2012年考研恩波公开课系列考研英语(基础班...
2012 考研英语一 阅读
2012 考研英语一阅读2012年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析如下：Passage 1文章概述：本文讨论了美国大学中教授职位的终身制问题。
作者认为终身制对于学术自由和教授的工作保障是有益的，但也提出了一些问题，如教授职位的终身制可能导致教授们缺乏竞争压力，从而影响教学质量。
问题及答案解析：1. 根据第一段，教授职位的终身制是为了什么？答案：教授职位的终身制是为了保护教授们免受政治和商业力量的干扰，保证他们能够自由地研究、教学和创新。
2. 第二段指出，一些人批评教授职位的终身制是因为什么？答案：一些人批评教授职位的终身制是因为它可能导致教授们缺乏竞争压力，从而影响教学质量。
3. 根据第四段，教授职位的终身制有哪些优点和缺点？答案：优点是保护教授们免受政治和商业力量的干扰，保证他们能够自由地研究、教学和创新。
缺点是可能导致教授们缺乏竞争压力，从而影响教学质量。
Passage 2文章概述：本文讨论了社交媒体对于人们社交生活的影响。
作者认为社交媒体在方便人们交流的同时，也带来了很多负面影响，如人们过度依赖社交媒体、忽略现实中的人际关系等。
问题及答案解析：1. 根据第一段，社交媒体给人们带来了哪些便利？答案：社交媒体让人们能够方便地与朋友和家人保持联系，随时随地分享自己的想法和经历。
2. 第二段指出，社交媒体对人们的社交生活有哪些负面影响？答案：社交媒体让人们过度依赖虚拟社交，忽略现实中的人际关系；同时，社交媒体也容易引发人们的攀比心理和焦虑情绪。
3. 根据第三段，作者认为应该如何正确使用社交媒体？答案：作者认为应该适度使用社交媒体，不要过度依赖虚拟社交，同时也要注意现实中的人际关系。
2012考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks ofanyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues considerthe evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2012年考研英语二真题(全部答案及解析)(完整版)
2012年考研英语真题与答案Section 1 Use of EninglishMillions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) h ad a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1. A、performed B、served C、rebelled D、betrayed2. A、actual B、common C、special D、normal3. A、bore B、cased C、removed D、loaded4. A、necessities B、facilitice C、commodities D、propertoes5. A、and B、nor C、but D、hence6. A、for B、into C、form D、against7. A、meaning B、implying C、symbolizing D、claiming8. A、handed out B、turn over C、brought back D、passed down9. A、pushed B、got C、made D、managed10. A、ever B、never C、either D、neither11. A、disguised B、disturbed C、disputed D、distinguished12. A、company B、collection C、community D、colony13. A、employed B、appointed C、interviewed D、questioned14. A、ethical B、military C、political D、human15. A、ruined B、commuted C、patrolled D、gained16. A、paralleled B、counteracted C、duplicated D、contradicted17. A、neglected B、avoided C、emphasized D、admired18. A、stages B、illusions C、fragments D、advancea19. A、With B、To C、Among D、Beyond20. A、on the contrary B、by this means C、from the outset D、at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.A、is receiving more criticismB、is no longer an educational ritualC、is not required for advanced coursesD、is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.A、tend to have moderate expectations for their educationB、have asked for a different educational standardC、may have problems finishing their homeworkD、have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.A、discourage students from doing homeworkB、result in students' indifference to their report cardsC、undermine the authority of state testsD、restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. A、it should be eliminatedB、it counts much in schoolingC、it places extra burdens on teachersD、it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.A、Wrong Interpretation of an Educational PolicyB、A Welcomed Policy for Poor StudentsC、Thorny Questions about HomeworkD、A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even amongtwo-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually consideredthe more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.A、should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB、should not be associated with girls' innocenceC、cannot explain girls' lack of imaginationD、cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A、Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.B、Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.C、Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.D、White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.A、the marketing of products for childrenB、the observation of children's natureC、researches into children's behaviorD、studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.A、focus on infant wear and older kids' clothesB、attach equal importance to different gendersC、classify consumers into smaller groupsD、create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.A、clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB、fully understood by clothing manufacturersC、mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD、well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'panieshadwonpatentsforis olatedDNAfordecades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Exec utiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assure dmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisi on,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'srisk ofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirm sandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy .TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:a geneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrew ardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumbersee styearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctoberth eDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmol ecule“isnoless aproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwh etherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.Thecasemay yetreachtheSupremeCourt.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34.By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to___.A、seek subsidies from the govemmentB、explore reasons for the unermploymentC、make profits from the troubled economyD、look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.A、realize the national dreamB、struggle against each otherC、challenge their lifestyleD、reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.A、impose a heavier burden on immigrantsB、bring out more evils of human natureC、Promote the advance of rights and freedomsD、ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.A、lag behind the others due to decreased opportunitiesB、catch up quickly with experienced employeesC、see their life chances as dimmed a s the others’D、recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.A、certainB、positiveC、trivialD、destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Unive rsal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —from gender to race to cultural studies —were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A翻译：而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家的一些医院和大学。
2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 2 精读精讲
2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 2 精读精讲Preparing for the 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination English (I) Reading Text 2: In-Depth AnalysisThe 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination (GEE) English (I) reading section has always been a crucial component for aspiring postgraduate students. Text 2 in particular has been known to challenge test-takers with its depth and complexity. In this comprehensive analysis, we will delve into the intricacies of the text, explore the key themes, and uncover the strategies necessary to excel in this crucial part of the exam.Firstly, it is essential to understand the overall context and purpose of the passage. The 2012 GEE English (I) reading section aimed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze complex academic texts. Text 2, specifically, focused on a topic that is relevant to the modern educational landscape - the role of technology in the classroom. The passage explores the various perspectives and debates surrounding the integration of digital tools and resources in the learning environment.One of the primary challenges presented by this text is itssophisticated vocabulary and dense academic discourse. The author employs a wide range of subject-specific terminology, ranging from "interactive whiteboards" to "multi-modal learning experiences." Mastering the meaning and usage of these terms is crucial for effectively understanding and interpreting the text. Candidates must familiarize themselves with the relevant educational and technological concepts to navigate the passage with confidence.Another critical aspect of the text is its analytical depth. The author delves into the nuanced arguments and counterarguments surrounding the role of technology in education. They explore the potential benefits, such as enhanced student engagement and personalized learning opportunities, as well as the potential drawbacks, such as the risk of digital distractions and the widening of the digital divide. Candidates must be able to carefully dissect these competing perspectives, identify the key points, and formulate a comprehensive understanding of the complex issue at hand.Effective strategies for tackling this text include closely reading the passage multiple times, taking notes on the key ideas and supporting evidence, and actively engaging with the text by asking critical questions. Candidates should also be prepared to draw connections between the information presented in the passage and their own knowledge and experiences related to technology in education.Furthermore, the 2012 GEE English (I) reading section often requires candidates to demonstrate their ability to synthesize information from various sources. Text 2 may include references to other studies, reports, or scholarly articles. Candidates must be able to identify these external sources, understand their relevance to the primary text, and incorporate this supplementary information into their overall comprehension and analysis.In conclusion, the 2012 GEE English (I) reading Text 2 presents a significant challenge for aspiring postgraduate students. Its sophisticated vocabulary, analytical depth, and emphasis on critical thinking skills require a comprehensive and strategic approach to preparation. By mastering the key concepts, developing effective reading strategies, and cultivating a nuanced understanding of the complex issues at hand, candidates can optimize their performance in this crucial component of the exam. With dedication and perseverance, they can unlock the full potential of this text and enhance their chances of success in the 2012 Graduate Entrance Examination.。
2012年考研英语一text3解析
2012年考研英语一text3解析一、文章大意1.文章主题：本文介绍了美国培养大提琴演奏家的过程。
2.文章内容概述：文章围绕着培养大提琴演奏家的过程展开，通过介绍音乐教育的重要性、音乐学院的选拔标准和大师指导下的个人训练等环节，阐述了音乐教育对于音乐人才成长的重要性，并且强调了个人努力和天赋的不可或缺。
二、文章结构分析1.引子：开篇引述了音乐教育对于音乐人才成长的重要性。
2.发展：介绍了音乐学院选拔标准、大师指导下的个人训练等环节。
3.总结：总结了音乐教育、个人努力和天赋三者的关系。
三、文章解析1.音乐教育的重要性文章开篇就强调了音乐教育对于音乐人才成长的重要性。
音乐教育不仅仅是传授音乐知识和技能，更重要的是培养学生对音乐的理解和感悟，以及独立思考和表达的能力。
通过音乐教育，学生可以接触到各种不同类型的音乐作品，提高自己的音乐修养，同时也能够培养自己对音乐的热爱和专注度。
2.音乐学院的选拔标准文章介绍了音乐学院对于学生的选拔标准，这些标准既包括了学术成绩和音乐技能的考核，也包括了学生对于音乐的热爱和专注度。
在音乐学院，学生会接受更加系统和专业的音乐教育，学习到更多高级的音乐理论和演奏技巧。
音乐学院的选拔标准也反映了学生是否有足够的音乐天赋和能力。
3.大师指导下的个人训练随后文章介绍了大师指导下的个人训练，强调了个人的努力和毅力。
即使是拥有天赋的学生，在没有经过长期的个人训练和练习之后，也不可能成为一名优秀的音乐人才。
只有在大师的指导下，不断地进行个人训练，才能够逐渐修炼自己的演奏技巧和音乐表达能力。
4.音乐教育、个人努力和天赋的关系最后文章总结了音乐教育、个人努力和天赋三者之间的关系。
在音乐人才的培养过程中，这三者缺一不可。
音乐教育能够为学生提供一个良好的学习评台和环境，培养学生对音乐的爱好和感悟能力；个人努力则是每个学生都必须要付出的努力，没有持之以恒的个人训练，即使是再有天赋的学生，也无法成为一名优秀的音乐人才；而天赋则是一个学生是否能够成为音乐人才的基础，没有足够的音乐天赋，就算是再努力，也很难成为一名杰出的音乐人才。
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第 4 考研翻译 1 考研翻 2 考研翻译 3 考研翻译 三 的步骤 译的方法 的步骤（1） 的步骤（2） 讲 （3） 第 1 定语从 2 定语从句 四 句前置 后置（1） 讲 3 定语从句 4 定语从句 后置（2） 后置（3） 2010 年钟平考研英语 2010 年钟平英语考研长难句 2010 年钟平英语考研词汇 贺银成西医综合试听 5 定语从 句后置 （4）
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生理 03、内科 01
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2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了G. I. Joe 由普通人成长为英雄，是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。
二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题：G. I. Joe 这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。
空格中需要填动词，在定语从句中做谓语，其主语是who（指代men and women），动作发生的地点是in World War II；空后的句子“the people they liberated”中 they也指代 men and women，他们有 liberate的动作，由此推断“the men and women”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人，即服役的军人。
只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思，所以选 B。
A 项 perform 意为“表现；执行；表演”；C 项 rebel 意为“造反，反抗”；D 项 betray 意为”背叛，出卖”，皆不符合文意，为干扰项。
2．【答案】B【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的 the poor farm kid 和 the guy 在含义上呼应，同时与空格后的“grown intohero”逻辑含义应保持一致，因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后面的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（common man）成长为英雄，所以选 B。
A 项actual 意为“实际上，事实上的”；C 项special 意为“特殊的，专门的”；D 项normal 意为“正常的，常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意，为干扰项。
3．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是who（the guy），宾语是all the burdens of battle，要表达“承担战争带来的负担，应该用动词bear 或shoulder，所以这里选 A，bore。
2012年考研英语真题答案及详解
2012年考研英语真题答案及详解2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解Section I Use of English1．【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C, maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2．【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。
所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。
只有B，when表示这个意思。
3．【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。
只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。
4．【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as...“被认为是”。
5．【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于“法官没有_ _道德规范”。
后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。
所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。
6．【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示“服从某物，受…支配”。
故本题选B。
7．【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
apply to “适用于”符合题意。
resort to “求助于”；stick to “坚持（原则等）”语意不通。
8．【答案】B17．【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。
可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达“ 这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的….”。
2012考研英语(一)阅读翻译及解析
2012Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.得了吧, 每个人都这样啊. 这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制。
当我们听到“同辈（趋同）压力”这个词组的时候我们想到的就是这种说法。
这种信息一般让人想到不好的事情，比如喝酒，吸毒，一夜情。
但是，在她的新书《参加这个俱乐部》, Tina Rosenberg认为，纯粹压力也是一种积极的力量，通过她所说的社会治疗，公司和官方人员可以使用群体力量去帮助个人提高他们的生活，而且也有可能提高整个人类世界的生活。
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.Rosenberg是普利策奖获得者，他提供了许多社会治疗的例子：在南卡罗莱纳州，一个州资助的反对抽烟的项目叫做“向烟雾宣战”就旨在控制好烟草销售。
2012年考研英语二text1
2012年考研英语二text1In 2012, the English II section of the postgraduate entrance examination featured Text 1. This article will analyze the passage and provide a comprehensive understanding of its context and content.Text 1 is titled "Language research finds surprising links to cognitive abilities." The passage discusses recent studies that explore the relationship between language skills and cognitive abilities. It highlights the findings of these studies and their implications for understanding language learning and cognitive development.The text begins by introducing the background of language research, stating that researchers have long been interested in understanding the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition. It emphasizes that language ability is considered a critical factor in cognitive development and that the two are closely intertwined.One of the key findings discussed in the passage is the relationship between language skills and intelligence. It reveals that studies have shown a positive correlation between language proficiency and cognitive abilities such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. This implies that individuals with stronger language skills tend to possess higher cognitive abilities.Furthermore, the passage highlights the importance of early language exposure and its impact on cognitive development. It explains that research suggests a critical period in childhood when language learning is mosteffective. Thus, early language exposure plays a crucial role in shaping cognitive abilities later in life.The text also addresses the role of bilingualism in cognitive development. It notes that bilingual individuals have been found to exhibit enhanced cognitive abilities compared to monolingual individuals. Bilingualism requires constant cognitive control and switching between languages, which is believed to strengthen cognitive processes.Moreover, the passage explores the influence of language environments on cognition. It mentions studies that have investigated the cognitive effects of different language environments, such as immersion programs and bilingual households. These studies indicate that language exposure in immersive and multilingual environments can positively impact cognitive development.In conclusion, Text 1 examines recent language research and its implications for cognitive abilities. The passage sheds light on the interplay between language skills and cognitive development, emphasizing the positive correlation between the two. It underscores the importance of early language exposure, highlights the advantages of bilingualism, and emphasizes the role of language environments in shaping cognitive abilities. This text serves as valuable knowledge for understanding the complex relationship between language and cognition.。
2012考研英语一翻译部分原文全文译文
2012年研究生入学考试英语（一）翻译部分全文译文Universal Truths普遍真理薛海滨译译者注：本文选自英国《自然》杂志（原文详见/nature/journal/v472/n7342/full/472136a.html），2012年研究生考试中，出题人对原文的某些字句进行了改编。
在此，译者翻译的是没有经过改编的原版文章。
Since at least the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science: without it, there is no underlying order and pattern, merely as many explanations as there are things in the world. Newton's laws of motion, the oxygen theory of combustion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.至少是从亚里士多德时代开始，科学探索的主要特点是寻求普遍规律。
从某种程度上讲，科学就是探索共性：没有共性的探究，就无从发现科学的基本规律和模式，其结果是有多少种事物，就有多少种解释。
无论是牛顿的运动定律，还是燃烧氧化学说，还是达尔文的进化论，无不是汇不同的现象于统一的解释。
（46）In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.物理学中，有一种方法将这种对统一性的紧迫需求发挥到了极致，追求一种具有普遍意义的理论，即为我们所见之物寻求一种单一的生成公式。
2012年考研英语(一)阅读 text 4 精读精讲
2012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12000以上字数的英文文本输出如下：2012年考研英语(一)阅读Text 4 精读精讲Text 4The notion of developing strong leadership can evoke many different images. Some envision a CEO confidently making decisions, while others may think of a political leader inspiring a nation. However, leadership is not just about power or charisma. In the words of John Quincy Adams, "If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader."Leadership is about creating a vision and motivating others to work towards achieving that vision. It is about setting a positive example for others to follow and empowering them to reach their full potential. Effective leadership involves clear communication, empathy, and the ability to inspire and motivate others. It is not about giving orders or micromanaging, butabout fostering a collaborative and creative environment where everyone feels valued and respected.One of the key traits of a strong leader is the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and challenges. A good leader is flexible and open-minded, willing to listen to different viewpoints and ideas. They are not afraid to take risks and make tough decisions when necessary. They understand that failure is an inevitable part of growth and are not afraid to learn from their mistakes.Another important aspect of leadership is integrity. A true leader is honest and trustworthy, leading by example and holding themselves to a high standard of ethics. They are able to build trust and credibility with their team by consistently demonstrating integrity and transparency in their actions.Leadership is not a position or title, but a mindset and a set of behaviors. It is about recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of oneself and others, and using that knowledge to help others grow and develop. It is about inspiring others to reach their full potential and creating a positive and inclusive work environment.In conclusion, strong leadership is essential in any organization or team. It is not about commanding others, butabout inspiring and empowering them to achieve their best. By fostering a culture of collaboration, trust, and integrity, leaders can create a workplace where everyone can thrive and succeed.精读精讲1. What is the main idea of the text?The main idea of the text is that effective leadership is not about power or charisma, but about inspiring and empowering others to reach their full potential. It emphasizes the importance of creating a vision, motivating others, and fostering a positive and inclusive work environment.2. What are the key traits of a strong leader according to the text?According to the text, the key traits of a strong leader include adaptability, integrity, clear communication, empathy, and the ability to inspire and motivate others. A strong leader is flexible, open-minded, honest, and trustworthy, leading by example and holding themselves to a high standard of ethics.3. How can leaders motivate and empower their team members?Leaders can motivate and empower their team members by creating a clear vision, setting a positive example, and fostering acollaborative and creative environment. They can inspire their team by communicating effectively, showing empathy, and recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of themselves and others. By building trust and credibility with their team, leaders can empower their team members to reach their full potential.4. Why is integrity important for a leader?Integrity is important for a leader because it helps build trust and credibility with their team members. A leader who demonstrates integrity and transparency in their actions will be respected and trusted by their team. Integrity also helps a leader lead by example and hold themselves to a high standard of ethics, which can inspire and motivate others to do the same.5. What is the difference between leadership and management according to the text?According to the text, leadership is not the same as management. While management involves giving orders, making decisions, and overseeing tasks, leadership is about inspiring and empowering others. Leaders create a vision, motivate their team, and foster a positive and inclusive work environment. Management focuses on tasks and processes, while leadership focuses on people and relationships.In summary, the text highlights the importance of effective leadership in inspiring and empowering others. It emphasizes the key traits of a strong leader, such as adaptability, integrity, clear communication, empathy, and the ability to motivate and inspire others. By creating a vision, fostering collaboration, and building trust with their team, leaders can create a positive and inclusive work environment where everyone can thrive and succeed.篇22012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲Text 4Despite the rapidly growing literature on the influence of elite taxation on political institutions, our understanding of how this relationship evolves over time is limited. The existing literature identifies important mechanisms through which elites seek to distort policy to their advantage. But we know little about how such mechanisms interact across different times and institutional contexts. Nor do we know how these interactions may vary across countries at different levels of development.A recursive process may operate in which wealthy elites use their economic resources to shape political policies andinstitutions to perpetuate their power over time. Such power may be structured either through direct controls over policy or through more indirect mechanisms that shape the distributional consequences of policy outcomes. Moreover, the potentates these elites establish can themselves hinder economic development over time.Several potential dynamics underlie these main effects. At a basic level, elites may use their resources to skew the policy process directly to their advantage. For example, they may support policies that allow them to capture state resources directly, or they may use their economic power to influence election outcomes. Such distortions can produce aself-reinforcing cycle that further entrenches elite power.Elite power may also be structured through a variety of indirect mechanisms that shape the distributional consequences of policy outcomes. For example, elites may prefer state policies that temper the effects of competition or other forms of market pressure that threaten their economic position. By shaping state policies in this manner, elites may insulate themselves from market forces and protect their power over time.The potentates that wealthy elites establish cannot be taken for granted. When they impede economic development, thismay lead to shifts in political power that alter the incentives of elites in ways that curtail their ability to shape policy in the future. Similarly, the mechanisms through which elites wield power may evolve through time, such that the potency of their control erodes over time. Understanding these dynamics requires a more extensive approach to elite-power politics that extends beyond the existing literature on elite influence and democratic backsliding.精读精讲：1. What is the primary focus of the text?The text primarily focuses on the relationship between elite taxation and political institutions, exploring how wealthy elites use their economic resources to shape policies and institutions to maintain power over time. It also discusses the potential impact of such power dynamics on economic development and democratic backsliding.2. What are the key mechanisms through which elites seek to distort policy according to the text?According to the text, elites may distort policy to their advantage through direct controls over policy, such as capturing state resources or influencing election outcomes. They may alsouse indirect mechanisms, such as shaping state policies to protect their economic position from market pressures.3. How can elite power hinder economic development over time?Elite power can hinder economic development over time by perpetuating policies that benefit the wealthy elite at the expense of broader economic growth. By shaping policies to insulate themselves from market forces and protect their power, elites may hinder innovation and competition that are essential for economic development.4. What potential dynamics underlie the main effects of elite power described in the text?The main effects of elite power, such as entrenching elite control over time, can be driven by both direct and indirect mechanisms. Elites may use their economic resources to skew policy processes in their favor, while also shaping policy outcomes to protect their economic position. These dynamics create a self-reinforcing cycle that perpetuates elite power.5. How does the text suggest that shifts in political power may impact elite influence?The text suggests that shifts in political power, potentially triggered by impediments to economic development, may alter the incentives of elites and curtail their ability to shape policy in the future. As political power dynamics evolve over time, the mechanisms through which elites wield power may also change, leading to a weakening of their control over policy outcomes.In conclusion, the text highlights the complex relationship between elite taxation, political institutions, and economic development. By exploring the mechanisms through which wealthy elites seek to distort policy and perpetuate their power over time, the text underscores the importance of understanding the evolving dynamics of elite-power politics in different institutional contexts and levels of development.篇32012年考研英语(一)阅读text 4 精读精讲Text 4"People often blame traffic congestion on the growing number of vehicles without considering the area of roads."1. 第一段：This text argues that blaming traffic congestion solely on the increasing number of vehicles is a simplistic view. The author suggests that the area of roads should also be taken into consideration when analyzing traffic problems. It points out that the width of roads and the number of lanes play a crucial role in determining the overall traffic flow.2. 第二段：The text goes on to explain how the capacity of a road is directly related to its width. A wider road can accommodate more vehicles, reducing the likelihood of congestion. It also mentions the importance of having appropriate lane numbers, as more lanes mean more efficient traffic movement.3. 第三段：Moreover, the text highlights the impact of traffic flow on road congestion. It states that smooth traffic flow can significantly reduce congestion, even with a high number of vehicles. The author emphasizes the need for proper traffic control mechanisms to optimize road usage and prevent bottlenecks.4. 第四段：In addition, the text touches upon the issue of urban planning and infrastructure development. It suggests that adequate road construction and maintenance are essential for addressing traffic congestion. The author stresses the importance of incorporating traffic management strategies into urban development plans to ensure sustainable transportation systems.5. 结尾：Overall, this text serves as a reminder that traffic congestion is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach. While the number of vehicles on the road is a factor, the area and design of roads also play a critical role in determining traffic flow. By considering these factors and implementing effective traffic management strategies, cities can alleviate congestion and create more efficient transportation systems.In conclusion, the text provides valuable insights into the causes of traffic congestion and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive urban planning and traffic management. It challenges the common perception that the number of vehicles is the sole culprit of congestion and encourages a more nuanced understanding of the issue. By addressing these factors, citiescan work towards sustainable and efficient transportation systems that benefit both residents and the environment.。
2012年英语一text4解析
2012年英语一text4解析一、引言在英语学习中，阅读理解一直是学生们最为头疼的部分之一。
而在历年英语考研真题中，Text 4以其独特的命题方式和深度的文章内容，一直备受关注。
本文将针对2012年英语一Text 4进行详细解析，帮助学生们更好地理解文章内容，提高阅读理解能力。
二、文章解析1. 文章结构：本文主要分为三个部分，第一部分为引言，介绍了文章的主题；第二部分为文章主体，详细阐述了文章的主要内容；第三部分为结论，对文章进行了总结和评价。
2. 重点词汇：在文章中，出现了许多重要词汇和短语，如“counterbalance”、“deteriorate”、“upfront”等。
这些词汇和短语的出现，不仅丰富了文章内容，也增加了阅读的难度。
3. 长难句解析：本文中出现了许多长难句，如“the more money one earns, the greater the chance one’s income will deteriorate”、“it is unclear whether employers will see the benefit of investing in training”等。
这些句子结构复杂，需要仔细分析才能理解其含义。
三、题目分析1. 题目分布：本文共有10道题目，其中主旨题、细节题、推理题等各类题型都有涉及。
题目分布较为均匀，难度适中。
2. 典型题目解析：例如，第3题是一道细节题，要求考生根据文章内容判断某人的收入是否会恶化。
考生需要仔细阅读相关段落，找出关键信息点才能得出正确答案。
3. 解题技巧：在解题过程中，考生需要仔细阅读文章，找出关键信息点，并根据题目要求进行选择或匹配。
同时，考生还需要注意题目中的陷阱，如反向干扰等，以免误选。
四、总结通过对2012年英语一Text 4的解析，我们可以看到其独特的命题方式和深度文章内容。
考生在备考过程中，需要注重词汇积累和长难句分析，以提高阅读理解能力。
考研2012英语二Text1知识笔记
2012英语二Text1Homework has never been1 terribly2popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly3 scorned4. School districts5 across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising6 their thinking on this educational ritual7. Unfortunately8, L.A. Unified has produced9 an inflexible policy10 which mandates11 that with the exception of12 some advanced13courses, homework may no longer14count for15more than 10% of a student’s academic grade16.This rule is meant to17address18the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic19homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory20. Certainly, no homework should be assigned21that students cannot complete on their own or that students cannot do without expensive equipment22. But if the district23is essentially24giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated25 family lives, it is going riskily26 close to the implication27 that standards28 need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators29say that homework will still30be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But31 with homework counting for32 no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip33 half their homework and see very little34 difference on their report cards35. Some students might do well on state tests36without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed37 well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet38 rather than39 empowering40 teachers to find what works41 best for their students, the policy imposes42 a flat, across-the-board rule43.At the same time44, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions45 about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement46, it should move to reduce47or eliminate48the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely49, if homework matters50, it should account for51 a significant portion of52 the grade. Meanwhile53, this policy does nothing to ensure54that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate55 to their age and the subject56, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to57 review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold58while the school board, which is responsible for59 setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts60 public hearings61. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to62 do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving63 more criticism64[B] is no longer an educational ritual65[C] is not required66 for advanced courses67[D] is gaining more preferences6822. L. A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A] tend to69 have moderate expectations70 for their education[B] have asked for71 a different educational standard72[C] may have problems finishing their homework[D] have voiced73 their complaints74 about homework23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A] discourage75 students from doing homework[B] result in76students’ indifference77 to their report cards[C] undermine78 the authority79 of state tests[D] restrict80teachers’ power in education24. As mentioned81in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered82about homework is whether______.[A] it should be eliminated83[B] it counts84 much in schooling[C] it places85 extra burdens86 on teachers[D] it is important for grades25. A suitable title87 for this text could be______.[A] Wrong Interpretation88 of an Educational Policy89[B] A Welcomed Policy90 for Poor Students[C] Thorny Questions91 about Homework[D] A Faulty Approach92 to Homework【干货笔记】1. be popular with… 受…欢迎2. ① terribly adv. 糟糕地；可怕地；非常地（【adv.=very】，见2010英语（二）Text1, 知识点35）3. ① particularly adv. 特别是，尤其是②【adv.=very】4.【鄙视】① scorn v. 鄙视；轻视② contempt v. 鄙视；轻视contemptible adj. 令人鄙视的③ humiliate v. 使丢脸；侮辱；使出丑；伤害…的自尊④ insult v. 冒犯；贬低；侮辱⑤ disregard v. 轻视, 忽视；蔑视；不理不睬, 不顾5. school district 学区district n. 地区；教学区6. revise v. 修正；校订7. ① this educational ritual 这种教育仪式②【主旨名词形式多变换】（见2010英语（二）Text3，知识点5）→ …8. unfortunately adv. 不幸地是（表转折，见【转折“连词”】表）9.【“produce”一家】produce v. 生产；产生product n. 产品production n. 生产，产量；作品productivity n. 生产力；生产率，生产效率productive n. 多产的；富饶的reproductive adj. 再生的；生殖的10. an inflexible policy 一项不灵活的政策flexible adj. 灵活的inflexibility n. 不灵活性11. mandate v. 授权；命令mandatory adj. 强制的；命令的；托管的n. 受托者（等于mandatary）12. with the exception of… 除了…（不包含）= except prep.除了…（不包含）13. advanced adj. 高等的；先进的14. no longer 不再15. count for… 占…比例16. ① academic grade 学术成绩② academic adj. 学术的；理论的；学院的n. 学者；大学生，大学教师17. be meant to… 打算…；有意要…18. address n. 地址；演讲，演说v. 演讲，演说；探讨，解决（此处为“v. 解决” ）19. impoverished or chaotic 贫困的或混乱的20. unclear and contradictory 不清楚的并且自相矛盾的（【adj.叠用】）21.【分配】① allocate v. 分配；部署；配置locate v. 定位location n. 位置② distribute v. 分发；分配；分布；销售distribution n. 分发；分配；分布；销售redistribution n. 重新分配a system of redistribution 一个再分配的系统③ assign v. 分配assignment n. 分配；任务④ allot v. 分配；拨给；分派assignment n. 分配；任务（此处指代“homework” ）22.【“设备”】equipment n. 设备instrument n. 乐器；设备devices n. 元器件；设备23. district n. 区域24. ① essentially adv. 至关重要地②【重要的】vital = essential = critical = crucial adj. 重要的25. complicated adj. 复杂的26. riskily adv. 有风险地27. implication n. 暗示28. standard n. 标准29. district administrators 学区长官30. still adv. 仍旧（表转折，见【转折“连词”】表格）31. But 【转折“连词”】32. count for… 占…比例33. skip v./n. 跳skip class 逃课34. little ≈ no 【否定结构】35. report card 成绩单36. state test 州测试37. perform v. 表演；表现performance n. 表演；表现38. Yet conj. 但是（表转折）（见【转折“连词”】表格）39. rather than 而不是（见【转折“连词”】表格）40. empower v. 授权，准许；使能够41. work n. 工作；作品v. 工作；起作用，奏效“what works best for the students” 对学生最有效的东西42. impose v. 实施；施加43. a flat, across-the-board rule 一项呆板的，一刀切的政策44. At t he same time, … 与此同时，… （表并列）45. the truly thorny questions 真正棘手的问题46. academic achievement 学术成就47. reduce v. 减少48. eliminate v. 消除49. conversely adv. 相反（表转折）50. ① matter n. 问题；事件v. 有重大关系② It doesn’t matter. 没关系.It matters. 有关系，很重要51. account for… 占…比例52. a significant portion of… …的一个重大部分53. meanwhile adv. 同时（表并列，见【并列“连词”】）54. ensure v. 确保55. meaningful or appropriate 有意义的或恰当的(【adj.叠用】)56. ① subject n. 科目；主题；实验对象②【客观vs主观】subject n. 科目；主题；实验对象be subject to … 受…支配；遭受…subjective adj. 主观的subjection n. 隶属；服从subjectivity n. 主观，主观性object n. 物体；客体；目标objective adj. 客观的objection n. 反对，异议；缺点，缺陷objectivity n. 客观，客观性objectiveness n. 客观性57. be willing to… 乐意做…willingly adv. 乐意地58. put on hold 暂停；搁置；延期59. be responsible for… 对…负责任60. conduct v. 做… n. 行为；举止；指引；管理conduct a band 指挥乐队conduct an experiment 做实验conduct public hearing 举行公众听证会semiconductor 半导体61. public hearing 公众听证会62. too…to… 太…而不能…Tom is too young to go to school.汤姆年龄太小而不能去学校。
2012考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)
凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.”Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III Writing凯程考研辅导班，中国最权威的考研辅导机构Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
考研英语一2012text2
考研英语一2012text2In recent years, there has been growing concern about the increasing number of parents who choose to homeschool their children rather than sending them to traditional schools. This phenomenon has sparked a heated debate about the pros and cons of homeschooling.Proponents argue that homeschooling provides a more personalized and flexible approach to education. Parents can tailor the curriculum to their child's individual needs and interests, allowing for a more efficient and effective learning experience. Moreover, homeschooling allows for a more flexible schedule, giving families the opportunity to take advantage of travel and other real-world learning experiences.Another advantage of homeschooling is the avoidance of negative influences often found in traditional school settings. Many parents worry about their children being exposed to drugs, violence, or bullying. By homeschooling, parents can create a safe and secure learning environment free from these distractions.Furthermore, homeschooling can foster strong parent-child relationships. Spending more time together allows for closer bonds to be formed and for parents to have a deeper understanding oftheir child's strengths and weaknesses. This one-on-one attention can greatly enhance the learning process and ensure the child's academic success.However, critics argue that homeschooling may not adequately prepare children for social interactions and the real world. They argue that children who are homeschooled miss out on important life lessons such as teamwork, conflict resolution, and peer interactions. Additionally, traditional schools provide children with exposure to a diverse range of ideas, cultures, and perspectives, which can enrich their learning experience. Critics also worry about the potential for homeschooling to isolate children and limit their opportunities for socialization.There are also concerns about the qualifications and abilities of parents to effectively teach their children. Critics argue that not all parents have the necessary knowledge or skills to educate their children in all subjects. They contend that certified and experienced teachers in traditional schools are better equipped to provide a high-quality education.In conclusion, homeschooling has both advantages and disadvantages. It can provide a personalized and flexible education, free from negative influences. However, it may also limit a child's socialization opportunities and require qualified parents who havethe ability to effectively teach all subjects. Ultimately, the decision of whether to homeschool or send a child to traditional school should be based on the unique needs and circumstances of each family.。
2012 考研英语二阅读第四篇
2012 考研英语二阅读第四篇全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Amazing AnimalsHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about some amazing animals that I learned about in the 2012 English Exam Reading Passage 4. It was super cool to read about all the different kinds of animals in the world. Let's dive in and learn more about them together!First, let's talk about elephants. Did you know that elephants are the largest land animals in the world? They are super big and strong, and they have long trunks that they use to pick up food and water. Elephants are also really smart and they can remember things for a long time. It was so interesting to read about how elephants have different ways of communicating with each other using sounds and body language.Next, let's learn about dolphins. Dolphins are super cute and they are really good at swimming. They have fins that help them move through the water really fast. Dolphins are also really friendly animals and they like to play with each other. I wasamazed to read about how dolphins use sonar to find food and communicate with each other underwater.Last but not least, let's talk about cheetahs. Cheetahs are the fastest land animals in the world! They can run super fast, up to 60 miles per hour. Cheetahs have really cool spots on their fur that help them blend in with their surroundings when they are hunting. It was so fascinating to read about how cheetahs work together in groups to catch their prey.I had so much fun learning about all these amazing animals in the 2012 English Exam Reading Passage 4. I hope you enjoyed hearing about them too! Animals are so interesting and I can't wait to learn more about them in the future. Let's keep exploring and discovering new things together! Thanks for listening!篇2Title: The Story of a Brave KnightOnce upon a time, there was a brave knight named Sir George. He lived in a big castle and his job was to protect the kingdom from evil dragons and wicked witches.One day, a terrible dragon attacked the village and started burning down all the houses. Sir George quickly put on hisshining armor and rode out on his trusty steed to face the dragon.The dragon breathed fire and roared loudly, but Sir George was not afraid. He raised his sword and fought bravely, dodging the dragon's flames and slashing at its scales. After a long and fierce battle, the dragon finally fell to the ground defeated.The villagers cheered and thanked Sir George for saving them. They celebrated with a big feast and everyone hailed him as a hero.But the next day, a wicked witch appeared in the kingdom, casting spells and turning people into frogs. Sir George knew he had to act fast. He rode out once again, determined to defeat the witch and save his friends.The witch cackled and summoned dark magic, trying to overpower Sir George. But he was clever and quick, using his wits to outsmart the witch and break her spell.In the end, the witch was defeated and the kingdom was safe once more thanks to the bravery and courage of Sir George, the fearless knight.And so, Sir George continued to protect the kingdom, facing danger and standing up for what is right. He became a legend, known far and wide as the greatest knight in all the land.篇3Title: A Fun Little Kid’s Review of 2012 Postgraduate Entrance Exam Reading PassageHey everyone! Today, I want to tell you about the last reading passage from the 2012 postgraduate entrance exam. It was a bit long and kinda boring, but I’ll try to make it fun for you all!So, this passage was all about how the internet is changing the way we read and think. It talked about how people are reading more online and how it’s affecting our brains. It also mentioned something called "cognitive overload" which basically means our brains are getting too much information to process. Phew, that sounds intense!But you know what? I think reading online is cool! You can read about anything you want, like dinosaurs or astronauts or even unicorns! And you can talk to people from all over the world about what you read. It’s like a big, awesome library that never closes!The passage also mentioned something called "Deep Reading" which is when you really focus on a book or article and think deeply about it. I think that’s important too. Sometimes, I get so into a story that I forget about everything else around me. It’s like going on an adventure without even leaving your room!Overall, I think the internet is great for reading and learning new things. But we shouldn’t forget about books either. They’re our friends and can take us to magical places. So, let’s keep reading, online or offline, and keep exploring the world through words!That’s it for my review of the 2012 postgraduate entrance exam reading passage. I hope you had fun reading it with me. See you next time, friends!篇4Title: A Funny Encounter in the LibraryHey guys! Today I want to tell you about a hilarious experience I had in the library. So, I was studying for my English test and decided to go to the library to find some books.I was walking down the aisles, searching for books when I saw a girl sitting at a table with a huge stack of books in front ofher. She looked really serious, like she was studying for a super important test.I thought to myself, "Wow, she must be really smart!" So, I went up to her and said, "Hey, what are you reading? Is it for a test too?" She looked up at me with a confused expression and said, "Uh, I'm actually just trying to find a book on dinosaurs for my little brother."I burst out laughing and apologized, telling her I thought she was a genius studying for a big exam. We both ended up laughing so hard that we couldn't stop. It was so funny how I totally misjudged the situation. We ended up becoming friends and exchanged numbers, all because of that silly misunderstanding in the library.So, the lesson here is not to judge a book by its cover, or in this case, a student by their stack of books. You never know what funny and unexpected encounters you might have when you least expect it. Keep smiling and always be ready for a good laugh!Do you guys have any funny library stories? Share them with me in the comments below! Bye for now!篇5Hey there! Today, I'm going to talk about the fourth reading passage from the 2012 English second section of the postgraduate entrance exam.This passage is all about different types of power and how they affect people's behavior. It talks about how power can make people more self-focused and less empathetic towards others. Sounds pretty heavy, right?Well, the passage gives examples of how people in powerful positions tend to be less considerate of those around them. It also talks about how power can corrupt individuals and lead them to make unethical decisions.But don't worry, it's not all doom and gloom! The passage also discusses how power can be used positively to help others and make a positive impact on society. It emphasizes the importance of using power responsibly and treating others with kindness and respect.So, remember, power is a double-edged sword – it can either lift you up or bring you down. It's up to you to use your power wisely and make a difference in the world.That's all for today, folks! Stay tuned for more fun and interesting readings from the 2012 English second section. Bye-bye!篇62012。