Chapter 3 Metaphor
metaphor
Metaphor, mode of thinking and culture
• Love is a physical force. • Love is magic. • Love is war. • Love is a patient.
• Time is a moving object. • Time is money. • Time is a limited resource. • Time is a commodity.
• He _____ down his breakfast before it
was too late for class.
• They _____ together in a mean hut. • Don’t _____ me! • Passengers on the bus _____ their
Jim is a fox. How to understand “Jim is a fox”? What’s the relationship between Jim and the fox?
So, a metaphor requires greater ability on the part of the reader to perceive the hidden association, the insight into
heads out of the windows to see what was happening.
• Tony saw a policeman coming, and _____
behind a car.
• pig wolf duck crane fox
To render your writing more vivid
Metaphor与Analogy的对比学习
Concentrate on one point of resemblance
Draw a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance
Metaphor
5.[Sentence] types He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. (他一贫如洗，赤贫的他又特别能吃.)
The chess-board is the world, where the rules of the
Analogy
• Analogy
analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things （two things not in one aspect）that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.
Analogy
Analogy
• 4）If A were B, C would…D
• If society were a train the etiquette would be the rails along which only the train could rumble forth; if society were a state coach, the etiquette would be the wheels and axis on which only the coach roll forward.
• 3）(Just) as A…B, (so) C…D (or: …so C…D, just as A…B)
Chapter 3 Motivation for Words
• New metaphor • A new metaphor is a metaphor that is not already part of the conceptual system of a culture as reflected in its language. • Love is a collaborative work of art.
Chapter 3 Motivation for Words
• 英语词汇中词义与事物或现象的命名之 间没有必然的联系, 但大量词语的意义 和形式、语音和语义之间确实存在着种 种不同程度的关联,词汇学把这种现象 称为词的理据(motivation)。词的理据 指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据, 说 明词义与事物或现象的命名之间的关系。 词的理据划分为语音理据 (onomatopoeic motivation • )、形态理据 (morphological motivation)、语义理据 (semantic motivation)和词源理据 (etymological motivation)。
• They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words. • By writing "my dorm is a prison," you suggest to your readers that you feel as though you were placed in solitary, you are fed lousy food, you are deprived of all of life's great pleasures, your room is poorly lit and cramped--and a hundred other things, that, if you tried to say them all, would probably take several pages.
Metaphor
• 隐喻是从一个概念域（conceptual domain 或称认知域cognitive）向另一个概 念域和认知域的结构映射，即从“始发域” （source domain）向“目的域”（target domain）的映射。即是说，一个范畴赖以 得到解释的概念域是用另一个概念域来解
释的。比如我们把“垂直”概念域映射 “数量”概念域，就会得到“Price may rise up/go up/skyrocket”这样的隐喻句。
• “computer virus”可以给电脑爱好者提供对 付电脑病毒的思维模式，去避免电脑病毒 乃至帮助找出消除电脑病毒的办法。
• 丹麦著名物理学家Niels Bohr 通过观察研究 发现电子绕原子核运行，恰似行星绕太阳 运行一样，于是在此基础上使用隐喻“The atom is a (miniature) solar system”建立了 “原子结构理论( atomic structure theory) ”。
• “看文字, 须是如猛将用兵, 直是鏖战一阵。”
• “（看文字）如酷吏治狱, 直是推勘到底, 决是不恕 他, 方得。”
• “看文字, 正如酷吏之用法深刻, 都没人情, 直要 做到底。 若只恁地等闲看过了, 有甚滋味！ 大凡 文字有未晓处, 须下死工夫, 直要见得道理是自家 底, 方住。”
• “看文字如捉贼, 须知道盗发处, 自一文以上赃罪 情节, 都要勘出。 若只描摸个大纲, 纵使知道此人 是贼, 却不知何处做贼。”
义阵营正在获得越来越多的支持,人们试图通过研究隐喻(尤 其是业已积淀为语言中极普通的表达方式的某些基本隐喻即
rootmetaphors)揭示语言的起源、发展和使用乃至人类认识 和智能发展的奥秘。
• A. 光阴流似水。（元稹诗） • B. 鬓发茎茎白，光阴寸寸流。（白居易） • C. 1997年快过去了，1998年就要来了。
(完整word版)Metaphor暗喻言说
Metaphor 暗喻言说Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.暗喻秘密地生活在我们中间。
We utter about six metaphors a minute.于我们的言谈中，每分钟大约会出现六个暗喻。
Metaphorical thinking is essential to how weunderstand ourselves and others,暗喻思维是一把钥匙，它可以开启我们相互理解how we communicate, learn, discover and invent.沟通、学习、发现和创新的大门。
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.首先，暗喻是一种思维方式。
Now, to assist me in explaining this, I've enlisted the help of one of our great est philosophers,为了说明这一点，我请教了一位当代最伟大的哲学家，the reigning king of the metaphorians, a man whose contributions to the field are so great thathe himself has become a metaphor.当权的暗喻皇帝，一位因其对暗喻学的巨大贡献而自身成了一位暗喻的人物。
I am, of course, referring to none other than Elvis Presley.当然，我指的不是别人，正是猫王埃尔维斯-普雷斯利。
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.好，《神魂颠倒》（意即整个人都被动摇了）是一首经典情歌。
metaphor暗喻
2）用形象具体的事物, 比喻抽象的 事物或概念
It’s the same with Negro in America. That
shoe ... the white man’s system ... has pinched
and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样。白人制度这只鞋 夹紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难, 几乎要把他毁 掉了。 用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只“鞋子”来 比喻美国的白人制度, 这是典型的以具体事物 比喻抽象事物
2）用of连接喻体和本体, 这是 metaphor 另一结构, 其中的介词 of 表示同位关系。
The Dutchman was six-foot, a great red-faced,
hot-tempered treckox of a man.
那荷兰人身高六尺，大块头，红脸膛, 急脾气， 简直是一条拉车的公牛。句中的of 连接喻体 treck-ox 和本体a man。这个metaphor 的实质 就是A man is a treckox.
The speaker, and the school master, and the thir d grown person presents, all backed a little, and swept with their eyes the inclined plane of little vessels then and there arranged in order, r eady to gave imperial gallons of facts poured int o until they well full to the brim.
跨文化交际Chapter3
Tea Ceremony
• High-Context Cultures • Japanese • Chinese • Korean • African American • Native American • Arab • Greek • Latin • Italian • English • French • American • Scandinavian • German • German-Swiss • Low-Context Cultures
1) = Human nature orientation 2) = Man-nature orientation 3) = Time orientation 4) = Activity orientation 5) = Social orientation
人性取向 人天取向 时间取向 行为取向 人际取向
Chapter 3
Fundamental theories of intercultural communication
How to classify different cultures?
Culture patterns
Kluckhohn’s Value Orientation
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism vs. Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance
• • • • • 1) What is the character of innate human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the temporal focus? 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship?
修辞学课件：metaphor
• In a metaphor, however, the comparison would appear simply as • (1a) Jim was a fox. • (2a) The world is a stage.
• A metaphor, then, is in a sense a condensed simile, differing from the latter only in form and artistry. It is a higher form, though, and not all metaphors can be recast (to give a new shape to) as similes. It requires greater ability on the part of the reader to perceive the hidden association, the insight into persons, things or ideas that is implied. For whereas in a simile the particular aspect of the point of resemblance between two unlike elements is given, in a metaphor nothing is stated.
• Whereas cognitive linguists propose that it belongs not only to the category of language, but also to the category of thinking and cognition. It is regarded as basic thinking, cognitive and conceptualization modes.
新编英语教程修辞Figures of Speech--Metaphor
1）Juliet--- Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow,
That I shall say good night till it be tomorrow.
朱丽叶…晚安！晚安！离别是这样甜蜜的凄清，我真 要向你道晚安直到天明。
In the satisfaction and aplomb of animals,
In the annual return of the seasons,
In the hilarity of youth,
In the strength and flush of manhood,
In the grandeur and exquisiteness of old age,
Synecdoche大体上分为6类：以局部代替整体， 以整体代替局部，以种代替属，以属代替种，以 材料代替制品，以个体代替一类。
Synecdoche(2)
Two heads are better than one. A pale oval face came forward into the light. 灯光下走进一个人来，一张椭圆脸，脸色苍白。 There were several big names at the party. 宴会上有几名知名人士。 He has passed 50 winters. We couldn’t start up the car. He gave the beggar a few coppers. Shanghai is the New York of China. (以纽约代替繁华城市)
2) A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich. 吝啬鬼装穷变富，奢 侈者装富变穷。
Metaphor
• “（看文字）如酷吏治狱 直是推勘到底, 决是不恕 酷吏治狱, 酷吏治狱 他, 方得。” • “看文字, 正如酷吏之用法 酷吏之用法深刻, 都没人情, 直要 酷吏之用法 做到底。 若只恁地等闲看过了, 有甚滋味！ 大凡 文字有未晓处, 须下死工夫, 直要见得道理是自家 底, 方住。” • “看文字如捉贼 须知道盗发处, 自一文以上赃罪 捉贼, 捉贼 情节, 都要勘出。 若只描摸个大纲, 纵使知道此人 是贼, 却不知何处做贼。” • “看文字, 当如高[舟+我]大艑，顺风张帆 一日千 大艑， 高 舟 我 大艑 顺风张帆, 里, 方得。 如今只才离小港, 便著浅了, 济甚 事！ 文字不通如此看。”
• 越来越多的学者认为隐喻不仅是一种修辞 手段，而且是一种思维、认知方式。他们 认为隐喻的过程是人们借助一个概念领域 一个概念领域 结构去理解另一个不同的概念领域结构的 结构 过程。
• “把隐喻研究纳入现代认知语言学 认知语言学研究领域 认知语言学 的重要标志是： • Lakoff & Johnson(1980)[Lakoff, G & Johnson, M. 1980 Metaphors We Live By Chicago:University of Chicago Press.] 国外隐喻研究方兴未艾，Judge称之为一场 “隐喻革命”（metaphoric revolution）。
• 莱可夫(Lakoff)和约翰逊(Johnson)在 Metaphors We Live by一书中指出，语言中 充满了隐喻或隐喻性的表达。他们对英语 中大量的语料进行了分析，发现许多表达 方式都来自一些基本的隐喻 基本的隐喻，即所谓的隐 基本的隐喻 喻概念。比如，“争论是战争”、“时间 是金钱”等等。这些隐喻概念派生出许多 日常用语表达方式，形成隐喻概念系统。 隐喻成了人类语言的固有特征，不再是天 天 才的独创。
圣诞颂歌(英汉对照) 中国学生英语文库
谢谢观看
写作背景
《圣诞颂歌》是英国大作家狄更斯创作的一系列圣诞故事中最著名的一篇，被称为“有史以来第二个最伟大 的圣诞故事”（第一个最伟大的圣诞故事无疑是指福音书中记载的耶稣基督诞生的故事）。《圣诞颂歌》问世 160年来，千百万人为之陶醉，受其鼓舞。许许多多的版本和译本以及根据它改编的舞台、电视、电影剧本层出 不穷。然而鲜为人知的是，这个“欢快、辉煌的”的圣诞故事竟产生于作家创作生涯的一个阴郁时期。狄更斯当 时濒临破产，情绪极为低落，他写作此书原是为了摆脱债务（他称之为“一个小小的图谋”），但很快便发生了 不可思议的变化。当他在写自己喜爱的圣诞故事时，沮丧的情绪一扫而光。《圣诞颂歌》成了作家一项出自爱心 的劳作。狄更斯曾谈到他是怎样在创作时“哭泣、大笑、又哭泣”的，他从未怀疑过，《圣诞颂歌》会受人喜爱， 但此书带来的压倒一切的轰动效应，却是他和出版商都始料未及的。狄更斯后来回忆道，第一版的6000册在圣诞 节前夜销售一空，后来不断重印，仍供不应求，一时颇有“英伦纸贵”之势。这种现象在维多利亚时代的图书市 场上是极为罕见的。在某种意义上，《圣诞颂歌》永远地改变了作家的一生。1843年以后，在短短几年间，狄更 斯又发表了若干与圣诞节有关的中篇小说，如《古教堂的钟声》等。
1843年的伦敦是个相当肮脏的城市。房屋拥挤，人们用煤火取暖(斯克鲁奇在办公室就是这样取暖的)。煤烟 同低空的云混在一起，所产生的浓雾远远比今天的要严重。但如果没有雾，而烟尘能够上升的话，寒冷的天气带 来的是更洁净的空气——当时没有小汽车、卡车和以燃油为动力的引擎——雪也是洁白而干净的。
在圣诞节介 Chapter1Marley'sghost 第1章马利的鬼魂 Chapter2ThefirstofthethreeSpirits 第2章三个幽灵中的第一个 Chapter3TheSecondofthethreeSpirits 第3章三个幽灵中的第二个 Chapter4Thelastofthethreespirits 第4章三个幽灵中的最后一个 Chapter5Theendof
metaphor
The word can be used by literally or figuratively to show its meaning, which are called literal meaning and figurative meaning respectively. When a word has transferred from literal meaning to figurative meaning, then it has experienced the semantic shift. Semantic shift includes metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, transferred epithet, synaesthesia and onomatopoeia. Every one of them have experience the semantic shift.Among these, the concept of metaphor plays an important role in the process of human’s understanding and reforming the world. Its birth and development has interrelationship with that of culture. The similarity of metaphor in different language is based on human’s common function of physiology and psychology, living environment, etc. The culture-specific aspects such as the particular religion, custom, history, and geography, turn out to be the main cause of the difference usage of metaphor in different language. So, it is very necessary for us to learn the different meaning of words which have experienced the semantic shift, especially the metaphorical shiftment of meaning.What is metaphor? Prior to answering the question, I must mention some of its history. The English word “metaphor” derives from Greek word “metaphora”. It is composed by “meta” and “pherein”, which has respective meaning as “over” and “to carry”. Hence the original meaning of “metaphora” was “to carry over”. Aristotle, perhaps the first scholar to define metaphor, argues “Metaphor is the application to one thing of a name belonging to another thing”. However, this version of definition is only confined to the subject of rhetoric while metaphor nowadays is no longer considered as only connected to literature classes, rather, it is omnipresent. Brown (1976), a specialist in the sociology of art, notes that metaphors provide a perspective on knowledge just as scientific paradigms provide a perspective on theoretical knowledge. Some other famous sentences are as follows:“To know is to use metaphor.”—Friquegnon“The whole of nature is a metaphor of the human mind.”—Emerson“Metaphor was the beginning of wisdom, the earliest scientific method.”—C.Day-LewisAmong the innumerable definitions of metaphor in recent years, the one presented by Lakoff (in Ortony, 1993:203) is quite notable. He holds the sense of metaphor as a cross-domain mapping, a way of thinking. For instance, “love” and “war” are two completely different “domains”, but we can use words used to depict war to describe love. Hence, we have the metaphor “He wins her over in the game of love”.In our text book, according to the likeness between two objects, using one object to refer to another is called metaphor. Metaphor is based on likeness and association, so no matter which two objects, having outside, inner, or special similarity, they can use metaphor, or say they can refer to each other for metaphor. For example: we can say the teeth of a comb because there is the similarity between teach and comb.The basis of metaphor consists in one similarity between two objects, just because of this basis, we can use one to replace of the other. The so called similarity can include three kinds of situations: the similarity of appearance, the similarity of the function and the similarity of the connotation.The appearance means that the two objects have a likeness of their shape. There are many examples for this kind of situation: forest can be use as a forest of chimneys, or a forest of red flags; the word neck can be used as the neck of a gourd, or the neck of a bottle. All of these actions are based on the similarity of their shaps.Functional similarity refers to the likeness of the usage ofthe two objects. Here are some examples to show this: root (the root of the matter), fruit (reap the first fruits of one’s research), balance (a balance of payments), flash (a flash of hope), coat (a coat of paint) and so on. The similarity of the connotation means whether the two objects have a common connotation, or say whether the two words are both a bad or good symbolic meaning. When we say beast, we mean a brutal animal. Then the semantic-shifted metaphorical meaning can be cruel human beings. Here are some other examples for the like: bitch has a literal meaning for a female dog, at the same time has a metaphoric meaning for a loose woman.As a general rule, metaphor is here and there in our daily life. If carefully, we can find a lot of normal words are semantic-shifted by metaphor. There is a great variety of metaphor, and here I will mainly point out five kinds: the metaphorical sense of the human body, the metaphorical sense of animals, the metaphorical sense of plants, and the metaphorical sense of color.1. The examples of the human body are showed in the table below:As a matter of fact, there are still many other examples, nearly all of the elements of human body have the figurative meaning, such as nose, eyes,teeth,hands, shoulder,lips,heart and so on. Then here are the examples for heart because of its common and usefulness.A. There had been a row with her boyfriend, and she was heart-broken.B. her letters have been heart-breaking.C.Take heart, for all is not lost.There are many such like words, which include big-hearted, faint-hearted, half-hearted,whole-hearted,cold-hearted,kind-hearted,down-hearted,light-hearted,tough-hearted,ge nerous-hearted,open-hearted,warm-hearted,gentle-hearted,seft-hearted,and hard-hearted.2. The examples of the animals are showed in the table below:4．The examples of the plantsConclusionMetaphors are considered as the way we live by and the basis for human cognition, thinking, experience, language and even acts; it could be regarded as a reflection of human culture. Western communication theory is based on the conduit metaphor. The conduit metaphor articulates the complexity of human thought and promotes the sharing of knowledge. Metaphor in western country is a mirror of its culture as well. The study of metaphor is one of the best means to learn the mentality and customs of western country.According to what have been talked above, metaphor in semantic shift are here and there in our lives, human body, plants, colour and animals are included. For understanding of the correct meaning of this semantic shift, it is better for us to learn the culture. By learning these metaphors, we also can learn well of the culture of western countries.References:1. Eugene A. Nida. Language, Culture, and Translation. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 1991.2. Hornby A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (fourth Ed). Oxford University Press. 1989.3. Tu Guoyuan, Liao Jin. On the Translator’s Cultural Awareness and Cultural Creativity. Foreign Language and translation (4), 2000.4. Zhou Rong. A Cross-Cultural Study of the Metaphorical Representation of Time. Modern Foreign Languages (1). 2000.5. Basil Hatim. Communication across Cultures. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. 2001.6. Chinese Translation Journal (1-6), 2002.7. Jennifer D. Mayton, ENGL 500, Prof. Oakley. A Cross-cultural Analysis of Magic and Rhetoric in Ancient Greece and China.1998.8. Fernando Mateos, S.J. Linguistic and Literary Structures of the Chinese Proverbs. Tamkang Review. 1971.9. Robert N. St. Clair. Cultural Wisdom, Communication Theory and the Metaphor of Resonance.。
metaphor(暗喻)
含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。
由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。
与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。
基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。
如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。
metaphor_外语学习-英语学习
ContentsAbstractⅠ.IntroductionⅡ.A brief survey1.Defition of metapho2.Types of metaphor3.Metaphors in Chinese and Western studiesⅢ.Metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures1.correspondin, non-correspondence2.Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor ;the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures ;The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Ⅳ. 1.metaphorical expression of cultural conflict2. different living conditions caused differences of metaphor3.the metaphor arising from religious and cultural differencesⅤ. Translation of metaphors1.On the standard of translation2.Obstacles in the translation of metaphor3.Skills in translation of metaphorⅥ. ConclusionBibliographyAcknowledgementsAbstractⅠ.Introduction: Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition ofmetaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on.Ⅱ.A brief survey1.Defition of metaphorMetaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is athat constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.2.T ypes of metaphormon types:①A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. Most people do not visualize the action — dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both. ②An extended metaphor (conceit), establishes a principal subject (comparison) and subsidiary subjects (comparisons). The As Y ou Like It quotation is a good example, the world is described as a stage, and then men and women are subsidiary subjects further described in the same context. ③A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first. Example: "If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate." Quote from Futurama TV show character Zapp Brannigan.2.2.Uncommon typesOther types of metaphor have been identified as well, though the nomenclatures are not as universally accepted:2.2.1.An absolute or paralogical metaphor (sometimes called an anti-metaphor) is one in which there is no discernible point of resemblance between the idea and the image.2.2.2.An active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor.2.2.3.A complex metaphor is one which mounts one identification on another. Example: "That throws some light on the question." Throwing light is a metaphor: there is no actual light, and a question is not the sort of thing that can be lit up.2.2.4.A compound or loose metaphor is one that catches the mind with several points of similarity. Example: "He has the wild stag's foot." This phrase suggests grace and speed as well as daring. 2.2.5.An implicit metaphor is one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor.3.Metaphors in Chinese and Western studiesIn 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. "Ⅲ.Metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures1. Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages- English and Chinese. Metaphor have the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on .This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, the whole of human society and cultural backgroundare certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience.2.non-correspondence: English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages , resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the correspondingnon-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories:2.1. Vehicle is same, Yu Yi does not correspond toEnglish and Chinese in some cases there are , but in in the meaning of their own language and culture the metaphor means different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum)2.2.Yu Yi is same, the vehicle does not correspond toThe two nations, English and Chinese, due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao.2.3.Yu Yu Yi and the meaning do not correspond toSome of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with apiece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor .3.1.Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphorMetaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience.3.2.the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western culturesAs the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences.3.3. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influenceLanguage is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse.Ⅳ.1.1.metaphorical expression of cultural conflictDifferent nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures have a lot of conflicts or inconsistency metaphor. Such as the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." "Dragon" give a different connotation.So the same analogy in different cultures have different meaning.1.2.different living conditions caused differences of metaphorIn English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society.1.3.the metaphor arising from religious and cultural differencesReligious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on.Ⅴ. T ranslation of metaphors1.On the standard of translationIn the field of translation, the standard of translation has been a fierce controversy, including Nida‟s formal correspondence vs. Functional Equivalence, Newmark‟s semantictranslation vs. communication translation, literal translation vs. free translation, form vs. content,source-oriented vs. target-oriented, author-centered vs. reader-centered, the purpose of theauthor vs. the purpose of the translation and so on; [12]P5 Therefore, it is impossible to define astandard for the translation of all metaphors. Metaphor reveals the aesthetics of language; what‟smore, it reflects the speaker or writer‟s education, experiences, observation, conception towardsthe world ect., so it is very important to keep the metaphorical meaning and the images by usingany skills of translation, that is, metaphors can be translated in flexible ways to convey theinformation and the effect of the source language.2.Obstacles in the translation of metaphorFor the differences between languages, the obstacles in translation sometimes make it very difficult even impossible to convey the effect of the source metaphor. As Chinese is regardedcontextual language, which always turns to be obstacles on translation into English. Thefollowing cases are among the most common.eg.1她就是这样风里来雨里去。
metaphor的英文定义和例子
metaphor的英文定义和例子Metaphor Definition:Metaphor is a figure of speech that involves an implied comparison between two unrelated things, but with the intent of suggesting a similarity or creating a vivid image in the reader's mind. It adds depth and layers of meaning to a piece of writing by associating the characteristics of one thing with another. Metaphors go beyond the literal interpretation of words and help readers understand and visualize complex ideas or emotions. They often rely on imaginative language and creative thinking.Examples of Metaphors:1. "All the world's a stage." - William ShakespeareIn this famous metaphor from Shakespeare's play As You Like It, he compares the world to a stage. Just like actors, we all have different roles to play in life, and our actions and interactions are like performances on a grand stage.2. "Love is a battlefield." - Pat BenatarThis metaphor compares love to a battlefield, implying that love can be intense, challenging, and full of conflicts. It suggests that emotions and relationships can be highly volatile and require strategy and resilience to navigate.3. "Time is money." - Benjamin FranklinFranklin's metaphor equates time and money, indicating that time should be valued and utilized just as we value our financial resources. It implies that wasting time is equivalent to wasting money, encouraging readers to make the most of their time.4. "Life is a rollercoaster."This metaphor relates life to a rollercoaster ride, emphasizing the ups and downs, uncertainties, and exhilaration that come with the journey. It suggests that life is full of unexpected twists and turns, but often worth the ride.5. "Her laughter is music to my ears."This metaphor compares someone's laughter to music, highlighting the pleasant and joyful effect it has on the speaker. It suggests that the sound of laughter brings delight and happiness similar to the experience of listening to melodious music.6. "He has a heart of stone."This metaphor implies that someone lacks compassion or empathy by comparing their heart to a stone. It suggests that the person is cold-hearted and unfeeling, incapable of showing emotions or understanding others' feelings.7. "The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page." - Saint AugustineIn this metaphor, the world is compared to a book to emphasize the importance of traveling and experiencing different cultures and places. It implies that by exploring and learning from differentparts of the world, one can gain a wider perspective and a deeper understanding of life.8. "Hope is the thing with feathers." - Emily DickinsonDickinson equates hope to a bird with feathers, suggesting that hope is delicate, free-spirited, and able to lift the soul just like the flight of a bird. This metaphor emphasizes the transformative power of hope in challenging times.9. "Life is a puzzle, and each experience is a piece that fits perfectly into the grand design."This metaphor likens life to a puzzle, suggesting that every experience and event is essential in completing the overall picture. It implies that without each piece, the puzzle of life remains incomplete, highlighting the interconnectedness and significance of every aspect of life.10. "The night is a black velvet blanket studded with diamonds."This metaphor compares the night sky to a black velvet blanket adorned with diamonds. It creates a vivid image of the beauty and brilliance of stars in the dark night, emphasizing their twinkling and captivating nature.。
metaphor暗喻的英文例子
Metaphor: Examples of Figurative LanguageIntroductionMetaphor is a type of figurative language that adds depth and creativity to communication. It involves using a word or phrase to describe an object or action, by comparing it to something else unrelated. Metaphors are widely used in literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversations to convey abstract ideas and enhance understanding. Inthis article, we will explore various examples of metaphors and their significance.What is a Metaphor?A metaphor is a figure of speech that goes beyond literal meanings to make a comparison between two unrelated things. It establishes a resemblance or association, often based on shared qualities or characteristics. Unlike similes, which use “like” or “as” to make comparisons, metaphors create a direct identification between the subject and object.Examples of Metaphors:1.“Life is a journey.”2.“Time is money.”3.“He is a shining star.”4.“The world is a stage.”5.“Love is a battlefield.”Common Types of MetaphorsMetaphors can be categorized into different types based on their characteristics and usage. Each type offers a unique way to understand and express complex ideas. Let’s explore some common types of metaphors:1. Conceptual MetaphorConceptual metaphors are widely used to understand abstract concepts by relating them to concrete or familiar experiences. They form the basis of our understanding by mapping one domain of knowledge onto another. Some examples include: - “Love is a journey.” - “Ideas are food for thought.” - “Time is a valuable resource.”2. Dead MetaphorDead metaphors are common expressions that were once metaphors but have lost their figurative meaning through repeated use. These metaphors become so ingrained in everyday language that they are now perceived as literal. Examples of dead metaphors include: - “The foot of the mountain” - “The heart of the matter” - “The head of the class”3. Extended MetaphorExtended metaphors are sustained throughout a piece of writing, often through an entire poem or story. These metaphors create a deeper meaning by developin g and expanding the comparison over time. Here’s an example of an extended metaphor from Shakespeare’s play “As You Like It”: “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances…”4. Implied or Implicit MetaphorImplied metaphors do not directly state that one thing is another; instead, they imply the comparison through indirect or figurative language. These metaphors encourage readers to apply their own interpretations and engage with the text more actively. For example: - “She drowned in a sea of grief.” - “The politician danced around the issue.”The Significance of MetaphorsMetaphors play a crucial role in enhancing communication and understanding. They provide a fresh perspective, evoke emotions, and simplify complex ideas. Here’s why metaphors are significant:1. Creativity and ExpressionMetaphors allow individuals to express themselves in unique and imaginative ways. By using metaphors, we can convey our thoughts and feelings more effectively, making the communication process more engaging and memorable.2. Simplification of Complex IdeasMetaphors help simplify complex concepts by relating them to something familiar. They make abstract ideas more tangible and accessible, allowing the audience to grasp difficult concepts easily.3. Arousal of emotionsMetaphors have the power to evoke emotions and create a strong emotional connection with the audience. By using vivid and evocative metaphors, speakers and writers can tap into the audience’s emotions and inspire them.4. Memorable and EngagingMetaphors make the text or speech more captivating and memorable. They add richness and depth to the message, making it more likely to be retained in the audience’s memory.ConclusionMetaphors are powerful tools of expression that add depth, creativity, and clarity to communication. They allow us to think beyond the literal meanings of words and make connections between unrelated ideas. Metaphors enrich our understanding of abstract concepts and evoke emotions, making them an essential part of human communication. So next time you encounter a metaphor, take a moment to appreciate the hidden meaning and the beauty it brings to language.。
metaphor用法
metaphor用法Metaphor是一种修辞手法，通过将两个看似不相干的概念联系起来，来表达想象力和创造力的方式。
Metaphor经常被用来描绘感情、主题、情节和对象的特点，从而加强读者对文章的理解和感受。
Metaphor用法的关键是选择合适的隐喻，并将其在文本中恰当地应用。
在文学作品中，Metaphor常常用来深化主题和传达作者的声音和态度。
例如，诗人玛丽安娜·莫尔采用了许多精巧的隐喻来 conveying the fragility of life and the fleeting nature of time:"The sun set behind the hills, and the clouds were tinged with pink and gold. It was like a painting, a perfect scene frozen in time. But even as we watched, the colors faded, the light died, and darkness descended."在这个例子中，莫尔使用“画面”来表达人生短暂的感觉。
通过将人生比作下面的夕阳，她展示了时间的流逝和生命的脆弱。
除了在文学作品中使用之外，Metaphor还可以在日常生活中使用。
例如，你可以用隐喻来描述你的想法、感受和经验。
这可以让你的表达更有生气和趣味性，并帮助你更好地掩盖那些过于直接和激进的言语。
例如，你可以说，“他的言辞像利剑一样，直接刺破了我的心。
”这个隐喻就非常有力地表达了那个人的语言是多么有伤害力。
总的来说，Metaphor是一种强大的修辞手法，它可以帮助作家深化主题并传达自己的声音和态度，同时也可以让平凡的言语变得更加美丽和引人注目。
无论你是在创作文学作品，还是在日常生活中表达自己的想法和感受，Metaphor都是一个很好的工具。
Metaphor
Apt and appropriate (适当的 适当的) 适当的 Her beautiful long hair was Pitch-black (漆黑的) / jet-black (黑玉色的) ? Pitch (沥青) clashes with the concept of beauty
The metaphors are consistent (一致的 if they produce images 一致的) 一致的 related to and supporting each other and are not mixed or discordant (不和谐的).
Applications for jobs flooded the Employment Agency. V flood Snow clothes the ground. V clothe (覆盖，给。。穿衣 覆盖， 。。穿衣) 覆盖 穿衣 … and the cold crystal moon book 2, lesson 4 The Nightingale and the Rose Adj crystal
Extended metaphors
An initial comparison is made and then developed Laws are cobwebs (蜘蛛网), where the small flies are caught and the great break through. (those who come from the lower class and those from the upper class)
Metaphor (暗喻) definition? simile (暗喻)
It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. The parks are the lungs of our city.
《metaphor分类》PPT课件
Classification
5) Idiomic or proverbial metaphor Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor refers to a metaphor which contain an idiom or proverb. * He was almost at the end of his tether when he stumbled on the solution of his difficulty.
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Classification
1) Nominal metaphor Nominal metaphor refers to the metaphor in which the metaphorical meaning is mainly expressed by noun. * Time is money. 2) Verbal metaphor Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is by verb. * Her eyes bored into him. * Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
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Classification
(11) Dead Metaphor Dead metaphor refers a metaphor, in which the metaphorical novelty or freshness has faded. * When they reached the foot of the mountain, they found a running rock. * He lit a fresh cigar, and said, " Now we have come to some common points.
metaphor
metaphorWe hunted the grasshoppers that leaped about like little rockets.For the next two years I was as busy as squirrel storing nuts for the winter.By then the snow has made a blanket of white darkness.Metaphor-a word or phrase used in an imaginative way to describe sb/sth else, in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful, for example She has a heart of stone; the use of such words and phrases. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary)A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some point of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated object. Metaphor is a type of analogy and is closely related to other rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison or resemblance including allegory, hyperbole, and simile.In simpler terms, a metaphor compares two objects/things without using the words "like" or "as".（Wikipedia）A ll the world's a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances;—William Shakespeare, As You Like ItHe attacked every weak point in my argument.If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out. He shot down all of my argumentsHis criticisms were right on target.He broke down. (THE MIND IS A MACHINE)He cracked up. (THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT)THE PART FOR THE WHOLEGet your butt over here! We don't hire longhairs.The Giants need a stronger arm in right field.I've got a new four-on-the-floor V-8.PRODUCER FOR PRODUCTI'll have a Lohrenbrc u.He bought a Ford.He's got a Picasso in his den.I hate to read Heidegger.OBJECT USED FOR USERThe sax has the flu today.The BLT is a lousy tipper.The gun he hired wanted fifty grand.We need a better,,'lolveat third base.The buses are on strike.Nixon bombed Hanoi. Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night.Napoleon lost at Waterloo. Casey Stengel won a lot of pennants. A Mercedes rear-endedinc.INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLEExxon has raised its prices again.You'll never get the university to agree to that.The Army wants to reinstitute the draft.The Senate thinks abortion is immoral.I don't approve of the government's actions.THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTIONThe White House isn't saying anything.Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people.The Kremlin threatened to boycott the next round of SALTtalks.Paris is introducing longer skirts this season.Hollywood isn't what it used to be. Wall Street is in a panic.※HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWNCONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWNHEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWNHAVING CONTROl. Or FORCE IS UP; BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL Or FORCE IS DOWN MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWNHIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWNRATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN（Metaphors We Live By George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen）Simile-(technical) a word or phrase that compares sth to sth else, using the words like or as, for example a face like a mask or as white as snow; the use of such words and phrases(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary)A simile is a rhetorical figure expressing comparison or likeness that directly compares two things through some connective word such as like, as, so, than, or a verb such as resembles. Although similes and metaphors are generally seen as interchangeable, similes acknowledge the imperfections and limitations of the comparative relationship to a greater extent than metaphors. Similes also hedge/protect the author against outrageous, incomplete, or unfair comparison. Generally, metaphor is the stronger and more encompassing of the two forms of rhetorical analogies.Using 'likeA simile can explicitly provide the basis of a comparison or leave this basis implicit. In the implicit case the simile leaves theaudience to determine for themselves which features of the target are being predicated. It may be a type of sentence that uses 'as' or 'like' to connect the words being compared.She is like a candy so sweet.He is like a refiner's fire.Her eyes twinkled like stars.He fights like a lion.He runs like a cheetah.She is fragrant like a rose.Gareth is like a lion when he gets angry.Good coffee is like friendship, rich and warm and strong.“For hope grew round me, like the twining vine,” (Coleridge - Dejection)"And the executioner went off like an arrow." -Alice in WonderlandUsing 'as'The use of 'as' makes the simile more explicit.She walks as gracefully as a cat.He was as hungry as a lion.He was as mean as a bull.That spider was as fat as an elephant.Cute as a kitten.As busy as a bee.As snug as a bug in a rug.Eyes as big as dinner plates.Without 'like' or 'as'Sometimes similes are submerged, used without using comparative words ('like' or 'as') "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate:" William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18"I'm happier than a tornado in a trailer park!" Mater, Cars"How this Herculean Roman does become / The carriage of his chafe." William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra' Ac （Wikipedia）Oxymoron-(technical) a phrase that combines two words that seem to be the opposite of each other, for example a deafening silence (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary) An oxymoron (plural oxymora ) (from Gree k ?ξ?μωπον, "sharp dull") is a figure of speech that juxtaposes apparently contradictory elements (it is not however a contradiction in terms (see below)). Oxymora appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors such as ground pilot and literary oxymoron crafted to reveal a paradox. Oxymora are not always a pair of words; they can also be devised in the meaning of sentences or phrases（Wikipedia）Great Depression大萧条时期Jumbo shrimp大虾;巨型喷气式飞机pleasant sorrow 凄美Cruel to be kind心慈手辣cruel kindness残酷的仁慈Pain for pleasure疼痛为乐Deafening silence震耳欲聋的沉默,鸦雀无声jarring silence 刺耳的沉默Living dead虽生犹死Walking dead行尸走肉a living death行尸走肉Sweet Revenge甜美的复仇Alone together休戚相依Virtual reality虚拟现实with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来? a mournful optimist悲伤的乐观an honorable villain体面的恶棍Dark light暗黄的灯光，不可见光clever fool聪明的傻瓜Passive aggressive消极抵抗sick health憔悴的健康Big baby幼稚的人bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗True myth神话的真实a victorious defeat胜利的失败with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地Sweet agony 甜蜜的痛苦orrowful gladness 悲喜交集honest thief 诚实的小偷instant classic 转瞬即成为经典"I am a deeply superficial person." - Andy Warhol英国桂冠诗人Alfred Tennyson（1809——1892）一句诗：His honor rooted in dishonor stoodAnd faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.他那来源于不名誉的名誉依然如故，而那并不诚实的诚实保持虚伪的忠诚“You?ve already got one,” Baochai chuckled, “Much Ado about Nothing is just the name for you.”宝钗笑道：“你的绰号早有了，…无事忙?三个字恰当得很。
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3.4 The thinking mode involved
The nouns: internet stock market stock market bubbles bullet train solar storm Pittsburgh summit (峰会) Only a few would go that far and commit crimes. The references: net market bubbles bullet storm summit go that far
3.4 The thinking mode involved – A IS B.
… is a plant. -- A romance was budding. -- The brilliant founders branched into many areas. … is a building. -- to cement one’s popularity -- the shattered foundations of one’s life -- The theory was totally based on solid foundation.
3.4 The thinking mode involved
abstract what we are unfamiliar with concrete what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
3.5.1 Nominal (n.) metaphor
Mother Teresa is part of the chromosome (染色体) of Kolkata. Google’s newly developed software could challenge the Seattle giant’s desktop dominance. Charles Dow put us on the world’s greatest roller coaster. We laugh nervously all the way up and we scream like hell all the way down.
Up & Down – Orientational metaphor
More is up: Speak up, please. Conscious is up: Wake up. Control is up: I’m on top of the situation. Happy is up: I’m feeling up today. Less is down: Keep down your voice. Unconscious is down: He sank into a coma. Lack of control is down: He is under my control. Sad is down. He is really low these days.
Conclusion
Metaphorical language is not arbitrary. Metaphor plays a major role in how human beings think. Metaphor has provided us with a better understanding of our language.
3.5 The classifications of metaphor -- nominal (n.) metaphor; -- verbal metaphor; -- adjective metaphor; -- adverbial metaphor;
(When the formula A IS B is not available, the n., v., adj., or adv. always helps us to find out what A is.)
3.4 The thinking mode involved – A IS B.
The economy is a machine. -- The economy is overheating. -- to fine-tune (微调) inflation. The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft. -- The economy soared / skyrocketed. -- The economy plunged. -- In economics, a soft landing is a situation in which the economy stops growing but this does not produce a recession (衰退).
3.3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor The nouns, verbs, adj.s, or adv.s are used to indicate the reference (喻体). - The romance was a plant. - The economy is a machine. - She is a container. - The temperature was a murderer. - war.
Your claims are indefensible. He attacked every weak point in my argument. His criticism is right on the target. I demolished his argument. I’ve never won an argument with him. If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out. He shot down all of my arguments.
Up & Down – Orientational metaphor Virtue is up: Lack of virtue is down: She’s an That was a low-down upstanding citizen. thing to do. Rational is up: Nonrational is down: He could always The discussion fell to an rise above his emotional level. emotion.
The mind is a machine.
He is still grinding out a solution. His mind isn’t operating today. He is a little rusty today. I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing vigor). How could any man ever understand the workings of a woman’s mind? The coffee was perfect and by the time I was halfway through my first cup my brain was ticking over much more briskly.
3.5.2 Verbal metaphor
Science often thrives while advancing along circuitous pathways toward unpredictable destinations, propelled primarily by human curiosity. Science is a vehicle.
Metaphor
3.1 What is metaphor? Metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things from different domains. Unlike simile, the comparison is implied rather than clearly expressed. 3.2 What is metaphor composed of? -- the subject (本体) -- the reference (喻体) -- A is B.
3.3 The formula “A is B” -- For a better understanding of metaphor - The world is a stage. - A romance was budding. - The economy is overheating. - She exploded. - The temperature fell to a murderous -40。C. - Embarrassed at our noisy children, we sheepishly tried to sneak into the dining room, hoping not to be noticed by others.
Microsoft is a giant. The stock market is a roller coaster.
3.5.2 Verbal metaphor
(The following is taken from a piece of sports news.) SINGAPORE: China has delivered a stinging slap in the face to badminton’s world governing body by pulling all of its players from this month’s season-ending finale. China’s pulling its players from the finale is a stinging slap. a slap in the face