Methodology Case Study Results and Discussions Concluding Remarks
翻译原文
Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Mechanical Engineering 2003(ICME2003) 26- 28 December 2003, Dhaka, BangladeshICME03-AM-46APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS IN SHIP DESIGNOmar bin Yaakob and Lim Shiau NeeFaculty of Mechanical EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia,81310 UTM Skudai,MalaysiaABSTRACTReports on shipping casualties show the persistence of a poor maritime safety record and despite theinfluence of the technical degradation of an ageing fleet, the fact remains that the human factors areresponsible for the majority of shipping accidents. Ship designers can play a role in reducing factors thatmay lead to fatigue and hence human errors in operation of ships and its equipment. Proper ergonomicsdesign of ships is important from safety and comfort aspects. This paper reviews the application ofergonomics; particularly habitability standards in ship design and presents a case study of its implementation on a Malaysian patrol vessel. A patrol vessel was chosen and measurements were madeand compared with standard ABS guidelines. The results shows that in most areas, the design of the patrolboat fails to comply with ergonomics design guidelines.Keywords: human factors, patrol boats, habitability1. INTRODUCTIONErgonomics is the study of the interaction of humans and their environment. Many engineering systems, which may not have appropriately considered the human element, have been shown to contain features that can lead or have led to errors committed by humans duringconstruction, maintenance and/or operation. Therefore, it is important to consider the ergonomics aspects when designing the components and systems such as that it is safe for human to construct, maintain and operate. Proper ergonomics design of ships is no exception. Reports on shipping casualties show the persistence of a poor maritime safety record and despite the influence of the technical degradation of an ageing fleet, the fact remains that the human factors are responsible for the majority of shipping accidents. This paper review the application of ergonomics in ship designs and presents a case study of its implementation on a Malaysian patrol vessel.2. HUMAN FACTORS IN SHIP DESIGN2.1 INTRODUCTIONIt is often stated that human element accounts for at least 80% of all catastrophic marine casualties [1]. The importance of addressing the human element in maritime safety has been recognised by the International Mari time Organisation (IMO). However, IMO’s primary effort so far have concentrated on operations, management and training issues. This has led to the implementation of International Safety Management Code (ISM Code) and the 1995 amendments to the Standard for Training, Certification and Watch keeping Convention (STCW 95) [2].IMO has also devoted some attention to the human element during design. The sub-committee on Design and Equipment is currently developing the Guidelines for Engine-Room Layout, Design and Arrangement. The subcommittee on Safety of Navigation has a correspondence group working on Ergonomic Criteria for Bridge Equipment and Layout. However, these efforts are not as comprehensive as those previously devoted to safety management and training [2]. The efforts towards improving working conditions in land-based working areas have been more forth coming. In Malaysia for example, the Occupational Safety and Health Act [3} was promulgated in 1994. Amongst others, the Act stipulates a number of measures that employers must take to ensure safety, health, comfort and welfare of their employees. However the law does not apply to ships in operation.2.2 Human FatigueHuman fatigue has been identified as the primary cause and a major contributing factor of numerous maritime mishaps, such as Exxon Valdez and Herald Of Free Enterprise [2]. Unfortunately, most of ship design and construction rules, such as those published by classification societies, do not adequately address this human element. The guidelines allow for harsh shipboard environments that are noisy, dimly lit, and have high levels of vibration. These conditions disrupt sleep, cause fatigue and intensify its effects.Adequate sleep is important for operational effectiveness of the crew. Unfortunately, most shipboard operators are not able to get this much sleep. According to Ref. [4], almost 50% of Australian seafarers, while underway, only had four to six hours of sleep a night. Consecutive nights of short sleep duration results in the development of a cumulative sleep debt. This condition lowers initial energy levels and increases the effects of fatigue felt throughout the day, sometimes leading to human errors with disastrous consequences. A proper sleeping environment is critical in ensuring that sleep is restorative. The design of the shipboard sleeping environment is directly controlled by naval architects and marine engineers and as such, they havea great role to play.3. FACTORS FOR ERGONOMICS SHIP DESIGNBy far, the most comprehensive guidelines for ergonomics design is that recommended by American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) [2]. The guidelines cover such aspects as proper design and layout of the workspace and creation of a conducive working and living environment for the crew. Details regarding habitability standards are given in [5]. Proper design of workstation, recreational, work and sleeping environment will contribute towards alertness on watch and reduction of fatigue. For that purpose, four design factors must be considered viz. lighting, noise, vibration and indoor climate [2]. Ref [4] added ship motion as a factor whilst this is already considered as the low-frequency part of whole body vibration described in ABS guidelines [2,5] 3.1 NoiseNoise is present in most compartments of a ship and it is difficult to avoid. Noise comes from numerous sources including engines, generators, pumps, and air conditioners. Mariners working in a noisy environment tend to be moody, irritable, and unable to effectively deal with minor frustrations. Noise causes blood pressure to go up, increases heart and breathing rates, accelerates the metabolism, and a low-level muscular tension takes over the body ("fight or flight" effects). If the noise continues for long periods, the factors compound and it becomes harder to relax. The factors increase as the noise levels increase [4].The effect that noise has on sleep challenges designers of shipboard general arrangements. Finding the optimal location for sleeping quarters and crew recreation compartments is critical. The levels recommended by American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) [2] are shown in Table 1.3.2 LIGHTINGShipboard operators work in a 24-hour environment. Watch schedules frequently change and individuals work under incandescent or florescent lighting throughout the night. Unfortunately, the lighting that is typically installed aboard ships is not stimulating and Current design standards and guidelines on illumination levels in ship compartments are inadequate for maintaining watch-stander alertness and do not mitigate fatigue. ABS guidelines for lighting provide recommended illumination levels for all the types of compartments on a ship.3.3 VibrationMariners experience shipboard vibrations caused by machinery, marine equipment and the ship’s response to the environment. Vibrations resonate throughout the hull structure and the entire crew can be affected. The propagation of these vibrations along the decks and bulkheads subject the crew to whole body vibration and noise [6].Short-term exposure can lead to headaches, stress, and fatigue. Long-term exposure leads to hearing loss and causes constant body agitation. Maritime vibration guidelines keep levels low enough to prevent bodily injury but the recommended levels can cause fatigue and disrupt sleeping patterns. ABS Guidelines [5] give maximum weighted root-mean-square acceleration level in the frequency range 0.5-80Hz as 0.4 m/s and 0.315 m/s for task-performance and comfort criteria respectively.. 4. CASE STUDY BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGYFor the purpose of this ergonomics case study, a fast patrol craft belonging to one Malaysian Government agency was chosen to be the subject, Figure 1. The craft is 22.5 metre Aluminium Fast Patrol Craft built in year 2001.In conducting the case study, measurements were conducted onboard the ship to measure allthe environmental condition i.e. lighting level, noise level, vibration level, and thermal condition when the ship was cruising at its normal operating speed. The equipment used for the measurement is shown in Table 2.Measurements were made on 18th January 2002 when the patrol boat was on a regular patrol duty in Malaysian waters. The duration of the study was five hours.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION5.1 LightingResults for lighting survey is shown in Table 3. All the shipboard operators of the patrol boat are working in the 24-hour environment and thus the luminance level should be enough to stimulate the body and help to maintain crew alertness. Looking into the comparison between average lux and minimum lux standard from Table 3, it is found that almost all of the average lux values do not even reach to the minimum lux requirement of ABS standard. This situation is considered poor since the duty on watch at night especially need high alertness of officers but the average lux at the wheelhouse is so low that may not help to maintain crew alertness. As for the other areas, the lux levels are markedly quite low as well. Although this is not critical from the safety aspect, the need for comfortable working environment is not fulfilled.As a result, the lighting design of this craft can be said not ergonomic and there are rooms for improvement.5.2 NoiseResults shown in Table 4 indicate that every reading of noise level (dB) has exceeded the maximum level of ABS Standard. Some significant high noise levels from Table 5 are, about 80 dB at wheelhouse, 77 dB at radio room, 102 dB at stern deck, and 120 dB at engine room. These are the main areas where the crew spends most of their time, except engine room that is not continuously manned. Exposure to such high noise level over a period can produce pathological side effects and thus can comprise a health hazard. The excessive noisy environment has provoked crew awareness. Surveys by Lim in Ref [6] indicated that the crew were unhappy5.3 Thermal comfortThe thermal environment is determined by four physical factors: air temperature, humidity, air movement, and temperature of surfaces that exchanges energy by radiation [7]. The combination of these factors determines the physical conditions of the climate and our perception of the climate. According to ABS ergonomics guidance notes [2], the optimum range of dry-bulb temperature for accomplishing light work while dressed appropriately is 21-27 degrees C (70-80 degrees F) for warm climate. The optimum comfortable temperature is 22 degrees C. Meanwhile the humidity should be maintained between 20% ~ 60% with an optimum relative humidity of 45% at 21 degrees C (70 degrees F) if possible. Results of temperature and humidity measurement are shown in Table 5.The result shows, the range of dry bulb temperature is 25 –28 degrees C and the humidity range is 65% – 88%. Compared to the ABS ergonomics standard, in some cases, the temperature and humidity are higher and do not meet the ergonomic range. It is stated that the humidity should decrease with rising temperatures, but should remain above 20% to prevent irritation and drying of the body. Therefore, in order to have a better thermal comfort, the temperature should be decreased to say 21 –26 degrees C.The effective temperature at the engine room was not included in the above discussion since the chart is based on wearing customary indoor clothingand performing light muscular or sedentary work. Although its temperature and humidity is high, it is still in the acceptable zone and it is not critical since the engine room not continuously manned. In the survey by Lim [6], the crew complains of non-uniform distribution of air-conditioning flow. This parameter is indicated in ABS guidelines as vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. However, system in the cabin was not uniformly distributed and that is why they felt uncomfortable. Thus, the flow of the air-conditioning system should be designed to distribute the flow more uniform.The issue that needs attention is the high temperature and humidity in the crew cabin sincehaving a good sleeping environment would help improve the working spirit and reduce fatigue.5.4 VibrationFrom Table 6, RMS values of AZ acceleration are between 0.383 m/sand 1.138 m/s .Comparison with the vibration exposure limits in shows that the ship vibration level is not good, particularly at the stern deck and the engine.Looking into the level to maintain proficiency as an average, it is apparent that the vibration levels at the main working place, wheelhouse and radio room are too high for the crew to maintain proficiency for more than 4 hours. Staying in the engine longer than half an hour is expected to be very uncomfortable.6. CONCLUDING REMARKSMeasurements carried out on a Malaysian Patrol Craft have indicated many areas that need improvement. The designed lighting system on the patrol boat is not ergonomics. It was observed that one reason is the poor distribution of light that is influenced by the reflectance of the walls, ceilings, and other room surface. The grey coloured wall (except the engine room) reflectance is quite low. Thus in order to contribute to the effective distribution and utilization of light, it is desirable to use rather lighter coloured walls, ceilings, and other surface. The noise level measured was high, and thus hearing protectors need to be used with noise level greater than 85 dB. Although noise is an unavoidable issue in maritime operations, steps can be taken in the design stages of a ship to decrease noise effects. Post-production measures can also be taken to reduce noise levels.From the data collected, the humidity in cabin is quite high and may be causing discomfort to the crew. The condition should be improved by reducing the temperature level and directly reduce the relative humidity. The vibration level measured onboard the patrol boat was rather high compared to the ABS Ergonomic Guidance Notes. The source of vibration however has to be identified before applying the solution. Vibrations created by engines, generators, and pumps can be reduced through damping and isolation. The methods used to reduce vibrations are similar to those used to reduce noise.Work reported in this paper is part of an on-going study on implementation of ergonomics guidelines in the design of Malaysian ships. Further work is being done to study other aspects of ergonomics such as anthropometrics as well as carrying out measurements on other types of ships and boats.7. REFERENCES[1]Thomas B. Sheridan and William R. Ferrell, Man-Machine Systems: Information, Control, and Decision Models of Human Performance, The MIT Press, United States of America, 1974.[2]Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems, American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, April 2003.[3]Government of Malaysia, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Act no: 514, 1994.[4]Calhoun, S. R., Human Factor in Ship Design: Preventing and Reducing Shipboard Operator Fatigue, Society of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Chesapeake Section Meeting, 15th December 2003.[5]Guide for Crew Habitability on Ships, American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, December 2001.[6]Lim, S.N., Ergonomics in Malaysian Boat Design, unpublished Final Year Project Dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2002.[7]Anderson, D. E., Overman, F. R., Malone, T. B., Baker, C. C., Influence of Human Engineering on Manning Levels and Human Performance on Ships, NA VSEA Association of Scientist and Engineers, April, 1996..。
数学建模论文英文
数学建模论文英文Abstract:Mathematical modeling is an essential tool in various scientific and engineering disciplines, facilitating the understanding and prediction of complex systems. This paper explores the fundamental principles of mathematical modeling, its applications, and the methodologies employed in constructing and analyzing models. Through case studies, we demonstrate the power of mathematical models in solving real-world problems.Introduction:The introduction of mathematical modeling serves as a foundation for the entire paper. It provides an overview of the significance of mathematical modeling in modern problem-solving and sets the stage for the subsequent sections. It also outlines the objectives and scope of the paper.Literature Review:This section reviews existing literature on mathematical modeling, highlighting the evolution of the field, key concepts, and the diverse range of applications. It also identifies gaps in current knowledge that the present study aims to address.Methodology:The methodology section describes the approach taken to construct and analyze mathematical models. It includes theselection of appropriate mathematical tools, the formulation of the model, and the validation process. This section is crucial for ensuring the scientific rigor of the study.Model Development:In this section, we delve into the process of model development, including the identification of variables, the establishment of relationships, and the formulation of equations. The development of the model is presented in a step-by-step manner to ensure clarity and reproducibility.Case Studies:Case studies are presented to demonstrate the practical application of mathematical models. Each case study is carefully selected to illustrate the versatility and effectiveness of mathematical modeling in addressing specific problems.Results and Discussion:This section presents the results obtained from the application of the mathematical models to the case studies. The results are analyzed to draw insights and conclusions about the effectiveness of the models. The discussion also includes an evaluation of the model's limitations and potential areas for improvement.Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the paper and reflects on the implications of the study. It also suggests directions for future research in the field of mathematical modeling.References:A comprehensive list of references is provided to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas presented in the paper. The references are formatted according to a recognizedcitation style.Appendices:The appendices contain any additional information that supports the paper, such as detailed mathematical derivations, supplementary data, or extended tables and figures.Acknowledgments:The acknowledgments section, if present, expresses gratitudeto individuals or organizations that contributed to the research but are not authors of the paper.This structure ensures that the mathematical modeling paperis comprehensive, logically organized, and adheres to academic standards.。
oet练习题
OET练习题一、听力理解1. Listen to a conversation between a patient and a doctor. What is the patient's main concern?2. Listen to a short presentation about a new medical procedure. What are the potential risks mentioned?3. Listen to a doctor explaining a medical condition to a patient. What are the symptoms of the condition?4. Listen to a nurse describing the steps of a patient's treatment plan. What is the first step in the plan?5. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of hand hygiene. What are the key points made in the discussion?二、阅读理解1. Read an article about the impact of sleep on health. What are the main findings of the study?3. Read a report on the effectiveness of a new treatment for a chronic disease. What are the key results of the study?4. Read a case study about a patient who has been diagnosed with a rare condition. What are the challenges faced the patient and their family?5. Read an editorial about the importance of preventive healthcare. What are the main arguments presented in the editorial?三、写作1. Write a letter to a patient explaining the importance of following their medication regimen.2. Write a report on the findings of a medical study, including the methodology, results, and conclusions.3. Write a summary of a patient's medical history, highlighting the key symptoms and treatments.5. Write a reflective essay on the role of empathy in healthcare, providing personal examples to support your arguments.四、口语1. Discuss the importance of patient education in healthcare.2. Describe a challenging situation you have encountered in a healthcare setting and how you resolved it.4. Discuss the impact of technology on healthcare delivery.5. Describe a healthcare policy you believe should be implemented and why.OET练习题五、听力理解6. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of regular health checkups.7. Listen to a conversation between a nurse and a patient discussing postoperative care instructions.8. Listen to a doctor explaining the benefits of a new diagnostic test to a patient.9. Listen to a speech about the challenges of managing a chronic illness.10. Listen to a patient sharing their experience of dealing with a rare disease.六、阅读理解11. Read an article on the latest advancements in medical technology.13. Read a research paper on the effectiveness of alternative medicine in treating certain conditions.14. Read a policy document outlining the guidelines for managing patient confidentiality.15. Read a review of a new book on healthcare ethics.七、写作17. Write a memo to a healthcare team outlining the steps to be taken in the event of a medical emergency.18. Write a letter to a patient's family explaining the importance of home care following a hospital discharge.19. Write a press release announcing the opening of a new healthcare facility.20. Write a blog post discussing the role of nutrition in disease prevention.八、口语21. Discuss the role of interdisciplinary teams in healthcare.22. Describe a situation where you had to prioritize patient care and explain your decisionmaking process.24. Explain how healthcare professionals can support patients in managing stress.25. Discuss the challenges of maintaining worklife balance in the healthcare profession.九、听力理解26. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of mental health awareness.27. Listen to a conversation between a patient and a pharmacist discussing medication interactions.28. Listen to a talk about the impact of environmental factors on public health.29. Listen to a panel discussion on the future of telemedicine in healthcare.30. Listen to a patient sharing their experience of navigating the healthcare system.十、阅读理解31. Read an article on the global health crisis caused a pandemic.33. Read a review of a study on the effectiveness of a new vaccine.34. Read a policy brief on the challenges of healthcare accessibility in rural areas.OET练习题十一、听力理解36. Listen to a healthcare provider discussing the importance of patientcentered care.37. Listen to a patient describing their experience witha rehabilitation program.38. Listen to a doctor explaining the process of a medical procedure to a patient's family.39. Listen to a healthcare administrator discussing the challenges of managing a healthcare budget.40. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of infection control in healthcare settings.十二、阅读理解42. Read a patient education handout on managing diabetes through lifestyle changes.43. Read a research abstract on the effectiveness of a new treatment for a neurological disorder.45. Read a journal article on the psychological effects of longterm hospitalization.十三、写作46. Write a speech outline for a presentation on the importance of health literacy among patients.47. Write a brief report on the findings of a survey on patient satisfaction with healthcare services.48. Write a reflective essay on a personal experience that highlighted the importance of teamwork in healthcare.49. Write a press release announcing the launch of a new healthcare app.50. Write a letter to a healthcare provider expressing concerns about a patient's care and suggesting improvements.十四、口语51. Discuss the role of healthcare professionals in promoting health and wellness.53. Discuss the importance of patient confidentiality in the digital age.54. Explain how healthcare professionals can contribute to reducing healthcare disparities.55. Discuss the impact of burnout on healthcare professionals and strategies for prevention.十五、听力理解56. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the use of telehealth in remote areas.57. Listen to a conversation between a nurse and a patient discussing the importance of followup appointments.58. Listen to a talk about the role of nutrition in the prevention of chronic diseases.59. Listen to a healthcare provider discussing the importance of patient advocacy.60. Listen to a patient sharing their experience with a support group for individuals with a similar condition.十六、阅读理解61. Read an editorial on the need for healthcare reform in the context of an aging population.63. Read a research paper on the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in healthcare settings.64. Read a policy analysis on the impact of healthcare policies on rural healthcare access.65. Read a book review on a healthcarerelated topic that has influenced your practice or understanding.OET练习题十七、听力理解66. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of health promotion in schools.67. Listen to a conversation between a doctor and a patient discussing the risks and benefits of a proposed surgery.68. Listen to a talk about the role of genetics in personalized medicine.69. Listen to a patient describing their experience witha rehabilitation program following an injury.70. Listen to a healthcare administrator discussing the challenges of implementing electronic health records (EHR) in a hospital.十八、阅读理解71. Read an article on the global burden of mental health issues and the need for increased resources.72. Read a patient information leaflet on the use of a new class of medications for managing chronic pain.73. Read a case study on the successful implementation ofa health information technology system in a healthcare organization.74. Read a report on the impact of climate change on public health and the need for adaptive strategies.75. Read a review of a study on the effectiveness of telemedicine in mental health care.十九、写作76. Write a letter to a healthcare professional requesting a referral to a specialist.79. Write a reflection on a recent healthcare training session and how it has improved your practice.80. Write a summary of a healthcare conference presentation, highlighting the key takeaways and implications for practice.二十、口语81. Discuss the importance of patient engagement in their own healthcare decisions.85. Discuss the challenges and benefits of working in a multicultural healthcare environment.二十一、听力理解. Listen to a healthcare provider discussing the importance of patient education in managing longterm conditions.87. Listen to a conversation between a nurse and apatient discussing the importance of medication adherence.88. Listen to a talk about the role of physical activity in preventing chronic diseases.89. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the ethical considerations in endoflife care.90. Listen to a patient sharing their experience with a support group for individuals with a rare disease.二十二、阅读理解91. Read an article on the impact of sleep deprivation on healthcare professionals and patient care.92. Read a patient education guide on the signs and symptoms of a heart attack.93. Read a research paper on the effectiveness of mobile health applications in managing chronic diseases.94. Read a policy brief on the challenges of healthcare inequality and the need for equitable access.答案：一、听力理解1. What is the patient's main concern?2. What are the potential risks mentioned?3. What are the symptoms of the condition?4. What is the first step in the plan?5. What are the key points made in the discussion?二、阅读理解1. What are the main findings of the study?2. What are the possible side effects of the medication?3. What are the key results of the study?4. What are the challenges faced the patient and their family?5. What are the main arguments presented in the editorial?三、写作1. Write a letter to a patient explaining the importance of following their medication regimen.2. Write a report on the findings of a medical study, including the methodology, results, and conclusions.3. Write a summary of a patient's medical history, highlighting the key symptoms and treatments.5. Write a reflective essay on the role of empathy in healthcare, providing personal examples to support your arguments.四、口语1. Discuss the importance of patient education in healthcare.2. Describe a challenging situation you have encountered in a healthcare setting and how you resolved it.4. Discuss the impact of technology on healthcare delivery.5. Describe a healthcare policy you believe should be implemented and why.五、听力理解6. What is the importance of regular health checkups?7. What are the postoperative care instructions?8. What are the benefits of the new diagnostic test?9. What are the challenges of managing a chronic illness?10. What is the patient's experience with a rare disease?六、阅读理解11. What are the latest advancements in medical technology?13. What are the key findings of the study on alternative medicine?14. What are the guidelines for managing patient confidentiality?15. What are the main arguments presented in theeditorial on healthcare ethics?七、写作17. Write a memo to a healthcare team outlining the steps to be taken in the event of a medical emergency.18. Write a letter to a patient's family explaining the importance of home care following a hospital discharge.19. Write a press release announcing the opening of a new healthcare facility.20. Write a blog post discussing the role of nutrition in disease prevention.八、口语21. Discuss the role of interdisciplinary teams in healthcare.22. Describe a situation where you had to prioritize patient care and explain your decisionmaking process.24. Explain how healthcare professionals can support patients in managing stress.25. Discuss the challenges of maintaining worklife balance in the healthcare profession.九、听力理解26. What is the importance of patientcentered care?27. What are the medication interactions discussed?28. What are the environmental factors discussed?29. What is the impact of telemedicine in healthcare?30. What is the patient's experience with a rare disease?十、阅读理解31. What is the global health crisis caused a pandemic?33. What are the findings of the study on alternative medicine?34. What are the challenges of healthcare accessibility in rural areas?35. What are the ethical implications of genetic testing in medicine?。
英语六级听力真题长对话
英语六级听力真题长对话英语六级听力真题（长对话）（通用8篇）随着时间的推移，一年一度的六级考试马上就要到来了。
听力一直是六级考试的难点。
下面是yjbys网店铺提供给大家关于英语六级听力真题(长对话)，供大家参考。
英语六级听力真题长对话篇1Conversation OneM: So how long have you been a Market Research Consultant?W: Well, I started straight after finishing university.M: Did you study market research?W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it's more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you're interested in.M: So what are you interested in?W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research, which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time. The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client. I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects.M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs?W: It's basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers' habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short.M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc?W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the sametime to keep me from going crazy. I need the variety.M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client?W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to check them and organize a presentation.M: Hmm, one last question, what do you like and dislike about your job?W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don't like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q1: What position does the woman hold in the company?Q2: What does the woman specialize in at the moment?Q3: What does the woman say about trackers?Q4: What does the woman dislike about her job?Conversation TwoW: Hello, I'm here with Frederick. Now Fred, you went to university in Canada?M: Yeah, that's right.W: OK, and you have very strong views about universities in Canada. Could you please explain?M: Well, we don't have private universities in Canada. They’re all public. All the universities are owned by the government, so there is the Ministry of Education in charge of creating the curriculum for the universities and so there is not much room for flexibility. Since it's a government operatedinstitution, things don't move very fast. If you want something to be done, then their staff do not have so much incentive to help you because he's a worker for the government. So I don't think it's very efficient. However, there are certain advantages of public universities, such as the fees being free. You don't have to pay for your education. But the system isn't efficient, and it does not work that well.W: Yeah, I can see your point, but in the United States we have many private universities, and I think they are large bureaucracies also. Maybe people don't act that much differently, because it’s the same thing working for a private university. They get paid for their job. I don’t know if they're that much more motivated to help people. Also, we have a problem in the United States that usually only wealthy kids go to the best schools and it's kind of a problem actually.M: I agree with you. I think it's a problem because you're not giving equal access to education to everybody. It’s no t easy, but having only public universities also might not be the best solution. Perhaps we can learn from Japan where they have a system of private and public universities. Now, in Japan, public universities are considered to be the best.W: Right. It's the exact opposite in the United States.M: So, as you see, it's very hard to say which one is better.W: Right, a good point.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Q5: What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?Q6: What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?Q7: On what point do the speakers agree?Q8: What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?英语六级听力真题长对话篇2Lecture 1The negative impacts of natural disasters can be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, the world has witnessed the destructive powers of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that struck Samoa and neighboring islands.A study by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters killed more than two-million people. These catastrophic events caused more than $1.5 trillion in economic losses.U.N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says that is the bad news. "Over the last 50 years, economic losses have increased by a factor of 50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because we are getting better at warning people. We are making a difference. Extreme events, however, will continue to occur. But, the message is that they may not be disasters."Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological Organization, says most of the deaths and economic losses were caused by weather, climate, or water-related extremes. These include droughts, floods, windstorms, strong tropical winds and wildfires.He says extreme events will continue. But, he says extreme events become disasters only when people fail to prepare for them."Many of the remedies are well-known. From a planning perspective, it is pretty simple. Build better buildings. Don’tbuild where the hazards will destroy them. From an early-warning perspective, make sure the warnings go right down to the community level. Build community action plans. ”The World Meteorological Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh as examples of countries that have successfully reduced the loss of life caused by natural disasters by taking preventive action.It says tropical cyclones formerly claimed dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in Cuba. But, the development of an early-warning system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only seven people were killed.Bangladesh also has achieved substantial results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. Through careful preparation, the death toll from a super tropical storm in November 2007 was less than 3,500.Q16. What is the talk mainly about?Q17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into events?Q18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?Lecture 2As U.S. banks recovered with the help of American government and the American taxpayers, president Obama held meetings with top bank execut ives, telling them it’s time to return the favor. “The way I see it are banks now having a greater obligation to the goal of a wide recovery,” he said. But the president may be giving the financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free fall, and it was a very scary period.” Economist Martin Neil Baily said. After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many of the world’s largest banks feared the worst as the collapse ofthe housing bubble exposed in investments in risky loans.Although he says the worst is just over, Bailey says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 US banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial real estate loans come due."So there may actually be a worsening of credit availability to small and medium sized businesses in the next year or so."Analysts say the biggest problem is high unemployment, which weakens demand and makes banks reluctant to lend. But US Bankcorp chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently."We're probably more optimistic than the experts might be.With that in mind, we're putting everything we can, lending is the coal to our engine, so we want to make more loans. We have to find a way to qualify more people and not put ourselves at risk."While some economists predict continued recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty is that banks are unlikely to make the same mistakes - twice. "You know, forecasting's become a very hazardous business so I don't want to commit myself too much. I don't think we know exactly what's going to happen but it's certainly possible that we could get very slow growth over the next year or two.”If the economy starts to shrink again, Baily says it would make a strong case for a second stimulus -- something the Obama administration hopes will not be necessary.Q19. What dose president Obama hope the banks will do?Q20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?Q21. What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?Q22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?英语六级听力真题长对话篇3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of eachconversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the fourchoices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with asingle line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
新增管理制度英文
新增管理制度英文IntroductionIn today’s fast-paced and dynamic business environment, organizations are constantly striving to improve their management systems to enhance efficiency, productivity, and overall performance. As a result, the implementation of a new management system is often necessary to adapt to changes in the market, technology, and workforce. This article aims to introduce the key aspects of a new management system, and how it can benefit an organization.Key Components of the New Management System1. DigitalizationOne of the key components of the new management system is digitalization. This involves the use of technology to streamline processes, automate tasks, and enhance communication. Digitalization can help to improve efficiency by reducing manual work, increasing accuracy, and providing real-time access to information. Digital tools such as project management software, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and communication platforms can help to streamline workflows and facilitate collaboration among team members. By embracing digitalization, organizations can stay ahead of the curve and remain competitive in the digital age.2. Data-Driven Decision MakingAnother important aspect of the new management system is data-driven decision making. With the abundance of data available today, organizations can use analytics and insights to make informed decisions. By leveraging data, managers can gain a deeper understanding of their customers, market trends, and internal operations. This allows for more strategic and effective decision making, leading to improved performance and outcomes. Data-driven decision making also helps to minimize the risks associated with gut-feel or intuition-based decisions, as it provides a factual basis for decision making.3. Agile MethodologyThe new management system also incorporates agile methodology, which emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and rapid iteration. Agile methodology is particularly beneficial for project management, software development, and other complex or fast-changing environments. It enables teams to respond quickly to changes, adapt to customer feedback, and deliver high-quality results in a timely manner. By embracing agile methodology, organizations can become more responsive, innovative, and adaptable to changing market conditions.4. Employee EmpowermentEmployee empowerment is another important aspect of the new management system. By empowering employees, organizations can foster a culture of accountability, ownership, and innovation. This involves delegating authority, providing autonomy, and encouraging employees to take initiative. When employees are empowered, they are more motivated, engaged, and committed to achieving organizational goals. This can lead to improved job satisfaction, retention, and overall performance.Benefits of the New Management SystemThe implementation of a new management system can yield a wide range of benefits for an organization. Some of the key benefits include:1. Increased Efficiency: Digitalization and automation can streamline processes, eliminate manual work, and reduce operational costs.2. Improved Decision Making: Data-driven decision making can lead to more strategic, informed, and effective decision making.3. Enhanced Agility: Agile methodology can enable teams to quickly adapt to changes, respond to customer needs, and deliver high-quality results.4. Employee Engagement: Employee empowerment can lead to improved job satisfaction, retention, and overall performance.Case Study: Implementation of the New Management System at XYZ CompanyXYZ Company is a leading technology firm that recently implemented a new management system to improve its operations and stay ahead of the competition. The company recognized the need to modernize its management approach to keep up with rapid technological advancements and changing customer demands. The implementation of the new management system involved the following steps:1. Digitalization: XYZ Company invested in new project management software, CRM systems, and communication platforms to streamline its operations and enable remote work.2. Data-Driven Decision Making: The company established a data analytics team to collect, analyze, and leverage customer and market insights to make informed decisions.3. Agile Methodology: XYZ Company adopted agile methodology to streamline its software development process, enabling quicker release cycles and better responsiveness to customer feedback.4. Employee Empowerment: The company encouraged its employees to take initiative, make decisions, and contribute to the company’s success through a culture of openness and empowerment.As a result of the implementation of the new management system, XYZ Company experienced the following benefits:1. Increased Efficiency: The digitalization of processes reduced manual work, improved communication, and streamlined operations, leading to increased efficiency and cost savings.2. Improved Decision Making: By leveraging data, the company was able to make more informed and strategic decisions, leading to improved customer satisfaction and business outcomes.3. Enhanced Agility: The adoption of agile methodology allowed the company to respond to market changes and customer needs in a timely manner, resulting in faster delivery of high-quality products and services.4. Employee Engagement: Employee empowerment led to increased job satisfaction, motivation, and commitment, resulting in higher employee retention and better overall performance.ConclusionThe implementation of a new management system can have a significant impact on an organization’s performance, productivity, and competitiveness. By embracing digitalization, data-driven decision making, agile methodology, and employee empowerment, organizations can improve their efficiency, decision-making, agility, and employee engagement. As demonstrated by the case study of XYZ Company, the benefits of the new management system can be substantial, leading to improved operations and business outcomes. In today’s rapidly changing business envi ronment, the adoption of a new management system is essential for organizations to remain relevant, competitive, and successful in the long run.。
Methodology例文
3.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the methodology and relevant research approaches adopted in our research. In this chapter, we explain the research philosophy, approaches and strategies, and why the methodology has been adopted, at the same time, the constraints associated with data collection and the limitations to the work will also be discussed.The research aim for this dissertation is to investigate the current human resource management practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Obtaining effective data and information is of vital concern to build an accurate picture of the issue being studied. To a large extent, methodology determines the outcomes of any research. Therefore, it is crucial to choose appropriate research methods and conduct them effectively in order to answer the research question and meet the research objectives well.3.2 Discussion of Methodology Theory3.2.1留学生论文网Research PhilosophyThe first question that any researcher should raise before conducting a real research project is what research philosophy you will adopt, this is very fundamental step and generally speaking, there are three views about the research philosophy that dominate the literature: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Saunders et al., 2003).The key idea of positivism is that the social world exists external, and its properties should be measured through objective methods, rather than being inferred subjectively through sensation, reflection or intuition (Smith et al, 1991). If your research philosophy is positivism, you will assume the role of an objective analyst, make detached interpretations about data collected in a value-free manner and emphasize on a highly structured methodology to facilitate replication (Gill and Johnson, 1997) and quantifiable observations that lead themselves to statistical analysis.By contrast with positivism, interpretivism is often associated with the term social constructionism which is critical of positivism and argues that rich insights into this complex world are needed. The role of the interpretivist is to seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they study in order to be able to make sense of and understand their motives, actions and intention (Saunders et al., 2003). In other words, social constructionism offers that reality is subjective and it is socially constructed and given meaning by people (Seddighi, 2005).Finally, realism recognizes the importance of understanding people’s socially constructed interpretations and meanings, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of people’s views and behaviors (Saunders et al., 2003).(责任编辑：留学生论文网) Based on the differences of three philosophies, this research is of an exploratory nature which is a kind of social constructionism. As Cooper and Schindler (1998, p. 131) state that, “exploratory studies tend toward loose structure with objective of discovering future research tasks”. Besides, MacDaniel and Gates (1999, p.63) claim that “exploratory research is usually small-scale research undertaken to define the exact nature of the problem and gain a better understanding of theenvironment within which the problem occurred”. All of these fit well with the objectives and other conditions of my research project. Therefore, we adopt the interpretivism philosophy of an exploratory nature in this study.3.2.2 Research ApproachInductive and deductive approachesThere are two basic research approaches available when conducting business research including deductive and inductive methods (Saunders et al., 2000). Their characteristics are described in the following table:Table 3.1 Comparison of Deductive and Inductive Research ApproachInduction emphasizes Deduction emphasizes-gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events -scientific principles-a close understanding of the research context -moving from theory to data-the collection of qualitative data -the need to explain causal relationships between variables-a more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses -the collection of quantitative dataresearcher independence of what is being researched-a realization that the researcher is part of the research process the application of controls to ensure validity of data-less concern with the need to generalize -the operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition-a highly structured approach-the necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions (Saunders et al., 2003)The deductive approach is usually regarded as an effective way to test theories, where people develop a theory and a hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the theory (Saunders et al., 2000). The focus is on whether or not the suggested theory fits, and is appropriate for the organization (Saunders et al., 2000; Seddighi, 2000). The deduction to research owes much to what we would think of a scientific research, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis (Saunders et al., 2003).On the other hand, inductive approach is usually used to build theories, in practice, people need to collect data and develop theory as a result of data analysis. Nevertheless, the two methodologies are not mutually exclusive, in reality; they are often used jointly in business and management studies (Seddighi, 2000). However, it is important to point out that the choices of research approach should base on the research question and research objectives.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especi ally useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intent ion of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑：留学生论文网) Commonly, secondary data come from printed sources (Books, Magazines, Journals, and trade Newspapers) and in electronic sources (CD-ROM encyclopaedias, Software packages, or online services, such as the Internet.) Books are general resource to provide relevant theory support for the study. Journals are a useful resource for information on a daily basis. They could provide the latest views and development in the particular area of study. The Internet is also very helpful for the data collecting, especially professional websitesAdvantages of Secondary Data CollectionThe most important factor determining me to use the secondary data is that it is easy to do and helps to save both time and money. My research dissertation has to be completed within three months, which implies constraints from the budget, time, and some other factors. Usually, it is much less expensive to use secondary data than to collect the primary data. Furthermore, the verification process is more rapid and the reliability of the information and conclusion is greatly enhanced.Disadvantages of Secondary Data CollectionAlthough secondary data collection is very useful for us to collect the existing information, the information collected through this method may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what youare looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect.And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The data sources of secondary data collection are from the public and existing materials and are not directly from the customers or other market sources.3.3.1.2 Primary Data CollectionThere are many data collection techniques to collect primary data from the research including interview, questionnaires, focus group and case study and so on. Primary data collection is every important for us to collect in-depth data and information, while secondary data collection only can provide us with the existing and skin-deep data and information.Table 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary DataAdvantages of Primary Data Disadvantages of Primary Data:Can probe deeper answers Takes timeCan get detailed information on what causes problems or benefits. More opportunities for bias creep in when results are "coded"Can also elicit more honest and more sensitive information Also the ever-present problem of all self-report measuresBy using interviews, future change agents can also introduce themselves to the people in an organization, and establish both rapport and trust Accuracy(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Due to the advantages of primary data, it is important for us to collection primary data through data collection techniques like interviews. Primary data collection can provide us with the in-depth data and information related to our research questions. Therefore, primary data collection is crucial to the success of my research despite of its main disadvantage that it could take a long time and cost much to collect the data and information.3.3.2 Data Collection MethodsAccording to the different types of research, there are many different data collection techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, survey, observation, focus group, and documentation review and so on (Saunders et al, 2003). The different data collection techniques have their different advantages and disadvantages, and should be adopted according to the different research purposes. In this research, three data collection methods of documentation review, in-depth interviews and observation will be adopted.3.3.2.1 Documentation ReviewAmong data collection techniques, documentation review is the method to quickly and accurately collect the existing information and historical information. This method is to collect data through reviewing the formal company documents and reports about production, sales and finance. (Saunders et al, pp. 104, 2003)Advantages and LimitationsWe choose this method of documentation review, because this method is easy to do and has few limits to the market environment and we need to use this method to collect some existing and historic data and information for the research. This method of documentation review has many advantages and is generally used in the case study. The information collected through documentation review is factual information and through this method, we can get the comprehensive and historical information with few biases. So this method is very useful for us to understand the real information about the company at the beginning, because the documents about the company are all announced by the company, and are real and open to all the people concentrating on the company.Although the research method of documentation review is very useful for us to collect the existing information, this method often takes time and the information may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what you are looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect. And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The information sources of this method are from the public and existing materials and are not from the customers or other market sources.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)3.3.2.2 In-depth InterviewsGenerally, Observation, interviews and questionnaires are three main primary data collection methods (Sekaran, 2000). According to the purpose of this project and the restriction of time and geography, I will mainly focus on the method of interviews to collect qualitative data. The semi-structure interview has been used to collect data.Interview is a good data collection technique to get the in-depth information and it is particularly useful for getting the story behind a participant’s experiences. This method is used when we want to fully understand the impressions or experiences of someone or want to learn about their answers to the questionnaires. (Creswell, pp.125, 1994) Interview is the process of the communication between the interviewer and interviewee. The communication includes the free talking and the discussion about the assigned questions. This data collection technique provides people with a communication way to know the information they want to know from other people or know the opinions of other people on the assigned questions. This method of interview has strong pertinence to investigate the special issue and widely used in the market research to obtain the in-depth information.Advantages and LimitationsThis data collection technique of interviews has many advantages. It is the most direct way for market researchers to communicate with the interviewees. Through this face-to-face way, themethod of interviews can collect the full range and depth of information from the interviewees. This kind of information is very useful and may not be collected through other ways. And this method can be flexible with the different interviewees and the interviewers can determine and choose the questions based on their thoughts and objectives to discuss with the interviewees and obtain the data and information they need. Besides, it is also a good way to develop the relationship with the clients. (Creswell, pp.136, 1994)And data collection technique also has many disadvantages and may lead to the biases of the collected information, because the use of this method may take much time, may be hard for people to analyze and compare, may be costly and the interviewer may bias the responses and opinions of the interviewees. On the one hand, the interviewees may not tell the full information they know or may tell the wrong information to the interviewers. And on the other hand, the interviewers may misunderstand the information from the interviewees and causes the bias during the process of data collection.3.3.2.2 Participant ObservationAccording to Collis and Hussey (2003), the method of participant observation is where the researcher becomes a working member of the group or situation to be observed. The aim of this method is to understand the situation from the inside: from the viewpoints of the people in the situation, and the researcher shares the same experiences as the subjects and this form of research can be particularly effective in the study of small groups/small firms. Participant observation can be overt (everyone knows it is happening) or covert when the subjects being observed fro research purposes are unaware it is happening (Collis and Hussey, 2003).(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Company, and this company is one of SMEs in China. This company is a good case for the author to study the research question about the current human resource management practices of SMEs in China, and this is the reason for the author to choose this company for internship. During the period of internship, the author also studies the research questions through observation in daily work of the company.3.3.3 Sample SelectionBesides the company in which the author worked during the period of internship, the author also chose other ten small and medium sized enterprises in the sample for research. There are many SMEs in the whole China, so it is impossible for the research to include all SMEs in the sample. Because the author was working in Beijing during the period of internship, so ten SMEs in Beijing were randomly selected in the sample.3.3.4 AccessI contact with these SMEs in the sample to make an appointment with their directors and managers for interviews. The interviews will be conducted in these companies.Based on the method of interview to collect primary data from the directors or managers of these selected SMEs, I just simply make the sources anonymous and the information about the interviewees such as the name and position will be kept in confidentiality. This technique will not affect the data collection and the research. The true and effective data and information collectedfrom these anonymous sources will be used to analyze the research questions.3.4 In-depth Interview DesignIt is true that the quality of the data to a large extent depends upon the structure of the interview as well as the design of each individual question (Saunders et al., 2003). Interview is the method that may take much time and lead to the bias. So we must design the appropriate questions and design the process of the interview. In order to collect the data and information we need for the analysis, I design the questions according to our research aims and objectives.The research aim of our paper is to investigate the current human resource management practices of Chinese SMEs. Based on this main research aim and other research objectives that have been decided before the research, the research should focus on the current practices of human resource management in Chinese SMEs including the status quo of the current human resource management for Chinese SMEs, the main problems involved with Chinese SMEs in human resource management. So the questions designed for the interview must help collect the data and information focusing on these aspects relating to research aim and objectives. The collected data must help the study to realize the research objectives.Besides the contents of the questions, the process of interview is also very important. I plan to start with some simple closed format questions focusing on some general information about human resource management of Chinese SMEs and then majority of questions with open format are created during the interview for the interviewees to express their opinions freely. This way that asking the general questions first and then discussing the in-depth questions gives both the interviewer and the interviewee more flexibility to communicate and discuss the issues. One important point for us to attention is that we should ask the questions in a clear, easy and simple way for the interviewees to understand and discuss.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)The designed questions for the interview are summarized as follows:1）Do you think human resource management is important to the development of the enterprise?2）What do you think of the current human resource management in your enterprise?3）What are the differences between practices of human resource management in China and those in the western developed countries?4）What do you think of the role of human resource management to SMEs in China?5）Do you think the current human resource management in your enterprise is effective or not?6）What are the main problems involved with the human resource management in your company?7）As a SME in China, do you think your enterprise have to face more problems in human resource management compared with the large enterprises in China?8）What are your suggestions for Chinese SMEs to improve their human resource management?3.5 Data AnalysisThe data collected in this research include both the quantitative data and the qualitative data,so the different methods of data analysis have to be adopted to analyze the different types of data.3.5.1 Analysis of Quantitative DataQuantitative data refers to numerical and standardized data, which usually can be analyzed through using of diagrams and statistics (Saunders et al., 2000). Basically, data can be divided into categorical and quantifiable data, it is important to edit and code data before start analysis (Saunders et al., 2000). In practice, it is useful to conduct exploratory data analysis in the initial stages of data analysis, this approach highlights the importance of using diagrams to explore and understand data (Saunders et al., 2000). For instance, pie charts and percentage component bar charts can be used to explain the proportions of customers agreeing or disagreeing with the statements which are presented in the questionnaire. “Subsequent analysis will involve describing your data and exploring relationships using statistics” (Saunders et al., 2000). Finally, it is essential to re-emphasis the importance of using PC software programmes during the process of data analysis, such as SAS, APAK EXCEL etc (Greenfield 2002).3.5.2 Analysis of Qualitative DataIt is obvious that qualitative data here refers to the data collected by semi-structured interviews and the possible secondary source of data. According to the nature of qualitative data, it is important to develop data categories and to classify them into appropriate categories before analysis, “otherwise the most that can result will be an impressionistic view of what it means” (Saunders et al., 2000, p381). It is also important to recognize the relationship between different categories of data, as well as to develop and test hypotheses with regard to the research question and objectives (Saunders et al., 2000). In reality, it is necessary to develop a provisional set of categories from the research question, research themes and initial propositions, the categories should be closely related to the research question. In short, it is critical to conduct data analysis effectively in order to answer the research question and achieve research objectives.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)3.6 Ethical Issues“Research ethics refer to the appropriateness of researchers’ behavior in relation to the rights of those who bec ome the subject of your work and are affected by the work” (Saunders et al., 2000, p142). They are likely to occur during the whole process of the research: seeking access, data collection, and data analysis and reporting (Skearan, 2000). There are some ethical issues to be considered in my research. First is privacy, which may be seen as the cornerstone of the ethical issues that confront those who undertake research. In my interviews, I will not ask the participants to fill their name and I will keep all the information I have got from the interviews as confidentiality. No matter during the design and initial access stage, the data collection stage or the analysis and reporting stage, the confidentiality and anonymity are always important. I will not attempt to apply any pressure on intended participants to grant access. Once access has been granted, I will remain within the aims of my research project that I shared and agreed with my intended participants. Sometimes, the findings may be used to make a decision that could adversely affect the collective interest of those who will be my participants, it is ethical for me to refer to this possibility even though it may reduces the level of access that I will achieve. The last problem is netiquette, which has b een developed to provide a heading for a number of “rules” or。
描述一种研究方法英语作文
描述一种研究方法英语作文Research methods are essential tools for conducting scientific studies and acquiring new knowledge in various fields. These methods help researchers collect data, analyze information, and draw reliable conclusions. In this essay, we will explore a specific research method, namely experimental research, and discuss its processes, advantages, and limitations.Experimental ResearchExperimental research is a quantitative research method that involves manipulating variables and measuring their effects on other variables. The primary objective of this method is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It is often used in scientific studies, particularly in the fields of psychology, biology, and medicine. Processes of Experimental ResearchExperimental research typically follows several steps, including:1. Problem identification: Researchers identify a problem or research question to investigate. This step helps determine the purpose and objectives of the study.2. Literature review: Researchers review existing literature to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic and previous studies. This step helps in formulating hypotheses and designing the experimental procedures.3. Formation of hypotheses: Based on the literature review, researchers formulate hypotheses that predict the relationship between variables. A hypothesis provides a clear direction for the experiment.4. Selection of participants: Researchers select a suitable sample of participants for the study. The sample should be representative of the target population to ensure the generalizability of the findings.5. Design of the experiment: Researchers design the experiment, including selecting the independent and dependent variables, determining the control group, and assigning participants to experimental and control conditions.6. Data collection: Researchers collect data through various methods, such as observation, surveys, interviews, or physiological measurements. The data collected should be valid and reliable.7. Data analysis: Researchers analyze the collected data using statistical techniques to test the hypotheses and determine if there is a significant effect of the manipulated variables.8. Interpretation of results: Based on the data analysis, researchers interpret the results and draw conclusions. They assess whether the experimental manipulation had an impact on the dependent variable and evaluate the significance of the findings.9. Reporting: Researchers write a research report or publish their findings in scientific journals. The report should include the research question,methodology, results, and conclusions.Advantages of Experimental ResearchExperimental research offers several advantages that contribute to its popularity:1. Control over variables: Experimental research allows researchers to control and manipulate variables, ensuring a cause-and-effect relationship can be established.2. Objectivity: The use of systematic procedures and data collection methods in experimental research promotes objectivity and reduces bias.3. Replication: Experimental research can be replicated by other researchers, which helps validate the findings and increase confidence in the results.4. Generalizability: With proper sampling techniques and study design, experimental research findings can be generalized to the target population.Limitations of Experimental ResearchDespite its advantages, experimental research also has limitations:1. Artificial settings: Experimental research often takes place in laboratory settings, which may not reflect real-world contexts accurately. This limitation raises concerns about the external validity of the findings.2. Ethical considerations: In some cases, manipulating variables in experimental research may raise ethical concerns, such as causing harmto participants or violating privacy.3. Time and resources: Conducting experimental research can betime-consuming and resource-intensive due to the need for precise control over variables and data collection.4. Generalizability limitations: The findings of experimental research may not always apply to real-world situations, as participants in laboratory experiments may behave differently from those in natural settings. ConclusionExperimental research is a valuable research method that allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It follows a systematic process and provides numerous advantages, such as control over variables and objectivity. However, it also has limitations, including artificial settings and potential ethical concerns. By understanding the processes, advantages, and limitations of experimental research, researchers can effectively utilize this method to advance scientific knowledge and contribute to their respective fields.。
Case Study Methodology 案例分析方法
▪ Legal certainty in China 法律确定性在中国
▪ Limits of legal certainty 法律确定性的局限
2020/8/9 SeSitei5te 5
《中华人民共和国宪法》第5条确定了法治
2020/8/9 SeSitei2te 2
I. Theoretical Background理论背景
3. Successful Implementation of Law 法律的执行 a) Importance of the Application of the Law 法律适用的重要性 b) Solutions for Violation of Laws and Disputes 违法行为与纠纷的解决
对于法律条文语言的不同理解
b. Advantages of a uniform method: 一个统一的适用方法的优点: ▪ Harmonization 统一 ▪ Transparency 透明 ▪ Efficiency 有效率 ▪ easier supervision 便于检查 ▪ simpler self-control 易于自我控制 ▪ unified reasoning schemes 统一推理结构 ▪ fights corruption 防止腐败
2020/8/9 SeSitei4te 4
I. Theoretical Background 理论背景
7. Legal Certainty as a Uniform Application’s Main Advantage 统一法律适用最主要的好处－法律具有确定性
英语专业毕业论文大纲模板
Abstract:This thesis explores the evolving landscape of English language teaching and learning in the context of the 21st century. It examines the impact of technological advancements, globalization, and cultural diversity on the field, and proposes innovative strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of English language education. The paper is structuredinto five chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of English language teaching and learning.Table of Contents:1. Introduction2. Literature Review3. Theoretical Framework4. Methodology5. Results and Discussion6. Conclusion7. Recommendations for Practice8. ReferencesChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Background of the Study- Brief history of English language teaching- Current trends and challenges in the field1.2 Rationale for the Study- Importance of effective English language education- The need for innovation in teaching methods1.3 Objectives of the Study- To investigate the impact of technology on English language teaching and learning- To analyze the role of globalization in shaping English language education- To explore the challenges of cultural diversity in the classroom1.4 Scope of the Study- Focus on English language teaching and learning in the 21st century- Emphasis on the global perspective1.5 Research Questions- How has technology influenced English language teaching and learning?- What is the role of globalization in shaping English language education?- What challenges do teachers face in managing cultural diversity in the classroom?Chapter 2: Literature Review2.1 Historical Perspective- Evolution of English language teaching methodologies- Key theories and approaches in English language pedagogy2.2 Technological Integration- The role of technology in language learning- Case studies of technology-assisted language learning (TALL)2.3 Globalization and English Language Education- The spread of English as a global lingua franca- Impact of globalization on language teaching and learning2.4 Cultural Diversity in the Classroom- The challenge of cultural differences in language learning- Strategies for promoting cultural sensitivity and inclusivity2.5 Current Trends and Challenges- Emerging issues in English language education- The future of English language teaching and learningChapter 3: Theoretical Framework3.1 Theoretical Foundations- Language acquisition theories- Sociocultural theories of learning3.2 Pedagogical Approaches- Communicative language teaching (CLT)- Task-based language teaching (TBLT)3.3 Technological Tools- Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in language learning- Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in language education3.4 Cultural Competence- Definition and importance of cultural competence- Strategies for developing cultural competence in language learnersChapter 4: Methodology4.1 Research Design- Qualitative and quantitative research methods- Mixed-methods approach4.2 Data Collection- Surveys and questionnaires- Interviews- Classroom observations4.3 Data Analysis- Content analysis- Statistical analysis4.4 Ethical Considerations- Informed consent- Confidentiality and privacyChapter 5: Results and Discussion5.1 Analysis of Survey Data- Teachers’ perceptions of technology in language teaching- Students’ experiences with technology-assisted language learning 5.2 Interviews with Teachers- Challenges faced by teachers in integrating technology- Strategies for managing cultural diversity5.3 Classroom Observations- Examples of effective technology integration in language classes - Strategies for promoting cultural sensitivity5.4 Discussion- Interpreting the results in the context of existing literature- Identifying patterns and trends in the dataChapter 6: Conclusion6.1 Summary of Findings- Key insights from the study- Relevance to the field of English language teaching and learning 6.2 Limitations of the Study- Methodological limitations- Scope limitations6.3 Implications for Future Research- Suggestions for further investigation- Areas for future explorationChapter 7: Recommendations for Practice7.1 Recommendations for Teachers- Strategies for integrating technology into language teaching- Approaches for managing cultural diversity in the classroom7.2 Recommendations for Policy Makers- The need for infrastructure development- Importance of professional development for teachers7.3 Recommendations for Language Learners- Tips for effective language learning- The importance of cultural awarenessChapter 8: References[Include a comprehensive list of all the sources cited in the thesis, formatted according to the chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).]Appendices[Optional appendices containing additional materials such as survey instruments, interview transcripts, and detailed data analysis.]Note: This template provides a general structure for an English professional graduate thesis. The actual content and depth of each section will vary based on the specific research questions, methodology, and theoretical framework chosen by the researcher.。
艺术设计专业英语
the evaluation of furniture aesthetic value from qualitative description to
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英语专业优秀大创项目案例
英语专业优秀大创项目案例IntroductionIn recent years, English majors in universities around the world have been encouraged to participate in research and innovation projects. These projects, commonly referred to as "大创" (Da Chuang) in Chinese, aim to cultivate students' abilities in research, critical thinking, and practical applications of their knowledge. This article presents a case study of an outstanding big innovation project carried out by English majors, showcasing their innovative ideas, research methods, and the impact of their project on the field of English studies.Case Study: Improving English Vocabulary Learning with Virtual Reality Technology1. BackgroundEnglish vocabulary acquisition has always been a challenging task for language learners. To address this issue, a group of English majors from a university in China embarked on a big innovation project that aimed to explore the potential of virtual reality (VR) technology in enhancing English vocabulary learning.2. Project GoalsThe project had three main objectives:a. Design and develop a virtual reality vocabulary learning platform.b. Conduct empirical research to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in vocabulary acquisition.c. Provide recommendations for future integration of VR technology in language learning.3. MethodologyThe project adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. The team carried out the following steps:3.1 Survey and Needs AssessmentThe team conducted a survey to collect data on students' attitudes towards English vocabulary learning and their interest in using VR technology for language learning purposes. This needs assessment helped to guide the design and development of the VR platform.3.2 VR Platform DevelopmentBased on the data collected, the team designed and developed a user-friendly VR platform that simulated real-life scenarios for vocabulary practice. The platform incorporated interactive games, virtual flashcards, and immersive environments to engage learners in vocabulary acquisition.3.3 Experimental StudyTo evaluate the effectiveness of the VR platform, the team conducted a controlled experiment with a group of English learners. The participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group, which used the VR platform, and the control group, which used traditional vocabulary learningmethods. Pre-and post-tests were administered to assess vocabulary gains in both groups.3.4 Data AnalysisThe team analyzed the collected data using statistical software and qualitative coding techniques. The effectiveness of the VR platform was measured by comparing the pre-and post-test scores between the experimental and control groups.4. Results and FindingsThe results of the study demonstrated that the use of VR technology significantly enhanced English vocabulary acquisition. The experimental group, which utilized the VR platform, showed a higher level of vocabulary retention and faster vocabulary recall compared to the control group. Moreover, participants reported increased motivation, engagement, and enjoyment in the vocabulary learning process.5. Implications and Future DirectionsThis big innovation project has significant implications for the field of English studies and language education. It highlights the potential of VR technology in revolutionizing language learning by providing immersive and interactive experiences. The findings suggest that integrating virtual reality into vocabulary instruction can enhance students' motivation, engagement, and ultimately improve their language proficiency.Based on the success of this project, further research can be conducted to explore the applicability of VR technology in other language skills, such as listening, speaking, and writing. Additionally, the project team recommendsthe development of more user-friendly and accessible VR platforms to ensure wider adoption and utilization in classrooms.ConclusionEnglish majors' participation in big innovation projects contributes to the advancement of English studies and provides opportunities for students to apply their knowledge in innovative ways. This case study showcased how a group of English majors utilized virtual reality technology to enhance English vocabulary learning. The project not only yielded positive results but also opened new possibilities for improving language education. Through such initiatives, English majors can develop research skills, critical thinking abilities, and contribute to the development of the field.。
介绍一种社会研究方法英文
介绍一种社会研究方法英文AbstractQualitative research is a valuable method for understanding and exploring social phenomena in depth. This article provides an overview of qualitative research, including its definition, characteristics, and various research techniques. It also discusses the advantages and limitations of qualitative research, emphasizing its importance in contributing to the social sciences and informing policy development.1. Definition of Qualitative ResearchQualitative research involves the collection and analysis ofnon-numerical data to gain insights into social phenomena. Unlike quantitative research that focuses on measurable data and statistical analysis, qualitative research emphasizes the subjective meanings individuals attach to events and experiences. It seeks to understand the social and cultural factors that influence human behavior and interactions.2. Characteristics of Qualitative ResearchQualitative research exhibits several key characteristics, distinguishing it from quantitative research:- Focuses on the subjective experiences and meanings of individuals- Utilizes open-ended and flexible research instruments, such as interviews, observations, and document analysis- Aims to uncover underlying motivations, beliefs, and cultural influences - Offers a holistic and contextual understanding of social phenomena - Emphasizes researcher interpretation and reflexivity3. Research Techniques in Qualitative ResearchQualitative research employs a variety of techniques to gather and analyze data, including:- Interviews: Researchers conduct open-ended interviews, allowing participants to share their perspectives and experiences.- Observations: Researchers observe and record behaviors, interactions, and environments to gain a deeper understanding of social phenomena. - Focus groups: Researchers facilitate group discussions to explore shared beliefs, attitudes, and opinions.- Document analysis: Researchers analyze documents, such as diaries, academic papers, or media sources, to uncover social insights.- Case studies: Researchers conduct in-depth investigations of specific cases or individuals to develop detailed narratives and understand complex social processes.4. Advantages of Qualitative ResearchQualitative research offers several advantages, including:- Depth and richness of data: Through open-ended interviews and observations, qualitative research allows for a detailed exploration of social phenomena and the factors influencing them.- Flexibility: Qualitative research methods can adapt to the research context, providing researchers with the freedom to explore unexpected areas and adapt research instruments.- Contextual understanding: Qualitative research provides a holistic view of social phenomena, taking into account the social, cultural, and historical contexts that shape them.- Capacity for exploring sensitive topics: Qualitative research methods facilitate the exploration of sensitive topics, allowing participants to share and reflect on personal experiences.5. Limitations of Qualitative ResearchWhile qualitative research has numerous strengths, it also has limitations, including:- Subjectivity: Qualitative research relies on researcher interpretation, potentially introducing bias and reducing objectivity.- Limited generalizability: Due to the small sample sizes andcontext-specific nature of qualitative research, findings may have limited applicability to broader populations.- Time and resource-intensive: Qualitative research can betime-consuming and requires significant resources to conduct interviews, transcribe data, and analyze findings.- Scope of analysis: The depth of analysis in qualitative research often limits the breadth of topics explored.ConclusionQualitative research is an important method in the social sciences, offering a deep understanding of complex social phenomena. Its utilization of open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis provides a rich and nuanced exploration of subjective experiences and meanings. Although qualitative research has its limitations, its strengths lie in its capacity for contextual understanding, flexibility, and exploration of sensitive topics. Policymakers and researchers alike can benefit from incorporating qualitative research into their studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of social issues and inform evidence-based decision-making.。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
学术论文写作报告（英文版）1. IntroductionWriting an academic paper requires careful consideration of various elements such as topic selection, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. This report provides a comprehensive guide to academic paper writing, focusing on the key steps involved and the necessary components to include. The report aims to assist researchers and students in effectively structuring and presenting their work in an organized and coherent manner.2. Topic SelectionThe first step in writing an academic paper is selecting an appropriate topic. The topic should be specific yet broad enough to allow for thorough research. It is essential to choose a topic that is relevant to the field of study and of interest to the writer. Consideration should also be given to the availability of reliable sources and potential research gaps that can be addressed.3. Literature ReviewAfter selecting a topic, conducting a literature review is crucial to identify the existing research and establish the research gap. The literature review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject and helps the writer understand the key concepts, theories, and methodologies that have been used in previous studies. It also helps in formulating research questions and hypotheses.4. Research MethodologyOnce the research questions have been formulated, it is important to select an appropriate research methodology. The methodology should be aligned with the research objectives and should allow for the collection of relevant and reliable data. Common research methods include surveys, case studies, experiments, and observations. The chosen methodology should be adequately justified and explained in the paper.5. Data Collection and AnalysisAfter determining the research methodology, data collection can begin. This involves gathering relevant data through various sources such as interviews, surveys, experiments, or existing databases. The collected data should be analyzed using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques. The analysis should be presented in a clear and concise manner, highlighting any significant findings.6. Results and DiscussionThe results section of the academic paper presents the findings of the research. It should be presented using tables, charts, or graphs to aid in understanding. The discussion section focuses on interpreting the results in relation to the research questions and objectives. It involves critically analyzing the findings, comparing them with previous studies, and discussing their implications.7. ConclusionThe conclusion is a summary of the key findings and their implications. It should answer the research questions and provide insights into the broader significance of the research. The conclusion should also highlight any limitations of the study and suggest directions for future research.8. ReferencesProper citation and referencing are crucial in academic writing. The reference section should include all the sources used in the paper, cited in a consistent and accurate format. It is important to follow the specific citation style required by the journal or institution.9. Formatting and ProofreadingBefore submitting the academic paper, it is important to ensure proper formatting. This includes following the guidelines provided by the journal or institution regarding font type, font size, line spacing, and margins. Additionally, the paper should be thoroughly proofread to eliminate any grammatical or spelling errors. Using professional editing tools or getting feedback from peers can be helpful in improving the overall quality of the paper.ConclusionWriting an academic paper requires attention to detail and adherence to specific guidelines. This report has provided an overview of the key steps involved in academic paper writing, including topic selection, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. By following these guidelines, researchers and students can improve the quality of their academic papers and increase their chances of success.。
AcademicWriting[8]英语专业论文写作
![AcademicWriting[8]英语专业论文写作](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/242075380b4c2e3f5727634b.png)
Fiction vs. non-fiction Professional writing vs. popular writing Literary writing vs. scientific writing Technical writing vs. academic writing.
Taking notes:
Summary Paraphrase quotation
Kinds of Writing
For graduation For further education For future career For publication
“Published” can mean anything from appearance in a Journal with international circulation of hundreds of thousands of copies each issue to a graduation paper (e.g. B.A. / B.S. and M.A. / M. S. thesis or PhD Dissertation) in which only a few copies are printed to a review committee. In our case, the definition of “published” is extended to refer to a paper written to fulfill the requirements of a course. This can be considered a dress rehearsal for the writing of your BA / B.S. thesis, and ultimately for the publication of an actual paper.
英语二次培训教研活动(3篇)
第1篇Introduction:In the rapidly evolving global landscape, the importance of English language proficiency cannot be overstated. To cater to the diverse needs of students and ensure they are equipped with the necessary skills to thrive in an English-speaking environment, secondary schools often engage in continuous professional development (CPD) activities. This paper discusses a comprehensive secondary training research and development (R&D) activity designed to enhance English language skills among students.I. Background and ObjectivesA. Current Challenges in English Language Education1. Lack of exposure to authentic English language materials2. Inadequate speaking and listening skills3. Insufficient vocabulary and grammar knowledge4. Traditional teaching methods that hinder student engagementB. Objectives of the Secondary Training R&D Activity1. To develop innovative teaching strategies that promote active learning and engagement2. To enhance students' speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills3. To provide teachers with the necessary tools and resources to implement effective English language instruction4. To foster a positive and supportive learning environment that encourages risk-taking and collaborationII. MethodologyA. Needs Assessment1. Conducting surveys and interviews with students, teachers, and administrators to identify strengths and weaknesses in the current English language program2. Analyzing data to determine the specific areas that require improvementB. Training Programs for Teachers1. Workshops and seminars on effective teaching strategies, such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and flipped classrooms2. Professional development courses on grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation3. Collaboration sessions with experienced English language teachers to share best practicesC. Student-centered Activities1. Designing interactive lessons that encourage student participationand critical thinking2. Incorporating technology, such as tablets and interactive whiteboards, to enhance learning experiences3. Introducing a variety of learning materials, including authentic texts, audiovisual resources, and online platformsIII. ImplementationA. Preparing the School Environment1. Allocating resources, such as training materials, technology, and additional staff support2. Establishing a timeline for the implementation of the R&D activitiesB. Training Teachers1. Conducting pre-training workshops to ensure that teachers arefamiliar with the new teaching strategies and resources2. Providing ongoing support and feedback during the implementation phaseC. Engaging Students1. Introducing the new activities and materials to students, emphasizing the importance of their participation2. Monitoring student progress and adjusting the activities as neededIV. EvaluationA. Formative Assessment1. Collecting data on student engagement, participation, and performance2. Providing ongoing feedback to teachers and studentsB. Summative Assessment1. Conducting standardized tests and quizzes to measure student achievement2. Comparing pre- and post-intervention results to determine the effectiveness of the R&D activitiesV. Results and ReflectionsA. Initial Successes1. Increased student engagement and motivation2. Improved speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills3. Enhanced teacher confidence in implementing innovative teaching strategiesB. Challenges and Solutions1. Addressing technical issues related to the use of technology2. Overcoming resistance to change among some teachers3. Ensuring that all students, including those with special needs, benefit from the R&D activitiesC. Future Directions1. Continuing to refine and expand the R&D activities based on ongoing assessment and feedback2. Exploring additional resources and professional development opportunities for teachers3. Collaborating with other educational institutions to share best practices and lessons learnedConclusion:The secondary training research and development activity presented in this paper aims to enhance English language skills among students by addressing the current challenges in English language education. Through a comprehensive approach that includes teacher training, student-centered activities, and continuous evaluation, this R&D activity seeks to create a positive and supportive learning environment that fosters student growth and success. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of English language proficiency continues to grow, and it is essential for secondary schools to invest in such R&D activities to ensure their students are well-prepared for the future.第2篇Introduction:In the ever-evolving global landscape, the demand for Englishproficiency has surged across various sectors. To meet this demand, secondary training research and development activities play a crucial role in enhancing the English language skills of educators and students. This paper aims to discuss the significance of such activities, their objectives, methodologies, and the expected outcomes in fostering a more proficient English-speaking community.I. Significance of Secondary Training Research and DevelopmentActivities1. Meeting the Global Standards:As the world becomes more interconnected, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become essential. Secondary trainingactivities ensure that educators and students are equipped with the necessary skills to compete on a global scale.2. Improving Educational Quality:Effective English language instruction enhances overall educational quality. By focusing on research and development, educators can implement innovative teaching strategies and resources that cater to diverse learning needs.3. Bridging Cultural Gaps:English serves as a bridge between different cultures. Secondarytraining activities help educators and students develop cross-cultural competencies, fostering mutual understanding and respect.II. Objectives of Secondary Training Research and Development Activities1. Enhancing English Language Skills:The primary objective is to improve the English language proficiency of educators and students, enabling them to communicate effectively in both written and spoken forms.2. Promoting Innovative Teaching Strategies:Research and development activities aim to explore new teaching methodologies, technologies, and resources that can enhance the learning experience.3. Fostering Collaboration and Networking:These activities encourage educators to collaborate, share best practices, and establish professional networks, thereby promoting continuous improvement in English language education.III. Methodologies for Secondary Training Research and Development Activities1. Workshops and Seminars:Conducting workshops and seminars allows educators to gain insights into the latest teaching trends, techniques, and resources. These events can be organized on a regional or national level.2. Online Courses and E-Learning Platforms:Utilizing online courses and e-learning platforms provides flexibility and accessibility to educators and students, enabling them to learn at their own pace.3. Collaborative Research Projects:Encouraging educators to participate in research projects promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills. These projects can focus on identifying effective teaching strategies, analyzing student performance, and exploring emerging technologies.4. Peer Review and Feedback:Implementing a peer review system helps educators reflect on their teaching practices, identify areas for improvement, and learn from their colleagues.IV. Expected Outcomes of Secondary Training Research and Development Activities1. Improved English Language Proficiency:Students and educators are expected to demonstrate enhanced English language skills, enabling them to participate in international competitions, attend conferences, and engage in global collaboration.2. Enhanced Teaching Practices:Educators are expected to adopt innovative teaching strategies and integrate new technologies into their classrooms, ultimately improving the learning experience for students.3. Increased Collaboration and Networking:Secondary training activities are expected to foster a sense of community among educators, promoting the exchange of ideas and resources.4. Continuous Improvement in English Language Education:The research and development efforts are expected to lead to the development of evidence-based practices and policies that can shape the future of English language education.Conclusion:Secondary training research and development activities are vital in enhancing English language proficiency and fostering a more connected and globalized world. By focusing on the significance, objectives, methodologies, and expected outcomes of these activities, we can ensure that educators and students are well-prepared to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Through continuous improvement and collaboration, we can create a more proficient English-speaking community that transcends borders and cultures.第3篇Introduction:In recent years, the importance of English education in our country has been increasingly recognized. As an essential tool for communication and international exchange, English proficiency has become a basic requirement for students in secondary schools. In order to improve the quality of English teaching and promote the overall development of students, our school has organized an English secondary training research and development activity. This activity aims to enhance teachers' teaching abilities, explore innovative teaching methods, and promote the construction of an excellent English education system.I. Activity Objectives:1. To improve the teaching quality of English teachers in secondary schools.2. To promote the implementation of innovative teaching methods and teaching aids.3. To strengthen the interaction between teachers and students, and enhance the teaching atmosphere.4. To promote the construction of an excellent English education system.II. Activity Content:1. Opening CeremonyThe opening ceremony was attended by the school principal, vice principal, department heads, and all English teachers. During the ceremony, the principal delivered a speech emphasizing the importance of English education and the significance of the training activity. The vice principal introduced the activity schedule and expected outcomes.2. Expert LectureAn expert in English education was invited to give a lecture on the latest teaching theories and methods. The lecture covered topics such as task-based language teaching, flipped classroom, and the integration of technology in English teaching. The lecture provided teachers with valuable insights and practical strategies for improving their teaching quality.3. Case Studies and WorkshopsTeachers were divided into groups to discuss case studies and sharetheir experiences in English teaching. Each group was responsible for selecting a case study and analyzing its teaching methods, strengths, and weaknesses. After the discussion, each group presented theirfindings to the whole group. Workshops were also organized to provide hands-on experience in using teaching aids and innovative teaching methods.4. Class Observation and FeedbackTeachers were encouraged to observe each other's classes and provide constructive feedback. This activity aimed to help teachers identifytheir strengths and weaknesses, and learn from each other's experiences. The observed teachers received feedback on their teaching methods, classroom management, and student engagement.5. Group Discussion and PlanningTeachers were divided into groups to discuss and plan innovative teaching activities for the upcoming semester. The groups were encouraged to explore new teaching methods, integrate technology, and create engaging learning experiences for students. The planning sessions helped teachers develop a comprehensive teaching plan for the semester.III. Activity Evaluation:1. Teacher FeedbackAt the end of the activity, teachers were asked to fill out a feedback form to evaluate the training program. The feedback revealed that the activity was well-received, and teachers appreciated the opportunity to learn from experts and their colleagues.2. Student FeedbackStudents were also surveyed to evaluate the effectiveness of thetraining program. The survey results showed that students benefited from the new teaching methods and teaching aids introduced during the activity.3. Evaluation of Teaching QualityThe school administration conducted a follow-up evaluation of the teachers' teaching quality. The evaluation indicated that the training program had a positive impact on the teachers' teaching abilities and the overall quality of English teaching.Conclusion:The English secondary training research and development activity was a successful endeavor that achieved its objectives. Through this activity, teachers were able to enhance their teaching abilities, explore innovative teaching methods, and promote the construction of anexcellent English education system. The activity provided a valuable platform for teachers to collaborate, share experiences, and grow professionally. As a result, the quality of English teaching in our school has been significantly improved, and students have gained greater confidence in their English proficiency.。
临床研究的英语
临床研究的英语Clinical Research in EnglishIntroductionClinical research, also known as clinical trials, is an essential aspect of medical science. It plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of diseases, testing new treatments, and improving patient care. In this article, we will explore the key terminology and concepts related to clinical research in English.1. Research Design1.1 Observational StudiesObservational studies involve collecting data without interfering in the natural course of events. Researchers observe and analyze existing data or conduct surveys and interviews to gather information.1.2 Experimental StudiesExperimental studies involve interventions or treatments performed to assess their efficacy. Researchers divide participants into different groups: the control group receives a placebo or standard treatment, while the experimental group receives the new intervention being investigated.2. Informed ConsentInformed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in clinical research. It ensures that participants fully understand the objectives, risks, and benefits of the study before giving their consent to participate. The consent formshould provide detailed information about the study, procedures, potential side effects, and the right to withdraw at any time.3. Ethical Considerations3.1 Institutional Review Board (IRB)An IRB is an independent committee that reviews and approves the research protocol to ensure it meets ethical standards. The IRB evaluates the study design, participant recruitment methods, data collection procedures, and the potential risks and benefits to participants.3.2 Confidentiality and Data ProtectionClinical research involves handling sensitive patient information. Researchers must maintain confidentiality and ensure data security. Identifiers such as names, addresses, and personal identification numbers should be stored separately from the research data to maintain anonymity.4. Sample Size and RecruitmentDetermining an adequate sample size is crucial for the statistical validity of clinical research findings. Researchers use power calculations to determine the number of participants needed to detect significant differences or correlations. Recruitment methods can include advertising, referrals from healthcare professionals, or collaborations with medical centers.5. Data Collection and Analysis5.1 Case Report Forms (CRFs)CRFs are standardized documents used to collect data during a clinical trial. They include information such as patient demographics, medicalhistory, treatment regimens, and outcomes. CRFs serve as a record of the participant's journey throughout the study.5.2 Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis is performed to interpret the collected data and determine if there are any significant differences or associations. Researchers use various statistical tests, such as t-tests, chi-square tests, and regression analysis, to analyze the data and draw meaningful conclusions.6. Results and Publication6.1 Reporting GuidelinesTo ensure transparency and quality in clinical research reporting, various guidelines exist, such as CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) for clinical trials and STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) for observational studies. Following these guidelines ensures that all relevant details are included in research publications.6.2 Peer Review ProcessSubmitted research articles undergo a peer review process, where experts in the field evaluate the study design, methodology, and conclusions. Peer review helps maintain the integrity and quality of published research.ConclusionClinical research plays a vital role in advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. Understanding the terminology and concepts related to clinical research in English is crucial for effective communication andcollaboration in the global scientific community. By adhering to ethical guidelines and reporting standards, researchers contribute to the ongoing development of evidence-based medicine.。
methodology方法
methodology方法
methodology是一种研究设计和方法论,用于规划、组织、实施和监督科学研究的过程。
它是一种指导科学研究的方法和准则,通常涵盖了研究的设计、样本选择、数据分析、结果表述、结论和建议等方面。
methodology通常被分为三种类型:
1. case study methodology:针对具体案例的研究方法论,强调对案例的分析、演化和结论。
2. field study methodology:在实地进行研究的方法论,强调对研究对象进行调查、观察和采访,从而获得从而获得更深入的了解。
3. research design methodology:研究设计方法论,强调对研究方法的规划和设计,包括样本选择、数据收集和分析方法等方面。
Methodology是一种研究设计和方法论,用于规划、组织、实施和监督科学研究的过程,其目的是获得有价值的研究结果。
如何理解边界实践--来自业务分析的实证研究
HOW WELL DO WE UNDERSTAND BOUNDARY PRACTICES? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM A PRACTICEOF BUSINESS ANALYSTSRajiv Vashist, Judy McKayFaculty of Information and Communication TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthorn, Victoria, AustraliaEmail: rvashist@.au jmckay@.auPeter MarshallFaculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of TasmaniaHobart, Tasmania, AustraliaEmail: peter.marshall@.auAbstractWhile there is a growing literature in boundary spanning, there is very little research that (a) examines boundary practices (b) empirically locates boundaries in experiences and expectations of actors involved in boundary interactions and (c) provides actionable advice to practitioners in boundary roles. This paper attempts to address such concerns by investigating the boundary practice of business analysts (BAs) that connects users and IT staff. We report findings from an interpretive case study of a group of business analysts working in a large company that provides mail and parcel services. For boundary practice, our findings include: (a) boundary practice introduces new boundaries (b) …boundary practitioners‟ face challenges not only in spanning boundaries between practices they connect but also in negotiating boundaries that they introduce. For BAs, we note that (a) having business and technical knowledge is not the most important requirement to meet expectation of users and IT staff (b) they would better meet expectations by focusing on analytical abilities and enabling users to better understand their requirements (c) they are expected to play an increasing role throughout the project lifecycle and (d) they are expected to increase their solution orientation.Keywords: Boundary practice, boundaries, business analyst, boundary spanning.1IntroductionThe concept of communities-of-practice (CoP)(Lave and Wenger 1991; Wenger 1998) has been applied in many areas like knowledge management (e.g., Brown and Duguid 1991), project management (e.g., Garrety et al. 2004), communication (e.g., Iverson and McPhee 2008), information systems (e.g., Klein and Hirschheim 2008), engineering management (e.g., Scarso and Bolisani 2008 ), and computer science (e.g., Smeds and Alvesalo 2003). Despite its growing presence in many areas, the discourse on understanding practices has paid little attention to the concept of boundary practice, a practice whose purpose is to connect other practices by addressing conflicts, reconciling perspectives, and resolving differences (Wenger 1998, p. 114). A small literature on boundary spanning in a number of disciplines has accumulated, but even in this literature it has been noted that the practice of boundary spanning has not been adequately examined (Johnson and Duxbury 2010; Levina and Vaast 2005a; Marrone 2010).Extant research has not only paid little attention to boundary practices but has also not appreciated the importance of boundaries in shaping communities and practices. This could be attributed to the fact that research on boundaries has remained largely conceptual (e.g., Santos and Eisenhardt 2005). Such conceptual investigation of boundaries, however, may not reflect actual practices (Shailer 1993) and it is only in a specific empirical context that one can define and locate boundaries (Aldrich and Herker 1977). Little attention has been paid to the ideas that boundaries are socially constructed (Heracleaous 2004), dynamic (Zietsma and Lawrence 2010) and contain characteristics that come to the foreground only in the experience of people at boundaries (Diamond et al. 2004). We take the view that research in boundary practices would be insightful if it examines the boundaries (Oliver and Montgomery 2005) that are involved. Such efforts would address our limited understanding of boundaries (Heracleous 2004) and provide insights into boundary practices. Scholarship in boundary practice that examines boundaries has the potential to address concerns in applied disciplines like information systems (IS), specifically those that arise through issues in requirement analysis. Taking note of observations that failure to identify …real business requirements‟ (Goldsmith 2004, p xvii) and an inability to satisfactorily bridge the …reality- design‟ gap (Heeks 2006) contribute to IS failure, we are of the view that understanding the role and practices of business IS analysts (BA) as a boundary practice that liaises with users and IT staff could provide new insights into the practice of identifying business requirements.The objective of this paper is to understand the roles and practices of BAs and in doing so (a) advance scholarship in boundary practices and boundaries and (b) seek insights that would enable boundary practitioners like BAs to be more effective in their work. The results reported in this paper are part of a research project that adopts a practice perspective in understanding the practice of business analysts and is guided by communities-of-practice (Wenger 1998) and boundary practice concepts.The paper is structured as follows. First, we discuss the relevant theoretical concepts and outline how we intend to use these concepts. We then discuss the research methodology (case study) and design that underpins the research discussed in this paper. This is followed by a section that presents the results of analysis of our interviews and the findings of this research. We conclude with implications for research and practice.2Theoretical Foundations: A Practice PerspectiveIn following a practice perspective, we assume that individuals are both enabled and constrained by shared …practices‟ by which they interpret the world and behave in corresponding ways (Reckwitz 2002). There is no unified practice perspective (Schatzki 2001) and previous IS research has adopted Bourdieu‟s theory of practice (e.g., Levina and Vaast 2005b), Giddens‟structuration theory (e.g., Orlikowski 2000), and Brown and Duguid‟s (2001) networks of practice (e.g., Vaast & Walsham2009), and Wenger‟s communities of practice co ncept (e.g., Klein and Hirschheim 2008). The practice perspective we adopt is the communities-of-practice (CoP) perspective (Wenger 1998) and its attendant concept of boundary practice.2.1 A communities-of-practice and boundary practice perspective on thepractice of business analystsBased on Wenger (1998), we understand CoP to be a social configuration whose members engage with each other in achieving shared goals. The interaction among the members results in collective learning and a shared practice consisting of resources, frameworks, and perspectives (Wenger 1998, p.4). Practices can be classified as explicit and implicit. Explicit practices refer to elements like tools, documents, and codified procedures that are made explicit amongst the practitioners, while implicit practices refer to elements like implicit relations, untold rules of thumb, and underlying assumption (Wenger 1998, p. 47). These practices are related to community by three dimensions. The first dimension, mutual engagement (ME), explains that actions of individual become meaningful as result of engagement among individuals in a social configuration. The second dimension, joint enterprise (JE), explains that as a result of mutual engagement, the members of a social configuration arrive at a shared purpose or joint enterprise. This purpose need not be stated explicitly and results in “relations of mutual accountability” (Wenger 1998, p. 78). The third dimension, shared repertoire (SR), includes elements like tool, methods, and activities that are shared by the members of the community.There are a number of reasons for adopting the CoP concept as a suitable lens for understanding the roles and practices of BAs. First, CoP concept is suitable for studying organisational practices, and has been widely applied in organisational settings (Brown & Duguid 1991; Garrety et al. 2004; Iverson & McPhee 2008). Second, its attendant concept of boundary practice provides us with a frame to study the work of BAs. The boundary practice concept is based on the assertion that an organisation could be viewed as a …constellation of practices‟(Wenger 1998, p. 129) and that these practices are connected by boundary spanning activities and boundary objects. These connections over a period of time may become part of what is called a boundary practice which has a purpose to maintain connections between several CoP. We view business analysis as a boundary practice that provides a connection between the users and the IT staff (Vashist et al. 2010) (See figure 1).Figure1. Business Analysts as a Boundary Practice (Vashist et al. 2010)While there is literature in other disciplines on the notions of boundaries, Information Systems research in boundary spanning has largely considered boundaries as a given and there is very little IS research invested in empirically examining and conceptualising boundaries. For example, boundaries are assumed to be cultural (e.g., Mason 2003), between business units (e.g., Pawlowski and Robey 2004), and professional (Kimble et. al 2010). We consider boundaries to be areas of differences among social configurations that need to be empirically located in the experiences and expectations of the members of social configurations (Diamond et al. 2004). In our research, we seek to understand boundaries that BAs face with users and IT staff.3Research Method and DesignThis research follows an interpretive research paradigm. Our ontological position is relativism and we believe that “what is said to be the …the way things are‟ is the …sense we make of them‟” (Crotty 1998, p. 64). Constructionism explains our epistemological orientation and enshrines a belief that we do not discover meaning but rather construct meaning in our engagement with the world (Crotty 1998, p. 64). Walsham‟s (1995) suggestion on how interpretive studies can use theoretical concepts without being constrained by them has been adopted for a number of reasons:To create an initial theoretical framework which takes account of previous knowledge, and which creates a sensible theoretical basis to inform the topics and approach of the early empirical work… [but also] preserve a considerable degree of openness to the field data, and a willingness to modify initial assumptions and theories [resulting in]initial theories being expanded, revised, or abandoned altogether ( p. 76).The concepts of CoP, boundary practice, and boundaries were used to frame our research perspective and inform our empirical work. In analysing data we remained open to field data and were not constrained by the theoretical concepts. We revisited these concepts, where required, in discussing our findings.A case study method was adopted to understand the practice of BAs. It is an appropriate method to understand practice based issues (Benbasat et. al 1987), to capture the reality of practice in considerable detail (Galliers 1991), and for areas where theory and understanding have not been well developed (Darke et al. 1998). This paper is part of a research that adopts a multiple-case study design. In this paper, we report findings from the case presented by a group of BAs employed by Expressmail1, a large company providing mail and parcel services. BAs had been working on a project to integrate several applications running on different database systems into one application running on one database system. The BAs were located in the IT department and liaised with users engaged in this project. (Table 1 summarises the information about the interviewees.) While the focus was on understanding the practice of BAs, an attempt at understanding a boundary practice would be incomplete without the perspective of other participants in the practice. Thus, we interviewed not only the BAs but also the users and IT staff that interact with the BAs. Semi-structured interviews of 30-60 minute duration were conducted in October 2010 and audio recordings were transcribed. The interview guide was informed by the theoretical concepts discussed earlier but we remained open to other questions that became relevant to the research objective and emerging analysis.Table1. Summary of interviewees1 Pseudonyms have been used to maintain anonymity for participating organisation, departments, teams, and individuals.Since our interest in the cases was largely instrumental in understanding something beyond the particular case, we followed Stake‟s (1995) suggestion that the data analysis approach should focus on abstraction by coding and categorisation and thus followed grounded theory data analysis techniques from Charmaz (2006). Interpretive case study research in the area of boundary spanning has effectively used grounded theory techniques for data analysis (e.g., Levina and Vaast 2005b). Microsoft Excel was used for implementing data analysis techniques. The coding followed a two step process: Initial coding and focused coding. Initial coding had a focus on interpreting participants‟ meanings and actions (Charmaz 2008, p. 49) and involved, as far as possible, line-by-line coding of the interview transcripts. Focused coding required that we used the most significant initial codes to label larger amounts of data (Charmaz 2006, p. 57-58). This resulted in 83 focussed codes and 284 text segments. Focussed codes and associated data segments were compared with each other to raise the analysis to a higher level of abstraction and to form 26 categories. These categories provided data to compare experiences and expectations of BAs, users and IT staff. The results of the examinations are discussed under four themes in the next section.4Results and Discussion4.1 Understanding of the BA roleThe data analysis suggests a lack of agreement about what is expected from the BA‟s role. The perception that BAs are required to be …bi-lingual‟ and have the ability to …translate‟ between users and the technical IT staff (Vashist et al. 2010) was evident in this case:You‟re kind of the mediator between the two areas so you‟re the one who has to understand the business process, but then you have to have the technical knowledge to understand how to apply it to an application and how they‟re going to cod e it and what the rules are (BA4).The BA‟s understanding of being a mediator seems to result in their emphasizing the importance of both business and technical knowledge in their work. Though it would be difficult to ignore the role of these two skills in business analysis, the response of users and IT staff suggests a different emphasis and thus a different expectation from the BA role. For users, the role of BA was not about bringing business knowledge into the discussion:Our journey through that was an interesting one because we started with people with obviously a skill set but no background knowledge as such and who don‟t understand Express mail and the BA that did it, did a great job... she was really good at what she was doing ...she brings the skill set which is about business analyst, I bring a whole pile of background knowledge (U2).The users seem to expect a specialised skill set from the business analysts and are willing to share their business knowledge with the BAs. The IT manager went a step further and was of the view that excessive business knowledge could even be detrimental in the practice of business analysis:A lot of people also think that to be a good business analyst you need to know an awful lotabout the domain...I‟m not necessarily of that belief…I think the danger with bringing someone who‟s got a great deal of domain expertise to a business analyst‟s role is that often their thinking is blinkered. So again, I would think a good business analyst would be someone who‟s potentially new or relatively new to the domain area(IT1).Thus, there is an expectation from the IT staff that BAs need to have an open mind and a willingness to analyse the situation without pre-conceived ideas.We note that the BAs‟ emphasis on technical and business knowledge does not match what users and IT staff expect of the BA role. Even though the technical and business knowledge may make it easier for BAs to work with users and IT staff, we need to ask the question: Is the emphasis on technical and business knowledge really serving the interests of users and IT staff or is it helping in making the BAs‟ work easier when dealing with IT and users? This seems to suggest that the enterprise of a boundary practice, in this case of acquiring business and technical knowledge, has more to do with the interest of the boundary practitioners than to do with the interest of the practices they connect. This suggests that there is a pragmatic boundary (Carlile 2002) not only between users and IT staff but also between both BAs and users and between BAs and IT staff.The IT manager expected the BAs to remain engaged beyond the analysis phase:I think the role of a business analyst should be to provide that continuity to do the work upfront, capture the requirement, validation, making sure that the understanding is clear and then having a role through the life of project to make sure that intent is still on track (IT1)It seems the IT staff expect the BAs to monitor the project on an ongoing basis and provide continuity by taking ownership of requirements until they are delivered.4.2 BA-User dealingsThe users expect BAs to have the ability to make the users better understand their requirements: We‟ve had two goes at it and it didn‟t work... So that set us off on a journey through [IT] group of engaging a business analyst to answer numerous questions about what it is that we wanted do to (U1).The users expected the BA to provide an insight into their requirements, when they were proving elusive to them despite their domain expertise. There was also an expectation of adding value to the requirements or information the users supplied to the BAs:If a BA lacks ability then they‟re the types of BA‟s who will simply give you back what you‟ve already given them. Whereas if you‟re engaged with a BA who is capable and competent then they can, through a logical line of enquiry, lead you through to articulate issues and risks that perhaps you had not considered (U2).BAs experienced their own challenges in dealing with users which made it difficult to deliver on the users‟ expectations. For example, the BAs faced difficulty in collecting information:In many cases it‟s not easy to find ou t information. You do have to really go down a number of avenues, it‟s not “go here, go there”that will give you all the answers that you need.Because a lot of information that you need is in people‟s heads(BA3).So while the users expect the BAs to add some value, the BAs seem to be challenged by dealing with multiple sources of internalised information.While users may not expect BAs to have domain expertise, the BAs themselves perceive a trust deficit when they lack domain knowledge:So you might have quite a specific niche of an area, like a data warehouse thing and someone might be really financially savvy or something and you don‟t have that background. So they might not have faith in the work you‟re doing because they‟re probably getting the g ist that you don‟t understand it(BA4).While users may not express a need for BAs to have domain knowledge, for the BAs, having domain knowledge seems to be matter of being confident in their dealings with users and was perceived to help to build trust in users.4.3 BA-IT staff dealingsNot only did BAs value business knowledge so that users could have faith in their ability, they also considered having a technical background to be important in dealing with IT staff:I‟ve been in many situations where developers will try to say oh we can‟t do that. But if you have a technical background you‟ve got the confidence to grill them a bit further, you often find its they don‟t want to do it, too much work( BA1).Technical knowledge is considered important as it hel ps BAs to recognise IT staff‟s attempts to avoid delivering on certain requirements. This seems to be in agreement with the earlier suggestion that BAs‟ need for technical knowledge might not be entirely motivated by acquiring the ability to translate between users and IT staff that the BAs serve.Another area of difference between the BAs and IT staff was around the requirements‟ documentation. The BAs were happy with as much detail as was possible while documenting user requirements: Our business requirements specification is close to a 400 page document. So a lot of effort was put into making sure that all the requirements were approved, committed and endorsed by the business. There have been little things missed in this project but nothing of any consequence really (BA3).Quite clearly there is a preference for having all requirements documented in detail right at the start and then signed by the business. However, the development team manager preferred more agility: I‟ve seen business analysts right up a spec 300 pages or something. Dump it on the table, someone signs it off who has not read the 300 pages. This document full of defects goes into development, development puts more defects into it and we have our blown out testing cycles and all that sort of stuff (IT2)They didn‟t like lengthy requirements documentation as such documentation was seen as likely to have defects that would be amplified in the later stages of the systems development lifecycle. The differences were not only about the length of the requirements documentations but also about the level of technical details in specifications that came from the BAs to the IT developers:But normally in a BA role we probably document to a pretty low level but in terms of what the programmer woul d want there‟s always a few more questions so there‟s always another level that they might want more information (BA4).The BAs seem to be inclined to provide specification to a very technical level for the programmers. However, the IT staff were not pleased with this level of specification:The functional specs are down to pseudo code level in a lot of cases and there‟s almost no room to design…. Because [functional specification] was so minutely described that there was no room to move (IT2).The level of details took away flexibility in designing systems. The IT staff also expected the BAs to not only focus on analysing the problem domain but also on working towards the solution: Whilst there‟s some people who think it‟s heresy to talk about the solution…I believe it‟s thinking not just about the …as is‟ situation, but asking the questions about the …to be‟(IT1) This view of the IT manager challenges suggestions that a solution-oriented approach to problem analysis is not likely to work well in field of system development (Jackson 1999). It appears that BAs are expected to not only focus on the problem domain but also be more oriented towards solutions.The IT staff, like the users, expected more analysis from the BAs and was clearly not impressed by their business knowledge alone. The view that BA role was more about analysis and thinking abilities was also highlighted by the development team manager:And this is where, my number one gripe about business analysts, the term is BA and I see a lot of B, I see almost no A. I come across very few business analysts that can actually think. Who can analyse (IT2)4.4 BAs’ RepertoireThe BAs emphasised a variety of software tools to be part of their …tool-kit‟:So Visio in terms of process maps, Excel like for logs and Microsoft Word. What else have we used, previous roles you know Microsoft Project and stuff like that, PowerPoint (BA4).We use Microsoft Visio for drawing business process maps. We use Microsoft Word for all our documentation basically, business requirements use case documents and things like that.We use Excel quite a bit (BA1).BAs rarely mentioned that important tools extended beyond the electronic variety. As an exception, a BA noted the role instincts could play in a BA‟s role:The one that comes above the shoulder gets used a lot. The difference between a good BA and an average BA is how they think and what their instincts are (BA2).This indicates the appreciation for BAs using intuition in their work. The limitations of using electronic tools in BA work were highlighted by both BA and the IT manager but for different reasons. For BA automation by such tools constrained their work:I have found where we‟ve used things that are automated but anything that is automated thatconstrains you becomes quite a barrier. So quite often in the business systems analysis or the analysis phases you quite often want to start with a blank whiteboard and a blank piece of paper (BA2).If the tools are constraining business analysts then whose or what purpose do these tools serve? The question becomes more relevant when considering IT staff‟s concern about electronic tools: We had a conversation, I sketch some things out on butcher paper, I came up with software.Then the other way I went to elaborate lengths. I did UML diagrams galore and I came out with a piece of software. The difference in investment between the low fidelity requirement and the high fidelity requirement is much higher than the difference in the piece of software that comes at the end. So was it really worth it is my question. I think people have gotten tools blinded (IT2).For the IT staff, the costs of acquiring and using the tools outweighed the benefits.The users showed little awareness about the electronic tools that played a role in interactions with BAs. One manager in the user role highlighted an appropriate way of enquiry to be an important tool for a BA: There‟s an assumption that we have been taught how to ask questions and how to enquire…But when either party are deficient in being able to ask logical enquiring types of lines of pursuit, then there is always the risk that either party may accept information at a certain stage or level which is some way inadequate (U2)4.5 DiscussionWe consider boundaries to be differences among social configurations that need to be empirically located in the experiences and expectations of the members of social configurations (Diamond et al. 2004). Expressions like “living in two different worlds‟ that the BAs use in dealing with IT staff and users (Vashist et al. 2010), emphasise the more obvious boundaries they are designated to span: boundaries between IT staff and users. The manager of the development team, when asked, confirmed how obvious such boundaries were:That is completely obvious, of course that‟s true. Like why would you think that wouldn‟t be the case? (IT2)The results suggest other boundaries that are not so obvious: boundaries that seem to appear between the BAs and users and BAs and IT staff. The four themes discussed in the previous section highlight the experiences and expectations of BAs, users, and IT staff and provide insights into potential boundaries involved in the work of business analysts. These boundaries have been summarised in Figure 2.Figure2. Boundaries between BAs and IT staff and BAs and usersIn the BA-user dealings, while the BAs aspire for and emphasize business knowledge to gain the users‟ trust, the users expect the BAs to provide a more specialised business analyst skill set and to leave the business knowledge for them to bring into the discussion. Then there is the users ‟ expectation that BAs need to be able to reflect on their requirements and add value to the information that they provide to them. The BAs, however, experience great difficulty in getting information from users let alone enabling reflections and adding value to it. When asked about the tools used in their interactions, while BAs emphasised use of electronic tools, the users seem to suggest that the BAsshould focus on their ability to follow a logical line of enquiry when interacting with users.。
英语论文中的研究方法
英语论文中的研究方法关键词：研究方法英语论文研究方法定性方法定量方法摘要：英语论文中的研究方法，外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法定性方法(Qualitative approach)，定量方法(Quantitative approach)英语论文中的研究方法一、外语教学和科研中的两大研究方法（一）定性方法(Qualitative approach)定性研究的基本情况：1．研究者调查之前没有带什么框框；2．研究者可以作为局外人观察要研究的现象，让一切事情让本来的规律去发生，发展，研究者不加控制和干扰；3．研究者也可以参与到所调查的活动之中或者以观察者的身份参与活动；4．在一般性的调查之后，可以进行深入的个案调查(case study)；5．所采取的方法是综合法和归纳法，最后成果多是描述性的或在描述过程中揭示一定的规律（即提出假设或结论）。
（二）定量方法(Quantitative approach)通过一连串的数字，表格，图标来说明问题，如《广告语言中的语用预设》，陈新仁,1998 分类：统计方法(statistical method)：人口普查实验方法(experimental method)：交际教学法比翻译法好定量研究的基本情况：1．定量法通常是从假设出发，事先有个看法；2．定量法往往是要控制和操纵变量的；3．定量强调研究的客观性，远离数据，远离当事人，是局外人的视角；4．所得数据信度高，具有可重复性；5．所得结论具有普遍性。
（三）定性方法和定量方法的比较定性方法定量方法现象学观点逻辑实证主义观点1．强调亲身参与活动而获得经验；2．只有通过个人主观经验才能认识人类行为；3．了解就是移情；4．依赖定性数据。
1．强调用实验方法来获取数据；2．只有摆脱主观状态才能了解社会现象的因果关系；3．了解要保持距离；4．依赖定性数据。
综合法分析法1．从部分到整体；2．整体观；3．面向内部结构；4．了解过程；5．假设一种动态现时。
我一项实验的作文英语
我一项实验的作文英语Title: Investigating the Effects of Experimentation: A Personal Reflection。
Introduction:Experimentation plays a crucial role in various fields, allowing researchers to explore new ideas, test hypotheses, and gain valuable insights. In this article, I will reflect on a personal experiment I conducted, describing the process, results, and the lessons learned. Although the specific prompt for this article is undisclosed, I will delve into the various aspects of my experiment, highlighting the significance of experimentation in advancing knowledge and fostering personal growth.Body:1. Background and Motivation:Provide a brief overview of the experiment's purpose and its relevance to the field of study.Discuss the motivation behind choosing this particular experiment, including any existing gaps in knowledge or previous research.2. Experimental Design:Describe the methodology employed, including the variables, control groups, and any necessary equipment or materials.Explain the steps taken to ensure the experiment's validity and reliability.Discuss any ethical considerations and precautions taken to mitigate potential risks.3. Data Collection and Analysis:Detail the data collection process, highlighting thespecific measurements or observations made.Discuss any challenges encountered during data collection and how they were addressed.Present the collected data in a clear and organized manner, utilizing tables, graphs, or other suitable visual aids.Analyze the data, identifying patterns, correlations, or trends that emerged.4. Results and Discussion:Summarize the key findings obtained from the experiment.Compare and contrast the results with existing literature or previous studies.Discuss any unexpected or surprising outcomes and propose potential explanations.Address any limitations or weaknesses of the experiment that may have influenced the results.5. Interpretation and Implications:Interpret the results in the context of the experiment's objectives and research question.Discuss the broader implications of the findings, including their significance and potential applications.Highlight any potential future research directions or areas for further investigation.6. Personal Reflection:Reflect on the overall experience of conducting the experiment, including personal growth and lessons learned.Discuss any challenges faced during the experiment and how they were overcome.Share any valuable insights gained from the experiment, both academically and personally.Reflect on the experiment's impact on your understanding of the field of study and its potential influence on your future research or career choices.Conclusion:Experimentation is a fundamental aspect of scientific inquiry, enabling researchers to push the boundaries of knowledge and gain valuable insights. Through this personal reflection on my own experiment, I have highlighted the importance of careful experimental design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Furthermore, I have underscored the significance of experimentation infostering personal growth, expanding knowledge, and inspiring future research endeavors. Ultimately, this experiment has not only contributed to my academic journey but has also shaped my perspective on the power of experimentation in driving progress in various fields.。
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Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to L. T. Fan (email: fan@). 1 Also with Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Outline Introduction Process Description Methodology Case Study Results and Discussions Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement Selected References
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Introduction Uses of butanol Better liquid fuel extender than ethanol: low vapor pressure; low miscibility with water; completely miscible with diesel fuel even at low temperatures Plastics, brake fluids and resins Market for butanol (ChemExpo 990705)
Technical Session 4: Biofuels Optimal Conceptual Design for Downstream Processing in the Production of Fuels, Solvents, and Feeds from Grains L. T. Fan and J. Liu, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA P. Seib, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA F. Friedler1, Department of Computer Science, University of Veszprem, Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200, Hungary Prepared for Presentation at APUF, November 11-13, Session on BioFuels Copyright © L. T. Fan, Kansas State University, November 2002 Unpublished
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Implementing downstream processing to separate and purify the resultant products: to be improved - Dilute aqueous effluent streams containing the product and byproducts: major cost in downstream separation Judicious synthesis of various processes for fermentation broth separation: lowering the cost
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Identification of available processing equipment and unit operations that can potentially be useful for butanol production Establishment of process-graph (P-graph) representations of the equipment and operations Construction of the maximal structure of the process of concern incorporating all the plausible equipment and unit operations Generation of the complete set of flowsheets from the maximal structure Identification of the optimal and near-optimal flowsheets among the feasible flowsheets
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Demand: 1998, 1.8 billion lbs; 1999, 1.85 billion lbs; 2003, 2 billion lbs Price of butanol (Chemical Market Reporter, April 2001): high, 59¢/lb, tanks dlvd; low, 55¢/lb, same basis
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Fig. 1. Structural feature of a biochemical process: downstream processing.
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Fig. 2. Structural feature of a non-biochemical process: distributed processing. ii. Combinatorial complexities increasing exponentially with the number of operating units: (2n-1) possible networks; n, the number of operating units: e.g., n=35; 34.4 billion possible networks; overwhelming majority infeasible iii. Heuristic methods a. Procedure: straightforward to implement; moderate computational effort
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Downstream processing: unique to biochemical processes; see Figs. 1 and 2 a. Distinct dichotomy between reaction and separation in contrast to non-biochemical processes b. All reactions lumped followed by separations in biochemical processes in contrast to reaction and separation sequences distributed throughout in non-biochemical processes
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b. iv.
Effective only at the local level: localized nature of human experiences; globally or near globally optimal solutions unobtainable Algorithmic methods a. Decision-making tools and computational procedures needed to overcome the combinatorial complexities of processnetwork synthesis b. Inefficiency of conventional approach, e.g., mixed-integer programming (MIP) 1. formulating an optimal network synthesis problem: exhaustively interconnecting manually the processing units 2. solving the resultant optimization problem: a general-purpose, mathematical-programming solver; 3. impractical even with a moderately large n: black-box approach, failing to overcome exponential complexity 4. efficacy enhancement: only modestly successful b. Highly efficient methodology needed 1. graph-theoretic approach (P-graph) available 2. further improvement
glucose
Chemistry of starch fermentation: anaerobic; microorganism Clostridium beijerinckii C6H12O6+H2Oº2C3H6O(Acetone)+3CO2+4H2 C6H12O6 ºC4H10O(Butanol)+2CO2+H2O C6H12O6 º2C2H5O(Ethanol) +2CO2 +H2
Objective: synthesis of a wide variety of technically feasible flowsheets of processes for the production of butanol and by-products from the fermentation of starch
Butanol fermentation from grain Impetus to economically manufacture biobased products without violating environmental, societal and political constraints Ethanol production: possibly more profitable as a byproduct of butanol fermentation