 50% of Prime power203372206A-E13TAG3 - 1500 rev/minLoad g/kWhr l/hr Standby19490 110% Prime power19689 100% Prime power19781 75% of Prime power19962 50% of Prime power202422206A-E13TAG2 - 1800 rev/minLoad g/kWhr l/hr Standby19387 110% Prime power19588 100% Prime power19681 75% of Prime power19962 50% of Prime power205432206A-E13TAG3 - 1800 rev/minLoad g/kWhr l/hr Standby19387 110% Prime power19588 100% Prime power19681 75% of Prime power19962 50% of Prime power20543All fuel consumption figures are based on Nett powerAll information in the document is substantially correct at the time of printing but may be subsequently altered by the company.Distributed by2200 Series2206A-E13TAG22206A-E13TAG3Load acceptance TAG2 (cold) Initial load application: When engine reaches rated speed(15 seconds maximum after engine starts to crank)DescriptorUnits 50 Hz 60Hz % of prime power %6680Load (nett)kWm 184,8256Transient frequency deviation%<10<10Frequency recoverySeconds55Second load application: When engine reaches rated speed(5 seconds after initial load application)DescriptorUnits 50 Hz 60Hz % of prime power %7385Load (nett)kWm 204,4272Transient frequency deviation%<10<10Frequency recoverySeconds55TAG3 (cold) Initial load application: When engine reaches rated speed(15 seconds maximum after engine starts to crank)DescriptorUnits 50 Hz 60Hz % of prime power %5880Load (nett)kWm 185,6256Transient frequency deviation%<10<10Frequency recoverySeconds55Second load application: When engine reaches rated speed(5 seconds after initial load application)DescriptorUnits 50 Hz 60Hz % of prime power %6585Load (nett)kWm 208272Transient frequency deviation%<10<10Frequency recoverySeconds55The information shown above complies with the requirements of classification 3 and 4 of ISO 8528-12 and G2 operating limits stated in ISO 8528-5The above figures were obtained under the following test conditions:-minimum engine block temperature.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 45 °C -ambient temperature. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..15 °C -governing mode ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... isochronous -alternator efficiency... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 92%-alternator inertia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,9 kgm²-under frequency roll off (UFRO) point set to. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 Hz below rated -UFRO rate set to... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2% voltage / 1% frequency LAM on/off.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...off All tests were conducted using an engine which was installed and serviced to Perkins Engines Company Limited recommendations.Note:The general arrangement drawings shown in this data sheet are for guidance only. For installation purposes, latest versions should be requested from the Applications Dept., Perkins Engines Stafford, ST16 3UB United Kingdom.P u b l i c a t i o n N o . T P D 1687E 2. O c t o b e r 2008 P e r k i n s E n g i n e s C o m p a n y L i m i t e dPerkins Engines Company LimitedPeterborough PE1 5NA United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0) 1733 583000Fax +44 (0) 1733 。
TL_774乙二醇冷却液添加剂;材料要基求
KonzernnormTL 774Ausgabe 2013-10Klass.-Nr.:57341Schlagwörter:Kühlmittelzusatz, Ethylenglykol, Glycerin, Gefrierpunkterniedrigung, Siedepunkterhöhung,Korrosionsschutz, Ready to use-KühlmittelKühlmittelzusatz auf Ethylenglykolbasis Werkstoffanforderungen6 Ausführungen: C, F, G, H, J, K Frühere AusgabenTL 774: 1973-05, 1974-07, 1975-10, 1976-06, 1977-06, 1979-09, 1980-12, 1982-04, 1983-12,1984-03, 1988-11, 1989-11, 1990-08, 1994-09, 1996-11, 1999-07, 2002-02, 2002-10, 2004-06,2005-10, 2008-06, 2008-11, 2009-10, 2010-08, 2012-09, 2012-11ÄnderungenGegenüber der TL 774: 2012-11 wurden folgende Änderungen vorgenommen:–Ausführung K zugefügt AnwendungsbereichDiese Technische Lieferbedingung legt die Werkstoffanforderungen an Kühlmittelzusatz auf Ethy‐lenglykolbasis und Ethylenglykol-/Glycerinbasis fest.BezeichnungBeispiel für einen violetten Kühlmittelzusatz:Kühlmittelzusatz nach TL 774-GAnforderungenGrundsätzliche AnforderungenGenehmigung von Erstlieferung und Änderung nach VW 01155.123 3.1Norm vor Anwendung auf Aktualität prüfen.Die elektronisch erzeugte Norm ist authentisch und gilt ohne Unterschrift.Seite 1 von 15Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Weitergabe oder Vervielfältigung ohne vorherige Zustimmung einer Normenabteilung des Volkswagen Konzerns nicht gestattet.© Volkswagen AktiengesellschaftVWNORM-2012-05pSeite 2TL 774: 2013-10Schadstoffvermeidung nach VW 91101.Für eine Beurteilung sind vom Hersteller dem Labor Betriebsstoffe 60 l anzuliefern.Diagramme über die wichtigsten physikalischen Eigenschaften von Kühlmittelmischungen sind in der internen Arbeitsmappe …Produktive Betriebsstoffe“ enthalten und können im Labor Betriebsstof‐fe angefordert werden.MischbarkeitDie Kühlmittelzusätze der jeweiligen Ausführungen müssen untereinander ohne Verschlechterung der Gebrauchseigenschaften in jedem Verhältnis mit allen Kühlmitteln der gleichen Ausführung mischbar gerfähigkeitIn nicht angebrochener Originalverpackung muss die Lagerfähigkeit bei -30 °C bis +50 °C > 1 Jahr betragen.Ausführungen TL 774-C[G11] Für alle Motoren einschließlich Leichtmetall-Motoren. Einfärbung blaugrün (darf nicht mehr für die Erstbefüllung von Konzernfahrzeugen eingesetzt werden).TL 774-F[G12+] Für alle Motoren einschließlich Voll-Aluminium-Motoren. Einfärbung violett (darf nicht mehr für die Erstbefüllung von Konzernfahrzeugen eingesetzt werden).TL 774-G[G12++] Für alle Motoren einschließlich Voll-Aluminium-Motoren. Einfärbung violett.TL 774-H[G12++Di] Nur für Motoreneinlaufstände. Einfärbung farblos.TL 774-J[G13] Für alle Motoren einschließlich Voll-Aluminium-Motoren. Einfärbung violett.TL 774-K[G16] Für alle Motoren einschließlich Voll-Aluminium-Motoren. Einfärbung gelb.3.23.33.4 3.4.13.4.23.4.33.4.43.4.53.4.6Seite 3TL 774: 2013-10 Normteil-Nummern3.5–TL 774-C, blaugrün N 052 774 C0–TL 774-F, violett N 052 774 F0–N 052 774 F1 (nur für Porsche1))–TL 774-G, violett N 052 774 G0–TL 774-G, violett N 052 774 G1 (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 G0 und60 % Wasser nach TL 52541). Nur für Erstbefüllung.–N 052 774 G5 (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 G0 und50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541).–TL 774-H, farblos N 052 774 H0–N 052 774 H4 [Mischung aus (40 ± 3) % N 052 774 H0und 60 % Wasser nach TL 52541].–N 052 774 H5 [Mischung aus (50 ± 3) % N 052 774 H0und 50 % Wasser nach TL 52541].–TL 774-J, violett N 052 774 J0 (G13, Konzentrat)–N 052 774 J1 (G13, Konzentrat nur für BHKW2))–N 052 774 J2 (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 J1 und60 % Wasser). Nur für BHKW2).–N 052 774 J3 (Mischung aus 20 % N 052 774 J1 und80 % Wasser). Farblos. Nur für BHKW2).–N 052 774 J4 (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 J0 und60 % Wasser nach TL 52541). Nur für Erstbefüllung.–N 052 774 J5 (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 J0 und50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541)–N 052 774 JA (G13, Konzentrat)–N 052 774 JB (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 JA und60 % Wasser nach TL 52541)–N 052 774 JC (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 JA und50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541)–N 052 774 JD (G13, Konzentrat)–N 052 774 JE (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 JD und60 % Wasser nach TL 52541)–N 052 774 JF (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 JD und50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541)–N 052 774 JG (G13, Konzentrat)–N 052 774 JH (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 JG und60 % Wasser nach TL 52541)–N 052 774 JJ (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 JG und50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541)1)Darf aufgrund unterschiedlicher Entschäumerkomponenten nicht in Volkswagen Konzern-Fahrzeugen verwendet werden.Seite 4TL 774: 2013-10–N 052 774 JK (G13, Konzentrat)–N 052 774 JL (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 JK und 60 % Wasser nach TL 52541)–N 052 774 JM (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 JK und 50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541)–N 052 774 JN (G13, Konzentrat)–N 052 774 JP (Mischung aus 40 % N 052 774 JN und 60 % Wasser nach TL 52541)–N 052 774 JQ (Mischung aus 50 % N 052 774 JN und 50 % Wasser entsprechend TL 52541)–TL 774-K, gelbN 052 774 K0 (“Ready to use”-Kühlmittel).Lieferantenunabhängige Teilenummer für die Kühlmit‐telgeneration G16–N 052 774 K1 (“Ready to use”-Kühlmittel).Lieferantenabhängige Teilenummer für die Kühlmittel‐generation G16; Entwicklungspartner Firma A –N 052 774 K2 (“Ready to use”-Kühlmittel).Lieferantenabhängige Teilenummer für die Kühlmittel‐generation G16; Entwicklungspartner Firma B –N 052 774 K3 (“Ready to use”-Kühlmittel).Lieferantenabhängige Teilenummer für die Kühlmittel‐generation G16; Entwicklungspartner Firma CBaumustergenehmigungKühlmittelzusätze sind baumustergenehmigungspflichtig .Verantwortlich für die Volkswagen AG:GQL-B/2FreigabeablaufFür eine Laborfreigabe im Zuge einer Baumusterfreigabeprüfung sind vom Kühlmittelhersteller dem Volkswagen Labor Betriebsstoffe 10 Liter des nach Serienbedingungen gefertigten Produktes mit Erstmusterprüfbericht vorzulegen. Für eine Baumusterprüfung sind weitere Prüfungen, wie Funktionsversuche und Fahrerprobungen erforderlich. Hierfür werden ca. 800 Liter Kühlmittelkon‐zentrat benötigt. Für die Erteilung der Baumustergenehmigung sind neben der Laborfreigabe Mo‐torprüfstandsversuche sowie eine Fahrzeugerprobung (Flottentest) erforderlich.Für die Aufmischung des Erstmusters (z. B. Reblend) dürfen nur geprüfte und freigegebene Vor‐produkte (Glykole, Glycerine, Additive etc.) verwendet werden.Die Beurteilungsaussage erlischt automatisch 3 Jahre nach Erteilung der Freigabe sowie bei Än‐derung der Formulierung der Kühlmittelzusätze.Bei regelmäßigen Lieferungen und Nachweisen der Qualitätskontrolle gemäß Prüfplan bleibt die Freigabe bestehen. Bei jeder Lieferung erhält die Qualitätssicherung des bestellenden Werkes ein Werksprüfzeugnis (nach Muster). Das Werksprüfzeugnis umfasst die Herstell- und3.642)Darf aufgrund höherer Mengen an Färbemittel nicht in Volkswagen Konzern-Fahrzeugen verwendet werden.Seite 5TL 774: 2013-10 Chargennummer sowie Prüfwerte gemäß Prüfplan gemäß Tabelle 1. Zusätzlich ist jedes Jahr so‐wie alle drei Jahre ein Prüfbericht gemäß Tabelle 1 dem Volkswagen Labor Betriebsstoffe vorzule‐gen.Tabelle 1 – PrüfplanDer Lieferant hat sicherzustellen, dass jede Liefercharge die in dieser Technischen Lieferbedin‐gung festgelegten Anforderungen erfüllt. Jedes Vorprodukt ist vor Verwendung für die Aufmi‐schung des Endproduktes zu prüfen. Werden beim Lieferanten des Kühlmittelzusatzes aus der Gesamtmenge einer Herstellcharge eine oder mehrere zeitlich von einander getrennte Teilmengen entnommen und an den Besteller ausgeliefert oder zwischengelagert, so wird jede Teilmenge als eigene Abfüllcharge bezeichnet und zusätzlich zur Herstellberichtsnummer mit einer Chargennum‐mer gekennzeichnet.Bei Anlieferung als Fassware sind nur saubere Fässer zu verwenden. Bei Containeranlieferungen sind die Behältnisse vor Befüllung geeignet zu reinigen. Entsprechende Reinigungszertifikate sind bei Bedarf vorzulegen.Die Serieneingangskontrolle / -analytik in den einzelnen Standorten erfolgt nach dem Technischen Qualitätsstandard (TQS) …Einlagerung und Befüllung von Kühlmittelzusätzen und Scheibenreini‐gungsflüssigkeiten“.Änderungen der Formulierung, des Herstellungsverfahrens und der Verlagerung des Produktions‐ortes, sowie Änderungen beim Vorlieferanten sind dem Volkswagen Labor Betriebsstoffe und der zuständigen Entwicklungsfachabteilung mitzuteilen und machen eine erneute Bemusterung und schriftliche Freigabe erforderlich. Bei Entzug der Freigabe ist der Lieferant verpflichtet, diese Infor‐mation an betroffene Teile-Lieferanten des Volkswagen Konzerns sowie den möglichen Rebrand‐nehmern des BMG-freigegebenen Produktes weiterzugeben.Zusammensetzung und FarbeSiehe Tabelle 2.Tabelle 2 – (Kühlmittelkonzentrate)Nr.Eigenschaft Einheit AnforderungTL 774-C TL 774-F TL 774-G TL 774-H TL 774-J1Ethylenglykol(1,2-Ethandiol)Gew.-%Rest2Glycerin(1,2,3-Propantriol)Gew.-%nicht zugelassen10 bis 40(nachMuster)5Seite 6TL 774: 2013-10a)Nitro-Aromate sind ebenfalls nicht zugelassen.b)Der verwendete Farbstoff muss temperaturstabil sein und darf den Korrosionsschutz nicht verschlechtern.6Weitere EigenschaftenSiehe Tabelle 3.Seite 7TL 774: 2013-10 Tabelle 3Seite 8TL 774: 2013-10Korrosions- und KavitationsverhaltenNach den Richtlinien der Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen e. V., im folgenden FVV genannt und Abschnitt 10.7.Verhalten im SchwingversuchDie Konzentration beträgt 20 % und 40 % Volumenanteile des Kühlmittelzusatzes. SieheTabelle 4.Tabelle 4Metall Medium Normierter GewichtsverlustTL 774-C TL 774-F TL 774-G TL 774-H TL 774-J Aluminium frisch≤ 1,2≤ 2,0Grauguss frisch≤ 0,10≤ 0,15Normierter Gewichtsverlust:Gewichtsverlust im Prüfmedium Gewichtsverlust in Wasser mit 10°dH6.1 6.1.1Seite 9TL 774: 2013-10Verhalten im dynamischen Korrosionstest (VW-Heißtestanlage) sowie visueller Befund gemäß den Richtlinien der FVV, Heft R 443 (Ausgabe 1986)Ausführung CKonzentration siehe Tabelle 5.Tabelle 5Volumenanteil des Kühlmittelzusatzes:20 %40 %Metall Medium Gewichtsverlust in mgAluminium Deionat, frisch ≤ 50≤ 20Wasser, 10°dH, frisch≤ 50≤ 20GraugussDeionat, frisch ≤ 40≤ 20Wasser, 10°dH, frisch≤ 40≤ 20Zulässig nur Flächenkorrosion, nicht Lochkorrosion.Ausführung F, G, H und JKonzentration siehe Tabelle 6.Tabelle 6Volumenanteil des Kühlmittelzusatzes:20 %40 %Metall Medium Gewichtsverlust in mgAluminium Deionat, frisch ≤ 100≤ 40Wasser, 10°dH, frisch≤ 80≤ 30GraugussDeionat, frisch ≤ 80≤ 40Wasser, 10°dH, frisch≤ 60≤ 30Zulässig nur Flächenkorrosion, nicht Lochkorrosion.Verhalten im dynamischen Korrosionstest (VW-Heißtestanlage) nach Wasserreinigung Ausführung F, G, H und JKonzentration siehe Tabelle 7.Tabelle 7Volumenanteil des Kühlmittelzusatzes:20 %40 %Metall Medium Gewichtsverlust in mgAluminium Deionat, frisch ≤ 20≤ 5Wasser, 10°dH, frisch≤ 25≤ 10GraugussDeionat, frisch ≤ 20≤ 5Wasser, 10°dH, frisch≤ 20≤ 106.1.26.1.2.16.1.2.26.1.3 6.1.3.1Seite 10TL 774: 2013-10Zulässig nur Flächenkorrosion, nicht Lochkorrosion.Restsilikatgehalt nach nochmaligem dynamischen Korrosionstest (VW-Heißtestanlage),nur Ausführung C, G, H und JDie Konzentration beträgt 40 % Volumenanteile des Kühlmittelzusatzes.Der FVV-Heißtest wird mit derselben Flüssigkeit, jedoch einer neuen Al-Probe wiederholt. Nach dem 2ten Durchlauf wird nicht der Abtrag der Al-Probe gemessen. Hier ist der Restsilikatgehalt in der Flüssigkeit entscheidend.Restsilikatgehalt: nach Muster Verhalten in der Kavitationskammer (Klopfkammer) gemäß den Richtlinien der FVV,Heft R 530 (Ausgabe 2005)Siehe Tabelle 8.Tabelle 8Metall KonzentrationGewichtsverlust, mg/ProbeTL 774-CTL 774-FTL 774-GTL 774-HTL 774-JProben der Kavi‐tationskammer 20 Vol.-%nach MusterProbenkörper des Probenpa‐ketesProben der Kavi‐tationskammer 40 Vol.-%nach MusterProbenkörper des Probenpa‐ketes Verhalten im Korrosionsversuch unter Wärmedurchgang (FVV-Heißtest, MHTA) gemäßden Richtlinien der FVV, Heft R 530 (Ausgabe 2005)Versuch mit ionengetauschtem Wasser gemäß den Richtlinien der FVV, Heft R 530(Ausgabe 2005), Anhang A 1.1Siehe Tabelle 9.Tabelle 9Metall KonzentrationGewichtsverlust, mg/ProbeTL 774-CTL 774-FTL 774-GTL 774-HTL 774-JProben der Heißkammer 40 Vol.-%nach MusterProbenkörper des Probenpa‐ketes6.1.46.1.56.1.66.1.6.1Versuch mit synthetisch hartem Wasser gemäß den Richtlinien der FVV, Heft R 530(Ausgabe 2005), Anhang A 1.2Siehe Tabelle 10.Tabelle 10Metall KonzentrationGewichtsverlust, mg/ProbeTL 774-CTL 774-FTL 774-GTL 774-HTL 774-JProben der Heißkammer 40 Vol.-%nach MusterProbenkörper des Probenpa‐ketesAnforderungen an das Mischwasser für die Erstbefüllung und …Ready to use“-KühlmittelDas Mischwasser für den Ansatz mit Kühlmittelzusätzen muss Trinkwasserqualität (Wasser, das als Lebensmittel für den menschlichen Verzehr sowie Wasser, das für andere besondere hygieni‐sche Sorgfalt erfordernde Verwendungszwecke bestimmt ist) entsprechen, siehe Tabelle 11. Die ausschließliche Verwendung von VE-Wasser ist nicht zulässig.Tabelle 11Eine Mischung aus Trinkwasser und VE-Wasser zur Einhaltung der unter Tabelle 11 geforderten Werte ist zulässig. Siehe hierzu auch TL 52541, Wasser als Mischwasser für die Erstbefüllung.Anforderungen an die GlycerinqualitätenDie für den Einsatz in Kühlmittel verwendeten Glycerinqualitäten müssen grundsätzlich über Destil‐lation vorgereinigt sein und aus folgenden Quellen stammen: Recycling (z. B. Speisefettaufberei‐tung), Tierkadaververwertung oder aus der Biodieselgewinnung (Einsatz nachwachsender Roh‐stoffe). Die entsprechend Tabelle 12 dargestellten Anforderungen an das verwendete Glycerin müssen vom Kühlmittellieferanten eingehalten und regelmäßig dokumentiert werden.6.1.6.27 8Tabelle 12Anforderungen an …Ready to use“-KühlmittelGrundsätzlich dürfen …Ready to use“-Kühlmittel nur aus freigegebenen Kühlmittelzusätzen mit BMG sowie mit Mischwassergüten entsprechend TL 52541 hergestellt werden. Die Inhibierung (sowohl organische wie anorganische Additive) müssen entsprechend der Vorgabe mindestens der Hälfte des Kühlmittelkonzentrates entsprechen. …Ready to use“-Kühlmittel sind gesondert durch GQL-B freizugeben.Weitere Anforderungen siehe Tabelle 13.Tabelle 139Prüfungshinweise Freies WasserBestimmung nach Karl Fischer.KorrosionsschutzDie organischen Korrosionsschutzinhibitoren (Mono-/Dikarbonsäuren) bilden auf der Metalloberflä‐che molekulare Schutzschichten, die durch eine chemische Reinigung völlig zerstört werden. Aus diesem Grund ist vor der chemischen Reinigung eine Wasserreinigung vorzusehen.Danach wird mit Aceton gespült und im Trockenschrank 1 h bei 100 °C getrocknet.Anschließend (nach Abkühlen) wird gewogen.Nach dieser so genannten Wasserreinigung wird wie üblich verfahren (chemische Reinigung und Wägung).AluminiumlegierungenDie nach ASTM D1384 verwendete Al-Legierung nach SAE 329 wird durch AlSi6Cu4 nach TL 023ersetzt.Die ASTM-Kette wird auf der Stahl-Aluminium-Seite um folgende Aluminium-Legierungen erwei‐tert: AlSi12; AlMn.Für den Einsatz in Audi-Motoren wird die Al-Legierung nach TL 023 durch AlSi10Mg(Cu) ausge‐tauscht.Anlauffarben sind zugelassen, soweit es sich nicht um Korrosionsprodukte handelt.Lochfraß ist nicht zulässig.Schaumbildung50 ml eines 33 Vol.-%igen Kühlmittelzusatzes in destilliertem Wasser werden in einem 100 ml Schüttelzylinder 1 Minute geschüttelt.Mit derselben Lösung wird der Test nacheinander bei 20 °C, 80 °C und wieder bei 20 °C durchge‐führt.Die Schaummenge wird jeweils sofort nach der Prüfung und nach 1 Minute angegeben.10 10.110.210.310.4StabilitätAbweichend von ASTM D4340 wird synthetisch hartes Wasser nach den Richtlinien der FVV, Heft R 530 (Ausgabe 2005), Anhang A 1.2 eingesetzt.Die Konzentration beträgt 40 Vol.-%.Abweichend von der oben genannten ASTM-Norm wird bei der Überprüfung der Langzeitstabilität (nur Ausführung J) die Prüfdauer auf 1000 h erhöht.Temperatur-Verlauf über 30 hDer Temperaturanstieg über 30 h Prüfung sollte nicht über 10 °C betragen, beginnend nach 30min.Beispiel:nach 30 min 147 °C nach 30 h ≤ 157 °CKorrosions- und KavitationsverhaltenPrüfungsdurchführung nach den Richtlinien der FVV (Heft R 443, 1986).Bei Muster- und Erstlieferungen ist der komplette Prüfbericht nach FVV vorzulegen, nicht jedoch bei den monatlichen Prüferzeugnissen.SchaumrückbildungsvermögenAbweichend von der PV 1474 wird eine Mischung aus 40 Vol.-% des zu prüfenden Kühlmittelzu‐satzes und 60 Vol.-% destilliertem Wasser eingesetzt.Mitgeltende UnterlagenDie folgenden in der Norm zitierten Dokumente sind zur Anwendung dieser Norm erforderlich:PV 1426Kühlmittelzusätze / Scheibenreiniger; Prüfung der Silikat- und Hartwas‐serstabilitätPV 1432Kühlmittelzusätze; Prüfung der Schutzwirkung gegen Spaltkorrosion PV 1474Scheibenreinigungsflüssigkeiten; Prüfung des Schaumrückbildungsver‐mögensTL 023Aluminium Gusslegierung; WerkstoffanforderungenTL 52541Wasser als Mischwasser für die Erstbefüllung; Werkstoffanforderungen VW 01155Fahrzeug-Teile; Genehmigung von Erstlieferung und Änderung VW 91101Umweltnorm Fahrzeug; Fahrzeugteile, Werkstoffe, Betriebsstoffe;SchadstoffvermeidungASTM D1120Prüfung von Kühlmitteln für Motoren; Bestimmung der Siedetemperatur ASTM D1121Prüfung von Frostschutzmitteln, Rostschutzmitteln und Kühlmitteln; Be‐stimmung der potentiellen Alkalität10.5 10.610.710.811ASTM D1177Bestimmung des Erstarrungspunktes von wässrigen Kühlmitteln für Mo‐torenASTM D1287Prüfung von Motorfrostschutzmitteln, Rostschutzmitteln und Kühlmitteln;Bestimmung des pH-WertesASTM D1384Korrosionsprüfung von Kühlmitteln für Motoren im Glasbecher unter kon‐trollierten LaborbedingungenASTM D1882Wirkung der in Kühlmittellösungen verwendeten Chemikalien auf Auto‐decklackASTM D4340Korrosionsverhalten von Aluminiumgußlegierungen gegenüber Motor‐kühlmitteln unter dem Einfluß von WärmeDIN 51360-2Prüfung von Kühlschmierstoffen; Bestimmung der Korrosionsschutzei‐genschaften von wassergemischten Kühlschmierstoffen; Späne/Filtrier‐papier-VerfahrenDIN 51405Prüfung von Mineralöl-Kohlenwasserstoffen, verwandten Flüssigkeitenund Lösemitteln für Lacke und Anstrichstoffe - GaschromatographischeAnalyse - Allgemeine ArbeitsgrundlagenDIN 51423-1Prüfung von Mineralölen - Teil 1: Messung der relativen Brechzahl mitdem PräzisionsrefraktometerDIN 51757Prüfung von Mineralölen und verwandten Stoffen - Bestimmung derDichteDIN 51777-1Prüfung von Mineralöl-Kohlenwasserstoffen und Lösemitteln; Bestim‐mung des Wassergehaltes nach Karl Fischer; Direktes VerfahrenDIN EN ISO 2719Bestimmung des Flammpunktes - Verfahren nach Pensky-Martens mitgeschlossenem TiegelISO 4406Fluidtechnik - Hydraulik-Druckflüssigkeiten - Zahlenschlüssel für denGrad der Verschmutzung durch feste Partikel。
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测验后将得分填在表3-2中相应的位置,最后计算各项得分。
测量结果分析如下:(1)如果某方面分数明显高于其他三项,则为该气质类型。
(2)如果某方面分数较高且分差不大,则为双型气质组成。
(3)如果某三项分数明显高于另一项,且分差不大,则为三型气质组合。
气质与职业能够产生较强的双向影响。
一定的气质从事是和的职业,可以强化这种气质,并形成和谐的人职关系。
由于人往往具有很大的可塑性,在长期的职业生涯中,会由于职业的塑造而调整甚至改变某些气质特征。
(五)气质与职业每个人的气质都有自己的特点。
气质是人与人之间相互区别的重要标志。
气质只有类型之别,没有好坏之分。
每种气质类型本身都既有积极的方面,也有消极的方面。
气质对人的活动有一定的影响,但这种影响是有限的。
气质只有给人的个性、行为涂上某种色彩,但她不能决定一个人的发展方向,也不能决定一个人的成就的大小或社会贡献。
在同一领域内有成就的人物中可以找出不同气质类型的代表;在不同领域内杰出人物中,也可以找出相同气质类型的代表。
研究发现,俄国四位著名的文学家,具有不同的气质类型。
如普希金属于典型的胆汁质,赫尔苓属于多血质,克雷洛夫属于粘液质,果戈里属于抑郁质。
他们虽然属于不同气质类型,但在文学领域内都取得了杰出成绩。
而达尔文和果戈里,他们虽然都属于抑郁质类型,但他们都在不同的事业上取得了伟大的成就。
因此,任何一种气质类型的人都可以发挥自己特有的才能,在自己特定的工作范围内,为社会做出自己的贡献。
尽管如此,但以人为本的管理理念还是强调尊重个性,强调人与职业的和谐。
研究和实验都证明,气质和职业活动有密切关系。
选择与个人气质和谐的职业,既可提高工作效率和质量,还可以提高个人的生活质量,增加快乐舒适的感受。
根据人的行为活动方式,通常将人的气质分为四种典型的类型;胆汁质、多血质、粘液质和抑郁质。
其主要特征和比较适合的职业类型见表3-3。
在进行职业活动中,既要使个人的气质特性适合于工作和活动的客观要求,又要在选拔人才和选择职业时,考虑到个人的气质特点。
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membrane budding
Leading EdgeReviewMembrane BuddingJames H.Hurley,1,*Evzen Boura,1Lars-Anders Carlson,1and Bartosz Ro´_zycki21Laboratory of Molecular Biology2Laboratory of Chemical PhysicsNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,MD20892-0580,USA*Correspondence:hurley@DOI10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.030Membrane budding is a key step in vesicular transport,multivesicular body biogenesis,and envel-oped virus release.These events range from those that are primarily protein driven,such as the formation of coated vesicles,to those that are primarily lipid driven,such as microdomain-dependent biogenesis of multivesicular bodies.Other types of budding reside in the middle of this spectrum,including caveolae biogenesis,HIV-1budding,and ESCRT-catalyzed multivesicular body formation.Some of these latter events involve budding away from cytosol,and this unusual topology involves unique mechanisms.This Review discusses progress toward understanding the structural and energetic bases of these different membrane-budding paradigms.Eukaryotic cells are defined by their compartmentalization into membrane-delimited structures.The protein and lipid content of these membranes is maintained and regulated by a constant flux of vesicular trafficking.Each vesicular trafficking event involves the budding of a membrane vesicle from a donor membrane,typically followed by its regulated transport to,dock-ing to,and fusion with an acceptor membrane.Many viruses also have membrane envelopes and escape from host cells by membrane-budding events.Our laboratory has been characterizing the unusual membrane-budding reaction promoted by the ESCRTs,which has led us to take a fresh look at how membrane lipid properties might make protein-dependent,energetically expensive reac-tions easier.Several excellent reviews have covered the way proteins induce curvature in biological membranes(Farsad and De Camilli,2003;McMahon and Gallop,2005;Voeltz and Prinz, 2007)and the physical principles of membrane curvature (Zimmerberg and Kozlov,2006).This Review will take a different viewpoint and consider the comparative roles of proteins and lipids in select examples of vesicular budding events(Figure1) to discuss similarities and differences in budding events in synthetic versus cellular contexts,the potential roles of proteins in orchestrating lipid phase changes,and the roles of lipids in recruiting and regulating proteins.We also examine the implica-tions of the above for cell physiology.This article is not intended as a comprehensive review of all cellular budding events.Rather, we consider emerging mechanistic thinking in multivesicular body formation and virus budding,placing these in the context of the classical mechanisms underlying budding of coated vesicles.Energetics of Vesicle BuddingThe formation of spherical vesicles from aflat membrane of typical biological composition and no intrinsic propensity to curve entails a membrane-bending free energy(Helfrich,1973), D G=8pk 250–600k B T,given k 10–25k B T,where k B T is thermal energy(Bloom et al.,1991).This is important for biology because events that require thermal energy of this magnitude (that is,of 100k B T or greater)do not occur spontaneously. Biophysical studies of membrane budding,which offer the promise of accounting for energetics,are typically carried out in vesicles that are much larger than their counterparts in biolog-ical systems.Fortunately,the energetic cost of bud formation is to afirst approximation independent of the size of the bud. In pure lipid mixtures used in biophysical studies,vesicles are microns in size,spreading the energetic cost over 106or more lipid molecules.In cells,however,membrane buds have a diameter of 20–100nm,thus involving as few as103–104lipid molecules.This poses the question,how do a modest number of protein-lipid interactions create the free energy that is needed for budding,or alternatively,how do lipids themselves contribute to lowering the energy barrier?Coated Vesicle BuddingClathrinThe dominant mechanism of membrane budding into the cytosol and the paradigm for protein-directed budding is the formation of coated vesicles(Figures1F and1G and Figure2).Clathrin-coated vesicles(CCVs)are typically60–100nm in diameter (Bonifacino and Lippincott-Schwartz,2003;Brodsky et al., 2001).Clathrin can form baskets in vitro that resemble the CCVs in the absence of membranes,and the basket structure has been characterized in molecular detail(Fotin et al.,2004). Clathrin itself binds neither membranes nor cargo but relies on adaptors for this function.Among the most comprehensively studied is adaptor protein complex2(AP-2complex)(Robinson and Bonifacino,2001),which functions in clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the plasma membrane.The AP-2adaptor complex opens up in the presence of cargo and the lipid phos-phatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate(PI(4,5)P2)to form aflat plat-form capable of binding multiple PI(4,5)P2and cargo molecules (Jackson et al.,2010).The established role for PI(4,5)P2in this Cell143,December10,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.875pathway is to recruit AP-2and other proteins to the site of budding.A role for PI(4,5)P 2clustering into microdomains has been suggested on theoretical grounds (Liu et al.,2006)but has yet to be directly visualized.Clathrin is absolutely required for the budding of AP-2-and cargo-rich plasma membrane domains,which remain flat in its absence (Hinrichsen et al.,2006).However,clathrin monomers are flexible,which gives clathrin the ability to form different types of lattices and to adapt to various cargoes (Ehrlich et al.,2004).Given the flexibility of clathrin monomers,the energy of clathrin polymerization has been proposed on theoretical grounds to be insufficient on its own to bend the membrane into a bud (Nos-sal,2001).However,this concept has yet to be confirmed exper-imentally and is not universally accepted.Cholesterol is important for clathrin-mediated endocytosis by many (though not all)accounts (Rodal et al.,1999;Subtil et al.,1999),although it is less sensitive to cholesterol depletion than most coat-independent budding pathways (Sandvig et al.,2008).Clathrin,cargo adaptors,and PI(4,5)P 2are necessary but not sufficient on their own to induce membrane curvature.The essential early endocytic factor epsin wedges its amphi-pathic helix a 0into the membrane upon PI(4,5)P 2binding,promoting positive curvature (Ford et al.,2002).The cargo-binding muniscin proteins FCHo1/2(Syp1in yeast)contain BAR domains that promote positive curvature very early in endo-cytosis (Henne et al.,2010;Reider et al.,2009;Stimpson et al.,2009;Traub and Wendland,2010).In principle,the reagents and concepts would appear to be in place to reconstitute clathrin-dependent membrane budding.Reconstitution of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using synthetic lipids and purified proteins would be an important step in determining whether clathrin,AP-2,one or more amphipathic helix and/or BARdomain proteins,and PI(4,5)P 2constitute the minimum require-ments for membrane bud formation in this pathway.The scission of the clathrin-coated bud to form a detached vesicle is a complex process in its own right,and the reader is referred to recent reviews (Pucadyil and Schmid,2009).Finally,following scission,the clathrin coat is removed by the ATP-dependent action of the molecular chaperone Hsc70and its cofactor auxillin (Eisenberg and Greene,2007).It is only following nucleotide hydrolysis that the energetic cost of clathrin-induced membrane deformation is finally paid,making the full reaction cycle—from flat membrane to uncoated vesicle—thermody-namically irreversible.COP I and COP IIVesicles carrying cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)to the Golgi are coated by the COP II complex,which,like clathrin,can form membrane-free baskets in vitro with vesicle-like dimen-sions (Stagg et al.,2006).COP II vesicles have a preferred size,but as with clathrin,the flexibility of the COP II subunits allows formation of expanded lattices that can accommodate large cargoes such as procollagen and large lipoprotein particles known as chylomicrons (Stagg et al.,2008).COP II vesicle budding has been reconstituted in vitro from purified proteins and synthetic lipids (Lee et al.,2005;Matsuoka et al.,1998).A membrane consisting only of synthetic unsatu-rated phospholipids was capable of supporting budding (Matsuoka et al.,1998).COP II consists of the Sec23/24sub-complex,which binds lipids and cargo via a gently curved face (Bi et al.,2002),the Sec13/31subcomplex,which forms an outer cage around the vesicle,and the membrane-bending GTPase Sar1.The Sec23/24and Sec13/31subcomplexes in combina-tion are sufficient to form buds,with Sar1strictly required only for the scission of the buds.GTP hydrolysis by Sar1providesFigure 1.Proteins and Lipid Microdomains in Membrane Budding(A)Budding of phase-separated lipid microdomains from GUVs (giant unilamellar vesicles)composed of synthetic lipids is an example of membrane budding in the absence of any proteins.Reproduced by permission from Baumgart et al.(2003).(B)Shiga toxin (black dots)acts from outside the plasma membrane to induce membrane buds and is an example of a protein triggering budding events that areprimarily driven by lipid microdomains.Image reproduced by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd:Nature,Ro¨mer et al.(2007),copyright 2007.(C)Budding by caveolae represents a hybrid between a membrane microdomain and protein coat-driven mechanisms.Reproduced by permission from Mac-millan Publishers Ltd:Nat.Rev.Mol.Cell.Biol.,Parton and Simons (2007),copyright 2007.(D)ESCRT-I and -II induce buds in synthetic GUVs.Reproduced by permission from Wollert and Hurley (2010).Proteins organize these structures but do not form a coat,suggesting a possible role for microdomains.(E)HIV-1buds visualized by electron tomography (Carlson et al.,2008).The bud is organized by the HIV-1capsid protein,heavily enriched in raft lipids,and cleaved by ESCRT proteins.(F)Deep etch visualization of clathrin-coated pits (image courtesy of J.Heuser).Clathrin assembles into baskets in the absence of membranes but is thought to be too flexible to deform membranes on its own.For this,clathrin needs help from other membrane-deforming proteins and possibly from lipids.(G)The COP II cage is an example of a protein structure that can form in the absence of lipids and can impose its shape on any simple bilayer-forming lipid mixture.Reproduced by permission from Russell and Stagg (2010).876Cell 143,December 10,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.energy input into the system,making the overall process (which culminates in the uncoating of cargo-loaded vesicles)thermody-namically irreversible.COP I-coated vesicles are responsible for retrograde traffic from the Golgi to the ER,and this reaction has also been recon-stituted from purified proteins and synthetic lipids.The budding reaction requires the coatomer complex,GTP-bound Arf1,and protein cargo tails tethered to the membrane but has no special lipid requirements (Bremser et al.,1999).Budding occurs even from vesicles composed of the pure synthetic phospholipid DOPC doped with small amounts of a lipopeptide cargo.Recently,a composite crystallographic structure of cage-form-ing components of coatomer consisting of the a ,b 0,and 3subunits has been determined and shown to resemble the cla-thrin triskelion (Lee and Goldberg,2010).In sum,COP I and COP II provide some of the purest examples of protein-directed membrane budding,in which the protein coat imposes its shape upon the membrane with minimal dependence on its lipid composition.Membrane Microdomains and BuddingLipid Phase Separation as a Budding MechanismIn contrast to the protein-dominated paradigm of coated vesicle budding,phase separation in simple lipid mixtures can drive budding on a micron scale in synthetic model membranes,in the absence of proteins (Baumgart et al.,2003)(Figure 1A and Figure 3).Membrane bilayers can adopt either a solid or a liquidphase,with the translational and conformational order of the lipid chains depending on their composition and the temperature.The liquid phase is the more relevant to biology and can be subdi-vided into liquid disordered (L d )and liquid ordered (L o )phases.Lipids in the L d phase have higher conformational freedom and diffusion coefficients than in the L o phase.At biological temper-atures,the L d and L o phases can coexist in membranes of mixedcomposition (Elson et al.,2010;Garcı´a-Sa ´ez and Schwille,2010).In general,phospholipids with unsaturated chains prefer the L d phase,whereas cholesterol,sphingolipids,and phospholipids with saturated chains prefer the L o phase (Lingwood and Simons,2010).Typically,the energetic cost for contact betweendissimilar lipids is small, 0.5k B T (Garcı´a-Sa ´ez and Schwille,2010),but becomes significant when summed over many lipids.The higher acyl chain order in the L o phase results intheirFigure 3.Membrane Microdomains and Budding(A)Coexistence of phases in model membranes visualized by atomic force microscopy in a supported bilayer (a membrane bilayer adsorbed onto a solid support,usually glass).Reproduced with permission from Chiantia et al.(2006).(B)Phase transitions in a single-lipid membrane analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations.Reproduced with permission from Heller et al.(1993).Copyright 1993American Chemical Society.(C)Schematic model of a raft-type membrane microdomain,including a model of a myristoylated ESCRT-III subunit Vps20as an example of protein that might anchor torafts.Figure 2.Coated Vesicle Budding(A)Structure of a clathrin basket from cytoelectron microscopy;reproduced by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd:Nature,Fotin et al.(2004),copy-right 2004.(B)COP II vesicles produced from purified components;reproduced by permission from Lee et al.(2005).(C)Structural parallels between clathrin,COP I,and COP II.Adapted from Lee and Goldberg (2010).Cell 143,December 10,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.877elongation to their maximum extent,hence L o membrane domains are thicker than L d domains.The height mismatch at the phase boundary is energetically unfavorable because it forces the polar headgroup region of the L d domain into contact with the hydrophobic portion of the L o domain.The free energy cost per unit length is known as the line tension and has units of force.In order to minimize the free energy associated with line tension,membrane domains will coalesce with one another into circular zones.When circular domains reach a critical size at which the line tension energy term exceeds the Helfrich (curva-ture-dependent)energy of membrane deformation,the membrane will deform out of plane in order to minimize the zone of contact (Lipowsky,1992).If the line tension is high enough,the neck connecting the membrane bud can be severed,leading to the formation of detached vesicles.In addi-tion to line tension effects,membrane microdomain formation can bend membranes by concentrating lipids with distinct intrinsic curvatures,and the contents of such microdomains can not only drive budding but dictate its direction (Bacia et al.,2005).The complex lipid mixture of the plasma membrane supports phase separation in micron-sized domains when reconstituted in giant unilamellar vesicles (Baumgart et al.,2007).However,in living cells,membrane microdomains are heterogeneous,highly dynamic nanoscale structures (Hancock,2006;Lingwood and Simons,2010;Pike,2006).In the most up-to-date biophys-ical view,these nanoscale structures likely correspond to critical fluctuations (Veatch et al.,2007).Although the concepts of the L o and L d phases are oversimplifications of the variety of dynamic membrane substructures that exist in cells (Lingwood and Simons,2010),they will be used in this Review because they are useful intuitive handles,deeply ingrained in the literature,and helpful in relating model membrane studies to biology.Most,but not all,of the membrane microdomains impli-cated in cellular budding are the sterol-and sphingolipid-richdomains known as ‘‘rafts.’’Why don’t rafts and other microdo-mains coalesce on the micron scale in living cells,as they do in model membranes?The answer is not known,but the action of the cytoskeleton and membrane traffic,and the large fraction of protein in cellular membranes,are usually invoked.Indeed,it is to be expected that cells would have mechanisms to block the unchecked growth of microdomains,as the ensuing spontaneous vesiculation of cell membranes would be disas-trous.Soluble and lumenally anchored cargoes,viruses,and toxins are selectively transported in vesicular carriers even though they have no direct communication with the cytosol to signal their packaging and sorting.In some cases,transmembrane-sorting receptors serve as adaptors to link cargo to conventional cytosolic coat complexes.In other cases,membrane rafts make the link.Simian virus 40(SV40)and cholera toxin enter cells by binding to multiple molecules of the ganglioside GM1(Damm et al.,2005;Kirkham et al.,2005),a raft-favoring lipid.The cholera toxin B subunit (Merritt et al.,1994)and the SV40VP1protein (Neu et al.,2008)both bind to GM1as pentamers.Cholera toxin pentamer binds GM1(Figure 4)and thus induces formation of an L o microdomain in model membranes (Hammond et al.,2005)and in turn leads to budding (Bacia et al.,2005;Ewers et al.,2010).Shiga toxin B subunit binds the glycolipid Gb3and appears to operate by a similar paradigm.In this case tubular vesicles are formed,and lipid compression favoring negative curvature is thought to be the driving force (Ro¨mer et al.,2007).In each of these examples,it is clear that clustering of lipids leads to important changes in membrane structure that contribute to budding.The proposed physical mechanisms remain speculative,however.Revealing these mechanisms remains a profound challenge to experimen-talists and thus is an area that will benefit from increasing sophisticated computer simulations of membrane dynamics on realistictimescales.Figure 4.Protein Structures that Cluster Raft Lipids(A)Simian virus 40VP1pentamer bound to the membrane via the headgroup of the ganglioside GM1(Neu et al.,2008).(B)Cholera toxin B subunit pentamer bound to GM1(Merritt et al.,1994).(C)Composite model of the myristoylated HIV-1matrix domain trimer bound to PI(4,5)P 2(Hill et al.,1996;Saad et al.,2006,2008).In each case,lipid tails are modeled.Images were generated with VMD 1.8.6.878Cell 143,December 10,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.CaveolaeCaveolae(‘‘little caves’’)areflask-shaped60–80nm invagina-tions of the plasma membrane that consist of raft lipids,caveo-lins1–3,and the caveolin-associated cavins1–4(Hansen and Nichols,2010).Caveolins are structurally analogous to the retic-ulons and DP1/Yop1proteins that maintain the curvature of ER membrane tubules(Hu et al.,2008;Shibata et al.,2009)and to another plasma membrane raft protein,flotillin(Bauer and Pelk-mans,2006).Caveolins are pentahelical proteins,with two of the helices inserting deeply into the membrane,almost but not completely spanning the bilayer.The other three helices are amphipathic and are thought to wedge themselves into the inter-facial region of the membrane(Parton et al.,2006).Caveolae contain a consistent number of caveolin molecules, 144,which suggests the formation of a highly organized coat(Pelkmans and Zerial,2005).Posttranslational modification of caveolins is important to their function.Palmitoylation at multiple residues promotes their constitutive association with cholesterol and other raft lipids. Caveolins also undergo phosphoregulation by multiple protein kinases(Pelkmans and Zerial,2005).For instance,when caveo-lin-1is phosphorylated at serine80,which adjoins one of the predicted interfacial a helices,its ability to induce curvature is turned off.Although the energetic book-keeping of caveolin-induced curvature has not been worked out,it is likely to differ greatly from that of conventional coated vesicles.Insertion of caveolin into the membrane presumably shifts the intrinsic curvature of the membrane such that the positively curved bud is the low-energy state and theflat caveolin microdomain is the high-energy state.Thus,once the caveolin microdomain is formed,energy input is probably needed toflatten the membrane rather than to curve it.ATP hydrolysis by protein kinases that phosphorylate caveolin might provide the thermo-dynamic driving force for membraneflattening.Dephosphoryla-tion by protein phosphatases would,in this speculative scheme, allow the membrane to spring back to its low-energy state. Cavins are soluble proteins rich in predicted coiled-coil struc-ture and basic residues but otherwise structurally uncharacter-ized.They seem to be important for caveolar structure,but the precise role of these recently discovered factors in structuring the caveolar coat is not clear.Given that caveolae have a consis-tent amount of caveolin protomers,they could be viewed as highly organized assemblies whose specialized structure and distinct curvature are caveolin driven but lipid stabilized.Alternatively,if viewed from the standpoint of their lipid content,caveolae could be viewed as specialized,morphologically distinct membrane microdomains,whose formation is driven by lipids but stabilized by caveolin(Parton and Simons,2007).The hybrid nature of caveolae,seemingly at once both coated vesicle and membrane microdomain,makes them a particularly fascinating example of the interplay between proteins and lipids in membrane budding. Tetraspanin-Enriched MicrodomainsTetraspanin-enriched microdomains(TEMs),which are abun-dant in exosomes and in the intralumenal vesicles of immune cell multivesicular bodies,are another potential example of a membrane microdomain involved in budding(Pols and Klum-perman,2009).Tetraspanins are a family of at least32proteins in mammals and are defined by the presence of four transmem-brane-spanning a helices(Hemler,2005).Tetraspanins have two extracellular domains;the second,EC2,is the larger of the two. The structure of the EC2region of CD81has been determined, revealing an extensive dimerization interface(Kitadokoro et al., 2001).The minimal functional tetraspanin oligomer is probably a homodimer.These proteins are multiply palmitoylated on their short intracellular loop and N-and C-terminal extensions,and these palmitoylations are central to their ability to form TEMs. Tetraspanins bind to a wide range of potential cargo proteins (Hemler,2005),potentially coupling them to TEMs and thereby to microdomain-mediated budding.More extensive mechanistic analysis of the budding mechanism responsible for TEM traffic will be eagerly awaited.Multivesicular BodiesThe sorting of unneeded,damaged,or dangerous plasma membrane proteins to the lysosome for degradation is carried out by endosomes(Sorkin and von Zastrow,2009).This pathway also is central to the biogenesis of the lysosome(or yeast vacuole),as it carries newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi to their destination.In the metazoa,the endosomal pathways have many additional roles,with the most pertinent to this Review being the biogenesis of lyso-some-related organelles(Raposo and Marks,2007)and exosomes.Multivesicular bodies(MVBs,also known as multive-sicular endosomes)are key intermediates in endolysosomal transport(Figure5;Gruenberg and Stenmark,2004;Piper and Katzmann,2007).MVBs are formed by the invagination and scission of buds from the limiting membrane of the endosome into the lumen.MVB biogenesis is the main physiological example of membrane budding away from the cytosol. ESCRTs and Multivesicular BodiesYeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)has a single MVB pathway that drives the internalization of ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins into the lumens of early endosomes(Piper and Katz-mann,2007).The pathway is initiated by the presence of the lipid phosphatidylinositol3-phosphate(PI(3)P)and membrane-teth-ered ubiquitin moieties on the endosome surface.PI(3)P is synthesized by the class III PI3-kinase Vps34,an enzyme essen-tial for the progression of the endolysosomal pathway.PI(3)P is the defining marker of early endosomes,autophagosomes, and,in mammalian cells,phagosomes.PI(3)P signals are recog-nized by FYVE and PX domain-containing proteins(Misra et al., 2001).In the MVB pathway,the key FYVE domain protein is a subunit of the ESCRT-0complex.ESCRT-0containsfive ubiquitin-binding domains(UBDs)(Ren and Hurley,2010)and clusters ubiquitinated cargo in vitro(Wollert and Hurley,2010). Recruitment of ESCRT-0to the early endosomal membrane initiates the recruitment of the ESCRT-I,-II,and–III complexes (Saksena et al.,2007;Williams and Urbe´,2007).Based on in vitro reconstitution,ESCRT-I and-II drive membrane budding, whereas ESCRT-III cleaves the bud necks to form intralumenal vesicles(Hurley and Hanson,2010;Wollert and Hurley,2010; Wollert et al.,2009).In vitro ESCRT budding reactions have been carried out with a mixture of saturated and unsaturated phospholipids and cholesterol(Wollert and Hurley,2010),but the precise lipid requirements for the reaction have yet to be analyzed in detail.Cell143,December10,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.879Strikingly,ESCRT-I,-II,and -III all localize to the bud neck (Wollert and Hurley,2010).ESCRT-III subunits assemble into tubular structures in vitro and when overexpressed (Bajorek et al.,2009;Hanson et al.,2008;Lata et al.,2008).The ESCRT-III proteins coat the interior of lipid tubes created in vitro (Lata et al.,2008)and have diameters of 40–50nm for lipid-free tubes,and 100nm for lipid-coated tubes.These tubes exceed the narrowest dimensions of bud necks in cells,based on just a few observations that suggest a size closer to 20nm (Murk et al.,2003).However,the tubes taper to a dome at their ends (Fabrikant et al.,2009),which may repre-sent the tubes’most important functional feature.Lipid tube extrusion by ESCRT-III seems to have no special lipid require-ments,as it can be supported in vitro by a simple mixture of the unsaturated phospholipids SOPC and DOPS (Lata et al.,2008).Indeed,whereas most ESCRTs are unique to the eukarya,ESCRT-III is conserved in a subset of Archaea,where it functionsin the membrane abscission step of cell division (Linda˚s et al.,2008;Samson et al.,2008).Thus the Archaeal ESCRT-III ortho-logs can presumably function in membrane scission with Archaeal lipids,which are radically different from eukaryotic lipids and rich in rigid,bilayer-spanning tetraether linkages (Koga and Morii,2005).It is thought on theoretical grounds that membrane tubes are induced by the binding of the curved ESCRT-III polymer to the membrane (Lenz et al.,2009).ESCRT-III polymerization governs the late stage of neck devel-opment leading to scission,but it is not likely to be the main factor in the initial budding event.The initial formation of the bud is driven by the assembly of ESCRT-I and -II with one another and with the endosome membrane (Wollert and Hurley,2010).The structure of this assembly is unknown,and the nature of the assembly is a pressing question in the fiposite structures of the ESCRT-I and -II complexes have been devel-oped on the basis of crystal structures of the separate compo-nents together with hydrodynamic information of thecompleteFigure 5.Multivesicular Bodies Bud via Diverse Mechanisms(A)Multivesicular bodies (MVBs)form from late en-dosomes in animal cells.Their formation is depen-dent on both ESCRT complexes and the unusual lipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA).(B)The conserved ESCRT-dependent MVB biogenesis pathway from early endosomes in yeast and animal cells.PI(3)P has been directly visualized in these MVBs.Cholesterol has been visualized in MVBs from animal cells,but it has not been directly confirmed whether these are ESCRT dependent or not.(C)Specialized formation of MVBs containing polymerized Pmel17.(D)Ceramide-dependent MVBs bud from raft-like and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains in animal cells.complexes in solution (Im and Hurley,2008;Kostelansky et al.,2007).These structures show that multiple membrane and ESCRT-III attachment sites are sepa-rated by rigid spacers of up to 18nm across,suggesting a mechanism toinduce or at least stabilize formation of a membrane neck of roughly those dimensions.Subsequent recruitment and poly-merization of ESCRT-III into spiral domes (Fabrikant et al.,2009)would then narrow and sever the neck in the current model (Hurley and Hanson,2010).The observation that the ESCRT complexes localize to the bud neck explains how they bud membranes away from the cytosol without themselves being consumed in the bud.This mechanism stands in sharp contrast to the familiar budding of coated vesi-cles toward cytosol,described above.The thermodynamic driving force for the pathway is the coupling of ESCRT-III solubi-lization and recycling to ATP hydrolysis by the dodecameric AAA ATPase Vps4(Babst et al.,1998;Wollert et al.,2009).Although the overall thermodynamic driving force is clear,the energetic trajectory of neck-directed bud formation is currently unknown.Theoretical analysis of the membrane mechanics of this process is urgently needed,as is a better understanding of the roles of lipids.All four ESCRT complexes are conserved between yeast and metazoa.In its broad outlines,the ESCRT-dependent conver-sion of early endosomes into MVBs is the same in yeast and metazoa (Raiborg and Stenmark,2009).Intralumenal vesicles in mammalian cells are highly enriched in cholesterol and tetra-spanins (Mo¨bius et al.,2003;van der Goot and Gruenberg,2006).However,at least some of the cholesterol-and tetraspa-nin-rich intralumenal vesicles in mammalian cells are part of process that is distinct from the ESCRT pathway (Simons and Raposo,2009).Raft markers such as long-chain sphingomyelins transit through MVBs (Koivusalo et al.,2007).Consistent with a possible ESCRT-sterol connection,defects in ESCRT function block endosomal cholesterol transport in mammalian cells (Bishop and Woodman,2000;Peck et al.,2004).In yeast,ergos-terol and,more speculatively,Sna3(Piper and Katzmann,2007)might replace the roles of cholesterol and tetraspanins in micro-domain formation.Given that ESCRTs bud membranes without880Cell 143,December 10,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.。
Manual de instrucciones de piscina说明书
Avda. Europa, 26 nave 3-4 P.I. l´estació - 17300 BLANES (Girona) Tel: 972. 33 23 11 - Fax: 972 35 25 06 - Servicio Asistencia técnica: 972.33 27 39e-mail:***********************MANUAL DE INSTRUCCIONES DEPISCINA •FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL EQUIPO DEPURADOR. •RECOMENDACIONES DE MANTENIMIENTO.FILTRACIÓN (FILTER).- Parar el motor.- Situar la maneta de la válvula selectora en la posición filtración (filter).- Abrir la llave de retorno (boquillas).- Abrir, hasta la mitad, la llave de fondo (sumidero).- Abrir la llave de skimmer(s) o deposito.- Cerrar llave de toma de limpiafondos.- Poner en marcha el motor.LAVADO DEL FILTRO (BACKWASH).Cuando la presión llegue a 1,3kg/cm2, lo cual indica que la arena filtrante no puede admitir más suciedad, se procederá a realizar un lavado del filtro de la siguiente forma:- Parar el motor.- Situar la maneta de la válvula selectora en la posición lavado (backwash).- Abrir llave de retorno (boquillas).- Abrir llave de fondo (sumidero).- Cerrar llave de skimmer(s).- Cerrar llave de toma de limpiafondos.-Poner en marcha el motor durante 2 minutos. Con esta operación se habrá vertido al desagüe toda la suciedad que obstruía el filtro.-Siempre, después de realizar un lavado del filtro, hay que realizar un enjuague del mismo.ENJUAGUE (RINSE).Con esta operación se vierte al desagüe el agua utilizada para el anterior lavado del filtro, de esta forma se evita que el agua turbia circule a la piscina. Esta operación se realizará siempre después de haber realizado un lavado del filtro.- Parar el motor.-Situar la maneta de la válvula selectora en la posición enjuague (rinse), -poner motor en marcha durante 30segundos.-Parar el motor.- Situar la maneta de la válvula selectora en la posición filtración (filter).RECIRCULACIÓN (RECIRC.)En esta posición la válvula selectora efectúa el paso del agua procedente de la bomba directamente a la piscina, sin pasar por el filtro. No suele utilizarse.VACIADO (WASTE).En esta posición se puede vaciar la piscina por medio de la bomba del filtro.Sólo se utilizarán en el caso de que la piscina no disponga de salida directa al desagüe.- Situar la maneta de la válvula selectora en la posición vaciado (waste). - Cerrar llave de skimmer(s).- Cerrar llave de toma de limpiafondos.- Abrir llave de fondo (sumidero).- Poner en marcha el motor.Para que la bomba aspire deberán mantenerse llenos de agua el prefiltro de la bomba y toda la conducción de agua del sumidero.No se deberá parar nunca el motor antes de que la piscina esté vacía. CERRADO (CLOSED).Se utiliza para cerrar el paso del agua del filtro a la bomba, para poder abrir el prefiltro del motor para coger el cesto recogecabellos.LIMPIAFONDOS MANUALPara pasar el limpiafondos manual a la piscina se realizarán estas operaciones:- Parar el motor.- Situar la maneta de la válvula selectora en la posición filtración (filter). - Cerrar llave de fondo.- Cerrar llave de skimmer(s).- Abrir llave de toma de limpiafondos.- Abrir llave de retorno.- Llenar de agua la manguera del limpiafondos, con objeto de expulsar el aire de la misma, y conectarla a la toma de limpiafondos.- Poner en marcha el motor.Después de pasar el limpiafondos se realizará siempre un lavado del filtro de la forma explicada anteriormente.LIMPIAFONDOS AUTOMÁTICOPara pasar el limpiafondos automático a la piscina, se realizarán las siguiente operaciones:- Parar el motor.- Situar la maneta de válvula selectora en la posición filtración (filter).- Cerrar llave de fondo.- Abrir llave de retorno.- Abrir llave de toma de limpiafondos.- Con la llave de skimmer(s) regular la presión del limpiafondos automático.- Llenar la manguera del limpiafondos de agua.- Poner motor en marcha.LIMPIEZA DEL PREFILTRO DEL MOTOR- Parar el motor.- Cerrar todas las llaves de la piscina.- Abrir tapa del prefiltro del motor y proceder a la limpieza de la cesta. - Una vez efectuada la limpieza, volver a situar las llaves en su posición.PUESTA A PUNTO DEL AGUAEL pHEl pH es la expresión de la acidez o alcalinidad de una solución. Los valores de pH están comprendidos entre 0 y 14, correspondiendo el valor 7 al grado neutro, los valores entre 0 y 7 a los grados de acidez yentre 7 y 14 a los grados de alcalinidad.Como norma general el pH del agua de una piscina debe estar comprendido entre 7,2 y 7,6.INCONVENIENTES DE UN PH DESESTABILIZADOUn pH demasiado bajo (ácido):Corrosión.Aguas turbias.Deterioro del vaso.Irritación de ojos, mucosas y piel.Disminución de la eficacia de los productos desinfectantes.Un pH demasiado alto (básico):Formación de incrustaciones.Decrecimiento de la eficacia desinfectante.Irritación de ojos.EL CLOROEn el agua, aún después de ser filtrada, existen bacterias que deben ser destruidas, por otra parte, las algas se forman con gran facilidaden aguas estancadas. Por esta razón será necesario la utilización dealgún producto bactericida con el fin de mantener el agua desinfectada. En este caso utilizaremos cloro, ya que es uno de los productos con más amplia aceptación.Las disposiciones sanitarias españolas vigentes determinan que el contenido de cloro residual libre en el agua de las piscinas debe estar comprendido entre 0,5 y 2 mg/l. (0,5 - 2 ppm.)。
VIDEOKIT VK4K 6256系列“6线”单向、双向可视门口机安装手册说明书
66250457-EN V 3.4VK4K/6256 SERIES “6 Wire” bus one way, two way videokitWe recommendThis equipment is installed by aIntroductionThe VK4K Series is a new range of videokits that use the 4000 Series external door station and the Art. 6256 Series videophone.The camera / audio unit is the size of a single 4000 Series module and is available in either flush (VK4K) or surface (VK4K-S) mounting versions.As a result of using microprocessor technology in the door panel and videophone, a number of additional features have been add-ed to enhance the operation of the videokits and give greater feedback to the visitor and user.• Disability friendly, visual and acoustic signals from the door panel to inform the visitor of call status (call made, ringing, speak, door open).• Programmable door open and conversation time.• Expandable to 4 entrance panels (requires an additional relay Art. 506N for each entrance panel).• Connections for a push to exit button.• Two methods of operating the electric lock:- 1) Dry contact relay, 2) capacitor discharge 12Vdc output.• Facility for the connection of a codelock Art. 4800M, display module Art. 4820, stand-alone proximity reader Art. 4850 or stand-alone biometric reader Art. 4821 etc.• Programmable number of call tone rings from 2 to a maximum of 8.• Input for local door bell push button.• Programmable timed privacy function from 15 minutes to a maximum of 8 hours.• Door open status LED (additional wire required from the door to the videophone)• Up to 4 videophones can be connected in parallel, all with intercommunication facility.• Videophones can have a maximum of two additional audio telephone handsets connected in parallel.• Camera recall on all systems, with selective recall on systems with multiple entrances.• Door panel camera can be adjusted horizontally and vertically (10 degrees).Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................2System components and available versions ................................................................................................................................3General directions for installation ................................................................................................................................................5Troubleshooting guide ..................................................................................................................................................................6Art. 4833 Speaker unit ...................................................................................................................................................................7Art. 4800 - 4800M Digital codelock module ...............................................................................................................................104000 Series surface and flush mounting door station installation ..........................................................................................13Art. 6256 3.5" colour videophone ..............................................................................................................................................156200 Series Videophone wall mounting instructions ...............................................................................................................18Installation diagrams . (19)VK4K/6256 Colour videokit.VK4KC/6256 Colour videokit plus a codelock module.CONNECTION TO MAINSThe system must be installed according to national rules in force, in particular we recommend to:• Connect the system to the mains through an all-pole circuit breaker which shall have contact separation of at least 3mm in each pole and shall disconnect all poles simultaneously;• The all-pole circuit breaker shall be placed for easy access and the switch shall remain readily operable.POWER SUPPLY INSTALLATION• Remove the terminal side covers by unscrewing the retaining screws;• Fix the power supply to a DIN bar or directly to the wall using two expansion type screws;• Switch off the mains using the circuit breaker mentioned above and then make the connections as shown on the installation diagrams;• Check the connections and secure the wires into the terminals;• Replace the terminal covers and fix them using the relevant screws;• When all connections are made, restore the mains.CABLE SIZEVideo connections and Audio connections must be wired in twisted pair: pair the video lines (terminals/signals “V1” and “V2”), pair the audio lines (terminals /signals “1” and “2”).In case of system failure, try the following preliminary checks:• Check that the cables are connected as shown in the installation diagram and that the cables are firmly fixed into the relevant terminals;• Check that the mains voltage is available on terminals 230Vac (or 127Vac) and 0 of the power transformer Art. 850K;• Check the 24Vac voltage output of the power transformer Art. 850K. If this voltage is not available it could be the 1,6A fuse, in this case remove the mains voltage, remove possible short-circuits or overload sources then replace the fuse with an equal or equivalent one.• Check that the voltage between the terminals “+” and “-” of the speaker unit is between 16 and 20Vdc.If the problem persists try the tests in the following table or contact technical support.DESCRIPTIONSpeaker unit module Art. 4833 comprising of high quality auto iris lens CCD Day/Night colour camera with infrared illumination LEDs.SETTINGS (DIP-SWITCH & JUMPERS)ground while the second must be connected to “NO” terminal. The “NO” terminal will supply a temporary voltage when the speaker unit receives the door open command.* When “capacitor discharge” operating mode is set, one terminal of the electric lock must be connected to the ground while the second one must be connected to “NO” terminal. The “NO” terminal will supply a temporary voltage when the speaker unit receives the door open command (we suggest to use a 12Vac/dc 1A max electric lock). Setting “dry contacts” operating mode, when the speaker unit receives the door open command, the “NO” terminal will be internally linked to the “C” terminal for the programmed time (switch 4 of the 4 way dip-switch bank).BUILT-IN RELAYS – BACK EMF PROTECTIONThe Art. 4833 includes selectable back EMF protection on the relays. The jumpers marked J4 (One jumper for each relay) are used to select the protection type. When using a fail secure lock with connections C & NO the jumper should be in the NO position. When using a fail open lock with connections C & NC the jumper should be in the NC position and when using the codelock to trigger a gate con-troller or another third party controller the jumper should be removed completely (This disables the protection on the relay). LOCK RELEASE BACK EMF PROTECTIONA varistor must be fi tted across the terminals on AC lock release (Fig.1A) and a diode must be fi tted across the terminals on a DC lock release (Fig.1B) to suppress back EMF voltages. Connect the components to the lock releases as shown in fi gures.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONPower Supply:Supplied by the BUS line, 20VdcPower consumption:Stand-by: 70mAOperating: 250mAWorking Temperature:-10 +50° CCODELOCK UNIT MODULES ART. 4800M Array The module features 12 stainless steel buttons (Keys 0 - 9,ENTER and CLEAR), 2 LED’s for progress information duringuse and programming and a mirror finish stainless steel frontplate (Standard version). With three integral relays each withcommon, normally open and normally closed connections andtwo inputs to enable the external triggering of relays one andtwo (For example, push to exit button). Key presses are signalledboth acoustically and visually while each button press has a tac-tile feel. Entering the correct code followed by ENTER will ac-tivate the relevant relay. Programming is carried out throughthe same keypad following a simple programming menu. Themodule can be combined with other 4000 Series modules in anaudio or video intercom system.‘MAIN FEATURES• 3 C, NC, NO relay outputs (24Vac/dc – 5A max);• 3 Programmable secret codes (one for each relay);• Each relay can be set to be activated for a specific time (01 to 99 seconds) or to work as latch;• Two active low inputs to command directly the relay 1 and 2;• Programming menu guarded by a 4-8 digit programmable engineer’s code;• Visual and Acoustic signal during operating and programming;• Keypad illumination LEDs;GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR INSTALLATIONIn order to achieve the best results from the schematics described it is necessary to install only original VIDEX equipment, strictly keeping to the items indicated on each schematic and follow these General Directions for Installation:• The system must be installed according to national rules in force, in any case the running of cables of any intercom unit must be carried out separately from the mains;• All multipair cables should be compliant to CW1308 specification (0.5mm twisted pair telephone cable).• Cables for speech line and service should have a max resistance of 10 Ohm• Lock release wires should be doubled up (Lock release wires and power supply wires should have a max resistance of 3 Ohm);• The cable sizes above can be used for distances up to 50m. On distances above 50m the cable sizes should be increased to keep the overall resistance of the cable below the RESISTANCES indicated above;• Double check the connections before power up;• Power up the system then check all functions.LOCK RELEASE BACK EMF PROTECTIONA varistor must be fi tted across the terminals on AC lock release (Fig.1A) and a diode must be fi tted across the terminals on a DClock release (Fig.1B) to suppress back EMF voltages. Connect the components to the lock releases as shown in fi gures.BUZZER BACK EMFWhen using intercoms with buzzer call (Art.924/926, SMART1/2, 3101/2, 3001/2 and 3021/2) add one 0.1uF (100nF) capacitor be-tween terminals 3 and 6 on the telephone.BUILT-IN RELAYS – BACK EMF PROTECTIONThe Art. 4800M includes selectable back EMF protection on the relays. The jumpers marked MOV (One jumper for each relay) are used to select the protection type. When using a fail secure lock with connections C & NO the jumper should be in the NO position. When using a fail open lock with connections C & NC the jumper should be in the NC position and when using the codelock to trigger a gate controller or another third party controller the jumper should be removed completely (This disables the protection on the relay).PROGRAMMING (SEE ALSO THE RELEVANT FLOW CHART)• Enter the “ENGINEER’S CODE”: first time type six times “1” (111111 factory preset) and press “ENTER” (The red LED will illuminate);• Confirm “ENGINEER’S CODE” (typing again the same) or type the new code (4 to 8 digits) then press “ENTER” (Melody). Pressing twice the “ENTER” button without changing the “ENGINEER’S CODE”, will exit from the programming;• Enter the code (4 to 8 digits) to enable “RELAY 1” or re-enter the existing code then press “ENTER” (Melody);• Enter the “RELAY 1” operation time (2 digits 01 to 99 I.E. 05=5 seconds, 00= remain open time) or re-enter the existing time then press “ENTER” (Melody);• Enter the code (4 to 8 digits) to enable “RELAY 2” or re-enter the existing code then press “ENTER” (Melody);• Enter the “RELAY 2” operation time (2 digits 01 to 99 I.E. 05=5 seconds, 00= remain open time) or re-enter the existing time then press “ENTER” (Melody);• Enter the code (4 to 8 digits) to enable “RELAY 3” or re-enter the existing code then press “ENTER” (Melody);• Enter the “RELAY 3” operation time (2 digits 01 to 99 I.E. 05=5 seconds, 00= remain open time) or re-enter the existing time then press “ENTER” (Melody);• The system is ready to use (the red LED will be off).PROGRAMMING NOTES• After pressing enter following a command, press “ENTER” a further twice to exit the programming menu.RETURN SYSTEM TO PRESET ENGINEER’S FACTORY CODE• Turn off power to code lock;• Keep “ENTER” button pressed while turning the power back on;• Release “ENTER” button;• The engineer’s code is now set to “111111” (six times one).OPERATION• Type in the programmed code and press “ENTER”;• If the code is correct, the green LED will illuminate for ap-prox. 2 seconds and the relay relevant to the code will oper-ate for the programmed time;• If a wrong code is entered, a continuous melody will sound for 4 or more seconds, according to the number of mistakes;• To switch off any relay while operating, type in the relevant code then press the “CLEAR” button;OPERATION NOTES• To operate relays together, set the same code for each relay;• If a wrong code is entered, the system will lock out for 5 sec-onds which will increase each time a wrong code is entered.The system will operate only when the correct code is entered.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Power Supply: 12/24 Vac/dc – 2VA Power Consumption: Stand-by: 20mA Operating: 70mA Working Temperature: -10 +50° C PROGRAMMING FLOW-CHARTFirst time 6 times 1 "111111"factory presetType again six times “1”or the new enginner’s code 4 to 8 digits Code to enable relay 14 to 8 digitsCode to enable relay 24 to 8 digits2 digits (01 to 99)I.E. 05 = 5 seconds00 = remain open time 2 digits (01 to 99)I.E. 05 = 5 seconds00 = remain open time Code to enable relay 34 to 8 digits2 digits (01 to 99)I.E. 05 = 5 seconds00 = remain open time Red LED will be ONRed LED will be OFFMelodyMelodyMelodyMelodyMelodyMelodyMelodyINSTALLING A SURFACE MOUNT DOOR STATION1. Place the surface box against the wall (165-170cm between the top of the box and the floor level as shown in Fig. 1) and mark thefixing holes for the wall plugs and the hole for the cables E (fig. 2). Observe the orientation of the box with the hinge on the left;2. As shown on Fig. 2, drill the fixing holes A, insert the wall plugs B and feed the cables E through the surface box opening D, fixsurface box C to the wall using the screws F;3. Apply the Y silicon sealant on top of each module as shown in Fig. 4;4. Before installation of the module support frame, hook the modules G to the support frame H as shown in Fig. 5 then, as shownin Fig. 6, fit the two anti-tampering locks W for each module (do the same for the second module support frame);5. When you have more than one support frame, hook the support frame to the surface box starting from the left. For convenience wewill described how to attach the left frame but the same must be carried out for the right frame. As shown in Fig. 7, hook the module support frame H (complete with modules) to the surface box C moving the frame as suggested from pointers. Ensure that the pivots L (Fig. 7) go inside the relevant housing M as shown in Fig. 8;6. As shown on Fig. 9, pull back the module support frame H while moving it slightly to the left as suggested by the pointers;7. As shown in Fig. 10, open the module support frame H as suggested by the pointer, hook the hinge locks N to the hinges M,make the required connections using the screwdriver provided P (flat blade end) and make the required adjustment by adjust-ing the settings (through openings O) and adjust trimmers;8. Repeat the same operations described above for the second module support frame (or for the third if available);9. When the system has been tested and is working correctly, move back the module support frames carefully, fix them to the surfacebox using the screwdriver provided P (torx end) and the pin machine torx screws Q (Fig. 11).Note: do not over tighten the screws more than is necessary.INSTALLING A FLUSH MOUNTING DOOR STATIONWhen flush mounting and the number of modules is greater than 3, the required back boxes need to be linked together (before embedding them in the wall) as shown on Fig. 14, 15 and 16:• Arrange the back boxes and remove knockouts to allow cables to be fed from one back box to the other;• Hook the spacers to first back box then hook the second back box to obtain the result shown on Fig. 16;1. Protect the module support frame fixing holes from dust then embed the back box into the wall (165-170cm between the topof the box and the floor level as shown on the Fig. 1) feeding the cables E (Fig. 2) through a previously opened hole in the box.Observe the direction of the box ensuring the hinge is on the left and take care that the box profile is in line with the finished wall profile;2. Continue from step 4 of surface mounting instructions , but at step 7 hook the hinge locks N as shown on Fig. 13.NOTES• The screwdriver’s blade has two sides, one flat and one torx, to select one of them unplug the blade from the screwdriver body and plug it into the required side.• The example shows the use of only one back box bottom hole for wires, this is done to keep file drawings clear. Naturally the installer can use the left hole or the right or both if required.HOW TO REMOVE THE CARD NAME HOLDER• To avoid damage to the module front plate, tape the side that will be in contact with the screwdriver blade;• lnsert the screwdriver (flat side) into the card-holder hole as shown in Fig. 17;• Move the screwdriver to the left as shown in Fig. 18 to extract the card name holder;• Edit the card name then replace it inside the holder and refit: insert the holder inside its housing from the left or right side then push the other side until it clips into place.DESCRIPTIONSurface mount videophone incorporating a 3.5” Hi-Res full colour active matrix LCD monitor specific for “6 wire” videokit (VK4K, VRVK and VK8K range). It includes 4 buttons: “camera recall”, “open door” , “service” and “privacy”.2 LED’s* indicate the privacy activated and open door. Programmable privacy duration and number of rings. Intercommunicating call and door call. Adjustments: call tone volume switch (3 levels), picture hue, contrast and brightness.* The operation of some LED’s and the functions described may require additional cablingLB Local call input (5V in standby, 0V to trigger)SB Service button (open collector) active low output. The button goes active when the button is pressed (Open Collec-tor 24Vdc 100mA max)LD12Vdc input for door-open LED2A Speech line input toward the loudspeaker of the parallel telephone (Approx. 12V in stand-by, 3V during a conversation)3A Output switched ground for parallel telephone4A Output call tone for parallel telephone5A Input for door-open command from parallel telephoneTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONPower Supply:Supplied by the BUS line, 20VdcPower consumption:Stand-by: 50mA MaxOperating: 200mA MaxWorking Temperature:-10 +50 °C1. In order to install the videophone, it is necessary to remove the cover, which contains all the electronics, from the base: firstlydisconnect the handset from the videophone (by removing its plug from the videophone), then press lightly the bottom part of the videophone and simultaneously pulling outwards the upper part as shown in Fig. 1.2. Put the base of the unit on the wall at approx 135cm from the finished floor to mark the points for the fixing holes “A” (Fig. 2)remembering that the wires “D” (Fig. 3) must be fed through the hole “E” (Fig. 3). If you use the flush mounting box 503, embed it into the wall vertically at approx. 140cm from the finished floor and the base.3. Following Fig. 3, make the holes “A”, insert the wall plugs “B” and fix the base with the screws “C” feeding the wires “D” intothe hole “E”. If you have used the box 503, fix the base to the wall through the holes “F” using the screws “C”.4. As shown in Fig. 4A, connect the wires to the removable terminals following the provided installation diagram. Connect the ter-minal blocks to the electronics contained in the cover as shown in Fig. 4B. Reinsert the handset and test system before closing.Note: Contrast and hue trimmers can be adjusted only if the videophone is open. Note while testing the system, it is advisable to hold the cover with your hand closing manually the hook switch of the handset (see Fig. 4B reference “G”).5. Once testing is complete and all the necessary adjustments are made, disconnect the handset from the cover and close the unitas shown in Fig. 5: first hook it on the bottom then push in the top until you hear the clip.6. Reconnect the handset and hang it as shown in Fig. 6.NOTES AND SUGGESTIONS• All diagrams refer to all kits versions: flush or surface, colour or black & white.• Dashed connections refer to optional connections (“Local bell”, “Push to exit” & “Door monitor”).• Some diagrams show how to connect a 12Vdc electric lock: these directions are suitable for all diagrams in this manual.• Each time a setting is changed on a videophone (address, extension, number of rings etc.), the videophone must be disconnected from the relevant connection board then after a few seconds reconnected again to allow the recognizing of the new setting.• All diagrams shown are valid for B&W or colour systems with surface or flush mount door station.DECLETION OF RESPONSIBILITYThis manual has been written and revised carefully. The instructions and the descriptions which are included in it are referred to VIDEX parts and are correct at the time of print. However, subsequent VIDEX parts and manuals, can be subject to changes without notice. VIDEX Electronics S.p.A. cannot be held responsible for damages caused directly or indirectly by errors, omissions or discrep-ancies between the VIDEX parts and the Manual.VIDEOKIT VK4K-2/6256 - VK4K-2S/6256 WITH ART. 316TWO ENTRANCES SYSTEM INSTALLATIONMANUFACTURERVIDEX ELECTRONICS S.P .A.Via del Lavoro, 1 - 63846 Monte Giberto (FM) Italy Tel (+39) 0734 631669 - Fax (+39) 0734 632475**************************CUSTOMER SUPPORT All Countries:VIDEX ELECTRONICS S.P .A.*******************************Tel: +39 0734-631669 - Fax: +39 0734-632475UK Customers:VIDEX SECURITY L TD Tech Line: 0191 224 3174 - Fax: 0191 224 1559The product is CE marked demonstrating its conformity and is for distribution within all member states of the EU with no restrictions. This product follows the provisions of the European Directives 2014/30/EU (EMC); 2014/35/EU (LVD); 2011/65/EU (RoHS): CE marking 93/68/EEC.Main UK office:VIDEX SECURITY LTD 1 Osprey Trinity Park Trinity WayLONDON E4 8TDPhone:(+44************Fax:(+44****************************************Northern UK office:VIDEX SECURITY LTD Unit 4-7Chillingham Industrial Estate Chapman StreetNEWCASTLE UPON TYNE - NE6 2XX Tech Line: (+44) 0191 224 3174Phone:(+44************Fax: (+44) 0191 224 1559Greece office:VIDEX HELLAS Electronics 48 Filolaou Str.11633 ATHENSPhone: (+30) 210 7521028 (+30) 210 7521998 Fax: (+30) 210 7560712www.videx.gr **************Danish office:VIDEX DANMARK Hammershusgade 15DK-2100 COPENHAGEN Phone: (+45) 39 29 80 00Fax: (+45) 39 27 77 75www.videx.dk **************Benelux office:NESTOR COMPANY NV E3 laan, 93B-9800 DeinzePhone: (+32) 9 380 40 20Fax: (+32) 9 380 40 25www.videx.be *************Dutch office:NESTOR COMPANY BVBusiness Center Twente (BCT)Grotestraat, 64NL-7622 GM Borne www.videxintercom.nl *********************。
键盘对照码
VK_PACKET 231
VK_PROCESSKEY 229
VK_ATTN 246
VK_CRSEL 247
VK_EXSEL 248
VK_BROWSER_STOP 169
VK_BROWSER_SEARCH 170
VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES 171
VK_BROWSER_HOME 172
VK_VOLUME_MUTE 173 VolumeMute
VK_VOLUME_DOWN 174 VolumeDown
48 0
49 1
50 2
51 3
52 4
53 5
54 6
55 7
56 8
57 9
65 A
66 B
67 C
68 D
69 E
70 F
71 G
72 H
73 I
74 J
75 K
76 L
VK_LCONTROL 162
VK_RCONTROL 163
VK_LMENU 164
VK_RMENU 165
VK_BROWSER_BACK 166
VK_BROWSER_FORWARD 167
VK_BROWSER_REFRESH 168
VK_SELECT 41 Select
VK_PRINT 42 Print
VK_EXECUTE 43 Execute
VK_SNAPSHOT 44 Snapshot
VK_INSERT 45 Insert
VK_DELETE 46 Delete
VK_HELP 47 Help
Kawasaki Robot Friction Spot Joining说明书
A new method for light alloy joining
Friction Spot Joining
ROBOT DIVISION
Tokyo Head Office/Robot Division 1-14-5, Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8315, Japan Phone: +81-3-3435-6852 Fax: +81-3-3437-9880
rotational and axial directions due to the rotary action and
shape of the tool.
This zone is characterized by high strength and
Tool rotation
Pin
Shoulder
Plastic ow in the rotational direction
The material ows as if dragged by the rotation of the tool.
1
2
Both tensile strength and fatigue strength are comparable to welds created with resistance spot welding!
Joining process
The joining process is carried out in the following three stages:
●1 Plunging ●2 Joining ●3 Withdrawal
The joining tool, while rotating, is forced against the workpiece with a specified amount of pressure. This pressure creates frictional heat between the workpiece and the pin on the tip of the tool softening the metal and allowing the pin to plunge into the workpiece.
安装与维护手册 VK300 和 VK3000 三口和五口直接操作喷气阀说明书
Installation and Maintenance ManualSeries VK300 and VK3000 3 Port and 5 Port Direct Operating Solenoid ValvesThis Manual should be read in conjunction with the current product CatalogueFor future reference,please keep this manual in a safe placeThese safety instructions are intended to prevent a hazardous situation and/or equipment damage.These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard by label of “Caution”,“Warning”or “Danger”.To ensure safety,be sure to observe ISO4414 (Note1),JIS B 8370 (Note2)and other safety practices.Note 1:ISO 4414:Pneumatic fluid power – Recommendations for the application of equipment to transmission and control systems.Note 2:JIS B 8370:Pneumatic system axiom.CAUTION :Operator error could result in injury orequipment damage.WARNING:Operator error could result in serious injury or loss of life.DANGER :In extreme conditions, there is apossible result of serious injury or loss of life.1.The compatibility of pneumatic equipment is theresponsibility of the person who designs the pneumatic system or decides its specifications.Since the products specified here are used in various operatingconditions,their compatibility for the specific pneumatic system must be based on specifications or after analysis and/or tests tomeet your specific requirements.2.Only trained personnel should operate pneumaticallyoperated machinery and equipment.Compressed air can be dangerous if an operator is unfamiliar with it.Assembly,handling or repair of pneumatic systems should be performed by trained and experienced operators.3.Do not service machinery/equipment or attempt toremove component until safety is confirmed.1) Inspection and maintenance of machinery/equipment shouldonly be performed after confirmation of safe locked-out control positions.2) When equipment is to be removed,confirm the safety processas mentioned above.Switch off air and electrical supplies and exhaust all residual compressed air in the system.3)Before machinery/equipment is re-started,ensure all safetymeasures to prevent sudden movement of cylinders etc.(Bleed air into the system gradually to create back-pressure,i.e.incorporate a soft-start valve).4.Contact SMC if the product is to be used in any of thefollowing conditions:1)Conditions and environments beyond the givenspecifications,or if product is used outdoors.2)Installations in conjunction with atomic energy,railway,airnavigation,vehicles,medical equipment,food and beverage,recreation equipment,emergency stop circuits,press applications,or safety equipment.3)An application which has the possibility of having negativeeffects on people,property,or animals,requiring special safety analysis.Ensure that the air supply system is filtered to 5 micron.ENSURE THAT THE EXHAUST PORTS ARE LEFT OPEN WHEN CONVERTING A VALVE TO 3 PORT CONFIGURATION.VK300-TFM71Specifications Type of operation Direct operated 2-position single solenoid Operating fluid AirStandard Operating pressure rangeVacuum Ambient temperature and operating fluid temperature MAX.50 ºC Standard * Response timeLow wattManual Operation Non-lock push type LubricationUnnecessary Mounting positionAny position ** Impact,vibration resistance 300m/s 2,50m/s ProtectionIP65*In accordance with the dynamic performance test of JIS B 8374-1981 (at the rated voltage,**Impact resistance:No malfunction from test using drop impact tester to axis and right angle direction of main valve and armature,one time when energised and de-energised.Vivration resistance:No malfunction from test with from 8.3 to 2000Hz 1 sweep to axis and right angle direction of main valve andarmature each time when energised and de-energised (Value in the initial stage).Solenoid Specifications Electrical entry DIN type terminal (D)AC Rated voltage DC Allowable voltage ±10%Inrush Apparent power Holding Standard Power consumptionLow watt AC Surge voltage protection circuit Fig 1PlugPlug231425134242513513M3X26Screw W/Spring washer Manifold gasketDXT199-23-4M3X8Screw W/Spring washer Blanking plate VK300-33-3VK3000-7-1Manifold gasket for blanking plateVK3000-6-3M3X26Screw W/Spring washer DXT199-23-4VK3120-OG-01VK3140-OGVK3000-6-1Manifold gasket VK3000-6-2Applicable base Model VV5k3-20Model VV5k3-21Manifold base}Applicable base VK3000-9-1Model VV5k3-40Model VV5k3-(S)41Model VV5k3-(S)42Manifold baseSubplate }(3) Blanking plate Ass’y Parts No.:VK3000-7-1AApplicable base:common for all VV5k3 modelsFig 2(1) Model VK332(2) Model VK334M3X26Screw W/Spring washerManifold gasket DXT199-23-4M3X26Screw W/Spring washer DXT199-23-4VK332-OG-01VK334-OGVK300-41-1VK300-33-3Manifold gasketVK300-41-2Applicable base Model VV3k3-20Model VV3k3-21Model VV5k3-20Model VV5k3-21Manifold baseManifold baseSubplate }Applicable baseVK300-45-1Model VV3k3-40Model VV3k3-(S)42Model VV5k3-40Model VV5k3-(S)41Model VV5k3-(S)42(3) Blanking plate Ass’y Parts No.:VK300-42-1A M3X8Screw W/Spring washer VK300-42-1Blanking plate VK300-41-3Manifold gasket for blanking plateApplicable base:common for all VV3k3 models}Mixed Mounting of VK300 Series and VK3000 Series (Fig 4)It is possible to mount the VK300 onto the Manifold base of the VK3000 Series.When specifying VV5K3-20 or VV5K3-40,ensure that theappropriate Exhaust Port on the Manifold base is PLUGGED using a rubber plug part No.VK3000-8-1,as this Exhaust port becomes redundant when mounting 3 port Valves.The 3 port Valve can also be mounted on additional Manifolds i.e.VV5K3-21,VV5K3-(S)41 and VV5K3-(S) 42 without additional modifications.CAUTION•When converting a 5 port Valve,from 3 ports back to 5 ports ensure that the exhaust plug is removed.•When a 3 port Valve (VK300) is Mounted onto the Manifold base of the VK3000 Series,the Valve function will be NORMALLY CLOSED.If a NORMALL Y OPEN function is required plug port No.of a 5 port Valve.•When piping from the Manifold base,the port No.Valve becomes the port No.4 of the 5 port Valve.possibility of incorrect piping to the port No.port No.2 is plugged.Model VV5K3-20VK332-OG-01VK3120-OG-01Plug VK3000-8-1Plug VK3000-8-1Notch mark (Recession)Notch mark (Recession)VK334-OGModel VV5K3-40VK3140-OGConnection Method for Lamp/Surge Voltage Protection Circuit (Fig 7)When using a DIN connector with DC voltage connect the positive side (-) to the symbol 2 of the terminal block.Part No.of the connector without lamp:VK300-82-1Part No.of the connector with lamp:Refer to the following table Rated voltage *Marking Parts No.AC100V 100V VK300-82-2-01AC110V 110V VK300-82-2-03AC200V 200V VK300-82-2-02AC220V 220V VK300-82-2-04AC240V 240V VK300-82-2-07DC6V 6V VK300-82-4-51DC12V 12V VK300-82-4-06DC24V 24VD VK300-82-3-05DC48V48VDVK300-82-3-53*Indicated on the terminal block.Changing the Direction of the Connector (Cable)After separating the Terminal block from the housing,the cable direction can be changed 4 ways at 90º intervals.WARNINGIf the connector is fitted with a lamp,ensure that the lamp is not damaged by the lead wire of the cable.Applicable Cable.( 2 conductors or 3* conductors)Outside diameter of the cable should be ø3.5 ~ ø7mm.Note 3 Conductor cables are used when connecting to Ground.CAUTIONEnsure that the connector is straight during insertion or removal.Piping tightening torque Connecting screwAppropriate tightening torqueN•m {kgf•cm}M5 1.5~2{15~20}Rc (PT) 1/87~9 {70~90}LubricationThe valve has been lubricated for life on assembly and requires no additional lubrication.element.Keep the residual leakage voltage to 20% or less of the rated voltage for AC coils and 2% or less of the rated voltage for DC coils.MaintenanceWARNINGWhen changing the rated voltage the valve MUST be replaced,as it is NOT possible to change the coil.It is NOT possible to dismantle the valve due to its design.Application of undue force to the valve may damage the valve section.Neon glow lamp with DC,connect the positive side to the Red lead wire and the Negative side to the Black the Blue lead wire is for 100VAC,and the Red Fig 7Varistor Varistor LED LED V a r i s t o rNo.1No.2No.2No.1(+)No.2(-)DiodeNo.1(+)2D i o d eRed (+)Black (-)Surge voltage protection circuitFig 9When you enquire about the product,please contact the following SMC Corporation :ENGLAND Phone 01908-563888TURKEY Phone 212-2211512ITALY Phone 02-92711GERMANY Phone 6103-402-0HOLLAND Phone 020-*******FRANCE Phone 01-64-76-10-00SWITZERLAND Phone 052-396 31 31SWEDEN Phone 08-603 07 00SPAIN Phone 945-184100AUSTRIA Phone 02262-62-280Phone 902-255255IRELAND Phone 01-4501822GREECE Phone 01-3426076DENMARK Phone 70 25 29 00FINLAND Phone 09-68 10 21NORWAY Phone 67-12 90 20BELGIUM Phone 03-3551464POLAND Phone 48-22-6131847PORTUGAL Phone 02-610 8922*Marking*MarkingFor AC and DC 12V or less For DC 24V or moreLight (built in connector)Surge voltage protection circuit (built into the terminal block)AC circuit drawingNL:Neon lamp R:ResistorDC circuit drawing 12V or lessLED:Light emitting diode R:ResistorDC circuit drawing 24V or moreD:Protective diodeLED:Light emitting diode R:Resistor*C o n t a c t p o i n tC -R e l e m e n tCurrent leakageVoltage leakageValvePower sourceC o i lC o i lCoilCoil CoilCoil No.1No.2No.1No.2No.1Neon glow lamp DiodeD i o d eNo.2No.12No.1V a r i s t o rFig 6Fixing screwHousing(Code)Refer to table below Terminal screw (3 places)Slotted area(Light installation position)Terminal block Grommet (Rubber)WasherGland nut。
EAGLE
EAGLE ™10,000OPERATOR’S MANUALFor Machines with Code Number: 11096IM830November, 2005Safety Depends on YouLincol n arc wel ding and cutting equipment is designed and buil t with safety in mind. However, your overall safety can be increased by proper installation ... and thought-ful operation on your part.DO NOT INSTALL, OPERATE OR REPAIR THIS EQUIPMENT WITHOUT READING THIS MANUAL AND THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS CONTAINED THROUGHOUT.And, most importantl y, think before you act and be careful.Copyright © 2005 Lincoln Global Inc.This manual covers equipment which is nolonger in production by The Lincoln Electric Co. Speci cations and availability of optional features may have changed.Mar ‘95for selecting a QUALITY product by Lincoln Electric. We want you to take pride in operating this Lincoln Electric Company product ••• as much pride as we have in bringing this product to you!Read this Operators Manual completely before attempting to use this equipment. Save this manual and keep it handy for quick reference. Pay particular attention to the safety instructions we have provided for your protection.The level of seriousness to be applied to each is explained below:vv1. Output rating in watts is equivalent to volt - amperes at unity factor.Output voltage is within +/-10% at all loads up to rated capacity.When welding available auxiliary power will be reduced.Internal combustion engines are designed to run in a level condition which is where the optimum perfor-mance is achieved. The maximum angle of operation for the engine is 15 degrees from horizontal in any direction. If the engine is to be operated at an angle, provisions must be made for checking and maintain-ing the oil at the normal (FULL) oil capacity in the crankcase in a level condition.When operating at an angle, the effective fuel capaci-ty will be slightly less than the specified 9 gal (34 L). LIFTINGThe EAGLE 10,000 weighs approximately 575 lbs. (281kg) with a full tank of gasoline. A lift bail is mounted to the machine and should always be used when lifting the machine.ADDITIONAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS• Lift only with equipment of adequatelifting capacity.• Be sure machine is stable when lift-ing.• Do not lift this machine using lift bailif it is equipped with a heavy acces-sory such as trailer or gas cylinder.FALLING • Do not lift machine if lift bail isEQUIPMENT can damaged.cause injury. • Do not operate machine whilesuspended from lift bail.-----------------------------------------------------------------------HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONIf the EAGLE 10,000 will be consistently operated ataltitudes above 5000 ft, a carburetor jet designed forhigh altitudes should be installed. This will result inbetter fuel economy, cleaner exhaust, and longerspark plug life. It will not give increased power whichis decreased at higher altitudes. Engine horsepoweris reduced by 3.5% per 1000ft.(3280m) for altitudesabove 377 ft.(1237m).Do not operate a EAGLE 10,000 with a high alti-tude jet installed at altitudes below5000ft.(16,404m). This will result in the enginerunning too lean and result in higher engine oper-ating temperatures which can shorten engine life.-----------------------------------------------------------------------Contact your local Kohler Authorized Dealer for highaltitude jet kits that are available from the enginemanufacturer.•Shut off welder and allow muffler to cool beforetouching muffler.------------------------------------------------------------------------The EAGLE 10,000 is shipped with the exhaust com-ing out on the left side. The exhaust can be changedto the opposite side by removing the two screws thathold the exhaust port cover in place and installing thecover on the opposite side. (Operating the EAGLE10,000 without the cover in place will result in a highernoise level and no increase in machine output.)LOCATION / VENTILATIONThe welder should be located to provide an unrestrict-ed flow of clean, cool air to the cooling air inlets and toavoid heated air coming out of the welder recirculatingback to the cooling air inlet. Also, locate the welder sothat engine exhaust fumes are properly vented to anoutside area.STACKINGEAGLE 10,000 machines cannot be stacked.CONNECTION OF LINCOLN ELECTRICWIRE FEEDERSNote:A constant voltage (CV) power source is rec-ommended for wire feeder applications. TheLN-15 and LN-25 may be used with a constantcurrent (CC) power source, such as the EAGLE10,000, for non-critical applications where weldquality and deposition properties are not critical.Shut off welder before making any electricalconnections.------------------------------------------------------------------------WIRE FEED CONNECTION OF LN-15 ACROSS-THE-ARC WIRE FEEDERThe LN-15 has an internal contactor and the electrodeis not energized until the gun trigger is closed. Whenthe gun trigger is closed the wire will begin to feedand the welding process is started.a. Shut the welder off.b.For electrode Positive, connect the electrodecable to the "+" terminal of the welder and workcable to the "-" terminal of the welder. For elec-trode Negative, connect the electrode cable "-"terminal of the welder and work cable to the "+"terminal of the welder.120 V DUPLEX RECEPTACLESThe 120V auxiliary power receptacles should only be used with three wire grounded type plugs or approved double insulated tools with two wire plugs.The current rating of any plug used with the system must be at least equal to the current load through the associated receptacle.MOTOR STARTINGMost 1.5 hp AC single phase motors can be started if there is no load on the motor or other load connected to the machine, since the full load current rating of a 1.5 hp motor is approximately 20 amperes (10amperes for 240 volt motors). The motor may be run at full load when plugged into only one side of the duplex receptacle. Larger motors through 2 hp can be run provided the receptacle rating as previously stated is not exceeded. This may necessitate 240V operationonly.*Current Sensing for Automatic Idle.(Receptacle viewed from front of Machine)EAGLE 10,000 Extension Cord Length Recommendations(Use the shortest length extension cord possible sized per the following table.)Current (Amps)1520152038Voltage Volts 120120240240240Load (Watts)180024003600480090003060(9)(18)40307560(12)(9)(23)(18)755015010050(23)(15)(46)(30)(15)1258822517590(38)(27)(69)(53)(27)175138350275150(53)(42)(107)(84)(46)300225600450225(91)(69)(183)(137)(69)Maximum Allowable Cord Length in ft. (m) for Conductor SizeConductor size is based on maximum 2.0% voltage drop.14 AWG 12 AWG 10 AWG 8 AWG 6 AWG 4 AWG 120/240 VOLT DUAL VOLTAGE RECEPTACLE The 120/240 volt receptacle can supply up to 38 amps of 240 volt power to a two wire circuit, up to 38 amps of 120 volts power from each side of a three wire cir-cuit (up to 76 amps total). Do not connect the 120 volt circuits in parallel. Current sensing for the automatic idle feature is only in one leg of the three wire circuit as shown in the following column.TABLE lllELECTRICAL DEVICE USE WITH THE EAGLE 10,000.Type Common Electrical Devices Possible ConcernsResistive Heaters, toasters, incandescent NONElight bulbs, electric range, hotpan, skillet, coffee maker.Capacitive TV sets, radios, microwaves, Voltage spikes or high voltageappliances with electrical control.regulation can cause the capac-itative elements to fail. Surgeprotection, transient protection,and additional loading is recom-mended for 100% fail-safeoperation. DO NOT RUNTHESE DEVICES WITHOUTADDITIONAL RESISTIVE TYPELOADS.Inductive Single-phase induction motors, These devices require largedrills, well pumps, grinders, small current inrush for starting.refrigerators, weed and hedge Some synchronous motors maytrimmers be frequency sensitive to attainmaximum output torque, butthey SHOULD BE SAFE fromany frequency induced failures. Capacitive/Inductive Computers, high resolution TV sets,An inductive type line condition-complicated electrical equipment. er along with transient andsurge protection is required,and liabilities still exist. DONOT USE THESE DEVICESWITH A EAGLE 10,000The Lincoln Electric Company is not responsible for any damage to electrical components improperly connect-ed to the EAGLE 10,000.1.Install a double pole, double throw switch betweenthe power company meter and the premisesdisconnect.Switch rating must be the same or greater thanthe customer’s premises disconnect and serviceovercurrent protection.2.Take necessary steps to assure load is limited tothe capacity of the EAGLE 10,000 by installing a38 amp 240V double pole circuit breaker.Maximum rated load for the 240V auxiliary is 38amperes. Loading above 38 amperes will reduceoutput voltage below the allowable -10% of ratedvoltage which may damage appliances or othermotor-driven equipment.3.Install a 50 amp 120/240V plug (NEMA type 14-50)to the Double Pole Circuit Breaker using No. 8,4 conductor cable of the desired length. (The50 amp 120/240V plug is available in theoptional plug kit.)4.Plug this cable into the 50 amp 120/240Vreceptacle on the EAGLE 10,000 case front.*Each duplex receptacle is limited to 20 amps.**Not to exceed 40A per 120VAC branch circuit whensplitting the 240 VAC output.LOADNATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE FOR ALTERNATE WIRESIZE RECOMMENDATIONS.EAGLE 10,000 APPROXIMATE FUEL CONSUMPTIONARC GOUGINGThe EAGLE 10,000 can be used for limited arc goug-ing.Set the Range switch to adjust output current to the desired level for the gouging electrode being used according to the ratings in the following table:TIG (CONSTANT CURRENT) WELDINGThe K930-[ ] TIG Module installed on a EAGLE 10,000 provides high frequency and shielding gas control for GTAW (TIG) welding processes. Output Control is from the Eagle 10,000. The control on the TIG Module is not functional. After flow time is adjustable from 0 to 55 seconds. A K814 Arc Start Switch is required.The K930-[ ] TIG Module should be used with the EAGLE 10,000 on HIGH IDLE to maintain satisfactory operation. It can be used in the AUTO position but the delay going to flow idle after welding is ceased will be increased if the AFTER FLOW CONTROL is set above 10 seconds. A K814 Arc Start Switch is required.PLASMA CUTTINGK1580-1 Pro-Cut 55Cuts mild steel using the 3-phase AC generator power from the engine driven welder. Accepts 3-phase or 1-phase input power. Requires the K1816-1 Full KVA adapter kit, if connected for 1-phase input power.BATTERY1. When replacing, jumping, or otherwise connectingthe battery to the battery cables, the properpolarity must be observed. Failure to observethe proper polarity could result in damage to thecharging circuit. The positive (+) battery cablehas a red terminal cover.2.If the battery requires charging from an externalcharger, disconnect the negative battery cablefirst and then the positive battery cable beforeattaching the charger leads. Failure to do socan result in damage to the internal chargercomponents. When reconnecting the cables,connect the positive cable first and the negativecable last.HARDWAREBoth English and Metric fasteners are used in this welder.This Troubleshooting Guide is provided to help you locate and repair possible machine malfunctions.Simply follow the three-step procedure listed below.Step 1.LOCATE PROBLEM (SYMPTOM).Look under the column labeled “PROBLEM (SYMP-TOMS)”. This column describes possible symptoms that the machine may exhibit. Find the listing that best describes the symptom that the machine isexhibiting.Step 2.POSSIBLE CAUSE.The second column labeled “POSSIBLE CAUSE ” lists the obvious external possibilities that may contribute to the machine symptom.Step 3.RECOMMENDED COURSE OF ACTIONThis column provides a course of action for the Possible Cause, generally it states to contact your local Lincoln Authorized Field Service Facility.If you do not understand or are unable to perform the Recommended Course of Action safely, contact your local Lincoln Authorized Field Service Facility.HOW TO USE TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDEService and Repair should only be performed by Lincoln Electric Factory Trained Personnel.Unauthorized repairs performed on this equipment may result in danger to the technician and machine operator and will invalidate your factory warranty. For your safety and to avoid Electrical Shock, please observe all safety notes and precautions detailed throughout this manual.__________________________________________________________________________E A G L E 10,000 / L N -25 A C R O S S T H E A R C C O N N E C T I O N D I A G R A MM 20295JapaneseChineseKoreanArabicREAD AND UNDERSTAND THE MANUFACTURER’S INSTRUCTION FOR THIS EQUIPMENT AND THE CONSUMABLES TO BE USED AND FOLLOW YOUR EMPLOYER’S SAFETY PRACTICES.SE RECOMIENDA LEER Y ENTENDER LAS INSTRUCCIONES DEL FABRICANTE PARA EL USO DE ESTE EQUIPO Y LOS CONSUMIBLES QUE VA A UTILIZAR, SIGA LAS MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD DE SU SUPERVISOR.LISEZ ET COMPRENEZ LES INSTRUCTIONS DU FABRICANT EN CE QUI REGARDE CET EQUIPMENT ET LES PRODUITS A ETRE EMPLOYES ET SUIVEZ LES PROCEDURES DE SECURITE DE VOTRE EMPLOYEUR.LESEN SIE UND BEFOLGEN SIE DIE BETRIEBSANLEITUNG DER ANLAGE UND DEN ELEKTRODENEINSATZ DES HER-STELLERS. DIE UNFALLVERHÜTUNGSVORSCHRIFTEN DES ARBEITGEBERS SIND EBENFALLS ZU BEACHTEN.JapaneseChineseKoreanArabicLEIA E COMPREENDA AS INSTRUÇÕES DO FABRICANTE PARA ESTE EQUIPAMENTO E AS PARTES DE USO, E SIGA AS PRÁTICAS DE SEGURANÇA DO EMPREGADOR.。
Ssp 399 - Die Elektro-Mechanische Lenkung Mit Achs-Parallelem Antrieb (Apa)
Die elektro-mechanische Lenkung mit Achs-Parallelem Antrieb ist eine VW Eigenentwicklung des Braunschweiger Entwicklungsteams und wird auch an diesem Standort gefertigt.
S399_112
5
Einleitung
Durch die bei Frontantrieb und quer eingebautem Motor unterschiedlichen Längen der Antriebswellen des linken und rechten Vorderrades kommt es beim Beschleunigen häufig zu einem Schiefziehen des Fahrzeugs. Der Schiefziehausgleich erkennt dieses und gleicht es durch Gegenlenken aus.
2
Aktuelle Prüf-, Einstell- und Reparaturanweisungen entnehmen Sie bitte der dafür vorgesehenen KD-Literatur.
S399_001
Achtung Hinweis
Auf einen Blick
Einleitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Systemübersicht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Funktion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Mechanik der Lenkung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Elektrik der Lenkung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Funktionsplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Prüfen Sie Ihr Wissen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
诺思洗衣机用户手册说明书
MARQUE : ZANUSSI REFERENCE : ZDI 6173 WCODIC : 1556738Notice d’utilisation - Partie 1/2-Avant d’utiliser votrelave-vaisselle-Entretien et nettoyage-EmplacementLAVE-VAISSELLESommaireAvertissements importants2Mise en service3L’adoucisseur d’eau3Remplissage du réservoir de sel4Le produit de rinçage5Le produit de lavage6Guide de lavage7Entretien et nettoyage8Nettoyage intérieur 8Nettoyage des filtres8Nettoyage extérieur8En cas d’absence prolongée8Précautions contre le gel8Déplacement de l’appareil8En cas d’anomalie de fonctionnement9Emplacement10Raccordement d’eau10Évacuation d’eau11Raccordement électrique11Comment lire votre notice d’utilisationLes symboles suivants vous guideront tout au long de la lecture de votre notice:Instructions de sécurité1. 2. 3.Description d’opérations étape par étapeConseils et recommandationsProtection de l’environnementUtilisationq Cet appareil a été conçu pour être utilisé par des adultes. Veillez à ce que les enfants n’y touchent pas et nel’utilisent pas comme un jouet.q A la réception de l’appareil, déballez-le ou faites-ledéballer immédiatement. Vérifiez son aspect général. Faites les éventuelles réserves par écrit sur le bon de livraison dont vous garderez un exemplaire.q Votre appareil est destiné à un usage domestique normal. Ne l’utilisez pas à des fins commerciales ou industrielles ou pour d’autres buts que celui pour lequel il a été conçu.q Ne modifiez pas ou n’essayez pas de modifier les caractéristiques de cet appareil. Cela représenterait un danger pour vous.q Débranchez toujours la prise de courant et fermez le robinet d’arrivée d’eau après utilisation de l’appareil.q Débranchez l’appareil avant toute intervention technique. q N’ouvrez pas la porte de votre lave vaisselle quand celui-ci est en marche. Arrêtez-le toujours avant.q Evitez dans la mesure du possible d’ouvrir la porte du lave vaisselle lors de son fonctionnement, car il en sort alors de la vapeur brûlante.q Ne touchez pas l’élément chauffant pendant ouimmédiatement après la fin d’un programme de lavage.q Fermez toujours la porte après avoir chargé ou sorti la vaisselle. Une porte ouverte représente toujours un danger.q Les ustensiles qui ont été en contact avec de l’essence, peinture, débris d’acier ou de fer, produits chimiques corrosifs, acides ou alcalins ne doivent pas être lavés dans votre appareil.q Evitez de placer votre lave vaisselle à proximitéimmédiate d’un appareil de cuisson ou de chauffage (cuisinière par exemple) ceci afin d’éviter tout risque de dommages dû à la chaleur.q N’introduisez pas dans votre lave vaisselle d’articles qui ne sont pas certifiés pour le lavage en machine, telsque couverts à manche en bois, en corne, en ivoire, en argent, porcelaine décorée de motifs fragiles, objets en bois ou en plastique, etc.q En cas de panne, n’essayez jamais de réparer votre appareil vous-même. Les réparations effectuées par du personnel non qualifié peuvent provoquer des dommages ou de graves dérèglements.q Faites particulièrement attention lorsque vous nettoyez votre appareil: des extrémités métalliques peuvent occasionner des blessures.q Si vous avez retiré une pièce de vaisselle de la machine avant la fin du programme de lavage, il est très important de la rincer soigneusement à l’eau courante pouréliminer les restes éventuels de produit de lavage.q Gardez les emballages hors de portée des enfants.q Gardez les produits de lavage dans un endroit sûr, hors de la portée des enfants.q Veillez à ce que les enfants ne s’assoient ou ne montent pas sur la porte.Avertissements importantsConservez cette notice d’utilisation avec l’appareil. Si l’appareil devait être vendu ou cédé à une autre personne, assurez-vous que la notice d’utilisation l’accompagne. Le nouvel utilisateur pourra alors être informé du fonctionnement de celui-ci des avertissements s’y rapportant.Ces avertissements ont été rédigés pour votre sécurité et celle d’autrui.Avant d’utiliser votre lave-vaisselle pour la première fois:1.Assurez-vous que les raccordements électrique ethydraulique soient conformes aux instructionsd’installation.2.Sortez tous les matériaux d’emballage de l’intérieur de lamachine.3.Réglez l’adoucisseur d’eau.4.Versez 1 litre d’eau dans le réservoir ensuite remplissezde sel.5.Mettez du produit de rinçage dans le réservoir prévu àcet effet.6.Exécutez un cycle "Lavage d’attente".L’adoucisseur d’eauSuivant les localités, l’eau contient une quantité variable de sels calcaires et minéraux. Ceux-ci se déposent sur la vaisselle laissant des taches et des dépôts blanchâtres. Plus la teneur en sels est élevée et plus l’eau est «dure». Le lave-vaisselle est muni d’un adoucisseur et, utilisant du sel régénérant spécial pour lave-vaisselle, il fournit une eau dépourvue de calcaire (adoucie) pour les opérations de lavage.L’adoucisseur peut traiter une eau ayant une duretéatteignant 90 °TH et possède 5 niveaux de réglage.Vous pouvez demander le degré de dureté de votre eau à la Compagnie Locale des Eaux.L’adoucisseur est réglé d’origine au niveau 2.Vous pouvez sélectionner un niveau de réglage différent de celui qui a été prévu en usine.Réglage de l’adoucisseurNous vous conseillons d’effectuer cette opération lors de la mise en service de votre lave vaisselle.Au moyen d’un tournevis, amenez le repère du sélecteur situé dans le coin supérieur droit de la machine sur la position désirée.Mise en service3.Versez un litre d’eau dans le réservoir(ceci n’est indispensable que lors du premier remplissage).4.A l’aide de l’entonnoir livré avec l’appareil,remplissez le réservoir de sel.5.Assurez-vous qu’il n’y ait pas de sel sur lefiletage et sur le joint.6.Revissez hermétiquement le bouchon.Détergents compacts sans phosphatesIl est possible de se procurer maintenant dans le commerce des nouveaux produits de lavage compacts, avec un degré d’alcali réduit dont les substances difficilement dégradables sont remplacées par des enzymes naturelles (non polluant pour l’environnement). Ces enzymes agissent déjà à une température de 50°C. En utilisant le programme à 50°C, on obtient les mêmes résultats de lavage qu’avec un produit traditionnel à 65°C.Pour économiser de l’énergieRangez la vaisselle sale dans les paniers immédiatement après usage. Ne procédez au lavage que lorsquel’appareil est chargé en totalité.Effectuez éventuellement le programme «Lavaged’attente» (voir "Tableau des programmes" - Noticed’utilisation Partie 2) pour éviter que les résidus nesèchent trop avant le lavage complet.Il est inutile de passer au préalable la vaisselle sous l’eau courante.Pour obtenir les meilleurs résultats de lavageLes casseroles contenant des aliments attachés ou brûlés doivent faire l’objet d’un trempage préalable.Disposez toujours les casseroles, les tasses, les verres, etc., tournés vers le bas.Inclinez légèrement les objets bombés pour faciliter le passage de l’eau.Evitez le contact entre les pièces de vaisselle, pour obtenir de meilleurs résultats de lavage.Guide de lavageTrois sortes de produits spécialement étudiés pour les lave-vaisselle sont nécessaires au bon fonctionnement de votre appareil.UN PRODUIT DE LAVAGEUN PRODUIT DE RINÇAGEDU SEL REGENERANTUtilisez toujours des produits de lavage et rinçage de mêmemarque.Nettoyage intérieurNettoyez les joints d’étanchéité de la porte et les distributeurs de produit de lavage et de rinçage avec un chiffon humide.Tous les trois mois, effectuez un programme de lavage à65°C sans vaisselle et avec du produit de lavage. Nettoyage du filtre central(après chaque lavage)Les résidus d’aliments peuvent s’accumuler dans le filtre central (A). Eliminez-les périodiquement en rinçant le filtre sous l’eau courante.Pour sortir le filtre central:-il suffit de le retirer à l’aide de la poignée.Une fois le nettoyage effectué, remontez le filtre dans son emplacement d’origine, en poussant jusqu’à ce qu’il soit bien engagé.Nettoyage du grand filtre (chaque semaine) Nettoyez le grand filtre (B) des deux côtés, sous l’eau courante et en vous aidant d’une petite brosse.Pour le sortir le grand filtre:1.Ôtez le bras rotatif en le tirant vers haut.2.Tournez la colonne (C) de 90°C en sens inverse desaiguilles d’une montre, puis sortez le filtre.3.Pour remonter le filtre, inversez les opérations ci-dessus.Il est impératif de veiller à ce que le filtre soit bien verrouiller avant de réutiliser l’appareil.4.Assurez-vous que le filtre est dans la positioncorrecte, la poignée du filtre doit être positionnéevers l’avant de l’appareil.Verrouillage du filtreUn mauvais entretien des filtres peut diminuerl’efficacité de lavage.Nettoyage extérieurNettoyez régulièrement les surfaces extérieures del’appareil et le bandeau de commande avec un chiffondoux humide et, si nécessaire, uniquement avec desdétergents doux.N’employez jamais de produits abrasifs ou desolvants (acétone, trichloréthylène, etc...).En cas d’absence prolongéeSi vous ne devez pas utiliser l’appareil pendant un certaintemps:1.Débranchez la prise de courant et coupez l’arrivéed’eau.2.Remplissez le réservoir de produit de rinçage.issez la porte entrouverte pour éviter la formation demauvaises odeurs.issez l’intérieur de l’appareil propre.Précautions contre le gelEvitez de placer l’appareil dans un local où la températureest inférieure à 0°C.En cas de gel, vidangez l’appareil, fermez le robinetd’arrivée d’eau, débranchez le tuyau d’arrivée d’eau etvidez-le.Déplacement de l’appareilSi vous devez déplacer l’appareil (lors d’undéménagement, etc...):1.Débranchez-le;2.Fermez le robinet d’arrivée d’eau;3.Retirez les tuyaux d’arrivée d’eau et de vidange;4.Tirez l’appareil hors de sa niche ainsi que les tuyaux.Evitez de trop incliner l’appareil pendant le transport. Entretien et nettoyageService Après-VenteEn cas d’anomalie de fonctionnement, reportez-Vous à la rubrique «EN CAS D’ANOMALIE DE FONCTIONNEMENT».Si malgré toutes les vérifications, une intervention s’avère nécessaire, le vendeur de votre appareil est le premierhabilité à intervenir. A défaut (déménagement de votre part,fermeture du magasin où vous avez effectué l’achat...),veuillez consulter l’Assistance Consommateurs qui vous communiquera alors l’adresse d’un Service Après-Vente.En cas d’intervention sur votre appareil, exigez duService Après-Vente les Pièces de Rechange certifiées Constructeur.Emplacement。
VerifEye 通信解决方案选择指南说明书
®When to Use VerifEye™Communication SolutionsSelecting the Best ProductFor All ApplicationsSelection Strategies for VerifEye Communication SolutionsDESIGNING THE BEST SUBMETERING SOLUTION FOR APPLICA TIONS OF ALL SIZES AND SCOPESVerifEye delivers a comprehensive line of innovative submetering communication products that transport and translate meter data into usable information. In order to select the appropriate communication product, it is important to keep specific project parameters and goals in mind:• What is the size of the facility?• Are gas and water meters installed?• What type of submeter has been selected?• What is the communication protocol used in the facility?Following the specific application and communication requirements of the facility simplifies the selection of communication solutions.Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. Lighting & Energy Solutions20497 SW Teton Avenue, Tualatin, OR 97062 1-800-736-6682 Tech Line: 1-800-959-6004 Fax: 503-404-5594 /les© 2015 Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Subject to change without notice.Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. Lighting & Energy Solutions20497 SW Teton Avenue, Tualatin, OR 97062 1-800-736-6682 Tech Line: 1-800-959-6004 Fax: 503-404-5594 /les© 2015 Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Subject to change without notice.Series 4000 MeterSeries 4000 MeterMODBUS RTU METER SOLUTIONFEA TURES:• Dual/single/3-phase environments• Advanced feature set that measures multiple parametersincluding amps, KVar, KV A, etc.IDEAL APPLICA TIONS:• Commercial • Industrial• ManufacturingSeries 8000 MeterWHA T YOU WILL NEED EMB Hub®BACNET COMMUNICA TION SOLUTIONFEA TURES:• For applications where an Ethernet connection is required• Designed to work with an existing BACNet network• Ideal solution for factory scheduling applications IDEAL APPLICA TIONS:• Facility management systems • Manufacturing • IndustrialSeries 3500 MeterWHAT YOU WILL NEEDWIRELESS MODHOPPER COMMUNICA TION SOLUTIONFEA TURES:• Products create a self-healing mesh network• High-powered, long-range RF transceiver that easily interfaces with Pulse and ModBus meters• Perfect solution for any application with a large space where wiring would be difficult and cost-prohibitiveIDEAL APPLICA TIONS:• Stadiums • Airports• College Campuses • Shopping MallsWHA T YOU WILL NEEDSeries 4000 MeterModHopperModHopperModHopperSeries 4000 MeterSeries 4000 MeterEMB HubBMSEnergy Manager, BillSuiteor BMO 2.0**BMO 2.0 is free with purchase of a VerifEye Hub NOTE: Also compatible with3rd party software systemsor BMO 2.0**BMO 2.0 is free with purchase of a VerifEye Hub NOTE: Also compatible with 3rd party software systemsPULSE METER SOLUTIONHD Pulse ModuleEMB HubSeries 1000 (1 PH)or Series 2000 (3 PH)Pulse Communication SolutionWHA T YOU WILL NEEDIDEAL APPLICA TIONS:• Small to mid-sized commercial • Whole building monitoringFEA TURES:• Low cost kWh/demand meter • Reliable workhorse solution Series 2000 MMUScalable solution for collecting meter data from VerifEye and third party meters, including gas and water.Energy Manager, BillSuiteor BMO 2.0**BMO 2.0 is free with purchase of a VerifEye Hub NOTE: Also compatible with 3rd party software systemsPerfect for applications involving VerifEye or third party ModBus RTU meters.Energy Manager, BillSuiteor BMO 2.0**BMO 2.0 is free with purchase of a VerifEye Hub NOTE: Also compatible with 3rd party software systemsFor BACnet IP to Building Management Systems—use Series 3500 Meter as a standalone device monitoring up to 35 parameters or as part of a BMS.Designed for applications where installing communications cable is cost-prohibitive.G-9490/F15-tbWIRELESS MDU TENANT BILLING COMMUNICA TION SOLUTIONFEA TURES:• Wireless communications are cost-effective and easy to install for large tenant complexes• Directly connects with BillSuite Software for simple tenant billing • 0.5% mini meter delivers revenue-grade accuracy IDEAL APPLICA TIONS:• Multi-tenant office complexes • Apartment and condo complexes • Dorm buildings • T enant spaces0.5% Mini Meter with Internal Wireless TransceiverWireless Repeater WHA T YOU WILL NEED®DCAPWHOLE BUILDING SCALABLE MONITORING SOLUTIONFEA TURES:• Reduced installation time and cost with integrated meter and dataacquisition device• Expandable via ModBus RTU to include gas, water and steam meters for a whole building monitoring solutionIDEAL APPLICA TIONS:• Franchise locations • Small to mid-size commercial • Campuses • Benchmarking applicationsMeter and HubWHA T YOU WILL NEEDor BMO 2.0**BMO 2.0 is free withpurchase of a VerifEye Hub NOTE: Also compatible with 3rdparty software systemsGas Meter*Water Meter*HD Pulse Module*BMO 2.0 is free with purchase of a VerifEye Hub NOTE: Also compatible with 3rd party software systemsLeviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. Lighting & Energy Solutions20497 SW Teton Avenue, Tualatin, OR 97062 1-800-736-6682 Tech Line: 1-800-959-6004 Fax: 503-404-5594 /les© 2015 Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Subject to change without notice.Designed for retrofit and new MDU applications where communication wiring installation may be cost-prohibitive.Whole building electric metering with easy expansion to additional meters in the future, such as gas and water.。
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GDAD-CIIC 2007-04-16
本案的命题:
在万科集团“面向大深圳,建筑无限生活”的前提下 切合深圳万科07年的战略部署 提炼深圳万科07年度品牌传播主题,制定传播规划
2007年 万科要对深圳说什么?如何说?
Part Ⅰ:万科对深圳说什么?
都是“ 都是“家”
互动体验公关为主
竞争市场为深圳万科的版图扩大、品牌飞跃提供了绝好的 机会,但要从品牌基础雄厚的竞争者手中抢夺关注度和市 场份额并非易事。
2007年,得人心者得深圳 年
三、2007年品牌策略方向
从消费者角度出发,通过有效沟 通,建立深圳万科的品牌个性! 消费者角度
有效沟通
目标消费群
万科“广”“深”之于城市的意义
• 深圳变大了
– 城市宜居版图扩大,城市更加成熟、现代化
• 深圳人的生活变宽了
– 因为万科的人居理念,生活有了更多更好的选择, 更多深圳人过上了高品质的生活
• 深圳的人文环境成熟了
– 带动深圳本土文化与边缘文化的融合发展,促进城 市变得更包容,更先锋
变大 变宽 成熟 建筑、 建筑、人居的生长带来城市的成长 2007年之前,深圳像母亲,她的成熟带着万科不 年之前,深圳像母亲, 年之前 断向前 2007年,长大的万科,带着他深爱的深圳迈向更 年 长大的万科, 广阔、 广阔、更美好的人居未来
2007年,深圳万科品牌传播的主要任务: 年 深圳万科品牌传播的主要任务:
注重与消费者的沟通,强化与深圳 城市文脉的关联
2007年,品牌传播需要注意的原则
• 体现企业战略
– 将深圳万科的发展对城市的贡献和作用进行深度的 诠释。 – 以先锋、人文的企业精神区别于竞争对手,在深圳 市场树立品牌标杆 – 立足本地进行人性化的诉求,获得与消费者的互动, 通过体验式的公关、事件获得深圳人的认可和关注
1、品牌战略—立足深圳,区域做强做大,产品覆盖全面
土地储备战略 从天女散花的随机储备阶段过渡到适度集中型的储备基地战略, 集中在宝安中心区、龙岗中心城、龙华三个区域,实现区域做强做大 再向外发展。 中低高全布局,走齐全路线。 鸿荣源的产品覆盖了经济类产品、中档房产、高档产品、豪宅产品。
2、品牌口号和调性——优越生活实践家
新闻报道配合活动实时炒作, 主题性炒作配合活动造舆论攻势,并尽力扩大活动的后续影响力
新闻实况报道:
• 报道和软文标题示例:
– 《创新城市理想,城长的驱动力——万科启动2007城长战略》 – 《2007助力深圳未来城长——万科2007年战略版图拓展全面加速》 – 《2007面朝蓝海,万科领航》
• 媒介建议:《深圳特区报》、《南方都市报深圳版》
2、品牌口号和调性——人性化,有亲和力,绿色的
百年招商,家在情在
作为首个成片开发的招商地产,以人性化,有亲和力的品牌调性著称, 与深圳人的情感纽带很深,品牌口号更是将企业实力和消费者的利益紧 密地连接在了一起
3、品牌传播方式——以公关、文化活动为主
推广活动 日 期 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2006 2006 地点 深圳 深圳 深圳 深圳 深圳 全国 深圳 活动 招商地产2007绿色建筑设计大赛 招商会成立美伦葡萄酒俱乐部 花园城中心首场“每月心动抽奖晚 会” “太平人寿杯”国际象棋公开赛 招商地产为300余老年免费体检 “家在情在,情系中国”深圳少年 钢琴家全国巡演活动 第三届蛇口中外儿童绘画大赛 关键词 互动、文化 文化、互动 抽奖,互动 场地赞助 公益、互动 文化 文化,互动
主题性嵌入式炒作
• 炒作主题:“未来城,生长的方向——人居面向大深圳” • 在传统媒体和网络媒介上发起对深圳人居发展方向的主题讨论, 配合品牌硬广的发布。 • 通过阅读习惯在消费者心目中建立“万科成长”与“深圳城长” 的必然关联,更利于全年品牌的传播。
品牌传播的框架
万科成长 深圳城长 区域片区版块的成长 带动人居版图的成长
人居理念的成长 带动人文关怀的成长
创新意识的成长 带动先锋文化的成长
“万科成长,深圳城长”平面表现
品牌传播口号第二个方向的思考
解放
“解放”之于深圳和深圳人的意义
• 打破城市界限,创造城市未来更多可能
– 突破城市发展的桎梏,为城市的未来定义更多的可能
“2007,解放城·居”平面表现
PartⅡ:万科如何对深圳说?
——2007品牌传播规划设想
万科品牌推广原则:
1 2 3
突出品牌的品质感与人文特性
增加与消费者的互动与沟通, 增加与消费者的互动与沟通,加强与 产品的关联性, 产品的关联性,使品牌形象落到实处
引领消费者关注城市和自身的人居生活得 变化,从而关注万科品牌, 变化,从而关注万科品牌,提升美誉 度和知名度
深圳万科对深圳的成片开发已有多年,区域城系 已成趋势,尤其在收购了富春东方后,实力激增, 俨然成为深圳地产领袖
2007秉承“博大精深”的企业发展战略, 深圳万科厚积薄发,独领风骚
挑战——竞争对手于深圳深耕细作,与消费群有深
度沟通,基础深厚
战略重点 全国市场 全国市场 深圳区域 深圳辐射周 边 品牌口号 百年招商, 家在情在 优质生活创 想家 优越生活实 践家 科学筑家 诉求调性 人性化,亲 和的 稳健有内涵 锐意,产品 为先 温暖、重情 推广方式 公关、文化 公益、文化 娱乐商业 社区活动
• 打破人居理念的狭隘,创造深圳人更广视野
– 打破人居观念的狭隘,为深圳人实现不能实现的居住梦想
• 打破人居文化局限,创造多元深圳先锋文化
– 为各种人居文化创造对话的机会,打破文化界限,创造更包容的 文化氛围
2007年,万科对深圳说
2007,解放城·居 ,解放城·
这是一种先锋的行为,这是对原有城居 格局和理念的颠覆和进化,这是具有历 史意义的策略,这非具有先锋精神和使 命感的企业不能为。
面朝蓝海,万科领航 面朝蓝海,
发布会备选主题:
导航大深圳
此主题的意义在于:
• 以万科的东海岸扩张战略引出整个大深圳发展方向 • 表现企业的博大胸怀与踌躇满志 • 强调万科的雄厚实力和领航者地位
发布会背景板
媒体炒作形式:
– 新闻实况报道 以发布会的实况、主题为 主要内容,将深圳万科 07年的大深圳策略向整 个社会宣布 – 主题性嵌入式炒作 对策略主题的深入阐释, 通过对整个深圳发展方 向的关注,引起社会舆 论对万科发展方向的热 衷
——2007年品牌传播主题的提炼
品牌传播主题是品牌传播的核心精神和价值 的提炼,它应满足三个方面的要求
体现与竞争对手的
差异
体现企业战略的
体现品牌策略的 品牌传播 主题
高度
整合
2007年,万科要对深圳说什么? 年 万科要对深圳说什么? 将是在竞争者、企业战略、 将是在竞争者、企业战略、品牌策略三者作用下 对品牌核心诉求的提炼
从竞争对手的战略重点和品牌诉求中, 我们能够找到未来发展的机会和挑战
万科带来了竞争市场的空位。
机会—— 机会——竞争对手的发展阶段和侧重点的不同,为
•老区域竞争者重心向外
•全国影响力支持,在深圳万科势不可挡
•新区域竞争者成势尚需时日
•同为深圳区域片区开发的竞争者,招商、华侨城力谋向外,深圳市场属 于战略巩固,而新兴的鸿荣源虽然战略重点也在深圳片区,但其品牌的影 响力和实力尚不能与万科形成抗衡。
2、品牌口号和调性——科学筑家。
重情的诉求,温暖的科学
3、品牌传播方式——社区活动为主,注重互动
公关活动 活动 婴幼儿亲子“阅读”活动 金地少儿网球大赛 金地荔湖城2007城市体验年奥迪全程赞 助系列活动 亲子、互动 亲子、互动 品牌合作、强强联手 关键词
小结:
战略重点 全国市场 全国市场 深圳区域 深圳辐射周 边 品牌口号 百年招商, 家在情在 优质生活创 想家 优越生活实 践家 科学筑家 诉求调性 人性化,亲 和的 稳健有内涵 锐意,产品 为先 温暖、重情 推广方式 公关、文化 公益、文化 娱乐商业 社区活动
深圳本土发展商,调性活跃而新锐,更注重产品的表现,主要通过产 品来体现品牌价值和个性。
3、品牌传播方式——娱乐商业化的活动为主
公关活动 活动 超级女声靓相西岸 •鸿客户一周年庆典暨成人才艺大赛 鸿客会周年庆典系列体育大赛 2006年鸿客会“艺术空间 和谐生活”尚都装 修交流会 鸿客会牵手华润万家和苏宁,举办会员团购大 优惠活动 娱乐 娱乐、互动 娱乐、互动 沟通、互动 商业合作、优惠 关键词
1、品牌战略——创新产品带动品牌,发展中心向外转移
金地强调产品的人本、优质和创新。制定了全流程管理制度,在规划设计、建 筑计、建筑施工、客户服务等重要节点都实现了标准化,确保公司所有的工程优 良率都达到了100%。 根据金地未来的开发计划,住宅产品以低密度的中高端住宅物业为主,高端景 观物业以及地段住宅为辅,同时产品地域也要由城市中心向外转移。
• 体现“先锋创新的人居文化领袖”形象 • 强化与人、城市的沟通
2007,万科对深圳说什么?
•先锋的人居理念
年度品牌传播 主题
品牌传播主题第一个方向的思考:
成长
安藤忠雄曾经在他的著作《论建筑》中说道: 建筑也是有生命的……即使是建筑完全独立,不 受用地的影响,但它也会对用地产生强烈的影响。
这正如,万科之于深圳这座城市一样, 他们是互相扶持,一同成长的。
2007年,万科对深圳说:
万科成长, 万科成长,深圳城长
这一传播口号的好处在于
• 展示品牌的成熟与实力,阐述从地产品牌到城市建 设理念的大深圳扩张战略。 • 万科的战略规划标志着万科企业的成熟,万科是深 圳先锋文化的代表,万科的成熟推动着深圳的整体 人居向前发展。竞争对手仅对片区产生效应,而万 科则是通过“博大精深”的战略对整个深圳产生长 足的影响。