Operadic formulation of topological vertex algebras and Gerstenhaber or Batalin-Vilkovisky
脉冲电磁场联合双膦酸盐对绝经后骨质疏松症患者心理健康和生活质量的影响
- 20 -spondyloarthritis patients[J].Mod Rheumatol，2022，32（5）：974-979.[27] BAATEN C，SCHROER J R，FLOEGE J，et al.Plateletabnormalities in CKD and their implications for antiplatelet therapy[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol，2022，17（1）：155-170.[28] HE Z，WANG H，WANG S，et al.Predictive value of platelet-to-albumin ratio (PAR) for the cardiac-associated acute kidney injury and prognosis of patients in the intensive care unit[J].Int J Gen Med，2022，15：8315-8326.[29] COLOTTA F，ALLAVENA P，SICA A，et al.Cancer-relatedinflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer：links to genetic instability[J].Carcinogenesis，2009，30（7）：1073-1081.[30] KAWAI Y，MASUTANI K，TORISU K，et al.Associationbetween serum albumin level and incidence of end-stage renal disease in patients with Immunoglobulin a nephropathy：a possible role of albumin as an antioxidant agent[J/OL].PLoS One, 2018，13（5）：e0196655.https:///29795559/.[31]管娜，丁洁，杨霁云，等.基于病例对照研究的儿童肾病综合征低白蛋白血症诊断标准探讨[J].中国循证儿科杂志，2017，12（2）：131-134.[32] AKBOGA M K，CANPOLAT U，YUKSEL M，et al.Platelet tolymphocyte ratio as a novel indicator of inflammation is correlated with the severity of metabolic syndrome: a single center large-scale study[J].Platelets，2016，27（2）：178-183.（收稿日期：2023-11-17） （本文编辑：何玉勤）*基金项目：江西省卫生健康委科技计划项目（202311306）①南昌市洪都中医院骨质疏松科 江西 南昌 330000②南昌市洪都中医院针灸科 江西 南昌 330000通信作者：刘利群脉冲电磁场联合双膦酸盐对绝经后骨质疏松症患者心理健康和生活质量的影响*刘利群① 胡俊① 张莉莉② 袁忠① 张楚焌① 谈荣珍① 杨盼盼①【摘要】 目的：观察脉冲电磁场联合双膦酸盐对绝经后骨质疏松症患者心理健康和生活质量的影响。
西方文化习题汇总
Chapter One Culture in Ancient GreeceMultiple choices:1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras9. ________ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture10. Greek culture can date back to____.A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age11. Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy12. The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.A. the Heroic AgeB. the Golden AgeC. the Cretan CivilizationD. the Mycenaean Civilization13. The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.A. archaicB. centralC. dependentD. dark14. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.A. Justinian IB. CleonC. PericlesD. Ptolemy15. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Heraclitus16. Herodotus, father of Greek history, focused on describing the war between _____in his book, The Histories.A. Thebes and SpartaB. Persia and SyracuseC. Athens and SpartaD. Greeks and PersiansTrue of false question.(1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. F(2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. F(3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, was created by Myron. T(4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. F(5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. TShort answer questionsHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age, and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology, Greek philosophy started with Thales who believed that the material world originated in water. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning. Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Chapter Two Culture in Ancient RomeMultiple choices:1.Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which hadlasted about 1200 years throughout.A. Roman RepublicB. ByzantiumC. Pax RomanaD. Seven Hill Ally2.____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.A. Octavian and CaesarB. Caesar and RemusC. Romulus and RemusD. Romulus and Octavian3.____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.A. CaesarB. OctavianC. RemusD. Pompey4.The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius CaesarD. Octavian, Brutus, Marius5.Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainD. Carthage6.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero7.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard8.The Law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in _____.A.450 BCB. 200 BCC. 40 BCD. 400 BC9.The Italian poet Dante regarded _____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.A.VirgilB. HoraceC. OvidD. Chaucer10.In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th centuryTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. F(2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. F(3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas. F(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. T(5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. T(6) All Roman citizens were allowed to vote on laws or on the decision of who were to be leaders. F(7) After Civil War, Roman entered the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace in Rome. T(8) The first Trumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. F(9) In Rome, Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece. T(10) Before Christianity enter Rome, Ancient Romans had mostly been polytheists. TShort answer questionsPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire.Reasons:a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government.b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuseto take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.Chapter Three Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentMultiple choices:1.The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.A.586 BCB.450 BCC.336 BCD.586 AC2.Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.A.585 BCB.1000 BCC.1000 ADD.585 AD3.In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.A.David and SolomonB.Moses and DavidC.Jacob and DavidD.Jacob and Solomon4.The ancestor of the Jews is ___.A.GreekB. GermanicC. HebrewD. Roman5.The whole Old Testament is written in ______ except some brief portions which are in the Aramaic languageA.classical HebrewB.classical EnglishC.classical GreekD.classical LatinFill in the blanks1.Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.2.Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the BabylonianCaptivity and later period.3.The core of Judaism is Mose’s Ten Commandments and Rabbis’ interpretations of the doctrines.4.The Jewish New Year is called Rosh Hashanah.True of false question.1.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. F2.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa andApocrypha. T3.Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including theirlife in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. F4.The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T5.Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship orlegendary. TShort answer questionsSay something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literary value.What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures, such as Greek and Arabic cultures.The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. Another example concerns Philo, the major Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical element and Jewish theology.Chapter Four Christianity and The New TestamentFill in the blanks(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like Alexander the Great and the Romans, the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.(2) Plato’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.(3) Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church.(4) Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime.(5) Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.(6) The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious worship.(7) Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother.B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbor’s wife.D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion?A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all otherreligions?A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I7. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John Baptist(施洗者约翰)D. John Wycliff8. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ____ and started at the turn of ____A. Mary, 1st century ADB. Jesus Christ, 1st century ADC. Jehovah, 1st century BCD. Jesus Christ, 1st century BC9. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint(七十子译本《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)10. On February ____ , the Roman Emperor, ______ , accepted Christianity as the official religion.A. 380, Alexander the GreatB. 380, TheodosiusC. 400, OctavianD. 100, Jesus Christ11. _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. In 1054. In 1054 BC C. In 1055 D. In 38012. In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.A. St. PeterB. Saint Leo IC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin13. The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.A. Lutheran ChurchB. AnglicanismC. PresbyterianD. Free Churches14. ______ is the 2nd book of The Old Testament, telling the history of Hebrews, flight out of Egypt led by Moses.A. ExodusB. GospelC. GenesisD. Job15. _______ is the cradle of many civilizations, such as Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.A. EgyptB. Asia MinorC. JerusalemD. Aegean SeaShort answer questionReasons for Roman acceptance of Christianity:a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.True of False(1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven. F(2) Christianity is a kind of culture. T(3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in Roman Empire. T(4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by Christianity and Western culture. F(5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy Spirit in one divine being. TChapter Five The Middle Ages and Germanic CultureFill in the blanks(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture.(2) Neo-Platonism is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism.(3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.(4) The early medieval literature was represented by poems, particularly by hymns pressing the intense religious feelings of love of God.(5) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related to religion, since it was the focal point in people’s lives and the church was the principal promoter of artistic work.(6) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic styles.Multiple Choice1. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.A. the modern eraB. the Middle AgesC. the new periodD. the Renaissance2. The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______.A. FrenchB. ItaliansC. SlavsD. Tartars3. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4764.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs5. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James6.Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French7. Which of the following is NOT true about Scholasticism.A. Scholasticism was initiated by the medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity.B. The Scholars employed Aristotle’s statement and Plato’s theory of ideas to explain God’s existence.C. The Scholars made a compromise between science and philosophy.D. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. True or false questions(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. T(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. F(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. F(4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. T(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. T(6) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. F(7) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. T(8) The spirit of the Germans formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. T(9) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.T(10) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance. F(11) Serfs in the plantations of the Charlemagne’s Empire worked hard because they could be rewarded. F(12) The icon referred to the abstract image of Jesus Christ in the period of Byzantium. T(13) Scholasticism was created by Vatican in the Middle Ages to handle the ideas of infidelity with the help of classical philosophy. TShout answer questionsWhat is your comment on the status of medieval culture and politics in Western history?(1) social advantages for the change of productive means;(2) the weakening of the centralized system;(3) the increasing influences of the Church;(4) cultural contributions of Germans and other nationalities;a. Germanic contributions to Christianity－Power in Christian Trinity mainly came from the Goths who were brave, militant and tactically capable of warring. Charlemagne the Great tried to restore Roman culture and promote cultural development.b. The Muslims also contributed considerably to the preservation and dissemination of classical culture.(5) utilitarian tendency of the medieval culture;a. the emergence of a range of different cultures;b. the humanizing and perfecting of hierarchy;c. the humanization of Christian doctrines.Chapter Six Culture during the RenaissanceFill in the blanks(1) The Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art; while the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology.(2) With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.(3) Calvin’s theory of Predestination conformed to expectations of bourgeoisie.(4) Calvin practiced his democratic and republican system on the basis of principles in the New Testaments.(5) Francis Bacon was the founder of experimental science and materialism.(6) “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by Rene Descartes.Multiple Choice1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo7. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford8. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.10. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的）authorities take place?A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII11. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Queen12. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man,expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia13. Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家)D. Shakespeare14.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance15. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet?A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne16. In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?A. BruegelB. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯C. El GrecoD. Rabelais17. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question. ”is from whose works?A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakespeare18. The core idea of the Renaissance was ________.A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism19.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. commercial20. The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______.A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society21. The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life22. Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.True or false(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance. T(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile. F(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle. T(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution. T(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered the development of the former. T(6) Cultural salon was founded in order to spread the Graeco-Roman culture. F(7) The discussions in the cultural salon helped to improve cultural manners. T(8) The French Academy derives from a club of ten members discussing questions of common interest. F(9) Drama was a vigorous and popular cultural activity during the Renaissance in France. T(10) Drama in this period focused on moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement. TShort answer questions1.Try to list the elements which contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance.Hints: the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.3. Please illustrate the features of social ideology during the Renaissance and its representative figures.The social ideology was based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. The core of social ideology during the Renaissance was humanism, which reflected strongly the wishes and desires of the civilian class and essentially an expression of the bourgeois individualism and hedonism. Humanism contributed remarkably to the later social and intellectual advances in the Western world.Representative figures are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.4. Please clarify the significance of the Religious Reformation in the Western world.The Reformation made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.a. With the far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.b. The Reformation was the most effective and influential in terms of the results it achieved. It not only contributed to the ecclesiastical development of Christianity, but opened the way to much of the subsequent social and intellectual progress of the West.5. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.。
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分析公司的融资需求和成本，选择合 适的融资方式和渠道，优化资本结构 。
风险管理
识别和分析公司面临的财务风险，制 定风险管理策略和应对措施，保障公 司的财务安全。
THANKS
感谢观看
国际化趋势
云计算技术应用
云计算技术的成熟为酒店业提供了高 效、稳定的信息化解决方案，OPERA 系统采用云计算技术，实现了数据集 中管理、资源共享。
酒店业国际化趋势明显，OPERA系统 支持多语言、多货币、多税制等功能 ，满足酒店全球化运营需求。
OPERA系统特点
OPERA系统将前台、后台、财务 、销售等各个业务部门紧密集成 在一起，实现数据共享和业务流 程优化。
OPERA培训教程
目录
• OPERA系统概述 • OPERA系统基础操作 • 前台接待管理 • 客房管理 • 餐饮娱乐管理 • 财务管理与报表分析
01
OPERA系统概述
Chapter
OPERA系统背景
酒店行业信化发展
随着酒店行业规模不断扩大，信息化 管理需求日益凸显，OPERA系统应运 而生。
操作。
03
前台接待管理
Chapter
预订管理
预订接收与确认
学习如何接收客人预订，包括电 话、传真、网络等渠道的预订， 并确认预订细节，如房型、房价
高三英语美术高考应试技巧单选题30道
高三英语美术高考应试技巧单选题30道1. In the art studio, she has ______ kinds of brushes for painting.A. manyB. muchC. a fewD. a little答案：A。
本题考查词汇辨析。
“many”修饰可数名词复数，“brushes”是可数名词复数，A 选项符合；“much”修饰不可数名词；“a few”表示“一些”，但程度不如“many”；“a little”修饰不可数名词。
2. The artist spent ______ time on this masterpiece.A. a lotB. lots ofC. a number ofD. plenty of答案：D。
本题考查短语用法。
“plenty of”可修饰可数名词和不可数名词，“time”是不可数名词，D 选项合适；“a lot”需加“of”才能接名词；“lots of”和“a number of”都修饰可数名词。
3. When appreciating the painting, we should pay attention to ______ details.A. everyB. eachC. all答案：C。
本题考查词汇含义。
“details”是复数，A 选项“every”修饰单数名词；B 选项“each”强调个体，通常修饰单数名词；C 选项“all”表示“所有的”，可修饰复数名词，符合题意；D 选项“both”用于两者。
4. The color of this drawing is ______ than that one.A. more beautifulB. more brightlyC. brighterD. most bright答案：C。
本题考查形容词比较级。
形容颜色“亮”用“bright”，其比较级是“brighter”，C 选项正确；A 选项“more beautiful”形容事物“美丽”；B 选项“more brightly”是副词比较级；D 选项“most bright”形式错误。
优质护理在脑梗死患者护理中的应用效果评价
review[J].Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub,2012,156:186-199.[12] Lubiński J,Lener MR,Marciniak W,et al.Serum essential elements andsurvival after cancer diagnosis[J].Nutrients,2023,15(11):2611.[13] Schenk JM,Till C,Neuhouser M,et al.Differential biopsy patternsinfluence associations between multivitamin use and prostate cancer risk in the selenium and vitamin e cancer prevention trial[J].Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev,2022,31:2063-2069.[14] Crowe FL,Appleby PN,Travis RC,et al.Endogenous hormones,nutritionalbiomarkers and prostate cancer collaborative group. Circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis of prospective studies[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,2014,106(9):dju240.[15] Parra-SS,Ahumada D,Petermann-Rocha F,et al.Association ofmeat,vegetarian,pescatarian and fish-poultry diets with risk of 19 cancer sites and all cancer:findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study and meta-analysis[J].BMC Med,2022,20:79.[16] Birney E.Mendelian randomization[J].Cold Spring Harb PerspectMed,2022,12(4):a041302.[17] Davey SG,Hemani G.Mendelian randomization:genetic anchors for causalinference in epidemiological studies[J].Hum Mol Genet,2014,23:89-98.[18] Dong H,Kong X,Wang X,et al.The causal effect of dietary compositionon the risk of breast cancer: A mendelian randomization study[J].Nutrients,2023,15(11):2586.[19] Yan H,Jin X,Zhang C,et al.Associations between diet and incidencerisk of lung cancer: A Mendelian randomization study[J].Front Nutr,2023,10:1149317.[20] Yin L,Yan H,Chen K,et al.Diet-derived circulating antioxidants andrisk of digestive system tumors: A mendelian randomization study[J].Nutrients,2022,14(16):3274.[21] Brasky TM,Darke AK,Song X,et al.Plasma phospholipid fatty acidsand prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial[J].J Natl Cancer Inst,2013,105:1132-1141.[22] Outzen M,Tj ønneland A,Christensen J,et al.Fish consumption andprostate cancer risk and mortality in a Danish cohort study[J].Eur J Cancer Prev,2018,27:355-360.[23] Fu YQ,Zheng JS,Yang B,et al.Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids onthe risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies[J].J Epidemiol,2015,25:261-274.[24] Burgess S,Swanson SA,Labrecque JA.are mendelian randomizationinvestigations immune from bias due to reverse causation[J].Eur J Epidemiol,2021,36:253-257.[25] Guo JZ,Xiao Q,Gao S,et al.Review of Mendelian Randomization Studieson Ovarian Cancer[J].Front Oncol,2021,11:681396.[2024-01-07收稿]脑血管疾病是指脑血管病变所引起的脑功能障碍。
八年级英语历史事件单选题50题
八年级英语历史事件单选题50题1. Who is known as the father of history?A. HerodotusB. ThucydidesC. PlatoD. Aristotle答案：A。
Herodotus 被称为“历史之父”。
选项B Thucydides 也是著名的历史学家，但不是“历史之父”。
选项C Plato 是哲学家。
选项D Aristotle 也是哲学家。
2. The ancient Egyptian pyramids were built for _.A. kingsB. priestsC. merchantsD. farmers答案：A。
古埃及金字塔是为国王建造的。
选项B priests 是祭司，金字塔不是为他们建造的。
选项C merchants 是商人，选项D farmers 是农民，都不符合。
3. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games were held to honor _.A. ZeusB. ApolloC. AthenaD. Poseidon答案：A。
古代希腊奥运会是为了纪念宙斯举办的。
选项B Apollo 是阿波罗，选项C Athena 是雅典娜，选项D Poseidon 是波塞冬，都不是奥运会纪念的对象。
4. The Roman Empire was known for its _.A. democracyB. monarchyC. republicD. dictatorship答案：B。
罗马帝国以君主制闻名。
选项 A democracy 是民主，罗马帝国不是民主国家。
选项C republic 是共和国，罗马帝国后期不是共和国。
选项 D dictatorship 独裁统治不太准确地概括罗马帝国。
5. The ancient Silk Road connected _.A. Europe and AsiaB. Africa and AsiaC. America and AsiaD. Australia and Asia答案：A。
独树一帜还是随波逐流
费者会将自身的需求放在首位ꎬ 更在意产品的独特性和新颖性ꎬ 产品效用会随购买人数增加而降
１３１
珞珈管理评论
２０２４ 年卷第 ２ 辑 ( 总第 ５３ 辑)
低ꎻ 跟随型消费者则把其他消费者的期望或行为作为自己行为参照的准则ꎬ 进而在自己的产品评
管理评论
Ｌｕｏｊｉａ Ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ
２０２４ 年卷第 ２ 辑 ( 总第 ５３ 辑)
Ｎｏ ２ꎬ ２０２４ ( Ｓｕｍ ５３)
独树一帜还是随波逐流?
消费者类型和奢侈品环保信息
交互效应对购买意愿的影响
∗
•冯文婷１ 李 洁２ 沈先运２ 刘陈陵２
(１ 中国地质大学 ( 武汉) 珠宝学院 武汉 ４３００７４ꎻ
侈品品牌热衷于投身可持续性实践活动ꎬ 开发可持续奢侈品的生产线ꎬ 可持续奢侈品日益成为一种
新的时尚潮流 ( Ｌｉ ＆ Ｌｅｏｎａｓꎬ ２０１９) ꎮ
可持续奢侈品是指符合环保诉求ꎬ 具有节能、 无害等可持续属性或相关联的奢侈品ꎮ 现有研究
表明ꎬ 消费者对于可持续奢侈品存在两种矛盾态度: 一方面ꎬ “ 可持续” 与自我超越、 道德和利他主
目ꎻ 阿玛尼则承诺 ２０２０ 年起避免在生产过程中使用危险化学品ꎻ 古驰也在 ２０１７ 年宣布不再使用一切
动物皮草ꎮ 此外ꎬ 在全球可持续时尚峰会上ꎬ 宝格丽首席执行官提出: “ 作为一个奢侈品品牌ꎬ 宝格
丽以其可持续性发展的品牌理念为傲ꎬ 在每一个经营环节中坚持合乎道德的生产准则” ꎮ 这表明ꎬ 奢
实验二验证消费者心理需求 ( 分化、 同化) 和奢侈品环保信息 ( 可持续、 非可持续) 的匹配一致性
高维欧式期权定价模型的奇摄动解
（．） １ ８ （．） １ ９
因此，由式 （． ， ． 可得 １ ）１ ） ３ （４ ｄ Ｓ＝ｒ ］ ｄ ＋［］ （）ｗ ， ［ Ｉ ｔ ＳＦ ｙｄ Ｓｌ （． ） １０ １
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３ Ｅ１ ； ４ ０ ； １ ２ ４ ５ ３Ｆ ５ ９ Ｂ ５ ２１ ０ ０数学分 类号
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文献标志码 Ａ
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介绍京剧的英语作文含5个名词性从句
京剧的魅力：五个名词性从句揭示国粹之深As an esteemed cultural heritage of China, Peking Opera, also known as "Pingju," encapsulates the essence of traditional Chinese performing arts. It is a vibrant fusion of music, dance, acting, acrobatics, and painting, all wrapped in a rich tapestry of historical and cultural references. Five noun clauses are employed below to delveeper into the fascinating world of Peking Opera.**Clause 1: What Defines Peking Opera?**Peking Opera is what encapsulates the rich tapestry of Chinese culture, combining elements of music, dance, acting, and visual arts to create a unique theatrical experience.**Clause 2: Who Are the Main Characters in Peking Opera?**The main characters in Peking Opera are the renowned performers, known as "sheng," "dan," "jing," and "chou," each specialized in a particular style of performance and representing a different gender or type of character.**Clause 3: Where Did Peking Opera Originate?**Peking Opera originated in the capital city of China, Beijing, where it evolved from various regional opera forms and incorporated influences from various cultural and artistic traditions.**Clause 4: Why Is Peking Opera So Popular?**Peking Opera is popular because it offers a vivid and engaging way to tell historical and mythical stories, often with profound moral lessons. Its intricate costumes, powerful vocals, and exaggerated acting styles resonate deeply with audiences, making it a highly accessible and enjoyable form of entertainment.**Clause 5: How Has Peking Opera Evolved Over Time?** Peking Opera has evolved over time, adapting to changing social and cultural landscapes while maintaining its core artistic values. Modern productions often incorporate innovative staging, lighting, and sound design, making the classic art form more accessible and appealing to contemporary audiences.Peking Opera is a vibrant and dynamic expression of Chinese culture, a testament to the rich tapestry ofhistorical and artistic influences that have shaped it over centuries. Its intricate costumes, powerful vocals, and exaggerated acting styles bring historical and mythical stories to life, offering audiences a profound and engaging theatrical experience. The dedication and skill of its performers, the intricate details of its costumes and sets, and the deep cultural resonances of its stories all contribute to the enduring popularity and enduring relevance of Peking Opera.**京剧的魅力：五个名词性从句揭示国粹之深**作为中国备受尊敬的文化遗产，京剧——也被称为“平剧”——汇集了中国传统表演艺术的精髓。
导游英语试题及答案
导游英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the most common mode of transportation fortourists in a foreign country?A) WalkingB) BicyclingC) Public transportD) Private car答案：C2. Which of the following is NOT a typical tourist attraction?A) MuseumsB) Shopping mallsC) Historical sitesD) Airports答案：D3. What does the acronym "UNESCO" stand for?A) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationB) Universal Network for Education and ScienceC) United Nations Economic and Social CouncilD) United Nations Environmental and Scientific Committee答案：A4. What is the meaning of the phrase "check-in" in the context of hotel services?A) To confirm the reservationB) To pay the billC) To leave the hotelD) To book a room答案：A5. Which of the following is a common phrase used by a tour guide to describe a scenic spot?A) "Please keep your voices down."B) "Here we are, ladies and gentlemen."C) "Please do not take any photos."D) "This way to the restroom."答案：B6. What is the term used for a person who speaks more than one language fluently?A) TranslatorB) InterpreterC) PolyglotD) Linguist答案：C7. What does "visa" refer to?A) A type of travel insuranceB) An official document that allows entry into a countryC) A type of credit cardD) A form of identification答案：B8. What is the term for a person who is responsible for guiding tourists around a city or site?A) TouristB) TravelerC) GuideD) Navigator答案：C9. Which of the following is NOT a typical activity for a tour group?A) Visiting a local marketB) Attending a business meetingC) Taking a city tourD) Dining at a local restaurant答案：B10. What is the meaning of "customs" in the context of international travel?A) The local culture and traditionsB) The process of declaring goods at the borderC) The local cuisineD) The local weather答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. When a tourist is leaving a country, they typically go through the ______ process at the airport.答案：customs12. The phrase "hop on-hop off" is commonly associated with ______ tours.答案：bus13. A tour guide should always be aware of the ______ needs of their group members.答案：special14. The term "itinerary" refers to the ______ of a trip.答案：schedule15. A "layover" is a period of time spent waiting between two flights, typically in an ______.答案：airport16. When a tour guide is explaining the history of a place, they might use the phrase "________" to indicate the end of the story.答案：That concludes our visit17. Tourists are often advised to keep their belongings secure and to be aware of ________.答案：pickpockets18. The phrase "________" is used to encourage tourists to ask questions.答案：Any questions so far?19. A "day trip" is a short journey that usually takes place within a ________.答案：day20. When a tour guide is explaining the rules of a tour, they might say "________" to ensure everyone understands.答案：Please pay attention三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. What are the primary responsibilities of a tour guide?答案：A tour guide's primary responsibilities include ensuring the safety and comfort of the group, providing information about the sites visited, answering questions, and managing the group's itinerary.22. What should a tour guide do if a tourist gets lost duringa tour?答案：If a tourist gets lost during a tour, the guide should immediately stop the group, contact the lost touristif possible, and arrange for a search or return to the last known location to find the tourist.23. How can a tour guide make a tour more engaging for tourists?答案：A tour guide can make a tour more engaging by using storytelling techniques, incorporating interactive elementssuch as quizzes or games, and encouraging tourists to ask questions and share their own experiences.24. What are some common challenges faced。
法布里珀罗基模共振英文
法布里珀罗基模共振英文The Fabryperot ResonanceOptics, the study of light and its properties, has been a subject of fascination for scientists and researchers for centuries. One of the fundamental phenomena in optics is the Fabry-Perot resonance, named after the French physicists Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot, who first described it in the late 19th century. This resonance effect has numerous applications in various fields, ranging from telecommunications to quantum physics, and its understanding is crucial in the development of advanced optical technologies.The Fabry-Perot resonance occurs when light is reflected multiple times between two parallel, partially reflective surfaces, known as mirrors. This creates a standing wave pattern within the cavity formed by the mirrors, where the light waves interfere constructively and destructively to produce a series of sharp peaks and valleys in the transmitted and reflected light intensity. The specific wavelengths at which the constructive interference occurs are known as the resonant wavelengths of the Fabry-Perot cavity.The resonant wavelengths of a Fabry-Perot cavity are determined bythe distance between the mirrors, the refractive index of the material within the cavity, and the wavelength of the incident light. When the optical path length, which is the product of the refractive index and the physical distance between the mirrors, is an integer multiple of the wavelength of the incident light, the light waves interfere constructively, resulting in a high-intensity transmission through the cavity. Conversely, when the optical path length is not an integer multiple of the wavelength, the light waves interfere destructively, leading to a low-intensity transmission.The sharpness of the resonant peaks in a Fabry-Perot cavity is determined by the reflectivity of the mirrors. Highly reflective mirrors result in a higher finesse, which is a measure of the ratio of the spacing between the resonant peaks to their width. This high finesse allows for the creation of narrow-linewidth, high-resolution optical filters and laser cavities, which are essential components in various optical systems.One of the key applications of the Fabry-Perot resonance is in the field of optical telecommunications. Fiber-optic communication systems often utilize Fabry-Perot filters to select specific wavelength channels for data transmission, enabling the efficient use of the available bandwidth in fiber-optic networks. These filters can be tuned by adjusting the mirror separation or the refractive index of the cavity, allowing for dynamic wavelength selection andreconfiguration of the communication system.Another important application of the Fabry-Perot resonance is in the field of laser technology. Fabry-Perot cavities are commonly used as the optical resonator in various types of lasers, providing the necessary feedback to sustain the lasing process. The high finesse of the Fabry-Perot cavity allows for the generation of highly monochromatic and coherent light, which is crucial for applications such as spectroscopy, interferometry, and precision metrology.In the realm of quantum physics, the Fabry-Perot resonance plays a crucial role in the study of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). In cQED, atoms or other quantum systems are placed inside a Fabry-Perot cavity, where the strong interaction between the atoms and the confined electromagnetic field can lead to the observation of fascinating quantum phenomena, such as the Purcell effect, vacuum Rabi oscillations, and the generation of nonclassical states of light.Furthermore, the Fabry-Perot resonance has found applications in the field of optical sensing, where it is used to detect small changes in physical parameters, such as displacement, pressure, or temperature. The high sensitivity and stability of Fabry-Perot interferometers make them valuable tools in various sensing and measurement applications, ranging from seismic monitoring to the detection of gravitational waves.The Fabry-Perot resonance is a fundamental concept in optics that has enabled the development of numerous advanced optical technologies. Its versatility and importance in various fields of science and engineering have made it a subject of continuous research and innovation. As the field of optics continues to advance, the Fabry-Perot resonance will undoubtedly play an increasingly crucial role in shaping the future of optical systems and applications.。
Overlap
¯ and ψ are Dirac fermions and the mass matrix M is infinite. It has a single zero ψ mode but its adjoint has no zero modes. As long as MM† > 0 this setup is stable under small deformations of the mass matrix implying that radiative corrections will not wash the zero mode away. Kaplan’s domain wall suggests the following realization: M = −∂s − f (s), (2)
where s ∈ (−∞, ∞) and f is fixed at −Λ′ for negative s and at Λ for positive s (Λ′ , Λ > 0. There is no mathematical difficulty associated with the discontinuity at s = 0. The infinite path integral over the fermions is easily “done”: on the positive and negative segments of the real line respectively one has propagation with an s-independent “Hamiltonian”. The infinite extent means that at s = 0 the path integrals produce the overlap (inner product) between the two ground states of the many fermion systems corresponding to each side of the origin in s. The infinite extent also means infinite exponents linearly proportional to the respective energies - these factors are subtracted. One is left 2
法国卢浮宫英文
目录
01
Introduction to the
Louvre
The Historical Background of the Louvre
Over the centers, the Louvre has evolved from a stress to a royal palace and has hosted numerical historical events, including royal weddings and the decoration of kings
The impact on French history and culture
Reflections French history
The Louvre's collection includes artifacts that trace back to the French month, advancing a window into the country's rich history It serves as a symbol of French cultural heritage
Promotes French culture
As a top tour destination, the Louvre attracts miles of visitors each year, many of whom are exposed to French culture and history This has contributed to the wider discussion of French culture around the world
Modern artworks
君士坦丁堡城市功能研究
君士坦丁堡城市功能研究陈志强内容提要：拜占庭帝国首都君士坦丁堡具有多样性的功能，在千年帝国史上发挥了皇权专制帝国政治中心的功能，成为拜占庭帝国的鮮明政治象征。
君士坦丁堡还是拜占庭帝国最重要的军事堡垒，发挥了抵御外敌，抗击武力入侵的军事功能，同时因其安全性而成为拜占庭帝国多样性外交活动的舞台，发挥了外交平台功能。
君士坦丁堡更是欧洲地中海世界的经济中心，长期发挥经贸活动中心的功能。
君士坦丁堡还是该地区东正教中心和文化交往中心，发挥其独特的文化和信仰中心的作用。
关键词：拜占庭帝国君士坦丁堡地中海城市1453年，当苏丹穆罕默德二世攻陷了拜占庭帝国首都君士坦丁堡后，便根据人们常用的其简称，用土耳其语称之为“伊斯坦布尔”。
这个城市 是具有千年历史的拜占庭帝国的都城，最初是沿用其古代称谓“拜占庭”，后来拜占庭帝国（即东罗马帝国）的首位皇帝君士坦丁一世在这座古希腊 商业殖民城市旧址上，大规模修建，并于330年开城启用，后人为纪念这 位伟大的建城者而改其名为“君士坦丁堡”。
®这个城市此后便成为拜占庭 帝国的中心，在帝国历史上发挥了极其重要的作用，展现了其辉煌的城市 发展史。
由于该城在帝国千年史上占据的特殊地位，并成为拜占庭文明生活 的光辉舞台，后世人才恰如其分地用其名字指称整个帝国。
鉴于该城的重要 **本文为国家社科基金重大项目“拜占庭历史与文化研究”（14Z D B061)的阶段性成果。
① Demetrius John Georgacas, “The Names of Constantinople”，Transactions and Proceedings of theAmerican Philological Association f Vol. 78 (1947), pp. 347 -367.的城市史研究（第4〇辑）性，国际学术界对之开展了长期的多学科研究，取得了大量研究成果。
®这 些成果成为我们探讨君士坦丁堡城市发展问题的重要参考。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan W omenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek de mocracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialis m.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judais m and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V ulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval t imes there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in wes tern Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, th e western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.② Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo ——David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures agains t different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The V enus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replac ing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis mCalvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
开普兰讲解
先看主题：P304T7 主干十分简单，（）的决定导致了一片祸害，主语必定是倒霉事，所以空格一为贬义，，而空格2要与barren 并列，所以答案为EBarren荒凉的conscientious按良心做事的；小心的despoil 掠夺，剥夺Sustain 支持，维持shrewd 精明的debilitate 削弱innovative 创新的Fertilize使肥沃，施肥imprudent不谨慎的prudent谨慎的denude使裸露P314T2 人们成立委员会的目的是为了（）令人恶心的交通。
所以空格一定填干掉。
所以选BAlleviate减轻trivial 琐屑的pedestrian步行的；平凡无奇的P41T1 转折后说大部分人没有希望，那么空格一应该是有希望，活得很爽的感觉，直接选EAquire获得，学到pretentious 臭装的yield产生；放弃，屈服attain 得到Amenity快乐，舒服P101T4 学生的字典是有用的，褒义，那么转折前是贬义not+（）=贬义，所以空格1是褒义，直接选EIntense 剧烈的obsolete废弃的ostentatious炫耀的contemporary同时代的Plentiful大量的comprehensive广泛的meager缺乏的P221T4 主干说，他知道要全力避免跑步和举重，说明跑和举重对他身体肯定不好，所以（）不舒服=对身体不好，所以空格2为正向词，在C,E中选。
进而从通顺角度选择C Original最初的；原创的relieve减轻predominant 占主导的induce引起；劝诱Inhibit阻止partial部分的；偏心的P372T3转折前说它好，转折后肯定是贬义，出事了，直接选择ASupplant取代redouble使……成2倍，加强augment增加brandish摇动Evade 逃避；使迷惑P394T5 as提示原因，原因是匆忙的，所以做出来的一定不好，not（）=不好，所以空格一是褒义，所以直接选择C Ramble 漫游collage拼贴画ambiguous模糊的coherent 连贯的Hodgepodge大杂烩amorphous无固定形状的morass 困境harangue长篇大论P461T1，tireless是表示褒义，所以两个空格加进去应该是褒义，直接选ETempt引诱tempting吸引人的abstain戒绝forage寻找食物P492T3 but以后说，这么多年没效果，并且产生了很多的困惑，所以这个东西的特征应该是不容易弄明白的，所以答案在AB中选，从通顺角度选择BBewilder使迷惑dignified 表现出神圣的mystify使迷糊；使神秘Perplex使迷惑explicate解释eccentric离奇古怪的stolid冷漠的intriguing迷人的reasonable合理的P563T1 intellectually提示整句感情色彩为褒义，所以空格2为褒义，在ABD中选择。
新视野读写教程第三版大学英语4翻译
第一单元一、英译汉Aristo tle was an ancien t Greekphilos opher and scient ist.亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。
His writin gs covermany subjec ts, includ ing physic s, biolog y, zoolog y, logic, ethics, poetry, theate r, music, lingui stics, politi cs and govern ment, and consti tutethe firstcompre hensi ve system of Wester n philos ophy.他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。
Aristo tle was the firstto classi fy areasof humanknowle dge into distin ct discip lines such as mathem atics, biolog y, and ethics.亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。
He believ ed all people's concep ts and all theirknowle dge were ultima telybasedon percep tion.他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。
His viewson natura l scienc es laid the ground workfor many of his works.他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。
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a rXiv:h ep-th/93621v13J u n1993OPERADIC FORMULATION OF TOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS AND GERSTENHABER OR BATALIN-VILKOVISKY ALGEBRAS YI-ZHI HUANG Abstract .We give the operadic formulation of (weak,strong)topological vertex algebras,which are variants of topological vertex operator algebras studied recently by Lian and Zuckerman.As an application,we obtain a conceptual and geometric construction of the Batalin-Vilkovisky algebraic structure (or the Gerstenhaber al-gebra structure)on the cohomology of a topological vertex algebra (or of a weak topological vertex algebra)by combining this operadic formulation with a theorem of Getzler (or of Cohen)which formulates Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras (or Gersten-haber algebras)in terms of the homology of the framed little disk operad (or of the little disk operad). 1.Introduction Recently operads have received a lot of attentions from mathematicians working in different areas.Many complicated algebraic structures can now be formulated and studied conceptually using the language of operads.In the present paper,we give the operadic formulation of another type of algebraic structures —(weak,strong)topological vertex algebras —which are variants of topological vertex operator alge-bras defined in [LZ].As an application,we obtain a geometric construction of theBatalin-Vilkovisky algebraic structure (or the Gerstenhaber algebra structure)on the cohomology of a topological vertex algebra (or of a weak topological vertex algebra)using this operadic formulation and a recent theorem of Getzler [Get](or a theorem of Cohen [C][Get]).Operads are devices to describe operations.For classical algebraic structures,the correponding operads are so simple (geometrically they are usually constructed from one-dimensional objects)that these operads themselves do not have any interesting structure to be studied.Even though the notion of operad is very natural,it would be only a fancy language rather than a necessary and deep way to understand operations conceptually for these classical algebraic structures.But the situation changes when2YI-ZHI HUANGwe consider more complicated operations.Thefirst important example of an operad-like structure occurred in Stasheff’s notion of A∞-space[S1].Unlike the operads for classical algebraic structures,it has rich geometric structure.In[May],May formalized the notion of operad and began to use it systematically in the study of iterated loop spaces.The recent studies of Gerstenhaber algebras,Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras,homotopy Lie algebras and vertex operator algebras in terms of operads(see, for example,[Get][HS][HL1][HL2])show the power and importance of the notion of operad.See also[S2]for a recent survey.The notion of vertex operator algebra and its various variants arises naturally in the vertex operator construction of the Monster sporadic group by Frenkel,Lepowsky and Meurman[FLM1].It is essentially the same as the notion of chiral algebra in conformalfield theory(see,e.g.,[MS]).In[B]Borcherds introduces the notion of vertex algebra based on his insightful understanding of[FLM1].In[FLM2],the notion of vertex operator algebra—a modification of that of vertex algebra—is introduced and it is proved that the moonshine module constructed in[FLM1]has the structure of a vertex operator algebra such that the Monster is its automorphism group.In[FHL],the basic axiomatic theory of vertex operator algebras is developed. The difference between vertex algebras and vertex operator algebras is that vertex algebras do not have to satisfy those axioms on the grading and do not have to have a Virasoro element.We can also define some other variants of vertex operator algebras by relaxing or generalizing some other axioms.For various examples,variants and generalizations of vertex operator algebras,see,for example,[FLM2][FHL][T][FFR] [H3][FZ][DL][L].In[H1][H2][HL1][HL2][H4],it has been established that vertex operator algebras are in fact algebras over the partial operads of powers of the determinant line bundle over the partial operad K of a certain moduli space of spheres with punctures and local coordinates,satisfying a certain meromorphicity axiom.A small part of this operadic interpretation of vertex operator algebras in fact shows that vertex algebras are algebras over a partial suboperadˆK of K satisfying the part of meromorphic-ity axiom which still make sense forˆK.In this paper,the algebraic structures we will study are variants of topological vertex operator algebra introduced by Lian and Zuckerman:weak topological vertex algebras,topological vertex algebras and strong topological vertex algebras(see Definition2.1).The main purpose of the present pa-per is to give a completely geometric formulation of these topological vertex algebras using the structure of the partial operadˆK.We show that the category of topological vertex algebras(or weak topological vertex algebras)is isomorphic to a category whose objects are triples of the form (V,Q,{ωj|j∈N})where V is a Z×Z-graded vector space,Q an operator on V of degree1with respect to the second Z-grading andωj a holomorphic form onˆK(j) for every j in the set N of nonnegative integers,satisfying certain natural axioms. An immediate consequence is that the operad of the homology of the framed littleTOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS3 disk operad(or the little disk operad)acts on the cohomology of a topological vertex algebra(or of a weak topological vertex algebra).Combined with Getzler’s theorem (or Cohen’s theorem)which describes Batalin-Vilkovisky algebras(or Gerstenhaber algebras)in terms of the operad of the homology of the framed little disk operad (or of the little disk operad),it gives the Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure(or the Gerstenhaber structure)on the cohomology of a topological vertex algebra(or of a weak topological vertex algebra).This last result has been obtainedfirst by Lian and Zuckerman[LZ].Also,beginning with the geometric axioms of topological conformalfield theories,Getzler has shown that the cohomology of a topological con-formalfield theory has the structure of a Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra[Get].The main new result of the present paper is the equivalence between the algebraic formulation and the geometric formulation of(weak,strong)topological vertex algebras and,as a consequence,Lian-Zuckerman’s result can now be understood conceptually using the results of this paper and Getzler’s theorem or Cohen’s theorem.This equivalence also provides examples of what Getzler begins with.In fact it can be shown further that the category of strong topological vertex algebras is isomorphic to the category of algebras over the partial operad of the differentiable chain complexes of the partial operadˆK satisfying a certain meromorphicity axiom.But since the meromophicity axiom for these algebras over the differentiable chain complexes is much more compli-cated than that forωj,j∈N and the formulation in terms of these forms is already conceptual enough,we only give half of this further formulation for future topological applications;we show that these forms give a morphism of differential graded partial operads from the partial operad of the differentiable chain complexes of the partial operadˆK to the endomorphism partial pseudo-operad for V.One remark on the algebraic and geometric formulations of quantumfield theo-ries might be helpful here.In general,the geometric formulations of quantumfield theories are axiomizations of the path integral approach in physics and have the ad-vantage that they give conceptually satisfactory definitions and they also allow one to derive many important results using the geometric intuition.One famous example is the Verlinde formula.In[MS],it is shown at the physical level of rigor that the geometric axioms plus the rationality imply the Verlinde conjecture that the modular transformation corresponding toτ→−1/τdiagonalizes the fusion rules.If one can show that all irreducible highest weight representations at level k of an affine Lie algebra indeed give a rational conformalfield theory,the Verlinde formula which has attracted many mathematicians recently will be an easy consequence.But in fact the most difficult part is the rigorous construction of a rational conformalfield the-ory satisfying the geometric axioms.Even in the affine Lie algebra case,a complete construction of the corresponding rational conformalfield theories(not just the con-struction of the conformal blocks)is still to be given.On the other hand,the algebraic formulations of quantumfield theories correspond to the operator product expansion approach in physics and many concrete quantumfield theories in the algebraic for-4YI-ZHI HUANGmulations can be constructed rigorously from some simple algebraic data.But the axioms in the algebraic formulations are usually complicated and are conceptually difficult to understand.It is therefore necessary and important to establish rigorously the relationship between the algebraic and geometric formulations.In some sense, establishing the equivalence between the algebraic and geometric formulations can be thought of as establishing the existence of path integrals rigorously without writ-ing down the classicalfields and the Lagrangians of quantumfield theories explicitly, since the axioms in the geometric formulations are nothing but the properties of path integrals.The papers[H1][H2][HL1][HL2][H4]are in this spirit.The present paper is another one in this spirit.The present paper is based on the operadic formulation of(graded)vertex algebras in terms of the partial operadˆK.Roughly speaking,a weak topological vertex algebra is a graded vertex algebra together with three operators Q,g(0)and g(−1)satisfying certain natural axioms including Q2=0.A topological vertex algebra is a weak topological vertex algebra satisfying the additional axiom that(g(0))2is Q-exact.A strong topological vertex algebra is a topological vertex algebra satisfying the stronger axiom that(g(0))2=0.Since a(weak,strong)topological vertex algebra is a graded vertex algebra,we have an action of the partial operadˆK.Here we give a heuristic interpretation of two most important axioms on Q,g(0)and g(−1)in the case of strong topological vertex algebras:[Q,g(l)]=L(l),l=0,−1,where Q,g(0)and g(−1)are operators mentioned above and L(0)and L(−1)are operators defined using the underlying graded vertex algebra structure(see(2.9)and(2.10)).The operators L(0)and L(−1)can be thought of as linearly representing the Lie derivatives L0 and L−1on tensorfields onˆK along certain directions.OnˆK,we have[d,i l]=L l, l=0,−1,where d is the exterior derivation,i l is the interior derivation along the direction corresponing to L(l).In general,for a graded vertex algebra,the algebraic structure on the space of differential forms does not have to be linearly represented. If we require that the algebraic structure on the space of differential forms is also linearly represented and assume that d,i0and i−1are represented by Q,g(0)and g(−1),respectively,then we must have[Q,g(l)]=L(l),l=0,−1,which are exactly the two axioms we would like to interpret.The main technical work in the present paper is the proofs of the properties of the formsωj,j∈N,in Section3.Our construction ofωj(see(3.21)and(3.20))is motivated by[Z].In fact in the case that the(strong)topological vertex algebra is a weak vertex operator algebra of central charge26tensored with the graded vertex operator algebra of the ghosts,the formsωj in the present paper are completely analogous to the forms in[Z].The equivalence proved in Section4between the notion of(weak,strong)topological vertex algebras and the operadic formulation in terms of these forms in fact shows that any family of forms satisfies those properties in Section3must be of the form(3.21)and(3.20).In the case of strong topologicalTOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS5 vertex algebras the axiom(g(0))2=0and its consequences(g(−1))2=g(0)g(−1)+ g(−1)g(0)=0simplify the definition of the forms and consequently simplify theproofs greatly.In this paper,for completeness and for the possible use in the future,we are interested in arbitrary topological vertex algebras and also in weak topologicalvertex algebras.Thus we cannot assume these relations.Consequently the proofs for(weak)topological vertex algebras are much more complicated than those for strong topological vertex algebras.This paper is organized as follows:In Section2we beriefly discuss the notions ofgraded vertex operator algebra,weak(graded)vertex operator algebra,topologicalvertex operator algebra,(graded)vertex algebra,and introduce the notions of weaktopological vertex algebra,topological vertex algebra and strong topological vertex algebra.We also discuss the action of the partial operadˆK on(graded)vertexalgebras.In the subsequent section we construct the formsωj from the data of a(weak,strong)topological vertex algebra and prove their basic properties.We usethese forms and their properties to define the notions of(weak,strong)topological ˆK-associative algebra and show that these notions are equivalent to those of(weak, strong)topological vertex algebra in Section4.In the same section,we also showthat there is a family of natural symmetry-group-equivariant chain maps from the differential graded partial operad of the differentiable chain complex ofˆK to the differential graded endomorphism partial pseudo-operad of a weak topological vertex algebra and that a strong topological vertex algebra is an algebra over the differential graded partial operad of the differentiable chain complex ofˆK.In Section5,wefirst review the definition of Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra and Gerstenhaber algebra,some basic results including Cohen’s and Getzler’s theorem and some other related notions and results.Then combining the results obtained in Section3and in Section4with Getzler’s theorem(or Cohen’s theorem),we obtain the Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure(or the Gerstenhaber algebra structure)on the cohomology of a topological vertex algebra(or a weak topological vertex algebra).Acknowledgement.It is a pleasure to express my gratitude to Jim Stashefffor many illuminating comments and discussions.I would also like to thank Murray Gerstenhaber,James Lepowsky,Bong H.Lian,Takashi Kimura,Alexander Voronov and Gregg Zuckerman for useful discussions.2.Topological vertex algebras and the action of a(partial)operad In this section,we discuss various variants of vertex operator algebras,introduce the notions of(weak,strong)topological vertex algebra and describe the actions of a(partial)operad on these variants of vertex operator algebras.We will only give definitions and state the theorems.All proofs are omitted since they are either easy exercise or to be published elsewhere.6YI-ZHI HUANGWe begin with the definition of graded vertex operator algebra(or“super chiral algebra”as is called in[LZ]).The notion of graded vertex operator algebra is a natural generalization of that of vertex operator algebra and can be viewed as a specialization of the notion of abelian intertwining algebra introduced in[DL].We assume that the readers are familiar with the definition of vertex operator algebra,as presented in[FLM2]or[FHL].We only give the differences between vertex operator algebras and graded vertex operator algebras.For a graded vertex operator algebra,the vector space V is Z×Z-graded(graded by weights and by fermion numbers),that is,(2.1)V= m,n∈Z V(m)(n)= n∈Z V(n)= m∈Z V(m)where(2.2)V(n)= m∈Z V(m)(n),V(m)= n∈Z V(m)(n).The map Y:V⊗V→V[[x,x−1]]maps V(m1)⊗V(m2)to V(m1+m2)[[x,x−1]].For v∈V(m),we say that v has fermion number m and use|v|to denote m.For the vacuum1and the Virasoro elementω,|1|=|ω|=0.The(Cauchy-)Jacobi identity is of the following form for u,v with homogeneous fermion numbers:x−10δ x1−x2−x0 Y(v,x2)Y(u,x1) (2.3)=x−12δ x1−x0TOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS7 (iii)Let Y(g,x)= n∈Z g(n)x−n−2andωthe Virasoro element of V.ThenL(n)g=0,n>0,(2.7)Qg=ω.(2.8)Note that(2.4)implies f∈V(0)(1).In fact,the construction of the Batalin-Vilkoviskyalgebra(or the“coboundary Gerstenhaber algebra”)structure on the cohomology of a topological vertex operator algebra in[LZ]also uses the additional axiom that(g(0))2is Q-exact,though the construction of the Gerstenhaber algebra structure does not need this axiom.Examples of topological operator vertex algebras are weak vertex operator algebraswith cenral charge26tensored with the graded vertex operator algebra of ghosts and the holomorphic genus-zero parts of N=2twisted superconformal theories. These examples all satisfy the additional axioms(g(0))2=(g(−1))2=g(0)g(−1)+ g(−1)g(0)=0.In the construction of the Gerstenhaber algebra or the Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra structure on the cohomology of a topological vertex operator algebra by Lian and Zuckerman[LZ],only a small part of the axioms for topological vertex operator algebras is needed.In this paper we also need only a small part of the axioms.Wesummarize those axioms which we do need in the definition of the notions of(weak, strong)topological vertex algebra below.Before giving the definition,we need to discuss certain variants of vertex operatoralgebras and graded vertex operator algebras:the notions of vertex algebra and of graded vertex algebra.The notion of vertex algebra is introduced by Borcherds in[B]. In[L]they are called preVOAs.(In[DL],vertex algebra is a technical term referred to weak vertex operator algebras mentioned above.)In this paper,by a vertex algebrawe mean a Z-graded vector apace V equipped with a map Y:V⊗V→V[[x,x−1]], u⊗v→Y(u,x)v= n∈Z u n vx−n−1and a vacuum1such that for any homogeneous element v,v k maps V(n)to V(n+wt v−k−1),satisfying all the axioms for a vertex operator algebra except the axioms dim V(n)<∞,V(n)=0for n sufficiently small and thoseaxioms for the Virasoro element.The definition of graded vertex algebra is obvious. Given a vertex algebra or a graded vertex algebra,we can define two operators L(0) and L(−1)as follows:For any v∈V(n),L(0)v=nv,(2.9)and for any v∈V,L(−1)v=limx→0d8YI-ZHI HUANG following identities:[L(0),L(−1)]=L(−1), (2.11)[L(−1),Y(v,x)]=Y(L(−1)v,x)=ddx Y(v,x).(2.13)Definition2.1.A weak topological vertex algebra is a graded vertex algebra together with operators Q,g(0)and g(−1)mapping V(m)to V(m+1)V(m−1)and V(m−1),re-spectively,satisfying all the axioms for topological vertex operator algebras which still make sense,that is,satisfyingQ2=0,(2.14)[Q,g(0)]=L(0),(2.15)[Q,g(−1)]=L(−1)(2.16)[L(0),g(0)]=0,(2.17)[L(0),g(−1)]=g(−1),(2.18)[L(−1),g(0)]=−g(−1),(2.19)[L(−1),g(−1)]=0,(2.20)QY(u,x)−(−1)|u|Y(u,x)Q=Y(Qu,x),(2.21)g(0)Y(u,x)−(−1)|u|Y(u,x)g(0)=Y((g(0)+xg(−1))u,x),(2.22)g(−1)Y(u,x)−(−1)|u|Y(u,x)g(−1)=Y(g(−1)u,x)(2.23)where the bracket[A.B]of two operators A and B with homogeneous fermion num-bers is defined by[A,B]=AB−(−1)|A||B|BA.(2.24)A topological vertex algebra is a weak topological vertex algebra such that(g(0))2is a Q-exact operator,that is,there exists an operator U0,0:V→V such that(g(0))2=[Q,U0,0].(2.25)A strong topological vertex algebra is a weak topological vertex algebra satisfying(g(0))2=0.(2.26)TOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS9 From(2.15)—(2.20)and the Jacobi identity for the bracket[·,·]we see that for a weak topological vertex algebra,(g(−1))2=[Q,[g(0),(g(−1))2]]2,(2.27)[g(0),g(−1)]=[Q,[g(0),[g(0),g(−1)]]=−[Q,[g(−1),(g(0))2]].(2.28)In particular,these formulas also hold for a topological vertex algebra.From these formulas we see that for a strong topological vertex algebra we also have[g(0),g(−1)]=0(2.29)and(g(−1))2=0.(2.30)It is also easy to show that a topological vertex operator algebra is a weak topological vertex algebra using the(Cauchy-)Jacobi identity.When there is no confusion,we will call V a(weak,strong)topological vertex algebra.Now we discuss the action of a(partial)operad on graded vertex operator algebras and in particular on topological vertex operator algebras.For the basic notions in the language of(partial)operads,see[May],[HL1]or[HL2].Let K(j),j∈N,be the moduli space of one-dimensional genus-zero compact connected complex manifolds with j+1ordered punctures,the zeroth negatively oriented and the others positively oriented,and with local analytic coordinates vanishing at these punctures.The family K={K(j)|j∈N}is an associative analytic C×-rescalable partial operad[HL1][HL2] [H4].Using certain one-dimensional extensions of this partial operad,the notion of vertex associative algebra with central charge c is introduced[HL1][HL2].It has been established[H1][H2][HL1][HL2][H4]that the category of vertex operator algebras with central charge c is isomorphic to the category of vertex associative algebras with central charge c.In particular,for any vertex operator algebra V,there is a projective action of the partial operad K.See[HL1]and[HL2]for more detailed descriptions. These discussions can be generalized to graded vertex operator algebras without any difficulty.Given a Z×Z-graded vector space V(graded by weights and fermion numbers)and a Z×Z-graded subspace W,we can define the graded endomorphism partial pseudo-operad H V,W in the same way as in[HL1]or[HL2]except that the left actions of the symmetry groups are defined such that for any f∈H V,W(j)and σi,i+1∈S j which is the transposition permuting i and i+1,(σi,i+1(f))(v1,...,v i,v i+1,...,v j)=(−1)|v i||v i+1|f(v1,...,v i+1,v i,...,v j) (2.31)for any v1,...,v j∈V with homogeneous fermion ing this graded endo-morphism partial pseudo-operad,we can define graded vertex associative algebra in the same way as that defining vertex associative algebras.Then the proof in the case10YI-ZHI HUANGof vertex operator algebras can be adopted to show that the category of graded ver-tex operator algebras with central charge c is isomorphic to the category of graded vertex associative algebras with central charge c.In particular,given any graded vertex operator algebra,there is a projective action of the partial operad K.The partial operad K has several important partial suboperads.The two which are useful in the present paper areˆK={ˆK(j)|j∈N}whereˆK(j)consists of those conformal equivalence classes whose members are conformally equivalent to C∪{∞}with the negatively oriented puncture∞,the positively oriented punctures z1,...,z j,and with the standard local coordinates at∞,the standard local coordi-nates multiplied by nonzero complex numbers as local coordinates at z1,...,z j,and K is a partial suboperad ofˆK.For any graded vertex algebra V,there is an action of the partial operadˆK.In fact this action can be written down easily.Let P∈ˆK(j).Then P can be identified with(z1,...,z j;a1,...,a j)∈F j(C)×(C×)j, where F j(C)={(z1,...,z j)∈(C×)j|z k=z l,1≤k<l≤j}.For convenience,we call z1,...,z j the punctures of P and a1,...,a j the local coordinates of P.Let V be a graded vertex algebra and W=0.In this case H V,0(j)=Hom(V⊗j,V= n∈Z V(n).We defineν(P)∈H V,0by(2.32)ν(P)(v1⊗···⊗v j)=Y((a1)−L(0)v1,x1)···Y((a j)−L(0)v j,x j)1|x1=z1,...,x j=z j when|z1|>···>|z j|.When this inequality does not hold,we can change the order of the vertex operators or use the iterations of the vertex operators or use analytic extension to defineν(P).We haveProposition2.1.The mapsν:ˆK(j)→H V,0(j),j∈N give a morphism of partial pseudo-operad such that the image is a partial operad.In particular,the mapsνgive a morphism of partial operads fromˆK to its image.The proof of this proposition uses only(2.13)and the duality properties of graded vertex algebras.Definition2.2.A graded meromorphicˆK-associative algebra is a Z×Z-graded vec-tor space V of the form(2.1)together with a morphismνof partial pseudo-operads fromˆK to H V,0such that for any v∈V(n)(2.33)ν((0;a))v=a−n v(where(0;a)∈F1(C)×C×=ˆK(1))and such that for any v1,...,v j∈V,v′∈V′= n∈Z V∗(n)and for P∈ˆK(j)=F j(C)×(C×)j of the form(z1,...,z j;1,...,1), v′,ν(P)(v1,...,v j) as a function of z1,...,z j is meromorphic on F j(C)with z i=z k, i<k,and z i=∞as the only possible poles,and forfixed v i,v k∈V there is anTOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS11 upper bound for the orders of the pole z i=z k of the functions v′,ν(P)(v1,...,v j) for all v1,...,v i−1,v i+1,...,v k−1,v k+1,...,v j∈V,v′∈V′.Part of the proof of the equivalence theorem for graded vertex operator algebras in fact proves the following equivalence theorem for graded vertex algebras: Theorem2.2.The functor given by(V,Y,1)→(V,0,ν)is an isomorphism from the category of graded vertex algebras to the category of graded meromorphicˆK-associative algebras.3.The meromorphic forms constructed from a(weak,strong)topological vertex algebrasNow we would like to see what kind of topological and geometric information the extra data and axioms in the definitions of(strong,weak)topological vertex algebra give.Let V be a weak topological vertex algebra.We define a holomorphic form ωj∈Ω∗(ˆK(j),H V,0(j))valued in the space H V,0(j)for each j∈N.Since holomorphic forms valued at a point are multilinear skew-symmetric maps from products of the holomorphic tangent space at this point to C,wefirst have to discuss the holomorphic tangent space ofˆK(j).Recall thatˆK(j)can be identified with F j(C)×(C×)j whose elements are denoted(z1,...,z j;a1,...,a j).Therefore a holomorphic tangent vector X P at the point P=(z1,...,z j;a1,...,a j)∈ˆK(j)can be written in the form(3.1)X P=c(1)−1(−a−11∂∂z j|P)+c(1)0(−a1∂∂a j|P).where c(1)−1,...,c(j)−1,c(1)0,...,c(j)0∈C.LetX(i)P=c(i)−1(−a−1i ∂∂a i|P),1≤i≤j.(3.2) ThenX P=j i=1X(i)P.(3.3)We denote the space of holomorphic tangent vectors at P∈ˆK(j)by T P(ˆK(j)),the subspace of T P(ˆK(j))spanned by−a−1i∂∂a i |Pby T(i)P(ˆK(j)),i=1,···,j.Then dim C T P(ˆK(j))=2j,dim C T(i)P(ˆK(j))=2,i=1,...,j,where dim C means the complex dimension.And we haveT P(ˆK(j))=ji=1T(i)P(ˆK(j)).(3.4)12YI-ZHI HUANGLet T(ˆK(j))be the holomorphic bundle overˆK(j)whosefiber at P∈ˆK(j)is T P(ˆK(j))and T(i)P(ˆK(j)),i=1,...,j,the holomorphic bundles overˆK(j)whose fibers at P∈ˆK(j)are T(i)P(ˆK(j)).Then we also have a decompositionT(ˆK(j))=ji=1T(i)(ˆK(j)).(3.5)Any holomorphic section X(i)of T(i)(ˆK(j))for i=1,...,j is of the formX(i)=c(i)−1(−a−1i ∂∂a i)(3.6)where c(i)−1and c(i)0are analytic functions onˆK(j).For any holomorphic section X of T(ˆK(j)),from(3.5)we have a decompositionX=j i=1X(i)(3.7)where X(i),i=1,...,j,are holomorphic sections of T(i)(ˆK(j)),i=1,...,j,respec-tively.We denote the spaces of holomorphic sections of T(i)(ˆK(j)),i=1,...,j,and T(ˆK(j))byΓ(T(i)(ˆK(j))),i=1,···,j,and byΓ(T(ˆK(j))),respectively.Then by (3.7)Γ(T(ˆK(j)))=ji=1Γ(T(i)(ˆK(j))).(3.8)We can discuss the holomorphic tangent vector space T P(K(j),the holomorphic tangent bundle T(K(j)))of holomorphic secti-ions of T(K(j)) and T(i)(TOPOLOGICAL VERTEX ALGEBRAS13 From these definitions and the formulas(2.11),(2.17)—(2.20),we see that they satisfy[g(k)(p),g(l)(q)]=g(k)(p)g(l)(q)+g(l)(q)g(k)(p)=0,p,q=0,−1,k=l, (3.13)[L(k)(p),L(l)(q)]=L(k)(p)L(l)(q)−L(l)(q)L(k)(p)=δkl(p−q)L(k)(p+q),p,q=0,−1,(3.14)[L(k)(p),g(l)(q)]=L(k)(p)g(l)(q)−g(l)(q)L(k)(p)=δkl(p−q)L(k)(p+q),p,q=0,−1.(3.15)For afixed i,1≤i≤j,let X(i)P∈T(i)P.We define the operators g(X(i)P)on V⊗j byreplacing−a i∂∂z i |Pin X(i)P by g(i)(0)and g(i)(−1),respectively,anddefine the operators L(X(i)P)on V⊗j by replacing−a i∂∂z i |Pin X(i)P byL(i)(0)and L(i)(−1),respectively.For X P∈T P(ˆK(j))of the form(3.3),we defineg(X P)=ji=1g(X(i)P)(3.16)L(X P)=ji=1L(X(i)P).(3.17)For holomorphic sections X(i)of T(i)(ˆK(j))and X of T(ˆK(j)),we can define g(X(i)), g(X),L(X(i))and L(X)in the obvious ing(2.12)and the definition ofν(P), we haveXν(P)=ν(P)L(X).(3.18)Given X1,P,...,X n,P∈T P(ˆK(j)),we use the following notation:g(X1,P)∧···∧g(X n,P)=1。