The Summary of The Case Against Man
刑事案件英语表达target
刑事案件英语表达targetTitle: Criminal Cases: A Legal Overview.Criminal cases refer to legal proceedings initiated by the state or a representative of the government against an individual who is accused of committing a criminal offense. These cases are distinct from civil cases, which involve disputes between private parties seeking monetary compensation or specific performance. Criminal cases aim to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused, and if found guilty, the individual may face a range of penalties including fines, imprisonment, or even the death penalty in some jurisdictions.The fundamental principle behind criminal law is that the state has a duty to protect society from harmful behavior. Therefore, criminal cases are prosecuted on behalf of the state, rather than by individual victims. This is reflected in the use of public prosecutors, who are responsible for presenting evidence and arguing the caseagainst the accused in court.The legal process in criminal cases typically beginswith an investigation conducted by law enforcement agencies. This investigation may involve gathering evidence, interviewing witnesses, and identifying suspects. If sufficient evidence is gathered to suggest that a crime has been committed, the case may be referred to the public prosecutor for review.If the public prosecutor believes that there is a reasonable prospect of convicting the accused, they willfile criminal charges and initiate the legal process. This usually involves serving a summons or arrest warrant to the accused, notifying them of the charges and their rights.Once the legal process begins, both the prosecution and the defense will have an opportunity to present their evidence and arguments in court. This typically involves calling witnesses, presenting documents, and delivering closing arguments. The judge presiding over the case will evaluate the evidence and arguments presented by both sidesand make a decision based on the law and the facts of the case.If the accused is found guilty, they may face a range of penalties depending on the severity of the crime and the laws of the jurisdiction. Penalties can include fines, imprisonment, probation, community service, and in some cases, the death penalty. The sentencing decision is typically made by the judge after considering the evidence, the arguments of the prosecution and defense, and the legal precedents applicable to the case.It is important to note that criminal cases are adversarial in nature, meaning that the prosecution and defense are seeking opposing outcomes. This adversarial system is designed to ensure that all relevant evidence is presented and that the rights of the accused are protected. However, it can also lead to tense and emotional courtroom proceedings.In addition to the adversarial system, criminal cases are also governed by a number of legal principles and rulesof evidence. These rules aim to ensure that the trial is fair, that evidence is reliable, and that the accused is treated with dignity and respect. For example, the accused has the right to remain silent and not testify against themselves, and any evidence obtained through illegal means is typically inadmissible in court.In summary, criminal cases are complex legal proceedings that aim to determine the guilt or innocence of an individual accused of committing a criminal offense. These cases are prosecuted on behalf of the state and involve a rigorous legal process that includes investigation, charging, trial, and sentencing. The adversarial system and rules of evidence aim to ensure that the process is fair and that the rights of the accused are protected.。
震撼世界的审判中英互译
The Trial That Rocked the WorldJohn Scopes1、A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.2、A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton,a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcers, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. "Don't worry, son, we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered, throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.3、The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the otherhand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin -- that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.4、Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of "any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible." The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin's theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.5、"Rappelyea is right," I told them.6、"Then you have been violating the law," one of them Said.7、"So has every other teacher," I replied. "Evolution is explained in Hunter's Civic Biology, and that's our textbook."8、Rappelyea then made a suggestion. "Let's take this thing to court," he said, "and test the legalityof it."9、When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U. S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U. S Supreme Court if necessary to “establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail." Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately therenownedlawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.10、By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circusatmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festoonedwith banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sproutedwith rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhortthe passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the " infidel outsiders." Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.11、The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: "I'm just a reg’lar mountaineer jedge." Bryan, ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.12、The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. As my father growled, "That's one hell of a jury!"13、After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up to make his opening statement. "My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotryare rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination."14、Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. "Today it is the teachers, "he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind. "15、"That damned infidel," a woman whispered loudly as he finished his address.16、The following day the prosecution began calling witnesses against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been contaminated by theexperience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of 14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows, horses, dogs and cats.17、"He didn't say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked.18、"No, sir," the youngster said. "He said man had reasoning power."19、"There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.20、After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address the jury. The issue was simple, he declared "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below." The spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to Dayton to testify for the defence.21、"The Bible," he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, " is not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution, with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His image and put here for His purpose as par t of a divine plan."22、As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience burst into applauseand shouts of "Amen". Yet something was lacking. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.23、Dudley Field Malone popped up to reply. "Mr. Bryan is not the only one who has the right to speak for the Bible,”he observed. "There are other people in this country who have given up their whole lives to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and enthusiasm, has given most of his life to politics." Bryan sipped from a jug of water as Malone's voice grew in volume. He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. 24、"There is never a duel with the truth," he roared. "The truth always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no human agency to support it! "25、When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to testify for the defence.26、When the court adjourned, we found Dayton's streets swarming with strangers. Hawkerscried their wares on every corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT –INSIDE. (This was J. R. Darwin's Everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponderwhether they might be related.27、"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ”a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. "28、H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him, and there was talk of running him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels . Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165,000 words a day on the trial.29、Because of the heat and a fear that the old court's floor might collapse, under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples. More than 2,000 spectators sat on wooden benches or squattedon the grass, perched on the tops of parked cars or gawked from windows.30、Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. The judge looked startled. "We are calling him as an expert on the Bible," Darrow said. "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."31、Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not refuse the challenge. For years he had lectured and written on the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee even before passage of theanti-evolution law. Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.32、Under Darrow's quiet questioning he acknowledged believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his defiant replies with fervent "Amens".33、Darrow read from Genesis: "And the evening and the morning were the first day." Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he did.34、"How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?" Darrow enquired.35、Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the affirmative.36、"And you believe that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?"37、"I believe that."38、"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?"39、The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose and the fan in his hand shook in anger.40、"Your honor," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him..."41、"I object to that statement,”Darrow shouted. “I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes."42、The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbuband adjourned court until next day.43、Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand.44、The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was fined 100 dollars and costs.45、Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "victorious defeat." A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion, hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted, died in Dayton two days after the trial.46、I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the professors who had come to testify on my behalf arranged a scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an oil company.47、Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there isa William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top over looking the valley.48、There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still on the books. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.(from Reader's Digest, July, 1962)第十课震撼世界的审判约翰o司科普斯在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。
【西南●最新版】[0199]《综合英语四》网上作业与课程考试复习资料(有答案)
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[0199]《综合英语四》第1次作业[单选题]1. He had a great collection of books, _____ are written in English.A：many in whichB：may amongC：many of thaD：many of which参考答案：D[单选题]2. _______ we draw useful lessons from them, we may turn difficulties to good account.A：Now thatB： Provide thatC： Except thatD： Provided that参考答案：D[单选题]6. She was _______ of his honesty.A： convincedB：persuadedC： temptedD：inclined参考答案：A[单选题]4. I ________ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother's illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me.A：was to have finishedB：am to have finishedC：was to finishD：ought to finish参考答案：A[单选题]8. Riding his bicycle home from school, ______ as he went around the corner. A：a car hit himB： a car hitting himC：he was hit by a carD：he had been hit by a car参考答案：C[单选题]3. The old man jumped aside just in time to avoid _________.A：knocking downB：to be knocked downC：being knocked downD：to knock down参考答案：C[单选题]5. _______ to spend the vacation in the country.A：All but him and me are goingB：All but he and me am goingC： All but I and he is goingD：All but he and I are going参考答案：D[单选题]10. In America, a lot of people believe that television _____ children.A：has a harmful effect onB：has an advantage overC：has a connection withD：has something to do with参考答案：A[单选题]7. On New Year's Eve, there will be a firework _________ at People's Square. A：displayB：performanceC：showD：exhibition参考答案：A[单选题]9. __________, Hong Kong acts as a gateway into and out of the People's Republic of China.A：Strategically locatingB： Where strategically locatedC：Because located strategicallyD：Strategically located参考答案：D[单选题]11. He was punished _________ he should make the same mistake again.A：unlessB：lestC：ifD：provided参考答案：B[单选题]12. __________ with air, a life jacket will keep a person afloat.A：It is filledB：FillingC：When filledD：When filling it参考答案：C[单选题]13. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheers ________ from it.A： broke upB：broke forthC： broke throughD：broke upon参考答案：B[单选题]14. We often hear about airliners ______ because of technical faults.A： delayingB：delayC：having delayedD：being delayed参考答案：D[单选题]15. Permanent capital, when needed and in the desired quantities, is often the hardest for a firm to _______.A：acquireB：accumulateC：achieveD：account参考答案：A[单选题]16. Never _________ till tomorrow what you can do today.A： put upB：put outC： put offD：put over参考答案：C[单选题]17. My three daughters would like to have dancing lessons, but the _________ are very expensive.A：pricesB：costsC：feesD：wages参考答案：C[单选题]18. The noise was so _________ that only those with excellent hearing were aware of it.A：dimB：faintC： gentleD：quiet参考答案：B[单选题]19. It depends on _______ they will support us.A：itB：thatC：whetherD：so参考答案：C[单选题]20. Please remind me of it again tomorrow _______ I forget.A：in caseB： in most casesC： in the caseD：in the case of参考答案：A第2次作业[论述题]Directions: There are some incorrect sentences in this part. Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled A, B, C, and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and write your choice on the Answer Sheet.1. You wouldn't feel tired this morning if you went to bed earlier lastnight.A BC D2. The only way to influence others is to talk about that they want andshow them how to get it.A BC D3. No sooner had he begun to speak when an ominous muttering arose fromthe audience.A B C D4. When Rose returned by abroad, she told me all about her trip.A BC D5. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs relax and restin order to work efficiently.A B CD6. Like the committee has written in its current report, the rules needto be enforced more strictly.A B C D7. I know a young man who is uncertain if to be a boat builder or anaccountant.A BC D8.Any world traveler has eating many exotic foods in the differentcountries he has visited.A BC D9. It is not easy to write good history even if all the facts could beknown and documents.A BC D10. Financial institutions are able to create exchange, provision,and utilize funds.A B C D11. Ben droped his packages, smothered the blood flow with his hand asbest he could.A BC D12. Two women, horrified, did a gesture of helplessness, and drove off.A B C D13. The children were so absorbed at their game that they did not noticethe passage of time.A BC D14.It is difficult to do generalization about the characteristics ofmodern music becauseAB Cof the variety of existing styles.D15.In modern industrious areas, socio-cultural change is occurring atan accelerated rateA BC D16. Each of the major glacial stages produces distinctive land farmsthat remain long after theAB Cglacier had disappeared.D17. Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test,but also how youA B C Dparticipate in class.18. Gatherings of more than three persons were prohibited, supposedlyin the name of theA BClaw and order.D19. Alexander graham Bell received a patent in 1880 for the ideas of usinglight to relay soundAB C Dvia a telephone.20. I had to work last Sunday because I have been asked to write an articlefor a magazine.A B C D参考答案：1- 5 CCCBAC 6-10 ACBDD 11-15 ABBAB 16-20 DDDCC第3次作业[单选题]Passage 23.A：warnB：requestC：manageD：protect参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 210.A：thenB：otherwiseC：likewiseD：even参考答案：APassage 2 9.A：instead B：better C：similarly D：further 参考答案：A [单选题] Passage 2 8.A：firmB：calmC：safeD：strong参考答案：C [单选题] Passage 2 4.A：withB：withoutD：against参考答案：B [单选题] Passage 27.A：littleB：moreC：manyD：much参考答案：D [单选题] Passage 26.A： regardless B：becauseC：in terms D：in front参考答案：B [单选题] Passage 25.b A：after allB：by chanceC： for exampleD：in fact参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 21.A：becauseB：ifC：thoughD：until参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 22.A：GenerallyB： ProbablyC：SimilarlyD：Consequently参考答案：CPassage 1 10.A：convinced B：believed C：thought D：argued参考答案：A [单选题] Passage 1 9.A：andB：thatC：asD：than参考答案：D [单选题] Passage 1 8.A：IfB：AlthoughD：When参考答案：D [单选题] Passage 1 7.A：forB：onC：inD：at参考答案：B [单选题] Passage 1 6.A：well B：much C：good D：soon参考答案：A [单选题] Passage 1 5.b A：howeverB：butC：althoughD：if参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 14.A：forB：toC：inD：at参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 13.A：persuadeB：to persuadeC：dissuadeD：to dissuade参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 12.A：aims toB：deals withC：aims atD：gets to参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 11.A： to be knownB：konwingC：knownD：to know参考答案：C第4次作业[单选题]Read the following passages and decide on the best choice. Passage 1A：One year.B：Three years.C：Four years.D：Thirteen years.参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 1A：Language acquisition in children.B：Teaching languages to children.C：How to memorize words.D：Communicating with infants.参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 1A：Experiment.B：IdeaC： ActivityD： Accomplishment.参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 1A：their abilityB：reading vocabularyC：idiomatic expressionD：learning process参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 1A：They learn words before they learn grammar. B：They learn even very long words.C：They learn words very quickly.D：They learn the most words in high school.参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 2A： and takes great pleasure from what he or she buysB： in order to satisfy his or her basic needs in lifeC：just to meet his or her strong psychological needD：entirely with an irrational eagerness参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 2A： because they want to save money to help their budgetsB： because they can openly boast of their triumph over others in getting things for less C：and will not have money problems if they can keep to their budgetsD：but they seldom admit they feel satisfied if they can get things for less than others参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 2A：all people spend money for exactly the same reason that they need to buy things.B：Business people and advertisers can use the psychology of money spending to increase sales. C：Business people understand the psychology of compulsive buying better than scientists do. D：Compulsive bargain hunters do not have problems with money.参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 2A：the psychology of money-spending habitsB： the purchasing habits of compulsive spendersC：a special psychology of bargain huntingD：the use of the psychology of spending habits in business参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 2A：are really unreasonableB：need special treatmentC：are really beyond remediesD： can never get any help to solve their problems with money参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 3A：generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalismB：concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewingC：importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingD： personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 3A： but journalistic interviewing as specific field has unfortunately been neglectedB：though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn’t received much attentionC：so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedD：and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 3A：a news articleB：a prefaceC： a research reportD：a journalistic interview参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 3A：but most of them wish to stay away from itB：and many of them hope to be interviewed some dayC：but most of them may not have been interviewed in personD： and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 3A：The psychologistB：The physician.C：The journalist.D：The patient.参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 4A： fundamental to a sound democracyB：pertinent to healthy family lifeC：responsible for MomismD：both A and B参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 4A：the role of the father may become an inferior oneB： the role of the mother may become an inferior oneC：the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of the sexesD：sharing leads to constant arguing参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 4A： minor because he is an ineffectual parentB： irrelevant to the healthy development of the childC：pertinent to the healthy development of the childD：identical to the role of the c hild’s mother参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 4A：a healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society. B：Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.C：Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.D： A woman’s place is in the home now as always.参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 5A：perhaps her grandmother isn’t right.B：her grandmother complains too much.C：perhaps her grandmother complains too frequently.D：perhaps her grandmother may be right.参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 5A：Older people who were better than she was.B：People of superior age and experience.C：Very good people who were elderly.D：Very old people who behaved well.参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 4A：is mainly the mother’s jobB：belongs among the duties of the father C：is the job of schools and churchesD：involves a partnership of equals参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 5A：To learn the alphabet properly.B：To write legibly.C：To behave properly at table.D：To watch their manners.参考答案：D[单选题]Passage 5A： to deep their mouths shut at all time. B： to hear and not to see.C： to be present but deep silent.D：to be heard but in silence.参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 5A：“Children Past and Present”.B：“Other Times, Other Customs”.C：“My Dear Grammy”.D：“Be Ever Happy”参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 6A： each nation is peculiar enough to enable us to distinguish it from others B：the peoples of the world are as alike as they are differentC：the peoples of the world are as alike as they are differentD： those who do more than is strictly necessary are common in every country 参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 6A：is ready to accept what the society offers himB： expects nothing in return or his workC：feels that he is under heavy debtD：thinks this makes his life easy参考答案：A[单选题]Passage 6A：envy others’ good luckB：are good story-tellersC： supply false reasons for their lack of responsibilityD： think that their opposites owe them a pleasant life参考答案：C[单选题]Passage 6A：in practiceB：in the endC： in effectD：in no time参考答案：B[单选题]Passage 6A：will be unjustly treatedB：will cheat only themselves eventuallyC：will change their behaviorD：will get surprised by their own stories参考答案：B第5次作业[论述题]Please translate the following sentences into English.1.骑自行车郊游是我爸爸最喜欢的娱乐活动。
八年级上册英语unit1重点单词
八年级上册英语unit1重点单词Unit 1 Key Vocabulary Words1. abandon (v.) - to leave or give up completelyExample: The family had to abandon their house due to the flood.2. abrupt (adj.) - sudden and unexpectedExample: The meeting came to an abrupt end when the power went out.3. accomplish (v.) - to complete or achieve successfullyExample: She was able to accomplish her goal of running a marathon.4. accurate (adj.) - correct and without mistakesExample: The scientific experiment required accurate measurements.5. acknowledge (v.) - to recognize or accept the existence or truth ofExample: The teacher acknowledged that the student had worked hard on the project.6. adjust (v.) - to change or modify in order to fit or conformExample: I had to adjust the seat in the car to make it more comfortable.7. admire (v.) - to regard with respect, approval, or pleasureExample: I admire my grandmother for her strength and determination.8. adopt (v.) - to take on or assume responsibility forExample: The couple decided to adopt a child from a foreign country.9. ambitious (adj.) - having a strong desire to succeed or achieve somethingExample: She has always been ambitious and strives to reach her goals.10. analyze (v.) - to examine in detail in order to understand or explainExample: The scientist analyzed the data to determine the cause of the problem.11. annoy (v.) - to irritate or bother someoneExample: The loud music from the party annoyed the neighbors.12. apparent (adj.) - clear or obvious to the eye or mindExample: It soon became apparent that she had forgotten her keys.13. approach (v.) - to come near or closer to something or someoneExample: We approached the house cautiously, unsure of what we would find inside.14. appropriate (adj.) - suitable or proper in the circumstancesExample: It is important to wear appropriate clothing for a job interview.15. approve (v.) - to officially agree or accept somethingExample: The committee approved the new budget proposal.16. argue (v.) - to give reasons or evidence in support of an idea or beliefExample: The students argued their case for having longer lunch breaks.17. arrogant (adj.) - having an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilitiesExample: His arrogant behavior made it difficult for others to work with him.18. artificial (adj.) - made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturallyExample: The flowers in the vase were beautiful, but they were artificial.19. assistance (n.) - help or support provided to someoneExample: The school offered tutoring as an assistance to struggling students.20. assure (v.) - to inform or tell someone confidently or positivelyExample: The doctor assured the patient that the test results were normal.21. attach (v.) - to connect or join something to something elseExample: She attached a photo to her email for added context.22. attribute (v.) - to say that a quality, action, or state is caused by a particular person or thingExample: The artist attributes her success to years of hard work and dedication.23. aware (adj.) - knowing that something exists or is happening; having knowledge or recognition ofExample: The community became aware of the environmental issues affecting their area.24. benefit (v.) - to be helpful or advantageous to someone or somethingExample: Eating a healthy diet can benefit your overall well-being.25. belong (v.) - to be a part of a group, organization, or familyExample: This book belongs to the school library.26. bias (n.) - a preference or an inclination for or against someone or somethingExample: The study had a bias towards the new treatment due to the researcher's interest.27. beside (prep.) - next to or alongside something or someoneExample: She sat beside her friend during the movie.28. beneath (prep.) - under or below somethingExample: The treasure was hidden beneath the floorboards.29. besides (adv.) - in addition to; apart fromExample: Besides English, she also speaks Spanish and French.30. bias (v.) - to show a preference or an inclination for or against someone or somethingExample: The media outlet was biased in its reporting of the political event.31. bind (v.) - to attach or fasten somethingExample: The thread binds the edges of the book.32. both (adj./pron.) - applied to two people or things and indicating that they are equally includedExample: Both students received the highest award for their achievements.33. brief (adj./v.) - short and concise; to give a short summary or explanation of somethingExample: The lawyer gave a brief summary of the case to the jury.34. bright (adj.) - having a high degree of light or color; intelligent or talentedExample: The student's bright ideas helped solve the complex problem. 35. bring (v.) - to take or come to a particular place with someone or somethingExample: She brought her dog to the park for a walk.36. broad (adj.) - large in extent or range; not limited or restrictedExample: The conference covered a broad range of topics related to education.37. build (v.) - to construct or create somethingExample: The construction workers built a new school building.38. bureau (n.) - a government department or agencyExample: The FBI is the bureau responsible for investigating federal crimes.39. busy (adj.) - engaged in activity; having a lot of things to doExample: She is too busy with work to attend the event.40. capable (adj.) - having the ability to do something wellExample: The chef is capable of creating delicious dishes.。
大学英语精读第四册课后翻译
大学英语精读第四册课后翻译UNIT11.我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。
We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience / receive us the next day.2.我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。
I thought it odd that he didn’t seem to remember his own birthday.3.学期论文最迟在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。
Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.4.看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。
(pain)It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.5.在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。
Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6.该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。
The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.UNIT21.比尔已是个成熟的小伙子，不再依赖父母替他做主。
原告本人庭后代理词范文
原告本人庭后代理词范文英文回答：Opening Statement.Good morning/afternoon, Your Honor. My name is [Your Name], and I represent the Plaintiff in this case. We are here today to seek justice for the wrongs that have been committed against my client.Summary of the Case.This case arises from a breach of contract. The Plaintiff entered into a contract with the Defendant to [briefly summarize the contract]. The Defendant failed to fulfill their obligations under the contract, causing the Plaintiff to suffer damages.Evidence.We have presented overwhelming evidence to support our claims. This evidence includes:The written contract between the Plaintiff and Defendant.Testimony from the Plaintiff and witnesses.Documents and other physical evidence.Damages.The Plaintiff has suffered significant damages as a result of the Defendant's breach of contract. These damages include:Lost profits.Additional expenses.Emotional distress.Legal Arguments.The Defendant's breach of contract is clear and unambiguous. They failed to fulfill their obligations under the contract, causing the Plaintiff to suffer damages. We ask the court to hold the Defendant liable for these damages.Relief Requested.We respectfully request that the court enter judgment in favor of the Plaintiff and award the following relief:Compensatory damages in the amount of [amount]Punitive damages in the amount of [amount]Costs and attorney's fees.Conclusion.The Plaintiff has proven their case by a preponderanceof the evidence. The Defendant is liable for breach of contract and must be held accountable for the damages they have caused. We ask the court to grant our requested relief and provide justice for the Plaintiff.中文回答：开场白。
外研社2023Unit_5_新标准商务英语综合教程1教师用书
Unit 5 DevelopmentThis unit focuses on Washington state’s Initiative 732, which is modeled after neighboring British Columbia’s carbon tax. I-732 is an initiative to create a carbon tax to the Washington State Legislature, which appeared on the November 2016 ballot. The backers of I-732 submitted roughly 350,000 signatures in December 2015 to certify the initiative. It is favored by economists, and with good reason: doing so should encourage markets to find the least costly way to reduce pollution, something governments will struggle to discover themselves. However, many environmentalists oppose it. As in the Canadian province, the proceeds of the carbon tax would be recycled into tax cuts elsewhere. But those left-wing environmentalists are loth to give up the opportunity to use a carbon tax to fund new spending. Their favored projects include ideas to reduce emissions further, such as improving public transport. Left-wing groups also insist that climate policy should include new spending on those worst affected by climate change. In fact, carbon tax offers social and economic benefits. It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy. It can also be a regressive tax, in that they may directly or indirectly affect low-income groups disproportionately. Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and/or people might lose their jobs. It has been argued, however, that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment.Warming up1Ask Ss to read the Task 1 and check they understand the concept of carbon tax. Also check they understand the terms. Ask Ss how do they think about carbon tax, do they oppose it or do they approve of it?1 greenhouse gases 2global warming 3carbon taxes 4 emissions5climate change 6 regulation 7 relocate2Ask Ss to discuss the questions in pairs / small groups and complete the book summary of The Case for a Carbon Tax with phrases.ADBCAsk Ss to read the statements about carbon tax. As they are quite difficult to understand, ask Ss to summarize the viewpoint expressed in each statement, then to say which statement they most agree with. Ask Ss to give reasons for their views. Understanding the text11 A2 C3 A4 A23Ask Ss to think if initiative 732 is possible to be introduced in China and what measures the Chinese government have taken to help overcome the country’s notoriously polluted air. The Chinese Government Ministry of Finance had proposed to introduce a carbon tax from 2012 or 2013, based on carbon dioxide output from hydrocarbon fuel sources such as oil and coal. The introduction of a carbon tax in China might affect severely the internal market, as well as many other laws and regulations of the country, but given the size of Chinese economy also contribute importantly to the mitigation of climate change.Language work11 C2 D3 A4 A5 C6 B7 A8 B21 by 2in 3to 4on 5to 6of 7on 8in31 vulnerable 2alienate 3environmentalist 4thwart5 disproportionate 6neutral 7hydroelectric 8placate41B 2E 3D 4A 5F 6C51Economists favor taxing carbon emissions because it can encourage markets to find the least costly way to reduce pollution, and it is also pursued by governments.2Yoram Bauman is the head of the Yes campaign. He proudly notes that three Republican state legislators support I-732, and that the well-funded oil lobby does not oppose this revenue-raising proposal.3Unfortunately, I-732 also carried a price. And left-wing environmentalists insist on using a carbon tax to fund new spending.4It is estimated that I-732 would add 25 cents to the price of a gallon of petrol in 2018 and it seems unlikely to change driving habits.5I-732 might encourage the trade of some businesses. For example, aluminum manufacturers may simply move to a different state to operate.61如果问一位经济学家该如何最好地减少污染，他们会很有可能建议征收碳排放税。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记2
History And Anthology of American Literature（2）Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by BartramⅠ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
高级英语lesson4课文翻译
The Trial That Rocked the World震撼世界的审判约翰.司科普斯John Scopes1、A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court onthat sweltering July day in1925.The counsel for my defence was the famouscriminal lawyer Clarence Darrow.Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan,the silver-tongued orator,three times Democratic nominee forPresident of the United States,and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。
我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯.达罗。
担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉.詹宁斯.布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。
2、A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton,a little town in the mountains of Tennessee.Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.Seated in court,ready to testify on my behalf,were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists,led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University.More than100reporters were on hand,and even radio announcers,who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial."Don't worry,son,we'll show them a few tricks," Darrow had whispered,throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。
常用的法律英语术语.
常用的法律英语术语draft 法案，草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制，合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止，取消rescission, annulment 废除，取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法，国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制，合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止，取消rescission, annulment 废除，取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 公法，国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case （to a low court）案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures 报案report a case （to security authorities）被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim's agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement /ruling驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation 裁定order; determination （指最终裁定）裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement （for negotiable instruments）传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer; reply答辩陈述书statement of defence答辩状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People's Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil acti on对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action复查reexamination; recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People's Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions a nd cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审判制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People's Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a court session开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sente nce累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审判庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict （指陪审团作出的）旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business co rporation起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People's Procuratorate取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People's Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless 认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant's affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session 审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision审判委员会judicial committee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People's Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death实（质）体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim's immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and citie s under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜查search诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审判庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect言词证据verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty”予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review （by lawyers）再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors' meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People's Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审判员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People's Procuratorate 最后裁决书final awardAa law 法规,法例argumentative question 争论性的问题attempt 企图aabate 降低,减少,排除abduct 拐骗,诱拐abortion 堕胎abscond 潜逃,逃跑absolve 宣告无罪abstract 摘要abuse (people) 虐待,辱骂abuse (power) 滥用权利abuse (office) 滥用职权acceptance of bribes 受贿accessory 从犯accident 事故,意外accomplice 共犯,帮凶accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿according to law 按照法律,依照法律,与法律一致accusation 指控,控告accused 被告acquittal 宣告无罪act of Congress 国会法案act of God 不可抗力,天灾adjudication 判决,裁定admitted into evidence 接收为证据admissible evidence 可接纳的证据admission 供认,招认adoption 收养,领养,认养;采用,接纳Adult Probation and Parole 成人缓刑与假释adultery 通奸advisement of rights 权利告诫advocate (n) 辩护人advocate (v) 辩护;倡导affiant 宣誓人,立誓词人affidavit 宣誓书,经宣誓的书面陈述affirm 确认,(上诉院)维持原判aggravated 加重的aggravated circumstances 增加严重性的情节agreement 协议aid and abet 协谋,教唆,帮凶aiding escape 协助逃跑aiding prostitution 协助卖淫alias 别名,化名,假名alibi 不在现场的证据alien 外侨,侨民alimony (付给前配偶的)赡养费allegation 指称,指控alleged thief 被指称为窃贼的人allocution 认罪供词,自白供词amnesty 大赦ancillary 附属的animal control officer 动物检疫人员animal cruelty 虐畜罪anticompetitive practices 防止竞争措施antitrust act 反托拉斯法案,发信托案appeal 上诉appearance 出庭appellate court 上诉法庭applicability 可适应性appoint 指定,委派,委任appraisal 估价aquatic wildlife 野生水中动物,鱼类arbitration 仲裁,公断argument 争辩,辩论arm of the law 法律的权利armed robbery 持械抢劫arraignment 提审,提讯,提堂,过堂arraignment hearing 提讯听证arrest 逮捕,拘捕arrest on suspicion 因有疑而被捕arrest warrant 逮捕证,通缉令arresting officer 执行逮捕的警员arsenal 弹药库,枪械库arson 纵火罪ascertain 确定,查明aspersion 中伤,诽谤assassin 刺客,暗杀凶手assailant 攻击者assault 攻击assault and battery 殴打罪,伤害人身罪assess 估价,征收assets 资产asylum 庇护atrocity 暴行attempted crime 犯罪未遂attempted murder 谋杀未遂audit 稽查,查帐,审计,审核authenticate 鉴定,认证auto burglary 偷汽车里的东西auto theft 偷汽车automobile homicide 车祸杀人autopsy 验尸,尸体剖检avow 招认,承认award (v) 判给award (n) 裁定额Bbackup 后援,后备badge (of a police officer) 徽章bail 保释,保释金bail bond 保释保证金,保金bail bondsman 保释代理人bail forfeiture 保释金没收bail jumping 弃保潜逃,保释中逃跑,逃保Bail Reform Act 保释修正案bailey 法庭bailiff 法警,法庭执行官ban 禁止,禁令,取缔bandit 盗贼,土匪banish 流放,驱逐bar 律师业bar association 律师协会barricade 临时防御,障碍物befouling water 污染水源behavior 品性,行为bench 法官席,法官bench trail 法官(无陪审团)审讯bench warrant 法庭传票beyond reasonable doubt 理无置疑,无合理怀疑bias 偏见bicycle path 自行车/脚踏车/单车专用道bid 投标,出价bigamy 一夫多妻制;重婚罪bill (in a legislature) 议案bill of lading 提货单,提单bill of particular 诉讼明细书Bill of Rights 人权法案,基本权利法案bind over 责令待审binding 有约束力的,附有义务的binding agreement 有约束力的协议birthright 与生俱来的权利black market 黑市blackmail 勒索,敲诈,讹诈blood alcohol 血液内的酒精含量blood test 验血bludgeon 杖刑board certified (medical) 拥有(医学)公会认可的资格执照board examiner (medical) (医学)公会监考员boating infractions 划船游乐方面的违规body search 搜身book verb 入案,落案bookie /bookmaker 赌博(各种比赛)的经纪人bookmaking 外围下注bound 受到约束的bounty hunter 为领赏而追捕逃犯的人brandish a weapon 挥动武器(来威胁)breaking and entering 强行闯入bribe 行贿,贿赂brief 摘要书,辨诉状bring to justice 移送法办,绳之以法burden of proof 举证责任burglary 盗窃,盗窃罪business license 营业执照bylaws 规章,规程C(credit for) time served 已服刑时间campaign contribution 竞选捐献,竞选献金cannabis 大麻,大麻类毒品capital punishment 死刑carcass 动物尸体carjacking 劫车carpool lane 合用车专用道carrying a concealed weapon 身携暗器,携带暗器case 案子,诉讼案件case in chief 主案,控方的证据case law 判例法,案例法causation 因果关系,造事原因causing catastrophe 造成大灾难caveat 警告,中止诉讼的通知cease and desist 停止,制止census 人口普查,人口调查certified 被证明的,有保证的chain of custody 接受监管的次序a. preemptory challenge 不述理由而要求陪审员退席b. challenge for cause 有原因要求陪审员退席challenge (v) 反对,质问change of venue 变更审判地点,转移管辖character evidence 人格证据,品德证据charges 指控,罪名charge to the jury (法官)对陪审团的指导charitable organization 慈善机构,慈善组织charity drive 慈善活动chattel 动产,有形财产chief justice 首席法官child endangerment 危害儿童child labor law 童工法child molestation 猥亵儿童child welfare service 儿童福利服务choking 窒息circuit court 巡回法庭circumstantial evidence 间接证据,旁证citation 罚单,传票civil code 民事法典civil enforcement 执行民事法典civil law 民法civil liberty 公民自由civil right 公民权利claim (n) 要求权claim (v) 声称,断言claim (damages) 索赔claim (lost or stolen property) 认领claimant 债权人,原告,索赔人clandestine 暗中的,秘密的class action lawsuit 集体诉讼classified (advertisement) 分类的classified (document) 保密的clerk of the court 法庭书记closing argument 终结陈述,终结辩论cocaine 古柯碱,可卡因,白粉co-conspirator 共谋人,篡谋人coercion 强迫,胁迫,挟制cohabitation 同居commercial drivers license 商业性驾驶执照commit a crime 犯下罪行commitment hearing 拘禁听证common law 判例法,习惯法,普通法common law marriage 普通法/习惯法上的婚姻community service 社区服务community standards 共同道德标准compelling argument 有道理/有说服力的争辩competence 能力,权限competent council 合格的律师competent court 管辖法院,主管法院complaint 控诉,民事起诉compulsory education 义务教育compulsory process 强制到庭的程序computer crimes 用计算机(电脑)犯罪concealed firearm 夹带/夹藏的枪械concealed weapon 夹带/夹藏武器,暗器concurrent sentences 合并刑期,同时执行confession 认罪,供认,招认confidentiality 保密性,机密性confinement 监禁,拘留confiscate 没收,充公conflict of interest 利益冲突confrontation of witness 证人对质consecutive sentences 连续刑期conspiracy 共谋,篡谋conspiracy to commit a crime 篡谋犯罪constable 警察constitutional right 宪法权利contempt of court 蔑视法庭continuance/continuation (of the case) 诉讼延期,展延contract 契约,合同contract law 合同法,契约法contradict 反驳contradict oneself 自相矛盾contradiction 矛盾convict noun 罪犯convict verb 定罪conviction 定罪,判罪coroner 验尸官correctional officer 狱警,监管警员corroborate 证实costs incurred 所引起的费用counsel 律师counseling 心理辅导count 罪项court 法庭,法院court appointed attorney 法庭任命的律师court interpreter 法庭翻译,法庭传译court of appeals 上诉法院court of last resort 终审法院court of record 案件记录所在。
诉讼法律英语词汇（中英文对照）
案件 case案件发回 remand/rimit a case （to a low court）案件名称 title of a case案卷材料 materials in the case案情陈述书 statement of case案外人 person other than involved in the case案值 total value involved in the case败诉方 losing party办案人员 personnel handling a case保全措施申请书 application for protective measures 报案 report a case （to security authorities）被告 defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder被害人 victim被害人的诉讼代理人 victim's agent ad litem被上诉人 respondent; the appellee被申请人 respondent被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed 被执行人 person subject to enforcement本诉 principal action必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord辩护 defense辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer辩护人 defender辩护证据 exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段 stage of court debate驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书 notice of dismissal驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩 supplementary answer补充判决 supplementary judgement补充侦查 supplementary investigation不公开审理 trial in camera不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉 nol pros不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court文章来源:广东教育招生网/财产保全申请书 application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定 order; determination （指最终裁定）裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order裁定书 order; ruling裁决书 award采信的证据 admitted evidence查封 seal up撤回上诉 withdraw appeal撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据 exhibit除权判决 invalidating judgement （for negotiable instruments）传唤 summon; call传闻证据 hearsay答辩 answer; reply答辩陈述书 statement of defence答辩状 answer; reply大法官 associate justices; justice大检察官 deputy chief procurator文章来源:广东教育招生网/代理控告 agency for accusation代理申诉 agency for appeal代理审判员 acting judge代为申请取保候审 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure当事人陈述 statement of the parties当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院 inter-mediate People's Procuratorate第三人 third party调查笔录 record of investigation定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据 incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结 freeze督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge独任庭 sole-judge bench独任仲裁员 sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决 judgement inter parties二审 trial of second instance二审案件 case of trial of second insurance文章来源:广东教育招生网/ 罚款 impose a fine法定证据 statutory legal evidence法定证据制度 system of legal evidence法官 judges法警 bailiff; court police法律文书 legal instruments/papers法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal consulting法庭辩论 court debate法庭调查 court investigation法庭审理笔录 court record法庭审理方式 mode of court trial法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal法院 court法院公告 court announcement反诉 counterclaim反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim反诉状 counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action文章来源:广东教育招生网/复查 reexamination; recheck复验 reinspect高级法官 senior judge高级检察官 senior procurator高级人民法院 Higher People's Court告诉案件 case of complaint告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children公安部 Ministry of Public Security公安分局 public security sub-bureau公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理 trial in public公开审判制度 open trial system公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件 public-prosecuting case公诉词 statement of public prosecution公证机关 public notary office共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction管辖 jurisdiction国际司法协助 international judicial assistance文章来源:广东教育招生网/海事法院 maritime court合议庭 collegial panel合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解 composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties恢复执行 resumption of execution回避 withdrawal混合式诉讼 mixed action基层人民法院 basic People's Court羁押期限 term in custody级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels 监视居住 living at home under surveillance监狱 prison检察官 procurator检察权 prosecutorial power检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院 procuratorate检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序 summary procedure鉴定结论 expert conclusion经济审判庭 economic tribunal文章来源:广东教育招生网/径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings拘传 summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所 detention house举报 information/report of an offence举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision军事法院 military procuratorate开庭审理 open a court session开庭通知 notice of court session勘验笔录 record of inquest看守所 detention house可执行财产 executable property控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings控诉证据 incriminating evidence控诉职能 accusation function扣押 distrain on; attachment扣押物 distress/distraint宽限期 period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场 reform-through-labor farm劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office文章来源:广东教育招生网/类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据 cumulative evidence立案报告 place a case on file立案管辖 functional jurisdiction立案决定书 written decision of case-filing立案侦查 report of placing a case on file利害关系人 interested party临时裁决书 interim award律师见证书 lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication 律师事务所 law office; law firm律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty民事案件 civil case民事审判庭 civil tribunal民事诉讼 civil action民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭 detached tribunal派出所 police station判决 judgement; determination文章来源:广东教育招生网/判决书 judgement; determination; verdict （指陪审团作出的）旁证 circumstantial evidence陪审员 juror批准逮捕 approval of arrest破案 clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产 bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序 general/ordinary procedure普通管辖 general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉 filing of a lawsuit起诉 sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状 indictment; information区县检察院 grassroots People's Procuratorate取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决 default judgement人民调解委员会 People's Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉 appeal上诉人 appellant上诉状 petition for appeal文章来源:广东教育招生网/ 少管所 juvenile prison社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security 涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings申请人 applicant; petitioner申请书 petition; application for arbitration申请执行人 execution applicant申诉人宣誓书 claimant's affidavit of authenticity申诉书 appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence神示制度 ordeal system审查案件 case review审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution审理通知书 notice of hearing审判长 presiding judge审判长宣布开庭 presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision审判委员会 judicial committee文章来源:广东教育招生网/审判员 judge审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order胜诉方 winning party省市自治区检察院 higher People's Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death实（质）体证据 substantial evidence实物证据 tangible evidence实在证据 real evidence示意证据 demonstrative evidence视听证据 audio-visual evidence收容所 collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官 chief justice首席检察官 chief procurator受害人的近亲属 victim's immediate family受理 acceptance受理刑事案件审批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人 the addressee书记员 court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律 court clerk reads court rules书证 documentary evidence司法部 Ministry of Justice文章来源:广东教育招生网/司法机关 judicial organizatons司法警察 judicial police司法局 judicial bureau司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助 judicial assistance死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权 competence for judicial review of death sentence送达 service of process送达传票 service of summons/subpoena送达诉状 service of bill of complaint搜查 search诉 sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼 litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全 attachment诉讼参加人 litigious participants诉讼代理人 agent ad litem诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序 special procedures文章来源:广东教育招生网/提起公诉 institute a public prosecution铁路法院 railway court铁路检察院 railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序 procedure of court trial通缉 wanted for arrest投案 appearance退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation 委托辩护 entrusted defense未成年人法庭 juvenile court无行政职务的法官 associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证 material evidence先予执行申请书 application for advanced execution先予执行 advanced execution刑事案件 criminal case刑事拘留 criminal detention刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal刑事诉讼 criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint文章来源:广东教育招生网/行政案件 administrative case行政审判庭 administrative tribunal行政诉讼 administrative proceedings行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人 inquire/question a witness训诫 reprimand讯问笔录 record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect言词证据 verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding一审 trial of first instance一审案件 case of trial of first instance应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty”予审 preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告 plaintiff文章来源:广东教育招生网/院长 court president阅卷笔录 record of file review （by lawyers）再审案件 case of retrial再审申请书 petition for retrial责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议 creditors' meeting侦查阶段 investigation stage侦查终结 conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据 evidence证据保全 preserve evidence证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit支付令 payment order/warrant知识产权庭 intellectual property tribunal执行程序 procedure execution执行逮捕 execution of arrest执行和解 conciliation of execution执行回转 recovery of execution执行庭 executive tribunal执行异议 objection to execution执行员 executor文章来源:广东教育招生网/ 执行中止 discontinuance of execution执行终结 conclusion of execution指定辩护 appointed defense指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院 intermediate People's Court中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration仲裁被诉人 respondent; defendant仲裁裁决 award仲裁申请书 arbitration仲裁申诉人 claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会 arbitration committee仲裁协议 arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员 arbitrator主诉检察官 principal procurator助理检察官 assistant procurator助理审判员 assistant judge专门法院 special court专门管辖 specific jurisdiction专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction文章来源:广东教育招生网/追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility自首 confession to justice自诉案件 private-prosecuting case自行辩护 self-defense自由心证制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件 self-investigating case最高人民法院 the Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院 the Supreme People's Procuratorate最后裁决书 final award。
天津师范大学外国语学院2015级基础英语写作 期末考试试卷(附答案)
14.While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that TV _____ the newspaper completely.
A. replacedB. have replacedC. replaceD. will replace
8._____, he couldn’t manage to support his family.
A. Hardly as he was working
B. Hard as was he working
C. Hardly working as he was
D. Hard as he worked
9._____ in your position, I would go.
1.Anyone _____ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againstsB. that against
C. who is againstD. who are against
2.Didn’t you see the man _____?
A. I nodded just nowB. whom I nodded just now
5.Hardly _____ the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived atB. had I arrived
C. had I reachedD. I had got to
6.It is at least three years _____ these trees were planted.
新世纪大学英语阅读教程(2) 参考答案
新世纪大学英语阅读教程（2）参考答案Unit OnePartⅠ Reading for InformationExercisesⅠ Reading for InformationA.Reading to find main ideas1.A,2. C,B. Reading to find major details3. D,4. B,C. Reading to find relevant facts5. C,6. AⅡ.TranslationTranslate the following sentences into Chinese1.有一百份卷子要批，而且全是男孩们用潦草的字迹写成的，这事他已经拖了好几个星期了。
这些日子，他一直觉得头上仿佛悬着把剑。
2.我私下里已经花了一大笔钱来学习音乐了。
3.他的脸上挂满了汗珠。
4.没有哪个宣布判决的法官会比此时的谢卡夫更痛苦、更无助。
5.说出事实和接受事实同样需要勇气。
Ⅲ. Summaryplete the following statements with words and expressions from the box. Usetheir proper forms.1.sun, straight in the face, blinking, dazed2.morning, night, tempering truth, shock3.truth, trials, wife, colleague, headmaster4.apple pie, culinary masterpiece, good, swallow5.fine, mean, selfish6.singing, stupefied7.frogs, buffalo, window shutters8.strength, give, receivePartⅡ Reading for PleasureExercisesⅠ. Answer the following questions. (The answers are open.)1.Hell is not so terrible as most people think because it can be transformed intoHeaven through hard work, courage, faith and love. The real Hell is in one’sheart.2.Heaven is a land of beauty and peace, and it is the result of our hard work.3.All those hardworking people with courage and determination can rest in Heavenafter they die, because although they cannot all reach Heaven in the first place, they can build Hell into Heaven.4.Those who are afraid of Hell and do not have courage to fight difficulties anddisasters will end up in Hell.5.This parable tells us that our destiny is controlled by ourselves.PartⅢ HomeworkTest your readingPassage 11.(T),2. (F),3. (T),4. (F),5. (F)Passage 26.(T),7. (F),8. (T),9. (T), 10. (F)Passage 311.C, 12.B, 13.B, 14.B, 15.DPassage 416.C, 17.D, 18.B, 19.D, 20.CUnit TwoPartⅠ Reading for InformationExercisesⅠ Reading for InformationA. Reading to find main ideas1. A,2. C,B. Reading to find major details3. B,4. D,C. Reading to find relevant facts5. A,6. BⅡ.TranslationTranslate the following sentences into Chinese1.可那天我一点都不在乎路途远，只要有他在我身边。
综合4unit1_The_icy_defender
Love Letter for Josephine
• 给你千百万个吻，并吻你的爱犬。
• A Love Letter
I have your letter ，my adorable love. It has filled my heart with joy. Since I left you I have been sad all the time. My only happiness is near you. I go over endlessly in my thought ,your kisses , your tears ,your delicious jealousy--the charm of my wonderful Josephine kindles a living, blazing fire in my heart and senses. When shall I be able to pass every minute near you, with nothing to do but to love you, and nothing to think of but the pleasure of telling of it and giving you proof of it ?
Welcome Back !!!
Teaching Arrangements
• I. Summary of the Last Semester • II. Requirements of the Course • III. Learning of Unit1(Book4)
高考英语summary写作【终极版】
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3) 删除具体例子。
不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达到30个词，那就选择一至两个例子（即一两个主要节日）。
注：原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
4) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：“She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”5) 把文章的对话或直接引语(的要点)改成间接引语叙述。
6) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
7) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：“He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”8) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul —it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without saltin it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.II.练习篇---- 学以致用1,Then, you can think of away to make both sides happy. Here are some tips1)Make time to talk. You could talk about your school life and your plans for the future.2)..Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings.3). Show your parents you are growing up. Wash your own clothes and help around the house.Summary: There are some tips for children to follow so that they can get on well with their parents.2. Sometimes, kids don’t think their parents are fair to them. When you want to dress in a modern way, your mum doesn’t like you to wear a mini-skirt. When you are making phone calls to friends, they ask whether you’re speaking to a boy or a girl.Summary: It is quite natural that we children look at the same problem differently from our parents.3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, “You use too much salt on your food, Paul. It’s not at all good for you!” Paul put downhis knife and frowned, “Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on you r food it would taste awful…like eating wood or sand…just imagine bread without salt in it!”Summary: Kate suggested that Paul should eat less salt. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.4. She brought home several Chinese and English novels,a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. Summary:She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.Ⅲ.Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage 段意合并法 (说明文、应用文)第一步, 通读全文, 领略大意;第二步,小结每一段的大意;第三步, 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 综合归纳全文的大意.对于说明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。
英文作文介绍通缉令
英文作文介绍通缉令英文回答：What is a Wanted Poster?A wanted poster is an official notice issued by law enforcement authorities seeking the apprehension of a fugitive. It typically contains the suspect's name, physical description, criminal charges, and a reward for their capture. Wanted posters are widely distributed in public places, such as post offices, police stations, and online platforms, to solicit public assistance in locating and apprehending the wanted individual.History and Purpose。
The use of wanted posters dates back centuries, with early examples found in the 18th and 19th centuries. Wanted posters have played a crucial role in law enforcement efforts, enabling authorities to track down criminals andbring them to justice. They serve several purposes:Public Awareness: Wanted posters raise public awareness about fugitive criminals and encourage citizens to report any sightings or information that could lead to their capture.Fugitive Apprehension: The fear of being recognized and apprehended based on a wanted poster can motivate fugitives to surrender or avoid densely populated areas.Collection of Information: Wanted posters provide a way for the public to share tips and information with law enforcement, assisting in the investigation and apprehension process.Criminal Deterrence: The threat of being apprehended and prosecuted can deter potential criminals from engaging in unlawful activities.Content and Design。
马伯里诉麦迪逊案(中英双文版)
The Facts
that explicit and satisfactory information has not been given in answer to that inquiry, either by the Secretary of State or any officer in the Department of State; that application has been made to the secretary of the Senate for a certificate of the nomination of the applicants, and of the advice and consent of the Senate, who has declined giving such a certificate 对于以上质询， 对于以上质询，没 有任何政府官员给 予明确且令人满意 的回复。 的回复。申请还被 送交给了参议院秘 书来证明马伯里等 人已经因参议院的 同意和批准而得到 任命。 任命。但参议院秘 书拒绝给予证明。
亚当斯总统正式签署 了委任他们为地方执 法官盖了美国国印。 马伯里等人要求没有 按规定发放委任状的 麦迪逊国务卿送出他 们所述的委任状。 们所述的委任状。马 伯里等人已经向国务 卿办公室申请了说明 委任状是否被登记并 签章的信息。 签章的信息。
The summary
这是一个关于类似于行政诉讼的案件，马伯里请求最高法院依据1789年《司法 法》向美国国务卿下达强制令要求其发放马伯里等人的委任书，而主审法官马歇 尔却由此引发了一个极有价值的宪法问题，即宪法与一般法律发生冲突，应适用 哪部法律，以及谁有权做出决定的问题。马歇尔认为宪法是优先的、最高的法律； 就具体的案件司法机关具有决定适用宪法、认定违背宪法的法律无效的权力，从 而开创了美国司法机关审查宪法立法的先河。 It's about a similar to the administrative litigation case, MaBoLi appealed to the Supreme Court basis in 1789 the judicial law to the secretary of state demands of its issued an injunction issued MaBoLi wait for a person appoints and presiding judge Marshall was caused by a very valuable constitutional issues, namely constitution and law in general the conflict, should apply to which legal, and who shall have the right to make decision problem. Marshall says the constitution is preferred, the highest legal, Specific cases of judicial organs have decide to apply the constitution, cognizance against the constitution law invalid power, which has developed American judiciary review constitution legislation in China.
律师意见书英文
律师意见书英文Lawyer's Advice[Your Name][Your Address][City, State, Zip Code][Date][Recipient's Name][Recipient's Address][City, State, Zip Code]Dear [Recipient's Name],RE: Legal Advice Regarding [Case/Issue]I am writing to provide you with legal advice regarding the aforementioned case and to advise you on the best course of action moving forward.1. Background and Summary of the Case/IssuePlease provide a brief background and summary of the case or issue at hand. Include relevant details such as dates, parties involved, and any preliminary legal actions taken.2. Legal AnalysisBased on the facts and circumstances presented, I have conducted a thorough legal analysis of the case and provide the followingadvice and recommendations:a. Legal Rights and Obligations: First and foremost, it is important to understand your legal rights and obligations in this matter. Please provide details of any contracts, agreements, or legal documents that may be relevant.b. Claims and Defenses: Identify the potential claims or defenses that could be raised in relation to the case or issue. This may include breach of contract, negligence, fraud, or any other relevant legal theories.c. Strengths and Weaknesses: Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the case, taking into consideration the available evidence, witnesses, and any legal precedents that may apply.d. Potential Outcomes: Provide an analysis of the potential outcomes of pursuing legal action or defending against legal claims. Discuss the likelihood of success and any potential risks or pitfalls.e. Legal Strategy: Based on the analysis provided, develop a legal strategy that outlines the recommended approach to the case. This may involve negotiation, alternative dispute resolution, or litigation.3. Recommended Course of ActionBased on the legal analysis and your specific circumstances, I recommend the following course of action:a. Negotiation: If possible, attempt to negotiate a resolution to the dispute or issue at hand. This may involve discussions, mediation, or settlement negotiations.b. Alternative Dispute Resolution: Consider alternative methods of resolving the dispute, such as arbitration or mediation. These methods can save time and costs associated with a traditional court trial.c. Litigation: If negotiation or alternative dispute resolution is not successful or appropriate, litigation may be necessary. We can proceed with filing a lawsuit on your behalf or defending against legal claims brought against you.4. ConclusionIn conclusion, it is essential to seek legal representation to protect your rights and interests in this matter. Please do not hesitate to contact me for further clarification or to discuss the recommended course of action.Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to assisting you throughout the legal process.Yours faithfully,[Your Name][Your Title][Law Firm Name] [Contact Information]。
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
现代研究生英语教程(外研社)U3_Text A
Main idea: The wild increase of human population will destroy the ecology just as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism.
Main idea: To stop human population explosion is a problem of top priority to be solved;
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Main Idea and Structure
First reading: Scan the text and try to catch the main idea. The following words are for your reference to organize the idea:
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Para.7-9
7 The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions). 8 In fact, we can pursue the analogy. A man is composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells, such as those making up an entire leg, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, such as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion. 9 In the same way, on a planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earth's life in general, but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the details of geological structure. A serious decline in the bee population will affect the numbers of those plants that depend on bees for fertilization, then the numbers of those animals that depend on those particular bee-fertilized plants, and so on.
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The Summary of the Case against Man Mankind is an inseparable part of the Earth’s overall ecosystem, like any other living or nonliving things in the world. According to traditional concept, human beings are distinguishing from others, and they always call themselves “the master of the world”. Actually, such concept leads to various misbehaviors on the part of people, thus causing the destruction of the eco-balance. We get almost everything from nature, it just because natural unlimited support that can we survive comfortably and reform the world.
The problem of ecological imbalance nowadays is just like cancer occurring in human body, which is deadly and grow without limitation. This is a dread disease, and unless the growth of cancerous cells is somehow stopped, the ecological system will be entirely destroyed. It is urgent that we human beings should pay enough attention to find ways to make a better relationship between man and nature.
First and foremost, we should abide by the nature-law to keep a biological balance among things both animate and inanimate. That is to say, the increase of almost everything is proportional to the decrease, without exception. The eater is simultaneously the eaten, as a man lives, so he dies. It is a long coexistence that can make the balance develop sustainably.
In regards to human beings, we should follow and understand two
rules “to give”and “to take”profoundly. It seems apparent that man’s activity benefits primarily himself, not the nature. While we cannot stop reforming our living environment these days, and cannot ignore the fact that it generates an adverse effect on the nature. If not, finally, the damage that we causes will eventually have a negative influence on ourselves such as leading to various pollution, accelerating dissolution of animals and plants seriously, and using up valuable natural resources, and on and on likely <<2012>> describing. Hence, we the single species that has been increasing in numbers, should be made to conserve resources and limit the impact of human activity on the nature especially population explosion. If not limiting the birth rates of people, we will have no place to accommodate ourselves in that the total spaces on Earth are in certain quantity. Maybe several years later, the advanced technology can aid us to move forward to the other planets like moon, mars, and elsewhere, but there exists a conceivable era marked by the death of people just as Dinosaur Ages.
After realizing the stress of human beings must be controlled, and that is therefore the first order of mankind’s business today, or even if the science serves us in an absolutely ideal way, we will reach the planetary that mankind will start fading long, long before he is forced to construct that building that will the human beings to adopt birth control and the sooner it comes about, the better will be the result. After all, man is not a
thing in itself, but it is part of an intricate web of life.。