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人工胃液(CHP,无菌)

组成：
名称人工胃液(ChP,无菌) 使用说明书
编号 CZ0213
Storage
500ml
-20℃
1份
操作步骤(仅供参考)：
1、如果是检测胶囊剂、肠溶片、滴丸剂等，一般采用升降式崩解仪，主要由金属支架、带有挡板的吊篮组成。将待测的胶囊剂、肠溶片、滴丸剂 6 粒或片浸于人工胃液中，1 小时内完全崩解，如有 1 粒或片不能完全崩解，应另取 6 粒或片复试，均应符合要求。
相关：
编号 CS0001 DM0007 PW0053 TC0699
名称 ACK 红细胞裂解液(ACK Lysis Buffer) 瑞氏-姬姆萨复合染色液 Western 抗体洗脱液(碱性) 植物总糖和还原糖检测试剂盒(硝基水杨酸法)
北京雷根生ene 人工胃液(ChP,无菌)其英文表述为 Simulated Gastric Fluid，是模拟胃液的组分和 pH 值的一种溶液。本试剂采用中国药典表述，人工胃液主要由稀酸、胃蛋白酶等组成，经无菌处理，可用于胶囊剂、肠溶片、滴丸剂等检测，尤其适用于以明胶为基质的软胶囊和滴丸的检测。
2、如果进行其他实验，应根据具体实验要求操作。
注意事项：
1、人工胃液为无菌溶液，如有无菌要求，注意无菌操作。 2、人工胃液避免反复冻融，以免效率下降。 3、本产品为强酸性溶液，注意做好安全防护。 4、为了您的安全和健康，请穿实验服并戴一次性手套操作。
有效期： -20℃保存 12 个月有效。4℃可保存 2 个月。

ChP(2020)和USP(24)均收载的砷盐检查方法

ChP(2020)和USP(24)均收载的砷盐检查方法砷盐是有毒的物质，多由药物生产过程所使用的无机试剂引入。

砷盐和重金属一样，在多种药物中要求检查。

虽然重金属检查法可同时检测砷，但因其毒性大，且易引入药物中，故须采用灵敏度高、专属性强的砷盐检查法进行专项考察和严格控制其限量。

《中国药典》2015年版采用古蔡氏(Gutzeit)法和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银法(silver diethyldithio-carbamate，简称Ag-DDC法)法检查药物中微量的砷，两法并列，根据需要可任意选用。

《美国药典》(USP38) ,《日本药局方》(JP16)均采用Ag-DDC法，《欧洲药典》(EP8.0)和《英国药典》(BP2016)采用古蔡氏法和次磷酸法。

(一)第一法(古蔡氏法)1．原理利用金属锌与酸作用产生新生态氢，与药品中的微量亚砷酸盐反应生成具挥发性的砷化氢，遇溴化汞试纸产生黄色至棕色的砷斑，与相同条件下一定量的标准砷溶液所产生的砷斑比较，以判定砷盐的限量。

反应式如下：AsO33-＋3Zn+9H+→AsH3↑+3Zn2++3H2OAs3++3Zn+3H+→AsH3↑+3Zn2+AsH3+2HgBr2→2HBr+AsH(HgBr)2(黄色)AsH3＋3HgBr2→3HBr＋As(HgBr)3(棕色)2．检查法(1)标准砷斑的制备：精密量取标准砷溶液2ml，置A瓶中，加盐酸5 ml与水21ml，再加碘化钾试液5ml与酸性氯化亚锡试液5滴，在室温放置10分钟后，加锌粒2g，立即将照上法装妥的导气管C密塞于A瓶上，并将A瓶置25～40℃水浴中，反应45分钟，取出溴化汞试纸，即得。

若供试品需经有机破坏后再检砷，则应取标准砷溶液代替供试品，照该品种项下规定的方法同法处理后，依法制备砷斑。

(2)样品砷斑的制备：取按各品种项下规定方法制成的供试品溶液，置A瓶中，照标准砷斑的制备，自“再加碘化钾试液5ml”起，依法操作。

chp有机化学

Chapter4Russian Organic Chemistry Matures: Emergence of a Russian-Trained Professoriate in Organic Chemistry4.1IntroductionThe rise of the schools of organic chemistry at Kazan’and St.Petersburg proceeded apace during what may be considered the zenith of the science in Russia,the period between1855and1890.The early part of this period is asso-ciated with Butlerov at Kazan’,and with Zinin and Borodin at St.Petersburg. However,in the ensuing decades,the students of these chemists made important contributions that made organic chemistry in Russia the equal of,or superior to that being carried out in the western world.Leicester has made the suggestion that were it not for the conservative(non-native Russian)membership of the Academy of Sciences,the rise of chemistry in Russia would have continued even longer[1]. The elevation of the standard of Russian chemistry during this period was accompanied by the rise of regional universities,but,more especially,by the rise of chemistry at Moscow University,to join the productive programs in St.Petersburg and Kazan’,during the last quarter of the century.4.2St.Petersburg4.2.1The Imperial Medical-Surgical AcademyIn addition to St.Petersburg University and the Imperial Academy,organic chemistry also began toﬂourish in St.Petersburg during the early part of the nineteenth century at the Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.This institution had been founded Tsar Paul in1798as the Army Medical Academy,a place for the education of army doctors.It was renamed the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in1808.Although predominantly for the education of physicians,this institution57 D.E.Lewis,Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy,SpringerBriefs in History of Chemistry,DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-28219-5_4,ÓThe Author(s)2012584Russian Organic Chemistry Matures played an important role in the development of natural and physical sciences in Russia.In1848,Nikolai Zinin had left Kazan’,and had taken up the Chair of Chemistry at the Medical-Surgical Academy.He spent the next quarter century of his career there,retiring from his position in1874.As he had started at Kazan,so he con-tinued at St.Petersburg:During his time at the Medical-Surgical Academy,Zinin made it his job to raise the level of the chemistry laboratories,and he was instrumental in planning a new Institute of Chemistry.Under Zinin,the Medical-Surgical Academy became so well known for chemistry that local wags occa-sionally suggested that it be renamed the Medical-Chemical Academy.4.2.2The Next Generation of Organic Chemistsat St.PetersburgThe rise of chemistry as a signiﬁcant discipline at St.Petersburg is reasonably attributed to Zinin and Voskresenskii,who educated three of the four individuals to whom may be attributed the consolidation of the position of the science of chemistry in St.Petersburg:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin and his friend, Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev,at St.Petersburg University,and Aleksandr Porﬁr’evich Borodin(Fktrcfylh Gjhabhmtdbx<jhjlby,1834–1887),at the Medical-Surgical Academy.The fourth was Friedrich Konrad Beilstein(Fyodor Fyodorovich Beil’shtein,A/ljh A/ljhjdbx<tqkmintqy,1838–1906),who fol-lowed Mendeleev into the Chair of Chemistry at the Imperial Technical Institute in St.Petersburg.Both Menshutkin and Mendeleev had been students of Voskre-senskii at the St.Petersburg Pedagogical Institute,but Beilstein’s path to a lead-ership position in Russian organic chemistry was signiﬁcantly different.Even so, the careers of Beilstein and Mendeleev are inextricably linked,so we will treat them together.But we will begin with Menshutkin.4.2.3Nikolai Aleksandrovich MenshutkinOne of Voskresenskii’s earliest students,Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin[2], became Professor of analytical chemistry at St.Petersburg,and was a pioneer in physical organic chemistry.Menshutkin was born in St.Petersburg to a fairly wealthy trader’s family.At six years of age,he was sent to the best boarding schools in St.Petersburg,and at age10,he was enrolled also at the St.Peter German School; he graduated inﬁrst place from this school in December1857,shortly after his15th birthday.Because he was underage for admission,he was required to pass an examination before he was permitted to enter St.Petersburg University.As a stu-dent in the natural science department of the Physico-mathematical faculty of4.2St.Petersburg59 the university,Menshutkin received his education in inorganic and analytical chemistry from Voskresenskii,and his education in organic chemistry from Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov(Ybrjkfq Ybrjkftdbx Cjrjkjd,1826–1877),1for whom].Menshutkin had great respect and affection[3 Array In1862,Menshutkin successfully defended his dissertation for the degree of kandidat and then immediately took a komandirovka to western Europe.He began at the Tübingen laboratory of Adolph Strecker,then moved to the Paris laboratory of Charles Adolphe Wurtz in1864,andﬁnally to the Marburg laboratory of Hermann Kolbe in1865.He returned to Russia in1866,and immediately wrote up the results of his work on phosphorous acid,receiving the degree of M.Chem.the same year[4].Three years later,he received his Dr.Chem.degree for work on ureides[5].After obtaining his Dr.Chem.degree,Menshutkin was appointed as Extraordinary Professor of Chemistry at St.Petersburg University and ordinary professor in1876.In1879,he was elected Dean of the Physico-mathematical faculty,and he served in this position until1887;in1885he was appointed to the Chair of Organic Chemistry,a position he held until1902.In1893,he was given the title of supernumerary professor.Until1885,Menshutkin had taught analytical chemistry and special courses in organic chemistry,but on assuming the Chair of organic chemistry,he abandoned the teaching of analytical chemistry and devoted himself solely to his specialty.In1902,he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at St.Petersburg Polytechnic Institute,a position he held until his death.During his time at each institution,Menshutkin supervised the construction and equipping of 1Sokolov’s carer at Odessa will be discussed at more length in Chap.5.the chemical laboratories:at the University of St.Petersburg from1890to 1894,and at the St.Petersburg Polytechnic Institute from 1901to 1902.Like his mentors,Menshutkin was one of the founders of the Russian Physical Chemical Society;he served as the editor of its Journal from 1869to 1900,and as president of the society in 1906.Menshutkin died of a stroke in St.Petersburg just three days after his friend,Mendeleev.4.2.3.1The Menshutkin Reaction:Early PhysicalOrganic ChemistryMenshutkin’s lasting contributions to organic chemistry were in the area of physical organic chemistry,where he was a true pioneer.Among his early works were studies of the pyrolyis of amyl acetate,in which he showed the autocatalytic effects of acetic acid,one of the reaction products [6].Menshutkin also published a long series of papers describing the effects of alcohol structure on the ease of esteriﬁcation [7].From these papers,a general appreciation of the effects of structure on the rates of closely-related chemical reactions arose;Fig.4.1shows a table of data describing the absolute and relative initial rates of esteriﬁcation of a series of saturated secondary alcohols.Menshutkin’s name has been preserved in the form of the Menshutkin reaction ,which now refers to the quaternization of amines with alkyl ing this reaction,Menshutkin deﬁnitively demonstrated the potentially dramatic effect of solvent on reaction rates [8],while,at the same time,he extended his studies of the structural effects of the reactants on the rates of chemical reactions [9].For his pioneering work in physical organic chemistry,Menshutkin received the 1904Lomonosov Prize—the highest award of the Russian Academy of Sciences.N RR RNR R R'Coming out of his kinetic work was Menshutkin’s conviction that no reaction can be studied without considering the inﬂuence of the solvent [10],a remarkably 1. Dimethylcarbinol26,53 43,852. Aethylmethylcarbinol22,59 38,103. Hexylmethylcarbinol21,19 34,164. Isopropylmethylcarbinol18,95 31,955. Diäthylcarbinol 16,93 28,86a babsolut :relativ :AnfangegeschwindigkeitFig.4.1Initial rates of esteriﬁcation of secondary alcohols as reported by Menshutkin604Russian Organic Chemistry Matures4.2St.Petersburg61 modern perspective that was reinforced three decades later by the work of Hughes and Ingold[11]in their studies of reaction mechanisms.(1834-1887)Aleksandr Porfir'evichBorodin4.2.4The Versatile BorodinZinin’s successor to the Chair of Chemistry at the Medical-Surgical Academy washis student,Aleksandr Porﬁr’evich Borodin.During his brief life,Borodinachieved eminence as both an organic chemist and as a composer[12],although ithas been suggested that the assessment of his accomplishments as a chemist mayhave been inﬂated[13];the most balanced discussion of Borodin’s chemicalaccomplishments may be that of Rae[14].Borodin was the illegitimate son of a62-year-old Imeretian(Georgian)prince,Luka Stepanovich Gedianov(morecorrectly,Gedevanishvili)(1772–1843),and a Russian mother,the25-year-oldEvdokia Konstantinovna Antonova;he was legitimized by being registered as theson of Porﬁry Ionovich Borodin,his father’s valet,making Borodin both hisfather’s biological son and his father’s serf until that same father freed him atage7.His mother stayed close to him throughout his life,although she neverrecognized him as her son;he referred to her as his‘‘aunt.’’Borodin received aﬁne home education,and he had mastered the French,German and English languages by an early age.While growing up,he alsoexhibited a strong interest in the sciences—botany,zoology,and especiallychemistry—and he also discovered music early:he learned to play the piano,celloandﬂute,and by the age of10years he had already composed hisﬁrst work,thePolka in D minor.624Russian Organic Chemistry Matures In1850,he sat for the admissions examinations for the Medical-Surgical Academy and,despite his relative youth(he was barely16years old),he was accepted as one of the entering students.At the Academy he studied chemistry under Zinin,with whom he continued to the completion of his M.D.degree in 1858.He became Zinin’s favorite student,and was Zinin’s choice to succeed him, but Zinin was disturbed by the time he spent on his music,scolding him with,‘‘Mr.Borodin,it would be better if you gave less thought to writing songs.I have placed all my hopes in you,and want you to be my successor one day.You waste too much time thinking about music.A man cannot serve two masters’’[15]. Although he was a qualiﬁed physician,Borodin became ill at the sight of blood,so he never practiced.As an aside,Borodin’s M.D.dissertation had the distinction of being theﬁrst at St.Petersburg written and defended in Russian rather than Latin.Following his graduation,he traveled to Heidelberg on the advice of his doc-toral mentor,entering the laboratory of Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.Within a year, however,he transferred to the laboratory of Emil Erlenmeyer(the elder).In1860, he attended the Karlsruhe conference as a Russian delegate with Mendeleev;at this conference,the atomic weights of the elements wereﬁnallyﬁxed,which was absolutely critical to Mendeleev’s successful formulation of the periodic table. Later that year,Borodin traveled with Mendeleev and Zinin to southern Europe. From1860to1861,he was in Italy,where he worked in the laboratory of Sebastiano de Luca and Paolo Tassinari in Pisa.2While in Italy,he met Ekaterina Sergeevna Protopopova,whom he married in St.Petersburg two years later. Ekaterina,whose health was never robust,was herself a musician,and was said to possess‘‘perfect pitch.’’On his return to Russia in1862,Borodin was appointed docent at the Medical-Surgical Academy(meaning that he received no salary,but received a portion of the fees paid by students to attend his lectures);in1864he was appointed Pro-fessor of Chemistry at the Academy.In1872,he helped found courses for women at the Academy,and for much of his professional life he was a strong proponent of the education of women(as an aside,for all Russia’s reputation for being back-ward,the chemistry departments in Russia actually boasted some of the most forward-thinking individuals of the nineteenth century when it came to the edu-cation of women).When the medical education of women was halted a decade later under the regency of Aleksandr III,the blow devastated him.As a professor of chemistry at the Medical-Surgical Academy,Borodin’s teaching load was heavy,even by contemporary standards.Consequently,he found that the demands of his teaching left little time for either chemical research or for 2Paolo Tassinari(1829–1909)was an Italian analytical chemist who took the Chair at Pisa in 1862after a brief appointment to the University of Bologna,where he taught Analytical, Mineralogical,and Metallurgical Chemistry.Sebastiano de Luca(1820–1880)was a student of Piria,in Naples,and a close friend of Stanislao Cannizzarro.Like him,de Luca was of a revolutionary bent.He served with the rebels in the1848revolution,and when their cause failed, he was sentenced to19years imprisonment.He escaped apprehension,andﬂed to France,where he studied with Berthelot.He returned to Italy in1857,replacing Piria as Chair at Pisa.composition.He wrote that his friends—both in chemistry and music—often wished him poor health,since it was only when he was too ill to teach that he could accomplish anything in the research laboratory or his composing.Borodin’s musical legacy is also signiﬁcant,and there are numerous biogra-phies of Borodin,the musician.He remains the only chemist to have won a Tony award:his music provided the score for the musical Kismet,which resulted in him winning the Tony award for the best composer of1954—67years after his death! Borodin died suddenly of a cardiac anuerysm at the young age of53years while attending a fancy dress ball organized by the professors of the Medical-Surgical Academy.4.2.4.1Borodin’s ChemistryThe brevity of Borodin’s career means that his chemical accomplishments were few;they were,however,important.In1860his studies were concerned with the chemistry of benzidine,and he has been credited with theﬁrst studies of he benzidine rearrangement(although Shine has pointed out that Borodin’s contri-bution was not,in fact,in this area[16]).In1861he published an account of the reaction of silver salts of organic acids with molecular bromine[17].CO2Ag BrBrThe reaction results in the oxidation of the carboxylate to the acyl hypobromite, which then undergoes homolysis and loss of carbon dioxide to give the alkyl bromide with one carbon atom less than the starting acid.In what must hold the record for a patent examiner missing prior art,Heinz and Cläre Hunsdiecker were awarded a U.S.patent[18]in1939—78years after its original publication—for the same reaction,and the reaction entered the textbooks as the Hunsdiecker reaction[19].It is only since the1990s that Borodin’s name has been attached to the reaction heﬁrst discovered.In1862he prepared theﬁrst organicﬂuorine compound by the treatment of benzoyl chloride with potassium hydrogenﬂuoride [20].2In1864,he began a project that lasted a decade,and led to the development of what the French chemist,Charles–Adolphe Wurtz(viewed by most—but not all [13]—historians of chemistry as Borodin’s competitor)called the aldol reaction [21].Despite its longer-term association with the name of Wurtz,Borodin’s pre-cedence for discovery of this reaction is unambiguous:hisﬁrst paper describing 4.2St.Petersburg63the reaction of aldehydes with sodium as the base appeared in two papers pub-lished in1864[22],pre-dating Wurtz’ﬁrst paper by nearly a decade.Kekulé’sﬁrst foray into this area appeared in1869[23].Facing competition from these two high-powered competitors,Borodin eventually gave up this line of research.Na+4.2.5Beilstein and MendeleevBy far the most famous Russian chemist of the nineteenth century was Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev,the discoverer of the periodic law.Mendeleev did relatively little,however,in theﬁeld of organic chemistry.An excellent account of his life and seminal work is contained in the book by historian,Mark Gordin[24],to which the reader is referred.Beilstein,on the other hand,may be the best-known organic chemist that most organic chemists know nothing about,to quote Gordin yet again[25].Beilstein’s relationship with Mendeleev was never good,and it became much worse when,in1880,Mendeleev was denied the Chair in Technology at the Imperial Academy of Sciences,missing the majority by a single vote(although an extraordinary majority was actually needed for election),only to have Beilstein elected to the same Chair in1882.And yet,both achieved a high level of scientiﬁc eminence:Mendeleev just missed sharing the Nobel Prize for his work on the periodic law,and Beilsteins Handbuch der Organischen Chemie continues to be an important reference work for organic chemists over a hundred years after itsﬁrst appearance.4.2.5.1Dmitrii Ivanovich MendeleevLike his contemporary,Menshutkin(who actually presented Mendeleev’s land-mark paper on periodic law because Mendeleev himself was ill),Mendeleev learned his chemistry under Voskresenskii at St.Petersburg.In1856,he graduated from the St.Petersburg Pedagogical Institute with the degree of kandidat,and the same year he presented his dissertation for the degree of M.Chem.This allowed him to take up a position as Docent at St.Petersburg University,but his health forced him to move to southern Russia soon thereafter.Mendeleev’s major con-tribution to organic chemistry was his textbook,Organicheskaya Khimiya [Organic Chemistry],which he wrote in1861,and which was based on Gerhardt’s 644Russian Organic Chemistry Matures4.2St.Petersburg65 view of organic chemistry.Despite the rise of the structural theory of organic chemistry,Mendeleev held to the views of Gerhardt throughout his life.In his book,he focused on similarities in the properties of closely related compounds,but took no stand on the newly-emerged theory of chemical structure;he never accepted the existence of atoms.In1862he won the Demidov Prize for this book.4.2.5.2Friedrich Konrad(Fyodor Fyodorovich)BeilsteinBeilstein was born in St.Petersburg to an ethnic German family,and although he spoke Russian,he received all his education in German,ﬁrst at the St.Petersburg German School,then in Germany itself.Following his education at St.Petersburg, in1853Beilstein was sent,at the age ofﬁfteen,to Heidelberg,where he studied two years with Bunsen.In1855,he transferred to Berlin,where he heard lectures by Liebig,and worked under Jolly.Here he completed hisﬁrst published work,on the diffusion of liquids[26].In1856he returned to Heidelberg,where he met and befriended Hübner and Kekulé,with whom he retained a life-long close friendship.A year after his return to Heidelberg,he moved to Göttingen where,a year later—two days before his twentieth birthday—Beilstein received the Ph.D.for the determination of the structure of murexide[27].Following his graduation,Beilstein spent a year in the Paris laboratory of Adolphe Wurtz,during which time he studied the action of phosphorus penta-chloride on aldehydes[28].This work began a continuing thread in his research career involving chlorination reactions of organic compounds.In1859,he returned to Germany to become Löwig’s assistant at Breslau,but Löwig’s rigid organiza-tion of his research group did not sit well with Beilstein,so when Wöhler offered him a position at Göttingen,he jumped at the chance.In1860,he returned to Göttingen,and here he continued to carry out research into halogenation of organic compounds.At the urging of Wöhler and others,who were loath to see one of Germany’s brightest young stars lost to Russia,the1865offer to Beilstein from St.Petersburg University in1865,was rapidly countered by the Germans.This meant that it was a huge surprise when,just a year later,Beilstein left Germany for Russia to take up a lower-salary appointment as Professor at the much less prestigious St.Petersburg Technological Institute.Here he remained for the rest of his career.In large part, Beilstein’s departure for Russia was prompted by the sudden death of his father, and the needs of his family.That Beilstein viewed the move as permanent is suggested by the fact that,just a year after his return to St.Petersburg,he took the unusual step of giving up his German citizenship and becoming a naturalized Russian subject.As Mendeleev’s successor at the Technological Institute,Beilstein was faced with inadequate laboratories,and with apathetic students who were destined to be engineers,and not scientists.Not only were these students not generally interested in theﬁner points of theory in chemistry,but neither were the assistants whom Beilstein had to work with.Oddly enough,he might have been well served by664Russian Organic Chemistry Matures taking a leaf out of Löwig’s book when it came to running his laboratory at the Technological Institute.As it was,his chemical research output dwindled to practically nothing as the burden of his teaching duties,and his remediation of the laboratory consumed all his time.In1880,the Academy failed to elect Mendeleev to the Chair of Technology [29].The vote of the committee was12-11against,but since a two-thirds majority was required for election,the vote was actually not close,and the outcome was recorded as‘‘Conclusion:not considered elected.’’The ballot that denied Mendeleev even a simple majority was the second vote cast by the chair of the committee(Litke).The decision raised an uproar among Russian scientists and journalists at the time:both placed the blame for Mendeleev’s rejection on the ‘‘German’’party in the Academy.The Secretary of the Russian Physical–Chemical Society,Mendeleev’s friend,Menshutkin,proposed that a letter decrying the Academy’s action be sent to the newspapers.All the major organic chemists in St.Petersburg signed the letter—except one.Beilstein’s refusal to sign the letter of protest was because he felt that this action was inappropriate,and that the correct forum for dissent was in the form of an address at the next meeting of the Physical–Chemical Society lauding Mendeleev,and criticizing the Academy’s actions.This may have,indeed,been the more prudent and more intellectual course of action,but his position was viewed as disloyalty by the‘‘Russian’’faction,and from this time on,Beilstein was placed squarely,if unjustly,in the‘‘German’’faction.It led to the destruction of his friendship with Butlerov,whose move to St.Petersburg Beilstein had instigated;Beilstein had been instrumental in seeing that Butlerov was appointed to his professorship in the imperial capital.Two years later,the relationship between the two completed its descent into total rancor,when Beilstein himself was elected to the same Chair of Technology that had been denied to Mendeleev. The committee may have elected Beilstein to the Chair by the required two-thirds majority,but Butlerov used the required two-thirds vote at the general assembly of the Academy to block his conﬁrmation:Beilstein’s appointment to the Chair of technology was not conﬁrmed until after Butlerov’s death.Beilstein died in October,2006,becoming theﬁrst of three chemical giants of Russia to pass in the space of three months:he was followed in January1907by his nemesis,Mendeleev,and then by Menshutkin.Unlike the latter two,however, Beilstein’s passing was given scant attention in Russian circles.4.2.6Beilstein’s LegacyBeilstein’s original research contributions were relatively scant.His studies in Wurtz’laboratory had shown that aldehydes react with phosphorus pentahalides to give alkylidene halides.In1866,he reported that the chlorination of benzyl chloride gave different results,depending of the temperature of the reaction:at high temperatures,side chain halogenation dominated,while at lowertemperatures,nuclear substitution occurred [30].It was not until the discovery of free radicals by Gomberg [31],over three decades later,and the emergence of free radical reactions in papers by Kharasch [32],and Hey and Waters [33]that the likely reason for the change—a change of mechanism from ionic to free radical—could be proposed.As part of his studies on halogenation,Beilstein devised the elegantly simple Beilstein ﬂame test for halogens using copper wire [34].2Beilstein’s greatest and most lasting contribution on the discipline,however,was his Handbuch .He began the Handbuch as a textbook in organic chemistry,but it quickly developed into an encyclopedia of organic compounds and their prop-erties.The work involved was monumental,especially since Beilstein insisted that every literature reference be checked before inclusion in the Handbuch .He literally read every reference in the ﬁrst edition,himself.When it appeared,the Handbuch appeared in German because of the small market for a work in Russian:a German-language edition would sell many more copies and be read far more widely than a Russian-language edition.Beilstein’s decision,however,was seen by his fellow Russian chemists as further evidence of his ‘‘German-ness.’’The judgment was grossly unfair:as editor of the Zeitschrift für Chemie ,Beilstein had gone to great lengths to see that Russian chemistry was presented to the world in the best possible light—even the text-book of his nemesis,Mendeleev.But Russia had spurned him,so Beilstein naturally looked for a more collegial partner for the continuation of his life’s work:he turned to the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft instead of the Russkiiskoe Fizicheskoe -khimicheskoe Obshchestvo [Russian Physical–Chemical Society]when it came time to choose a professional body to continue his work after he was gone.4.3The Rise of Organic Chemistry at MoscowBy the middle of the nineteenth century,Russian organic chemistry was poised to enter into an explosive growth phase.Zinin,Klaus and Butlerov had founded a vibrant school of chemistry at Kazan’,and Voskresenskii’s students at St.Petersburg,Menshutkin and Mendeleev,along with Beilstein at the Techno-logical Institute,had established the foundations of a strong school of chemistry in the imperial capital.The third major location for organic chemistry in Russia—Moscow—was the next to begin the development of a Russian school of organic chemistry.4.2St.Petersburg 67684Russian Organic Chemistry Matures Moscow University was founded in1755by decree of the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna,following the suggestion of Academician Mikhail Lomonosov to Count Shuvalov—a court favorite and the Empress’lover—that a university should be founded in the city.As had been the case at the other major universities in Russia, chemistry at Moscow was initially taught by foreign professors—the inaugural Professor of Chemistry was Johann Kerstens,who had obtained his M.D.at Halle in1749.Kerstens remained at Moscow until1770,when he left Russia.Under the foreign Professors of Chemistry,chemistry at Moscow failed to advance as it had at Kazan’and St.Petersburg,but that situation changed in the second half of the nineteenth century.In1873,a graduate of Kazan’University,Vladimir Vasil’evich Markovnikov(Dkflbvbh Dfcbkmtdbx Vfhrjdybrjd,1838–1904)[35],was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at Moscow University.4.3.1Vladimir Vasil’evich MarkovnikovMarkovnikov was one of the most colorful and eminent Russian organic chemists of the nineteenth century.He was born to a lieutenant of Chasseurs in Chernorech, a village near Nizhni-Novgorod,and raised in the village of Knyaginino,where his father had inherited an estate.He entered the Gymnasium at age10,and eight years later,in1856,he entered Kazan’University as a student in the Financial Division of the Judicial Faculty.At the time that Markovnikov was a student in economic science at Kazan’, students in this course of study were required to take two years of chemistry,as part of a cameral system of education.3Hisﬁrst inclination was to study tech-nology,which was taught at the time by Modest Yakovlevich Kittary(Vjltcn Zrjdktdbx Rbnnfhs,1825–1880).4Kittary’s departure for Moscow in1859led to 3Cameralism was an economic theory prevalent in eighteenth-century Germany.It basically advocated a strong public administration to oversee a centralized,industrial economy.The goals of cameralism were to maximize the efﬁciency in the ways the state could acquire wealth,and also with the best ways to use that wealth.As Russia moved into the nineteenth century,its industrialization(although slow)led to the belief that the ideas of cameralism would provide the framework to allow the government to ensure that Russia would have a sufﬁcient number of technologically literate bureaucrats to move the nation forward.4Modest Yakovlevich Kittary graduated with the degree of Doctor of Natural Science from Kazan’university in1844,and in1853he was appointed to the Chair of Technology at Kazan’University,where he founded the Kazan’Economic Society and edited itsﬁrst newsletter.He quickly accumulated a cadre of young technologists,and set about improving the practices in local industry.One of the major Kazan’industries to beneﬁt from Kittary’s inﬂuence was the Krestovnikov Brothers’plant,which made soap and glycerin pure enough for export.In1857, Kittary moved to Moscow University as Chair of the Department of Technology that had been established at the urging of local merchants.He remained here as an active educator until his retirement from the university in1879.Through his writing on aspects of industrial chemistry and technology,Kittary had a major inﬂuence on the development of Russian industry during the nineteenth century.。

县公安局指挥中心项目建设方案汇报

实时人脸抓拍、历史人脸抓拍、历史违章、实时视频、实时报警
CHP4.可视化实景指挥系统
指哪打哪、枪球联动
观全局抓细节
快速放大细节和跟踪目标
CHP4.可视化实景指挥系统
人流量密度预警
CHP4.可视化实景指挥系统
一、活动安保
二、重点场所
大型会议及庆典
火车站
三、线路安保
港口
大型商贸活动
群众性文化体育活动
主机采用模块化设计，支持不同尺寸的机箱规模以及多种不同格式信号的板卡，最大规模可支持 320路信号输入，320输出；支持输入输出混插，支持1080P及4K信号切换，支持全60帧信号处理； 22路坐席输入输出控制；支持无缝实时切换功能（图像切换间隔无黑场出现）；
支持全60帧信号处理；采用CrossPoint全交叉调度架构高速数据传输技术，背板容量680Gbps,交换容量360Gbps,信号显示速度达到60帧/秒；采用全硬件FPGA架构，内部自建核心运算机制，图像处理性能优异。无内嵌操作系统，启动速度快（约5秒）；支持多客户端管理，支持输入输出板卡混插；
CHP1.接处警系统简介
情
报信息管理子
情报信息管理子系统的主要功能为对接处警工作中所产生的各种实时接处警信息、各种历史接处警信息按照公安工作的不同要求，实时生成相对应的各种数据报表和量化文档。实现接处警信息统计、分析、调用、发布。
系
统
CHP1.接处警系统简介
警本次项目建设警综平台对接部分充分利用市局警
支持信号推送，支持用户通过快捷键，将本地信号推送至其他坐席的显示器，或者推送到大屏上显示；
支持坐席本地操作人员通过用户终端生成的OSD菜单进行本地信号切换；支持在输入通道叠加任意字符可自定义字体、颜色、大小、位置、背景色等参数；

十大不建议买的跑步机排行榜

十大不建议买的跑步机排行榜虽然质量好的跑步机有很多，但还是有很多朋友后悔买了家用跑步机，因为有些太垃圾了，根本无法满足正常的使用需求，下面我们就来说说十大不建议买的跑步机，希望能帮到大家，避开跑步机的坑。

一、千元机预算1000元的跑步机是真心不建议大家买，多数买这种跑步机的都是交智商税了，用料真的是省到极致，除去运营费用和利润还有多少成本在里面，大家应该也是能想的到的。

买跑步机要考虑比较多的因素在里面，比如马达、跑带宽度、减震效果、静音效果等等，基本上能谈到减震静音的已经在3000价位了。

如果你的体重超过150斤，市面上也没什么1000元的跑步机能适合你，买回去也基本跑不了，跑几分钟马达发热、故障……关键是一点体验都没有！还不如去户外跑跑。

不知道买哪款跑步机好？建议参看《十款性价比高的跑步机推荐》。

二、杂牌机跑步机品牌是非常多的，国际品牌，国内品牌，互联网品牌，甚至山寨杂牌等一应俱全，对于没有知名度的品牌还是要谨慎一些，以免买来后成了晾衣杆……杂牌跑步机典型的减震偷工减料或者直接就没有，有很多黑心健身房使用劣质杂牌跑步机，没有减震措施，给使用者造成膝盖损伤，还拒不负责。

选购的时候我们一定要做好充分的市场调研和品牌分析。

哪些是杂牌机？具体的我就不太方便透露了，毕竟这会引来一些不必要的纷争。

像前两年的某强、启某斯都倒闭了，伊某康也销声匿迹了，这类型品牌我建议大家都要慎重对待。

国际上比较大牌的有爱康、乔山、锐步、司特拉、岱宇等，国内也有很多品质不错的牌子，像舒华、英派斯、汇祥等，无论从材质、性能上都比那些杂牌子要好很多，而淘系品牌或者一些不知名的杂牌子，质量和售后就一言难尽了。

如果你不知道跑步机什么牌子好请参看：《全球跑步机十大品牌排名_口碑最好的家用跑步机排名》品牌的知名度代表了：专业度，研发能力，品质品控，服务能力等，千万擦亮眼睛。

怎么判断专业品牌：看品牌历史，30年以上的品牌，看经销商分布，全国至少要百家以上经销商，看实体店，全国至少要有50家实体店，看产品线，一定要有全线健身器材生产能力，也就是说健身房里面的所有都覆盖，这类品牌都不会差到哪里去。

chp0 经济管课程介绍

经济管理北京航空航天大学2016-2017年度春季学期学时：32 学时适用班级：140611，140612，140613，140614，140615，140616，140617授课教师：刘天亮Email ：liutianliang@ 办公室：新主楼A1042房间经济与管理——学科与学习的意义n技术不能解决所有问题：软件危机；军事行动；房价；投资；通货膨胀；GDP ；就业失业……n大部分人一生不可能从事一辈子的技术工作，即便是职业科学家，也需要承担管理工作，费米 pk 爱因斯坦……n北航对学生培养的期望：要成为行业或社会的领袖与领军人物，对经济管理知识有着迫切的需求……课程内容（15章，32学时）n 第01章经济学概述（1学时）n 第02章微观市场机制分析（2学时）n 第03章生产决策与市场结构（3学时）n第04章宏观经济分析（3学时）n第一篇：经济学原理9学时n 第05章管理学概述（1学时） n 第06章管理的职能（2学时）n第07章企业与企业管理（2学时）n第二篇：管理学原理5学时课程内容续（15章，32学时）n 第08章生产系统结构与战略（2学时）n 第09章产品设计（1学时）n 第10章流程设计（1学时）n 第11章库存与生产计划（2学时）n第12章供应链管理（2学时）n第13章质量管理（2学时）n第三篇：生产运作管理10学时n 第14章项目管理原理（3学时）n第15章项目经济评价（3学时）n第四篇：项目与经济评价6学时课程特点n涉及经济、管理诸多领域：内容多、范围广、知识容量大n理论概括性强、技术方法简洁实用n定性、定量相结合n结合实例讲授学习要求上课时间第1-16周周三q第一节：14:00~14:50q第二节：14:55~15:45充分理解、熟练掌握讲授内容熟练掌握基本的概念和原理熟练掌握课上例题和课后习题考核安排n成绩评定方式：ü平时成绩（作业+课堂参与）ü期末考试（闭卷）成绩n主要测试学生对基础理论和实践的知识掌握程度ü具体题型可以设计为：选择题、填空题、判断题、简答题、计算分析题等。

CHP Max Headend Optics Platform CHP-OPTSWITCH-2-L

DATA SHEET CHP Max Headend Optics Platform CHP-OPTSWITCH-2-L Dual Optical A/B SwitchThe CHP Max optical switch provides operators with a reliable and rapid response to changing network conditions, enabling them to proactively identify and fix problems before they impact subscribers. Cable operators can expect a reliable and rapid response to changing network conditions with the CHP Max optical switch design that leverages the installed base of CHP Max5000®chassis, preserving deployed capital. Each channel of the Optical Switch Module accepts two optical signals (“A,” the primary path, and “B,” the backup path). The unit’s microcontroller continuously monitors each fiber’s optical signal power level and the adjustable optical trip threshold for each path. Operators can configure the optical switch in Automatic or Manual Switch Mode. When configured for Automatic Switch Mode, the optical switch will automatically switch to the backup fiber path if the primary path falls below the optical switch threshold that is set by the operator.When optical power is restored to the primary path, the switch willautomatically switch back to the primary path. When placed in ManualSwitch Mode, the optical switch will remain on the path selected by theoperator until the operator selects the other path or returns the unit toAutomatic Switch Mode. Operators can select Automatic and ManualSwitch Mode by using the unit’s front ‐panel pushbutton switch,through the SNMP, or via CORView EMS.•High density to reduce footprint with a dualdensity, single slot unit with 2 independentswitches•Improve network services and customer Qualityof Experience (QoE) with redundant rings androute diversity•Very low power with less than 1 Watt typicalconsumption•Automatic and manual switching using frontpanel pushbutton or remotely through theSNMP or CORView ™Element ManagementSystem (EMS) FEATURESNetwork DiagramOPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTSSMMSMM ‐2 only CMMNo CHP Craft SoftwareNo CHP CORView/CORView LiteV3.5 or later Auto Configuration Supported NoSPECIFICATIONSSpecificationPhysicalDimensions 11.25 in W x 3.4 in H x 18.5 in D (3.2 cm x 8.7 cm x 47.0 cm)Weight2.5 lb (1.3 kg)Optical Connector TypeLC/APC EnvironmentalOperating Temperature Range 20°to 50°C (32°to 122°F)Storage Temperature Range‐40°to 70°C (‐40°to 158°F)Humidity85% non ‐condensing (max)OpticalOperating Wavelength Range1260–1610 nm Input Optical Power Range‐20 to +20 dBm Insertion Loss< 2 dB Optical Crosstalk> 50 dB Optical Return Loss> 45 dB SwitchingSwitching Time< 20 ms Switch TypeLatching, Opto ‐Mechanical Optical Switching Threshold Ranges‐20 to +18 dBm Restore Time0 to 10 minutes in 1 second increments Power RequirementsPower Consumption1 W (Typical), <2 W (max)NOTES:1.Includes handles and connectors.2.Temperature measured at optical switch’s module’s air inlet.ORDERING INFORMATIONCHP‐OPTSWITCH‐2‐L CHP Dual Dense Optical Switch LC/APCRELATED PRODUCTSCHP Chassis Optical Patch CordsPower Supplies Optical PassivesControl Module Installation ServicesContact Customer Care for product information and sales:•United States: 866‐36‐ARRIS•International: +1‐678‐473‐5656Note: Specifications are subject to change without notice.Copyright Statement:©2022CommScope,Inc.All rights reserved.ARRIS,the ARRIS logo,CHP Max5000,and CORView are trademarks of CommScope,Inc.and/or its affiliates.All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.No part of this content may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any derivative work(such as translation,transformation,or adaptation)without written permission from CommScope, Inc and/or its affiliates(“CommScope”).CommScope reserves the right to revise or change this content from time to time without obligation on the part of CommScope to provide notification of such revision or change.1514620 _CHP Optical Switch_DS_RevA。

CHP法生产PO和CA的工艺技术研究

过氧化氢异丙苯（CHP）法生产PO和CA的工艺技术研究常州索尔化工技术2020-06-02目录一、研究概况 (1)1、DCP的用途及生产能力和需求 (1)2、PO的用途及生产能力和需求 (1)二、现状描述 (2)1、CA的生产方法 (2)2、PO的生产方法 (2)三、工艺描述 (3)四、精馏描述 (4)五、主要结论 (12)一、研究概况1、DCP的用途及生产能力和需求DCP是一种橡胶及塑料的交联剂和高分子材料的引发剂，俗称“工业味精”，主要应用于可发性聚苯乙烯（EPS ）引发、电线电缆交联、制鞋三大领域。

在橡胶与塑料等生产中稍加一点就能大大增加产品强度，改善性能。

从DCP的用途上可以看出，过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）是非常的重要化工产品。

生产过氧化二异丙苯（DCP）的需要重要的中间体二甲基苄醇简称CA，二甲基苄醇还可用作香料，调制玫瑰、铃兰、丁香等花香型香精，还可用于化妆品。

2007年高桥石化DCP的生产能力达到1.8万吨／年，占全球总产量的份额为55％，产能比全球第二的企业高出60％，由于国内橡胶、聚烯烃、泡沫塑料、交联PE绝缘电力电缆、制鞋、阻燃涂料等行业的不断增长，对DCP 的需求也随之增长，预计到2010年，国内DCP的市场需求量将达到2-3万吨。

所以二甲基苄醇可开掘的生产空间很大。

2、PO的用途及生产能力和需求环氧丙烷（PO）是非常重要的有机化工原料，为丙烯系的第三大产品，最大用途是制聚多元醇（聚醚），进而制聚氨酯，其次用于制丙二醇。

我国环氧丙烷主要用于合成环氧树脂。

2006年全球对环氧丙烷的生产能力约为680万吨，而需求在700万吨以上，现如今全球对环氧丙烷的需求仍然保持强劲，其增长率为3％一4％之间，2006年亚洲环氧丙烷需求比上年增长7.5％左右，2006年，国内PO消费达60万吨，而实际生产能力不到50万吨，中国的需求增长将近10％。

1从以上可以看出PO与DCP的用途非常广泛，是非常重要的化工产品，其需求量也是非常大，但是二者的生产能力都不能满足需求，特别是国内的缺口更大。

药物分析ChP注射重组人促红素的鉴别

生物制品分析事例三——ChP注射重组人促红素的鉴别1.生物制品简介生物制品（biological products）是指用微生物（包括细菌、噬菌体、立克次体、病毒等）、微生物代谢产物、动物毒素、人或动物的血液或组织等经加工制成，作为预防、治疗、诊断特定传染病或其他有关疾病的免疫制剂。

根据用途可将生物制品分为预防类、治疗类和诊断类三大类制品，注射用重组人促红素是一种治疗类的生物制品。

EPO 是促红细胞生成素（Erythropoietin）的英文简称。

人体中的促红细胞生成素是由人体中肾皮质肾小管周围间质细胞和肝脏分泌的一种激素类物质，能够促进红细胞的生成。

由于EPO 在体内的作用非常大而天然来源却十分有限(主要从贫血患者的尿中提取)[1]，人们便开始利用基因重组技术获得重组人促红素( Recombinant human erythropoietin, rHuEPO)，它是将人的EPO基因转入哺乳动物细胞内高效表达的能刺激红细胞生成的糖蛋白激素[2，3]。

它由不同的糖基化体构成，各种糖基化体的区别主要表现在糖基在整个分子中所占的比例不同，它一方面能够刺激骨髓造血功能，及时有效地增加红细胞的数量；另一方面能够增强机体对氧的结合、运输和供应能力，有利于改善缺氧状态，促进肌肉中氧生成，使肌肉更有力、工作时间更长。

2.免疫印迹法由于注射重组人促红素是一种治疗类的生物制品，生物制品一般均为免疫制剂，故可以利用其生物制品的特点利用免疫学的方法的其进行鉴别，《中国药典2010年版》收载的对其鉴别的方法为免疫印迹法。

免疫印迹法系以供试品与特异性抗体结合后，抗体再与酶标抗体特异性结合，通过酶学反应的显色，对供试品的抗原特异性进行检查[4]。

免疫印迹法（immunobiotting test，IBT）也被称作酶联免疫电转移印斑法（enzyme linked immunoeletrotransfer blot，EITB），是20世纪70年代末，发展起来的一门蛋白质多参数检测技术。

ChP USP中药质量标准比较

ChP USP中药质量标准比较——以干姜为例摘要：通过比较ChP(2010)和USP(34)收载干姜的质量标准，以小见大，并尝试得到ChP和USP收载植物药的质量标准的异同。

具体比较的内容包括其名称、来源、性状、鉴别、检查和贮藏五方面。

关键词：ChP(2010)、USP(34)、干姜、来源、性状、鉴别、检查、贮藏。

前言：随着中药研究的进一步深入和发展，中药研究在其标准化的道路上又前进了一大步。

而美国药典和欧洲药典收载植物药数量的增加，从另一个角度证明了中药的世界化。

但是对于同一种中药因为地域和科研水平的不同不同的药典又是否会有同样的收载呢？本文通过比较干姜在中国药典和美国药典的文献记载，尝试比较其异同点，为中药的世界化研究进程贡献自己的力量。

正文：一、质量标准的比较和异同1、名称【ChP2010】：干姜Ganjiang ZINGIBERIS RHIZOMA【USP34】：Ginger Zingiberis Rhizoma比较：中国药典是中文名、拼音和拉丁名，美国药典为英文名和拉丁名。

2、来源【ChP2010】：本品为姜科植物姜Zingiber officinale Rosc.的干燥根茎。

冬季采挖，除去须根和泥沙，晒干或低温干燥。

趁鲜切片晒干或低温干燥者称为“干姜片”。

【USP34】：Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Fam. Zingiberaceae)的干燥根茎，表皮有刮过的、部分刮过的、没有刮过的。

商业上用未漂白的生姜。

比较：两国药典的药用部位都是根茎，中国药典包括了采收季节和加工。

3、性状【ChP2010】：干姜呈扁平块状，具指状分枝，长3～7cm，厚1～2cm。

表面灰黄色或浅灰棕色，粗糙，具纵皱纹和明显的环节。

分枝处常有鳞叶残存，分枝顶端有茎痕或芽。

质坚实，断面黄白色或灰白色，粉性或颗粒性，内皮层环纹明显，维管束及黄色油点散在。

气香、特异，味辛辣。

干姜片本品呈不规则纵切片或斜切片，具指状分枝，长1～6cm，宽1～2cm，厚0.2～0.4cm。

自然地理-chp06 土壤圈

• 探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar) – 根据雷达波的传播路程和传播时间计算传播速度,进而推求土壤介电常数和土壤含水量
• 碳水化合物：是土壤微生物的主要能源之一，又是形成土壤结构的良好胶结剂
• 含氮化合物：是构成蛋白质的主要成分 • 木质素：是植物木质部分的主要组成部分 • 含磷、含硫化合物：是植物生长所需磷、硫的主要补给
源
▪ 腐殖质：有机质分解后再缩合或聚合而成的一系列暗色高分子有机化合物
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二、有机质
有机质转化
土壤圈物质循环是指土壤圈内部的物质迁移转化过程及其与地球其他圈层之间的物质交换过程。
17
人类圈
土壤圈在地球系统中的地位示意图
18
2015年9月23日，由中国科学院大气物理研究所、中科曙光公司、中国科
学院计算技术研究所、中国科学院计算机网络信息中心共同主办的“地
球系统模式和应用”研讨会在中关村软件园国际会议服务中心隆重举行。
▪ 土壤微生物是土壤有机质转化的主要动力
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腐殖质化过程
34
三、土壤水分
束缚水
土壤水
自由水
吸湿水膜状水毛管水重力水
35
1. 土壤水分类型
吸湿水
▪ 由于土壤表面张力所吸附的水汽分子； ▪ 干土从空气中吸着水汽所保持的水 ▪ 植物无效水
吸湿系数：干土从相对湿度接近饱和的空气中吸收水汽的最大量
土壤矿物的类型
▪ 原生矿物 ▪ 次生矿物
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一、矿物质
原生矿物 (primary mineral) 直接来源于母岩特别是岩浆岩。
▪ 其中包括铝硅酸盐类、长石类矿物、云母类矿物、橄榄石类矿物、辉石与角闪石类矿物、氧化物类、硫化物类和磷灰石类。

CHP联合供能系统及其应用分析

第 34卷第 1 2期462006年 6月 1 6日继电器RELA YVol. 34 No. 12Jun. 16 , 2006CHP 联合供能系统及其应用分析贺玉婷 1,程浩忠 1,熊虎岗 1,奚2,夏夷 2 ,奚增辉 2 ,沈晓岚 2( 1. 上海交通大学电子信息与电气工程学院 , 上海 200030;2. 上海市电力公司市东供电公司 , 上海 200122)摘要 : 为缓解目前供电紧张的局面 ,很多学者和专家提出采用分布式能源供电的方式。

简单介绍了新型 C HP 供能系统的概念和目前国内外 CHP 供能系统的发展情况 ,并且详细阐述了此系统的设计原则以及相关设备的选型等。

同时为了显示 CHP 供能系统的优越性 ,以某大型医学园区为例 ,设计适合该园区的混合式供电系统 ,计算其主要经济性指标 ,分析其调峰能力和对某些可变经济因素的敏感性 ,并与常规电网进行比较。

最后得出 , CHP 系统无论在经济性还是可靠性方面都具有很大优势 ,值得大力推广。

关键词 : CHP 联合供能系统 ; 投资回收期 ; 内部收益率 ; 供电方案中图分类号 : TM 715文献标识码 : A文章编号 : 100324897 ( 2006) 12200462060 引言随着我国经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的日益提高 ,用电量也在持续增加。

尤其是夏日高温时期 ,各建筑内空调日夜运转 ,使得城市高峰用电记录不断被刷新。

2005 年 7 月 ,上海气温在连续 10 天 “高烧 ”不退之后 , 在 7 月 4 日创下了最高用电负荷、发电能力、市外来电、故障抢修四项指标的历史新高。

全市发电机组全部满负荷或超负荷运行 ,电网最高发电能力创下 1165 万 kW 的极限纪录。

同时 ,华东电网及周边省市支援的市外来电最高值达到 483万 kW 。

类似的情况在我国大中城市中正在愈演愈烈 ,高峰时期电力严重不足、企业停工停产的现象频繁发生。

EP USP CHP各纯化水检验项目及其指标对比

Comparison of specifications of purified water (EP, ChP&USP)纯化水质量标准比较(EP, ChP&USP)起草人/日期(Drafted by)：审核人/日期(Checked by)：批准人/日期(Approved by)：XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX有限公司二O一六年十二月纯化水质量标准比较(EP, ChP&USP)1、概述纯化水是我公司重要的制药用水，不同地区均有相应的药典要求，药典是一个国家记载药品标准、规格的法典，一般由国家药品监督管理局主持编纂、颁布实施，国际性药典则由公认的国际组织或有关国家协商编订。

制定药品标准对加强药品质量的监督管理、保证质量、保障用药安全有效、维护人民健康起着十分重要的作用。

制药用水系统的目的之一为“维持制药用水水质在药典要求的可接受范围内”，本文将主要介绍《美国药典》、《欧洲药典》和《中国药典》对制药用水质量的要求。

2、标准比较（ChP2015，EP8，USP38，ICH）3、检测方法及标准标准规定检验项目ChP(2015)纯化水纯化水Purified water in bulk (散装，生产出来就通过管道输送使用的）纯化水Purified water in containers 高纯水纯化水纯化水(原料药用于注射液）摇匀，将试管于50℃水浴中放置15分钟，溶液产生的蓝色与标准硝酸盐溶液[取硝酸钾0.163g，加水溶解并稀释至100ml，摇匀，精密量取1ml，加水稀释成100ml，再精密量取10ml，加水稀释成100ml，摇匀，即得(每1ml相当于1μgNO3)]0.3ml，加无硝酸盐的水4.7ml，用同一方法处理后的颜色比较，不得更深(0.000 006%)。

potassium chloride R, 0.1mL of diphenylaminesolution R and, dropwise with shaking, 5mL ofnitrogen-free sulfuric acid R. Transfer the tubeto a water-bath at 50 °C. After 15 min, any bluecolour in the solution is not more intense thanthat in a reference solution prepared at the sametime in the same manner using a mixture of4.5mL of nitrate-free water R and 0.5mL ofnitrate standard solution(2 ppm NO3) R.取5ml纯化水于放置在冰水上的试管中，加入0.4ml的100g/L的氯化钾溶液R、0.1ml的二苯胺溶液R，然后边摇边滴加5ml的无氮的硫酸R。

异丙苯氧化法

所需原料及产品
原料及消耗规格耗量kg/h 单价（元/t）丙烯 99% 8390 12000 异丙苯 99.5% 1506 10000 H2 99.95% 495 20000 万元/h 10.068 1.506 0.99 12.564 万元/h 18.52 0.500 0.14 19.16
产品及副产品规格耗量kg/h 价格元/t 环氧丙烷99.95% 11575 16000 乙苯混合物 1000 5000 甲醇混合物 700 2000 公用工程消耗项目小时耗量冷却水 5100t/h 蒸汽 61t/h 电 2000kw 总计
图2 PO萃取精馏工艺流程示意图
• 1. 粗PO 供应管线；2. 塔底液出料管线；3. 回流管线；4.塔顶液出料管线；5.萃取剂供应管线；6.塔底液出料管线；7. 回流管线；8.PO 出料管线；9.萃取剂供应管线；10.回流管线；11.塔顶出料管线
图3 PO精制工艺流程示意图
• 1.反应液供应管线；2. 塔底液排放管线；3. 回流管；4.塔顶馏分出料管线；5. 萃取塔供应管；6.聚合物排除管；7. 分离器入口管；8. 萃取剂入口管；9. 聚合物排除管；10.杂质排除管线；100.萃取塔；200.分离器；300.换热器；400. 换热器；500.回流分离器
• 由于过氧化氢异丙苯的热稳定性较差，受热后能自行分解，所以在氧化条件下，还有许多副反应发生
• 副反应：
工艺条件：
1、温度 CM 的氧化在液相中进行，反应温度优选 T=100～120℃，各塔内温度根据C H P 浓度而定 2、压强压强优选0.1~5 MPa。 3、添加剂反应优选在碱性添加剂存在下进行。例如NH3、 (NH4)2CO3 等，质量分数优选 (0.1~6)×10^6。,使PH=8～10,选择性可达95% 4、原料：从降低成本和提高反应效率综合考虑，优选富氧空气作氧源，O 2 的摩尔分数通常为 25%~40%。（在得到富氧空气的同时，可生产高纯氮。）控制Na 化合物质量分数为1×10- 6~ 0.1% 5、反应器气泡塔(向下回流的操作方式)，使富氧空气在CM 溶液中鼓泡。气体流速需严格控制在 0.02~0.1m/s。优选采用≥ 2 个塔。

甘草CHP、USP、BP、JP质量标准比较

别鉴状性甘草甘草根呈圆柱形 25~100cm ，直径0.6~3.5cm 。

外皮松紧不一。

表面红棕色或灰棕色，具明显的纵皱纹、沟纹、皮孔及稀疏的细根痕。

质坚定，断面略显纤维性，黄白色，粉性，形成层环明显，射线放射状，有的有裂痕。

根茎呈圆柱形，表面有芽痕，断面中部有髓。

气微，味甜而特殊。

胀果甘草根及根茎木质粗壮，有的分枝，外皮粗糙，多灰棕色或灰褐色。

质坚硬质纤维多，粉性小。

根茎不定芽多而粗大。

光果甘草根及根茎木质粗壮，有的分枝，外皮不粗糙，多灰棕色或灰褐色。

质坚硬，木质纤维多，粉性小。

根茎不定芽多而粗大。

源来 Glycyrrhiza glabra L.和G.Uralensis Fischer 的根、根茎及匍匐枝。

USP34BP2010本品为豆科植物甘草Radix Glycyrrhizauralensis Fisch.、胀果甘草Glycyrrhiza inFischer, Glycyrrhiza flataBat.或光果甘草Glycyrrhiza glabra L. glabra 的干燥根及根茎。

秋二季采挖、除去须根，晒干。

JP16ChP2010——以甘草Gadix Glycyrrhizae 为例显微鉴别法该粉末为淡黄色或淡灰色。

使用水和氯酸溶液在显微镜下检查。

粉末显示为下列特征：黄色的厚的纤维束，长700-1200μm 和宽10-20μm 。

常含草酸钙方晶，长10-35μm ，宽2-5μm 。

壁淡黄色，厚5-10μm ，木化，具缘纹孔导管。

木质部由薄壁细胞和孤立的草酸钙方晶以及薄壁组织组成。

去皮根缺乏木质部。

用等体积的的甘油和水的混合物，在显微镜下检查显示为下列特征：圆形或椭圆形的淀粉颗粒，Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer ,Glycyrrhiza glabraLinne(Leguminosae) 的干燥根。

圆柱形，长1m 以上，直径0.5~3.0cm 。