2020年托福阅读长难句100句：后置定语从句.doc
托福长难句100句(一)
句子1In a countercurrent exchange system,the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels;thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.【难点解析】本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。
在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carrying cooled blood…做了后置定语，造成了主语the blood vessels 和谓语run被分割，后面接着出现了另一个the blood vessels carrying warm blood……，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。
找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system,the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers[定语]run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body[定语]to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels;thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意思就出来了。
2020考研英语长难句翻译：定语从句3大译法
2020考研英语长难句翻译：定语从句3大译法一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。
翻译这类句子时往往能够用：(一)前置法把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。
1)The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.译文：在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
2)There will come a day when people around the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.译文：全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天会到来的。
(二)后置法上述译成前置定语的方法大都适用于限制性定语从句，但一般用于译成比较简单的英语定语从句;如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往能够译成后置的并列分句。
1、译成并列分句，重复英语先行词1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.译文：他们正在为这样一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，很多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
2)They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a unclear war.译文：他们可能不得不蒙着臭名而终其余生，这个臭名就是：它曾贸然采取了一项行动，这项行动破坏了峰会，并且能够设想，这可能已触发一场战争。
托福阅读长难句精选
托福阅读长难句精选为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1一般情况下，句子主语、宾语和句子中其他部分的名词可能因包含大量前置或后置定语成分而变得非常复杂，而整句的谓语动词，其前后最多有副词作修饰，所以相对容易判断。
我们一旦找到整句谓语动词，它的施动者-主语、受动者-谓语以及主干也自然容易进一步识别。
例句1：A desire to throw over reality a lightthat never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what wemight consider a novelist-scientistto record exactly and concretely thestructure and texture of a flower.这个句子里出现的动词有throw, was, might give, mightconsider和record等。
首先，动词不定式不能作谓语，去掉throw和record;was 后不能紧跟情态动词，所以was和might give应属不同的句子，往前看我们发现that never was形成S+V格式，且紧跟着名词light后，再根据句意判断可知that never was 为a light的后置定语从句;稍作判断可知to throw over reality a light 为不定式做A desire的后置定语，此时吧它的不定式后置定语及alight的后置定语拿掉可得到简化结构：A desire might give awayabruptly to thedesire…。
Abruptly显然修饰动词短语give away。
至此我们得到a desire(S)+might giveaway(V)+thedesire(O), 经过这样的简化，整句主干已经得到;至于might consider, 明显和它前面的we组成S+V格式，这个从句跟在on the part of 后面做整句宾语thedesire的后置定语从句纵观整句，主语谓语后都跟了较长的定语成分，造成我们判断它们终结位置的困难。
托福阅读长难句：从句之定语从句
从句(SubordinateClause)是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where。
how，which等引导词(Connective)引导的非主句部分。
”好——深奥，有没有!其实说白了就是就是用句子中的一个部分用一句完整的话进行表达，我们可以根据从句在句子中体现的功效，来进行常见的从句分类第一，名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句)第二，形容词性从句(定语从句)第三，副词性从句(状语从句)拿前段时间一直霸屏的暖男大白举个例子，我们都说，大白是软萌的超级英雄。
Baymax is a prettysweet superhero.句子的主体其实就是在说大白是超级英雄，但是为了把他跟我们心中传统的裤衩外穿的超级英雄进行区分，我们用pretty sweet进行了额外的修饰，在句中做定语，瞬间让大白棉花糖的外表就马上呈现了有没有!好，我们换种方式把大白再描述一下，Baymax has the “non-threatening huggable design” that makes you wantto squeeze the ever-living life out of him. 大白有一种让人忍不住就想紧紧拥抱住他的“无威胁可拥抱”设计。
这里的that makes youwant to squeeze the ever-living life out of him就是对design的一种详细修饰，也就是充当跟上一句一样的效果——句子中的定语。
但是不同的是，这里的定语却是用一句完整的话构成的，这就是我们常说的定语从句。
说完从句的样子，那怎么分辨哪个部分是定语从句?的确，因为从句也是句子，主句也是句子，告诉大家一个划分句子的流氓方法，一个句子中从that/which/who/where等(关系代/副词)开始，就表示从句开始了，之后出现的第一个动词是从句中的动词，再出现了第二个动词就表示从句结束了。
托福100长难句(中文部分)
参考译文1. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
8. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
9. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
10. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12. Billie Holiday’s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15. 受当代灌溉（技术设施）之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
2020托福阅读长难句分析(3)
2020托福阅读长难句分析(3)托福阅读长难句3. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions inorder to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.句子分析：本句主要是在做解释，这个解释是通过is之后that引导的表语从句来展开。
在这个从句中有多个谓语动词并列出现，分别是：excavated, modified, plugged up，这些动作的实施都是为了in order to后面表达的目的，即create reservoirs，最后which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词reservoirs。
句子翻译：有一种解释是玛雅人挖掘或者改造自然的低地，然后通过在低地底部涂上灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌所造成的漏水地方，这样做能够建立水库，而这些水库能够收集来自抹了灰泥的大型集水盆地的雨水并储存起来，以备旱季所用。
解题思路：这句话句简题的准确答案应该是选项A. Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions. (玛雅南部地区的居民通过堵住缝隙的低地来收集和储存雨水，以备旱季之用。
)我们来看看其他几个错误答案的原因：选项B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. 其中的modifying natural rainwater是原句所没有提到的;选项C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season. 其中leaks in the karst这个问题在原句中已经通过涂上灰泥得到了解决，所以不存有困难;选项D. Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rainthan storing it during dry seasons. 其中more successful的比较在原句中没有提到。
托福阅读中的定语从句详解
托福阅读中的定语从句详解在托福阅读句子中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语;把句子当作名词来用，分别在另一个句子中做主语、宾语、表语和同位语构成四种从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
今天，小编要为大家带来的是托福阅读四大定语从句详解，一起来看看吧。
托福阅读四大定语从句详解主语从句The book is interesting.book 名词作主语;What I am reading is interesting.完整句 what I am reading 作主语，因此被称为主语从句。
该从句有自己的主语(I)和谓语(am reading)， what 在主语从句中作am reading 的宾语宾语从句。
宾语从句I believe his words.words 作宾语。
I believe what he said.完整句 what he said 作宾语，因此被称为宾语从句。
该从句有自己的主语(he)和谓语(said)，what在宾语从句中作said 的宾语。
表语从句English is a useful tool.a useful tool 作表语。
The book is what I want.完整句子 what I want 作表语，因此被称为表语从句。
该从句有自己的主语(I)和谓语(want)，what在表语从句中作want 的宾语。
同位语从句I like the book, Gone with the Wind.Gone with the Wind 作book 的同位语。
The mother must accept the fact that her babyis deaf.完整句that her baby is deaf 作fact 的同位语，因此被称为同位语从句。
该从句有自己的主语(her baby)和谓语部分(is deaf)，that 在同位语从句中不充当成分。
2020托福阅读长难句分析(5)
2020托福阅读长难句分析(5)托福阅读长难句The West had plenty of attractions： the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.这句话对于很多同学来说看起来有点晕，主要困惑有两个：第一就是找不清楚句子的谓语动词，第二则是冒号后的主语怎么这么长?其实这句话由冒号引起了两个分句，后一句是前一句的补充，前一句的谓语动词是had，而后一句的谓语动词部分是were tempting to表示对……有吸引力。
冒号后出现了多个并列主语使得这句话的主语很长，面对这样长的主语，大家只要抓住关键名词就好，分别是river bottom，soils和loams，它们对新英格兰农民和东南部农民有吸引力。
当然，本句最后对这两类农民又加以了修饰，分别是working... (在……耕作的新英格兰农民)和plagued with...(受到……困扰的东南部农民)。
这句话从词汇上看，难度在于出现了一些同学可能不理解的与地质相关的单词，比如：alluvial表示冲积的，fecund表示肥沃的，和后面的sterile(贫瘠的)正好是一对反义词，prairies指的是大草原，而soil depletion则说的是土地耗损，erosion指的是土地侵蚀。
最后提下be plagued with这个词组表示“受到……的困扰(折磨)”，能够用在写作中，比如：He was plagued with ill health throughout his short life. 在短暂一生中，他遭受着疾病的折磨。
托福雅思长难句后置定语简单版
1.They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety ofcoins issued in many different places.2.Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past theage of five.3.Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore.4.The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudeseasily.5.In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock.6.The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting fromoverirrigation7.There they have discovered new species and ecosystems thriving near deep-seavents.8.The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fullyunderstood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains were affected first.9.Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activitiesranging from eating and dressing to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances.10.The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s lowsurface gravity.11.Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands tofew hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.12.Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able toextract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces.13.The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to helpthem find the coal deposits as well as to determine the best courses for the canals.14.Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs wascaused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.。
托福作文常用长难句
作文常用长难句：／be 动词—情态动词（could、should）＼助动词（do、did、does）否定意义的副词：never/nor /neither/nowhere半否定意义的副词：seldom、rarely（很少、不常）/ hardly、barely（几乎不）/ Little、scarcely（简直没有）介词短语：by no means/ in no case/ on no account/ in no way/ On no condition/ under no circumstance (绝不)否定连词：not only……but also……（不仅…而且）1大部分不支持B，我也是Most people do not side with B（incline towards B），and neither do I.2 主语不能做成……，除非主语去做……Seldom could 主语do……without doing……Eg.: Seldom could government assert public figure without investing money on basic needs.3 我们绝不可能做好A，除非考虑到BOn no condition do I think that we could do A without concerning doing BEg: On no condition do I think that we could reduce the traffic congestion without concerning taking advantage of the public transportation.4 X不仅能……，而且能……，还能够……。
Not only can 主语do(动词原形)……, but also 主语can do……，and can do……Eg: Spending time with friends or family hiking or having a picnic when you snatch a little leisure from the busy life, not only can contribute to a better health condition, but also can make us remember what the true meaning of life is. (正常语序)Eg: Not only can we maintain a well-balanced healthy diet, but also we can get far away from the cardiovascular disease and obesity, and can let us enjoy the warmth of family reunion.(倒装语序)Only 置于句首的有条件倒装Only + 状语／介词短语+ 助动词+ 主语+ 动词原形＼When 引导的从句1在这样的情况下，只有我们做A……我们才能……Only under special circumstance when we choose A(to do A) could we ……Eg: Only under special circumstance when we choose to replace fossil fuels with cleaner fuels could we tackle the traffic and pollution problem.2我们应该做……,只有用这种方式才能……We should do……，only in this way could 主语do ……（They would not do ……，only in this way could 主语……）Eg; we should replace fossil fuels with cleaner fuels, only in this way could wetackle the traffic and pollution problem.3 他们的观点……是那么片面，我们的观点……却很合理So simplistic was their view that +(同位语/ 坏结果)……；such was may be a reasonable perspective that+ (同位语/ 好结果)Eg; So simplistic was their view that higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers in the long run, because this policy would also affect the cost of public transport; such was may be a reasonable perspective that electric cars could be both quieter and cleaner to use.4 不得不承认的是，选择A，在一定程度上来说会带来小坏。
（完整版）含有定语从句的长难句
（完整版）含有定语从句的长难句1.Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away.2.The summit was to mark the 25th anniversary（周年）of president Nixon’s journey to China, which was the turning point in China-US relations.3 The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.4. When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “Foreign”than France because t he German they see on signs and ads seems much more different from English than French does.5.Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.6、They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous.7.But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.8.Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.9.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French womanscientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.10.2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.11. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.。
2020考研英语长难句翻译：定语从句3大译法
2020考研英语长难句翻译：定语从句3大译法一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。
翻译这类句子时往往可以用：(一)前置法把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。
1)The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.译文: 在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
2)There will come a day when people around the world will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.译文：全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天会到来的。
(二)后置法上述译成前置定语的方法大都适用于限制性定语从句，但一般用于译成比较简单的英语定语从句;如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，往往可以译成后置的并列分句。
1、译成并列分句，重复英语先行词1)They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.译文：他们正在为这样一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
2)They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a unclear war.译文：他们可能不得不蒙着臭名而终其余生，这个臭名就是：它曾贸然采取了一项行动，这项行动破坏了峰会，并且可以设想，这可能已触发一场战争。
如何应对托福阅读长难句
如何应对托福阅读长难句应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础, 长难句复杂修饰成分介绍，今天我给大家带来了应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础，希望能够帮助到大家，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础长难句复杂修饰成分介绍托福阅读长难句基础：扩大词汇量不可否认，掌握句子结构对于分析长难句十分重要，但是要想彻底明白句子的含义，除了掌握句子结构之外，还要有丰富的词汇量。
由于托福阅读文章偏学术性，因此不可避免地会出现一些学术词汇。
然而，托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不切实际的。
我们只需在练习时把遇到的学术词汇进行整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写、会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证考试遇到相关学术词汇时头脑中有一个基本的概念。
托福阅读长难句基础：巩固语法知识长难句之所以看不懂，是因为句子结构分析不清楚。
而句子结构分析不清楚，其根本原因就是语法知识掌握得不够牢固。
要想把句子结构分析清楚，首先要掌握英语中的五大基本句型。
这五种基本句型分别是：1. 主+谓(例：I swim.)2. 主+谓+宾(例：I ate an apple.)3. 主+谓+宾+宾补(例：She found the computer useful.)4. 主+谓+双宾(例：He gave me a book.)5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)掌握以上这几种基本句型可以帮助你迅速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子结构的关键。
长难句之所以会感觉到难，是因为句子中含有很多修饰性成分，这些修饰性成分往往给考生分析句子结构带来干扰。
因此，考生有必要了解常见的修饰性成分都有哪些。
托福阅读长难句常见复杂修饰性成分介绍1. 从句(定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等)例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 这是一个由which引导的定语从句，先行词是前面的trees。
考研英语定语从句长难句
考研英语定语从句长难句A Comprehensive Exploration of Complex Adjectival Clauses in the GRE English ExamThe GRE English exam is a formidable challenge that requires candidates to demonstrate a strong command of the English language, including their ability to comprehend and analyze complex grammatical structures. One such linguistic feature that often poses a significant hurdle for test-takers is the use of adjectival clauses, particularly the more intricate and lengthy varieties. These long, complex sentences can be daunting, but with a thorough understanding of their structure and function, aspiring graduate students can develop the necessary skills to tackle them with confidence.Adjectival clauses, also known as relative clauses, are subordinate clauses that modify a noun or pronoun in the main clause. They provide additional information about the subject or object, deepening the reader's understanding and creating a more nuanced and detailed description. In the context of the GRE English exam, these clauses can take on a variety of forms, ranging from the relatively straightforward restrictive clauses to the more convolutednonrestrictive clauses.Restrictive adjectival clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence, as they identify or define the noun or pronoun they modify. For example, in the sentence "The book that I bought yesterday is very informative," the clause "that I bought yesterday" is a restrictive adjectival clause that specifies which book is being referred to. These clauses are typically introduced by relative pronouns such as "that," "which," "who," "whom," or "whose," and they do not require the use of commas to set them apart from the main clause.In contrast, nonrestrictive adjectival clauses provide additional, non-essential information about the noun or pronoun they modify. They are set off from the main clause by commas and do not change the fundamental meaning of the sentence. An example of a nonrestrictive adjectival clause would be: "The book, which I bought yesterday, is very informative." In this case, the clause "which I bought yesterday" provides supplementary information about the book, but it is not necessary to identify which specific book is being referenced.The GRE English exam often features more complex variations of these adjectival clauses, including clauses with multiple modifiers or nested clauses within clauses. These long, intricate sentences can be particularly challenging for test-takers, as they require a deepunderstanding of English grammar and the ability to parse and comprehend dense, information-rich passages.One such example of a complex adjectival clause that might appear on the GRE English exam is: "The author, whose latest novel, which was published last year and received critical acclaim, is currently being adapted for a film, will be speaking at the local library next week." In this sentence, the adjectival clause "whose latest novel, which was published last year and received critical acclaim, is currently being adapted for a film" is nested within another adjectival clause, "whose latest novel." This creates a layered, multifaceted description that can be difficult to unpack, especially under the time constraints and pressure of the exam.To effectively navigate these complex adjectival clauses, GRE test-takers must develop a keen eye for identifying the various components of the clause, including the relative pronoun, the modified noun or pronoun, and any additional modifiers or subordinate clauses within the structure. They must also be able to determine the function of the clause (restrictive or nonrestrictive) and how it relates to the overall meaning of the sentence.Furthermore, mastering the use of appropriate punctuation, such as commas, is crucial for accurately interpreting these complex adjectival clauses. Misplacing or omitting commas can drasticallychange the meaning and structure of the sentence, leading to confusion and potential errors on the exam.In conclusion, the GRE English exam's emphasis on complex adjectival clauses highlights the importance of a deep and nuanced understanding of English grammar and syntax. By familiarizing themselves with the various types of adjectival clauses, their structures, and the role they play in creating sophisticated and detailed descriptions, aspiring graduate students can equip themselves with the necessary skills to tackle these linguistic challenges and achieve success on the exam. With diligent practice and a keen eye for grammatical analysis, test-takers can develop the confidence and expertise required to navigate the complexities of the GRE English exam's adjectival clause questions.。
2020年托福阅读长难句分析(7)
2020年托福阅读长难句分析(7)托福阅读长难句Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to abouthalf a centimeter a year.本句逗号比较多，容易使人看不清主要意思。
本句中的but unfortunately引起前后两句的转折关系，在前半句中，indicatethat引导的宾语从句，表达观点。
在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions这个介词短语后有that引导的定语从句，修饰前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相当于)是现在分词作状语，对核心意思实行补充说明。
本句有一些地质学的词汇，比如：aquifer 蓄水层，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 补水的速率。
另外，请注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，还能够作动词，表示“评估，评价”，比如：Thisis rated as a five-star hotel. 这家酒店被评为五。
She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自视不高。
最后，amount to表示“相当于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共计2,000吨货物。
我们能够这样翻译：“据估计，奥加拉拉蓄水层含有充足的水来填满休伦湖。
托福长难句100句
托福长难句100句1.Totally without light and subjected tointense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，thedeep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in someways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．(定语后置insome ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
Totally without light and subjected tointense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 原因状语the deep—ocean bottom is a hostileenvironment to humans 主句in some ways as forbidding and remote asthe void of outer space 后置定语，修饰a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是一个主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2.Basic to any understanding of Canadain the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressivepopulation growth．(倒装结构Basicto any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
长难句2定语后置
托福长难句21，But if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.但是如果这个气孔足够小，水就会想薄膜一样存在，太亮以至于不能克服外表张力让它们停在外表上，然后水将会停在上面2，建造水渠〔canal〕来运煤炭的公司需要勘探者(surveyor)来帮助它们找到值得挖的煤矿(coal deposit)，以及帮助决定水渠最优的路径(course)。
3，The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.在过去的30年中，超长的学生在公共教育中最大的兴趣是之处在社会中所有的公民最强烈的感觉，不管是他们特殊的情况还是在能力发展中应得的时机4，At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty．5，Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics古生物学者争论说在很长的一段时间里恐龙的死亡被认为是因为气候的变换，从板块构造学来时联系到在大陆和海上变换缓慢6，But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.但是这些因素不能解释这个神秘的问题，鱼龙在特殊的环境下怀孕的几率7，Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.首都和工业上升率的这样的大的、没有人性的操控和股东的重要性作为主导，国家生活代表的不负责任的财富从陆地待土地所有权的关税的别离和到负责的商业管理的别离是相等的8，要不是因为这种能力，他们将会在短时间内吞食掉所有可利用的食物，而且可能会饿死他们自己。
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2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句：后置定语从句
我们知道
一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住
了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。
很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。
教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生：
The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an
argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all
its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly
changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though
imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits
underlying assumptions.
本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The
physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构，而 since 之后明显应该是原因
状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分，所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。
下面我们来仔
细分析 since 后面的部分：
第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后，显然做 an argument
的后置定语从句。
that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构， only if
则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is
precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构);
接下来我们遇到了 loses ，since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是 loses 不属于这两个从句，只能与 an argument 对应，这个点也可从单复数上佐证。
loses 与后面的 all its force
形成动宾结构，其中it指代前文的an argument;
接下来的 if引导了条件状语从句theassumptions on which it
is based are slightly changed 。
其中 on which it is based 做theassumptions 的后置定语从句，同样的 ,it 指前文的 an argument 。
忽略定语从句，我们得到 ifthe assumptions are slightly changed;
whereas 后thatis convincing though imprecise 紧跟着anargument 后做它的后置定语从句。
忽略掉它我们得到whereas anargument may well be stable under small perturbations of
its underlyingassumptions.
至此 since 直到结尾我们已拆解完毕。
即since 后是个由 whereas 分割连接的并列句，这个并列句前一个子句的主语argument 后跟了定语从句，且这个定语从句有自己的小一个级别的条件状语从句onlyif it is precise。
同时第一个子句本身也有自己的条件状语从句ifthe assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed;
whereas 后出现了第二个子句，这个子句的主语anargument 同样带了自己的后置定语从句。
从since 到结尾的大级别原因状语从句包含了两个并列子句、两个
后置定语从句和两个条件状语从句 ( 不同级别 ) 。
多个从句的层层嵌套
增加了我们读懂整句的难度，但只要我们仔细梳理和分解，层层展开，
理清各个从句、成分的作用，最终，这种难度的长句还是能够攻克的。