Chapter 1 Written Communication(1) 写作交流
Module 1 Written Communication
letterhead (2) the inside address (3) the date (4) the salutation (5) the body of the letter (6) the complimentary close (7) the signature
Layout of Business Letters
Examples:
We are in the market for silk blouses and should be pleased if you could kindly quote us your keenest prices CFRLondon for the goods below Offer quotation order counteroffer letter of credit CIF FOB YL11/11RVD S/C123 L/CUNRCV PLSRUSH
English for Business Communication
Communication
名词 n. 1. 传达;交流,交往;通信;传染[U] The satellite has become an important means of communication. 卫星已成为一个重要的通讯工具。 Communication between old and young people is not so difficult as you think. 青老年之间的思想交流没有你想的那样困难。 2. 讯息;情报[C] 3. 通讯(交通)设施[P1] Our city has excellent communications with all parts of the country. 我们城市具有完备的交通网与全国各地联系。
新视野大学英语读写教程(一)unit1听力原文和翻译
<p1>Learning a foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most <2>rewarding</2> experiences of my life.<p2>Although at times learning a language was <3>frustrating</3>, it was well worth the effort.<p3>My experience with learning a foreign language began in <4>junior</4> middle school, when I took my first English class.I had a kind and patient teacher who often praised all of the students.<p4>Because of this <5>positive</5> method, I eagerly answered all the questions I could, never worrying much about making mistakes.<p5>I was at the top of my class for two years.When I went to <6>senior</6> middle school, I was eager to continue studying English; however, my experience in senior middle school was very different from before.<p6>While my <7>former</7> teacher had been patient with all of the students, my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrect answers.Whenever we answered incorrectly, she pointed a long stick at us and, shaking it up and down, shouted, "No! No! No!"<p7>It didn't take me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions.<p8>Not only did I lose my joy in answering questions, but I also lost my desire to say anything at all in English.However, that state didn't last long.When I went to college, I learned that all students were required to take an English course.<p9><8>Unlike</8> my senior middle school teacher, my college English teachers were patient and kind, and none of them carried long, pointed sticks!<p10>The situation was far from perfect, though.As our classes were very large, I was only able to answer a couple of questions in each class period.Also, after a few weeks of classes, I noticed there were many students who spoke much better than I did.<p11>I began to feel <9>intimidated</9>.So, once again, although for different reasons, I was afraid to speak.It seemed my English was going to stay at the same level forever.<p12>That was the situation until a couple of years later when I was offered an <10>opportunity</10> to study English through an <11>online</11> course.The <12>communication</12> <13>medium</13> was a computer, a phone line, and a <14>modem</14>.<p13>I soon got <15>access</15> to the necessary equipment, learned how to use the technology from a friend and <16>participated</16> in the <17>virtual</17> classroom 5 to 7 days a week.<p14>Online learning is not easier than regular classroom study;it requires a lot of time, <18>commitment</18> and <19>discipline</19> to keep up with the flow of the course.<p15>I worked hard to meet the <20>minimum</20> standards set by the course and to complete <21>assignments</21> on time.I practiced all the time.I carried a little dictionary with me everywhere I went, as well as a notebook in which I listed any new words I heard.<p16>I made many, sometimes <23>embarrassing</23>, mistakes.<p17>Once in a while I cried out of <24>frustration</24>, and sometimes I felt like giving up.<p18>But I didn't feel intimidated by students who spoke faster than I did because I took all the time I needed to think out my ideas and wrote a reply before <25>posting</25> it on the screen. <p19>Then, one day I realized I could understand just about everything I came across, and most importantly, I could "say" anything I wanted to in English.<p20>Although I was still making many mistakes and was <27>continually</27> learning new ways to say things, I had finally <28>reaped</28> the <29>benefits</29> of all of my hard work.<p21>Learning a foreign language has been a most trying experience for me, but one that I wouldn't trade for anything.<p22>Not only did learning another language teach me the value of hard work, but it also gave me <30>insights</30> into another culture, and my mind was opened to new ways of seeing things. The most wonderful result of having learned a foreign language was that I could <31>communicate</31> with many more people than before.Talking with people is one of my <32>favorite</32> activities, so being able to speak a new language lets me meet new people, participate in conversations, and form new, unforgettable friendships.<p23>Now that I speak a foreign language, instead of staring into space when English is being spoken,I can participate and make friends.<p24>I am able to reach out to others and bridge the <33>gap</33> between my language and culture and theirs.学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication
(1) Intercultural communication (2) Cross-cultural communication (跨文 化传播) (3) International communication (4) Comparative mass communication (比较大众传播)
Core Content of ICC
(Rich and Gudykunst)
Interracial
International
Intercultural Communication
Interethnic
Intracultural
(Gudykunst and Hammer, 1987)
Four Categories of ICC
Question for Discussion:
1. Can you distinguish intercultural and crosscultural communication? Please give specific examples to illustrate international, interethnic, interracial communication. 2. Compare the core content of intercultural communication study as proposed by Rich and Gudykunst. 3. Please try to come up with at least 3 cases in your daily life to illustrate the features of intercultural communication phenomenon.
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Defining Intercultural Communication
International Communication
Chinese Chairman
American President
Defining Intercultural Communication
Interracial Communication
Chapter 1
Introduction to ICC
Learning Objectives
Define intercultural communication. Understand the importance of
intercultural communication. Briefly describe the developmental
Five Forms of ICC
(Rich ,1974)
(1) Intercultural communication (2) International communication (国际间
传播) (3) Interracial communication (种族间传
播)
(4) Interethnic or minority communication (少数民族间传播)
Four Categories of ICC
(Gudykunst and Hammer, 1987)
(1) Intercultural communication (2) Cross-cultural communication (跨文
化传播) (3) International communication (4) Comparative mass communication
写作教程(一)unit-1标准答案
写作教程(一)unit-1标准答案Unit 1PART Ⅱ FOCUSDenotation and ConnotationSuggested answer to the questionIf it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotesprotection but in a serious fashion.wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.2.Word Denotation Connotation Sentencegold a precious yellow metal wealth, value,preciousness, etcSilence is gold.moon the natural body that moves around the earthonce every 28 days tranquility, purity,something out ofreach, etc.There’s no pointhoping for peace inthe country. It’s likeasking for the moon.ice water frozen so that it has become solid coldness,indifference, cruelty,death, etc.The ice in his voicewas only to hide thepain.blood red liquid flowing through the bodies ofhumans and animals family background,descent, race,temperament, etc.Blood is thicker thanwater.bravery, spirit, and toughness.b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty anddelicacy.AttitudeReference for the Classroom Activities1.Favorable Neutral Unfavorableunique, quaint strange bizarre, abnormal resolute, steadfast stubborn, dogged pigheadedcompliment (v.) praise, commend, flatter lick one’s bootssenior citizen old person fossilbachelor girl single woman spinsterCollocationSuggested answers to the exercisea.do somebody a favorb.do somebody goodc.make a gestured.do evile.do harmf.make an effortReference for the Classroom Activities1.1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) BFalse FriendsSuggested answers to the questionThe misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends—flour or flower, ground (as the past participle of the verb grind) and ground (meaning the solid surface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.The false friends are lie meaning to keep one’s body in a flat position, andlie meaning to say something dishonest.2. a. Your fever rose yesterday.b. That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella’s eyebrows raised.c. Jack has been lying around all day.d. The soldiers laid aside their weapons.e. A heavy fog lay over the land.f. White stationery is always appropriate.g. Is that table stationary, or can it be moved to another corner of theroom?h. It is easier to talk about a principle than to live by it.i. Our principal played on the faculty football team against the schoolall-stars.3. Some other false friends:fair vs. fareIt’s not fair to put all the blame on him.Bus fares are going up again.passed vs. pastI passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.intense vs. intensiveShe suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs. furtherThe fog’s so thick; I can’t see farther than about five meters.Every day she thinks further and further into depression.PART III GARMMARSubject-Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when itexpresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, theverb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctionsdo not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositions or prepositional phrases such as as well as, asmuch as, rather than, along with, in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.Reference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take asingular verb.2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, half, the last, the rest, take asingular or plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3.Phrases like l ots of, heaps of, loads of take singular or plural verbs dependingon the form of the nouns that follow.4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject noun, theverb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa.He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaignpledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges.b.What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c.There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary1.After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person andnumber as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)2.After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular. But if the what-clause is in acompound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.3.In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on thenumber of the subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular. Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa.Nobody in town admits seeing him.b.Does anyone want to go with me?c.Are any of you going to the exhibition?d.None works/work so hard as he does.e.Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f.The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up themeeting.g.The jury is finally complete.h.The jury were divided in their opinions.i.New York Times is his bible.j.Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary1.Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one,and somebody generally require a singular verb.2.The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3.The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought ofas a unit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5.Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take asingular verb.6.Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generallytake a singular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news statistics, and whereabouts.Notes (I)Sample 1Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and theyare quick, easy and convenient.2. A note has three essential components:--the addressee—the person(s) to whom the note is written;--the message;--the sender.3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication toa single topic.Sample 2Suggested answers to the questions1.The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday,you may, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.2.You can add the word Dear before the addressee’s name and acomplimentary close.3. A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show. PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISESa. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. The statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake.d. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4000 students.i. Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3. (1) experienced (2) elapsed (3) attempting (4) with(5) take up (6) made (7) endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditoriumfor the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.j. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter’s gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.。
Chapter_1. Communication_An Intercultural Perspective
We communicate to give and receive information
We communicate to make sense of the world and our experience of it
We communicate to express our imagination and ourselves to others
Cultural Social
Physical
Encode-Channel-Decode Sender/receiver Sender/receiver Decode-Channel-Encode Feedback
Physical Context
the
conference room or living room the seating arrangements lighting the time of day the distance between speakers …
Exercises
3. You said to yourself, “Yes, I must get it done.” 4. On a construction site, some workers are working with a driller and that causes a great noise. 5. In a commercial, a housewife is using a detergent in the kitchen.
History of Human Communication
Human communication is as old as mankind.
国际商务函电Chapter one
Standard Parts
Optional Parts
1.Letterhead 信头
外贸(公司)商号的信笺，一般都印有信头， 外贸(公司)商号的信笺，一般都印有信头， 包括写信人的公司名称、地址、电话号码、 包括写信人的公司名称、地址、电话号码、 传真号及E mail等 有些会将经营项目， 传真号及E-mail等，有些会将经营项目， 注册商标和公司董事、 注册商标和公司董事、经理等姓名一并印 在信头上。如需打印， 在信头上。如需打印，则信头位于信笺上 中央或右上方。 中央或右上方。 地址的排列应由小到大。 地址的排列应由小到大。
5.The body of the letter 正文
书信的主体，表达发信人的意见。 书信的主体，表达发信人的意见。在信的 开头有开头语( Sentences),自成 开头有开头语(Opening Sentences),自成 一节， 一节，在习惯上是用客套语先将收到对方 的来信的日期、编号或查号、 的来信的日期、编号或查号、主题及简单 内容加以综合叙述， 内容加以综合叙述，使对方一目了然这封 信是答复哪一封去信的。如果是第一次通 信是答复哪一封去信的。 信也可以利用开头语作必要的自我介绍。 信也可以利用开头语作必要的自我介绍。
We are in the market for silk blouses and should be pleased if you could kindly quote us your keenest prices for the goods below. Offer, quotation , order, counteroffer L/C , CIF , FOB YL11/11RVD S/C123 L/C UNRCV PLSRUSH
Chapter 1 Communcation An Intercultural Perspective
1. Needs and Purposes for communication
• • • • Social needs Information Making sense of the world Self-expression
• A word: scrimp
2. The Definition of Communication
• 1. Dance and Larson (1972): 126 definitions • 2. Samovar & Porter (1997): • Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.
4. The Components of Communication
• People (sender, receiver):
• • • simutaniously & continually thought, feeling, symbol) verbal or nonverbal
• A Message: something (idea,
•
1. The multidisciplinary nature: LAPSE (James Alutis) • 2. Other disciplines: CC
• III. A Review of Intercultural Business Communication
• 1. The applications of intercultural communication
• Noise: anything
•
• • • •
商务英语写作 1
• 句子中的单词数
• 第一次阅读即理解的 读者百分比： 95% 75% 4%
7-10 15-20 27 or more
6. Use modern terminology （语句） We are in receipt of you letter of 12 June. ---- Thank you for your letter of 12 June. … the above-mentioned goods ---- … these goods Please find enclosed… ---- I enclose…
any questions.
The weakest links(2)
2. So many long-winded expressions
KISS 原则---- Keep It Short and Simple 长单词，长短语，长句子， 长段落不会打 动任何人，只会把人搞糊涂。
I should be very grateful ---- Please Purchase ---- buy endeavor ---- try Commer us with a prompt reply. ---- I hope to received a prompt reply.
Please revert to us soonest. ---- I hope to hear from you soon.
5. Remember the KISS principle in the very near future ---- soon We would like to ask you ---- please At a later date ---- later In the event that ---- if With regard to ---- about In spite of the fact that ---- despite
跨文化商务沟通chapter1
Processes
Natural Man Made
Knowledge Belief Encoding Systems Decoding Thought
•From Borden, 1991, 171
•Copyright © 2014 Pearson
•11
Education, Inc.
跨文化商务沟通chapter1
lazy, poor, loud, dirty, uneducated
cold, respect authority, hard-working
religious, quarrelsome, wealthy, greedy
•Copyright © 2014 Pearson
பைடு நூலகம்•16
• Learning and sharing require communication
• Communication requires coding and symbols that are learned and shared. (Smith, 1966)
•Copyright © 2014 Pearson
Japanese
Americans
English Irish Chinese Mexicans Russians Israelis
gentlemanly, polite
cold, patient, religious
diligent, serious ingenious, laboring
cheerful, passionate spicy-food eaters
• Diffusion - the process by which two cultures learn and adapt materials and adopt practices of each other
Chapter 1-1
3
Language is ……
What is language?
4
Comments on the following ideas
1. Language is a means of communication. 2. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 3. The function of language is to exchange information.
The subject matter of linguistics
• The subject matter of linguistics is all natural languages, living or dead. • It studies the origin, growth, organization, nature and development of languages. • It discovers the general rules and principles governing languages.
21
Phonetics (语音学)
• It is the scientific study of speech sounds, including the articulation, transmission and reception of speech sounds, the description and classification of speech sounds. • [b] 双唇爆破辅音
• Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways:
商务英语Chapter 1 Written Communication
销售部主管 行业部经理 进口&出口部经理 人事部经理 财务部经理（常务审计师 会计师） 生产部经理
Business English Correspondence
Chapter One
by Sissi
Part one Questions for consideration
1. What is foreign trade letter? 2.What are the seven C’s principles? 3.What are the functions of business letter?
The function of business letters
To inform To persuade
To entertain
BUSSINESS CARD writing
The company’s name Card holder Position/ title The address of company Postal code Telephone number Fax number E-mail address
Additional Knowledge on Business Retailing The meaning of retailing GDP GNP
Classification of retailing 1
As the form of retailing (Store retailing): Plaza Discount store Trading center/ market Corporate chains Department store Supermarket Outlet Franchise
communication (1)
• Textbook:
– Communicating in Business (Eighth Edition )
by Scot Ober and Amy Newman
• Contact Information:
– christianwang@
• Stakeholders include:
– – – – – Employees Clients Customers Competitors stockholders
• Business depends on communication to:
– Plan – Hire – Terminate – Train – Motivate – Coordinate – persuade
– verbal communication and nonverbal communication – formal communication and informal communication
• verbal communication
– It refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message. It serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts. – – – – – – – Face-to-face Phone conversations Meetings Email messages Letters Memos Reports
6
12
•
As a global company, Benetton requires borderless communication to ensure their abilities in solving complex business challenges. The development of Information Technology has tremendously helped many companies such as Benetton in creating a link and a network between the company, its business partners and its consumers. The availability of Internet and Intranet has simplified the formal reporting procedures and complex work flows. It also ensures Benetton the ability to take care of what is really important in their business. The communication style within the company is informal in order to ensure transparency and quick response to the changing market condition. Here, the open and informal communication between employees in the organizational hierarchy goes hand in hand with the formality of the business. While decision making process remains in the part of the high management, new idea developments are often generated from the way discussions are held openly and freely inside the company. By having a communication style that allows employees in different departments and rankings to share ideas and information freely, Benetton makes it possible for the company to create and execute innovative strategies (new ideas generated from information sharing) and to maintain the effectiveness of the organization (quick information flow without problems of bureaucracy will make it possible to react quickly to the market needs and trends).
外贸函电 Chapter one
2. Be courteous and considerate
Reply promptly to all communications-answer on the same day if possible. If you cannot answer immediately, write a brief note and explain why. This will create goodwill. Understand and respect the recipient’s point of view. Resist the temptation to reply as if your correspondent is wrong. If you feel some comments are unfair, be tactful and try not to cause offence. Resist the temptation to reply to an offensive letter in a similar tone. Instead, answer courteously and do not lower your dignity.
letterhead (2) the inside address (3) the date (4) the salutation (5) the body of the letter (6) the complimentary close (7) the signature
(1) the
Part of Business Letters B. The optional parts
2. Indented style with Closed Punctuation 缩行式
英语写作 教材
英语写作教材Title: English Writing ManualIntroduction:The English Writing Manual is designed to help learners of English improve their writing skills. This comprehensive handbook covers various aspects of writing, including grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, and essay composition. By following the lessons and exercises in this manual, learners will be able to express themselves effectively in written English.Chapter 1: The Writing Process- Understanding the steps involved in writing: prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing- Generating ideas through brainstorming and mind-mapping techniques- Developing a clear thesis statement- Organizing ideas and creating outlinesChapter 2: Grammar and Sentence Structure- Review of commonly misunderstood grammar rules, such as verb tense, subject-verb agreement, and pronoun usage- Effective use of punctuation marks, including commas, semicolons, and apostrophes- Sentence types: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex- Avoiding common grammatical errors and improving sentence clarityChapter 3: Vocabulary and Word Choice- Building a strong vocabulary through reading and word study- Using a variety of synonyms and antonyms to enhance writing- Understanding collocations and idiomatic expressions- Enhancing word choice and avoiding clichésChapter 4: Writing Forms and Styles- Different types of writing: descriptive, narrative, persuasive, and expository- Understanding the audience and purpose of writing- Techniques for effectively engaging readers- Developing a personal voice and writing styleChapter 5: Essay Composition- The structure of an essay: introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion- Writing strong thesis statements and topic sentences- Organizing ideas logically and effectively using transition words - Developing critical thinking skills and supporting arguments with evidenceChapter 6: Revising and Editing- Reviewing and improving content and clarity- Proofreading for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors- Seeking feedback from peers and utilizing revision strategies- Polishing the final piece and ensuring coherence and coherence Conclusion:The English Writing Manual is a valuable resource for learners of English who aspire to improve their writing skills. By providing clear explanations, useful examples, and engaging exercises, thismanual equips learners with the necessary tools to express themselves confidently and effectively in written English.。
写作教程第一册1~3单元答案
写作教程第一册部分答案(Units1~3)Unit 1Part IV Writing Notes (1)Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communicationand they are quick, easy and convenient.2.A note has three essential components:①the addressee--the person(s)to whom the note is written; ②the message; ③the sender3.Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, anddedication to a single topic.Part V Follow-up Exercises1.1)mouse-hearted→chicken-heart 2)politician→statesman 3)wind→breeze 4)utilize→drink 5)ascertaining→finding 6)was bombarded with→received a lot of 7）opened→drew back 8）contain→accommodate 9）habits→customs3.1) experienced 2)elapsed 3)attempting 4)with 5)take up 6)made 7)endeavor 8)true4. 1) The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.2) We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.3) Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.4) We must pursue this matter further.5) The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.6) All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.7) The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.8) The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.9) (correct)10) He was awaked to the risk.Unit 2Colloquial and slangSuggested answers to the questionsThe grotesqueness of this sentence lies in the incongruity of style. The word bomb is a slang expression that is too casual to go with the subject, and the sentence can be revised into: The violin virtuoso’s performance on the cello was a big failure.The revised short paragraph: The author has made a lifetime’s study of film history, and the knowledge she has accumulated is tempered by a fine sense of judgment. She devotes a whole chapter to an analysis of horror films. These films, according to her, do much more than just frighten us; they enable us to forget our worries.Style and audienceSuggested answers to the questionsThe expected reader of Excerpt 1 is a pal of the person who leaves the note, so the language is colloquial.The reader of Excerpt 2 does not have an intimate relationship with the writer of the note. They might be business associates, for example. The language stands somewhere between formal and informal but more on the formal side.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.If there is an accident or incident that may be covered by this policy,notify us in writing as soon as possible. Y ou can give tis notice to any of our authorized agents.2.(omitted)3.The first excerpt is colloquial and the two persons may be friends orcolleagues.The second excerpt is rather formal and the two persons may be colleagues.The third is the most formal. Actually it is taken from a report and the writer may be the head of the department.Point of viewRevised version 1When people read about a natural disaster in another country, it hardly affects them. Of course, they feel bad and upset when people get killed. But as these disasters happen thousands of miles away from them and because they don’t affect their own life, they are not traumatized by them. If a flood killed their own close friends, they would be more emotionally upset.Revised version 2When we read about a natural disaster in another country, it hardly affects us. Of course, we feel bad and upset when people get killed. But as these disasters happen thousands of miles away from us and because they don’t affect our own life, we are not traumatized by them. If a flood killed our close friends, we would be more emotionally upset.Notice while the first version is comfortable and respectable, the second one involves the audience more effectively and directly because of the use of the pronoun we. The pronoun you can also achieve the same effect in this paragraph.Part IV WritingSample 1 Suggested answer to the exerciseSept.8Dear Aunt Jenny,Thank you so much for the lovely robot dog you give me. It is just what I’ve dreamed of for ages. Y ou really know me. Thanks again for the wonderful gift.Y ours,RoseSample 2 Suggested answer to the exerciseSept. 12Lucy,I got a ticket for you to the Arts Festival on Sept. 18 at Yifu Auditorium, as we have discussed before. I’ll arrange for a car to bring you here at 4:00 p.m. Give me a ring and tell me if you are coming or not. Thanks.JennyPart V Follow-up Exercises1.1）In this excerpt, Liza’s style is all but appropriate for the occasion.At the beginning, she chooses a formal and affected style but later slides to colloquial and finally slang expressions. The other characters at the scene use general and colloquial vocabulary that is appropriate for the context.2) No. Here the obvious switch from a formal to a highly colloquialstyle shows Liza in a transitional stage. She does not see that her learned comment on the weather is inappropriate. And when the subject changes into influenza, she forgets she is supposed to be a lady and reverts to(回归) her natural speech, which incidentally is much more expressive and colorful than her phony formality（假装正式）.2. 1) play a minor role/be a uility man 2)That’s Greek to me. 3)belated action/advice 4)Where there is smoke there’s fire. 5)an evil creature 6)walk into the trap 7)on e’s face glowing with health3. 1) We must practice economy./ We must reduce unnecessary expenditure.2) It is essential to control environmental pollution.3) We must arrive at the station on time.4) Financial expenditures should be arranged in order of priority.5) We must speed up constructions of urban housing so as to improve the housing condition.6) To be allowed to make profits, private capital has to meet twoconditions: the profits must be legal, and they must not be excessive.7) During the period of the Tenth Five-Y ear Plan we must never neglect grain production. Instead, we must steadily increase it.4. Reference version: Women’s RightsIn feudal China, women had low social status, and were regarded as inferior to men. Thanks to the women’s liberation movement, women have achieved equal status with men, which is established by the law. But in fact, they still can’t enjoy equal rights with men.At home, wives are expected to do all the housework, which is obviously unfair. Husban and wife should share the housework and family responsibilities. But in some families husbands usually get angry when they find the cleaning or cooking unfinished by their wives. One can’t help wondering why they don’t do it by themselves.I think women should be spiritually and financially independent if they want real equality. In order to do that, they have to learn as much as men so as to find a good job. Appearance is no longer important to women. It is their ability that can bring them a good job rather thantheir appearance. So I think the best way for women to win more rights is to receive good education.5.1)me2) who 3)I 4)me/myself 5)me 6)each other’s 7)who 8)us9)whom 10)some 11)one’s 12)his 13)his 14)his, his6. 1) We are all born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all of us are treated as equals. This inequality begins when we reach the age of ive, for this is when we will enter elementary school. In school, we are no longer “Mommy’s little darling.”We now have to prove ourselves to the other children and also to our teacher. If we seem different from the other students, we are treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech, religion, and so forth. Right from the start, we think that as long as we are different, there is something wrong with us.Unit 3Part IIConciseness Classroom activities2. 1) Xianming High School has a faculty that do their jobs well.2) One of the requirements is a term paper of three thousand words on asubject of your choice.3) College is difficult to adjust to because you are left on your own tosolve many problems.4) A career in the Army has both advantages and disadvantages. So doesthe return to the civilian life from the military.5) Teenage pregnancy has created a lot of controversy.Preciseness Classroom activities1. 1) Kate said she had an boring time at the homecoming party.2) I think Mr Brown is an unconvincing speaker.3) The husband gave the wife a diamond necklace for her bithday.4) There are certain traits I look for in judging a person’s character.Effectiveness Classroom activities1.1) Jo’s mouth: decidedher nose: comicalher eyes: sharp, gray, fierce, funny, thoughtfulher hair: long, thickher shoulder: roundher hands and feet: big2) Awkward colt is repetitious as the word colt carries the sense of awkwardness already. Therefore, it is unnecessary to use a modifierher.Louisa May Alcott’s novel Little WomenLouisa May Alcott(1832-1888)路易莎·梅·奥尔科特是一位美国女作家。
阅读材料1 chapter 1-Introduction-to-communication
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONWhat is communication?The word "Communication" is one of the most important words in the English language vocabulary. Lack of communication or the inability of people to communicate effectively causes stress, frustration, anger, resentment, disappointment and misunderstanding. Most of the problems occur at the workplace are due to miscommunication and misunderstanding. Good communication skills of the workers are important and vital for the success of the workplace.If you ask a person "what is communication", he or she may come up with a definition that "communication is transmitting and receiving information". The root meaning of the word'communication' derives from Latin "Communis", meaning 'common' or 'shared'. This word is in the group of words 'communication', 'communism', and 'community'. When you have some information, until you have shared it with another person, you have not communicated it and communication process is not completed by this only. Until he has understood it the way you understand it, the said information has not been shared. Communication is the process of creating shared understanding (Baker, 2000). According to Kaul (1998), communication is a process of interaction.Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is not an accident that communication and community have the same word root. There would be no communities without communication and vice versa.Human communication is something people do. It has no life of its own. People make relationship between each other by communication. It is not conducted entirely or even mostly in words. Nonverbal communication occupies a great role in human communication as well as verbal communication.Communication seems to flow through the social system like blood through the individual cardio-vascular system. A human being engages communication from birth to death. You cannot not communicate. Humans are living in groups. So they have to communicate at any moment. It is essential.According to Harold D. Lasswell, there are three social functions in communication.∙Surveillance of the environment.∙Correlation of the different parts of society in responding to environment.∙Transmission of the social heritage from one generation to another.Charles Write added a fourth function to Lasswell's categories.∙EntertainmentCommunication is a science as old as mankind. From the very early stage of the human evolution, humans felt the need of communication. Initially, they made use of body language, signs and symbols to transmit message. With time, signs and symbols were replaced by words and languages.Aristotle proposed the first model of communication. His simplistic model of communication has the components of sender, receiver and message. In his model, the sender is the primary important component. The process of communication is one-way.Lasswell extended the scope of Aristotle's model by emphasizing on the channel of communication. The three factors on which Lasswell put emphasis are - the sender, the message and the channel. His model also proposed a one-way communication process.Shannon and Weaver have integrated the concepts proposed by Aristotle & Lasswell and emphasized the importance of the encoding the message prior to send it to the receiver. It should be encoded in a form, which would be accepted by the receiver. They also recognized the potential of noise in distorting the message. According to these two, flow o?communication is a one-way process. But they have given an important role to feedback process.In 1955, Wilbur Schramm proposed three models of communication - each an improvement of the existing one. His first model was similar to the model of Shannon-Weaver. By his second model, for the first time, the receiver was taken into consideration and his field of knowledge was also thought to be equally important. However these two models were one-way. His third model was a major breakthrough in the field of communication. For the first time it proposed the significance of two-way communication. It necessitated that after decoding the message by the receiver, response should be transmitted to the sender.Importance of communicationWithin the past 30 - 50 years many changes have taken place in the communication field than in the whole history of mankind. These technological improvements enable us 10 communicate faster more efficiently and effectively. We have got e-mail, Internet, fax, telephones, pagers, mobile phones, etc. However the question is "Do we communicate more effectively"? The answer is "No".Children today have less opportunity to communicate and learn people's skills. Many rush out to the school without having a proper breakfast. In the classroom they are under pressure to achieve academically. There is less time to play and interact with other students.After school they rush out to tuition classes. Back at home, many children eat their meal in front of the TV. Then they are isolated in their own world. They do not have enough time for human relationship skills.In many homes it is rare for a family to sit around a table and eat a meal together. Family members have a less time to interact with each other, even between the husband and wife. Marriage break-ups, divorce and domestic strife all seem to be on the increase. One of the major reasons for these conflicts is lack of communication between the family embers. The successful family environment used to be the greatest vaccination to human conflicts. In this environment children were guided and unacceptable behaviour was corrected.Everything that we do throughout the day involves communication in one form or another. Communication touches every sphere of our lives. When communication breaks down; marriages break up; wars start between countries; conflicts start between companies, etc. According to Professor Stephen Hawking of Cambridge University the world's problems could be solved if we kept talking.One big company gave jobs to 1000 University graduates. They are intelligent, well qualified and hard working. But within 12 months 60 percent of them have left the company. Why? Some are simply not up to it, or find that the work doesn't suit them, but the largest single reason for this high drop-out rate is their inability to communicate with their peers and their supervisors. You can acquire great knowledge, but unless you can communicate to others, it is worthless. The good example in Buddhisam is "Pachcheka Buddha". He cannot communicate his knowledge to others like "Buddha.?Many Human Resource managers complain that it is not easy to find people who can communicate effectively. The major problem is in the education system. The teachers do not teach their students how to communicate effectively. Therefore these students are not prepared for the business world.Poor communication will inevitably lead to a negative outcome. Effective communication will undoubtedly lead to a positive one.In the modern world there is a more urgent need than ever for people at the top to be able to communicate with others.It would be impossible for anyone in any public company to hold his job without mastering the skills of how to communicate with employees, peers, customers, clients, superiors, handle the media and speak in public, etc.Managers spend 70 to 80 percent of their time in some form of communication - speaking, reading, writing and listening. Management must communicate to gain understanding to motivate, and to obtain cooperation from employees. Every aspect of management is related in some way to the process of communication. Unfortunately 70 percent of all business communications fail to achieve their intended purpose.A manager must communicate effectively in order to achieve personal success in an organization. Managers are evaluated or assessed by their ability to communicate with superiors, subordinates, peers and clients. Communication is the vehicle through which human abilities and physical resources are combined to produce outputs and achieve objectives (Jitendra, 1998).Definition of communicationThere are a number of definitions for communication. Few of them are as follows.∙Roger & Shoemaker: Transferring a message from source to receiver (One way communication)∙Kincaid & Schramm: Sharing of information (Two way communication)∙Gecolea: Process of sharing, ideas, feeling and attitudes∙Nanayakkara G. : The exchange of ideas in such a way that the meanings and intention are accurately understood by the persons involved.∙Leagans: Communication is a process by which two or more people exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains a common understanding of meaning,intent and use of message.∙Thayer: Communication is the mutual interchanges of ideas by any effective means.There is no single universally accepted definition for communication. Therefore I would like to suggest the following definition."Communication is a process which occurs by sharing ideas, information and feelings among two or more people. It provides an interaction between two or more people."By the above given definition we can have an idea about the nature of communication.∙Communication is a process: It is a dynamic, continuous, ongoing, flexible activity.Communication has no beginning or end.∙Communication takes place within more than two people: To have a communication there should be at least two people. Because human communication takes place among people.∙Communication shares ideas, information and feelings: Effective communication takes place when it is a two-way communication. Through communication it is expected to share ideas, information and feelings of the people.∙Communication provides interaction between the people: Existence of any community depends on interaction of the people internally and externally both. To have suchinteraction, people have to share ideas, information and feelings. That means they have to communicate with each other.Purpose of communicationDifferent scholars have identified different purpose of communication. According to Schramm, purpose of communication is an immediate reward and a delayed reward.He says that individuals are rewarded immediately on receiving or producing some kind of message. According to Berlo, the only purpose of communication is to influence others. He says that our communication behavior has its (purpose, its goal, as the production of a response. On the basis of above given descriptions and on our own experiences, purposes of communication can be listed as follows.∙Inform the others∙Receive others response∙Convince the people∙Make love with others∙Seek advice and solution for problems∙Complete the given tasks, administrate the people, collaborate with the colleagues and coordinate with others∙Entertain the others and enjoy yourselfSome other authors as Lasswell and Write have described the purposes of mass communication as surveillance, interpretation and prescription, transmission of culture and entertainment.The purpose of communication is a very wide one. By speaking and writing we send the messages. By listening and reading we receive the messages. According to the research studies in communication it has been found that everyone listens more than what he talks. He reads more than writes. In general everyone spends more time for receiving message than sending. For example the time allocation in communication activities in a day is as follows。
写作教程(一)unit 1答案
Unit 1PART Ⅱ FOCUSDenotation and ConnotationSuggested answer to the questionIf it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotesprotection but in a serious fashion.wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.2. a. In the West, every male person has the good qualities of males, such as bravery,spirit, and toughness.b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty and delicacy. AttitudeReference for the Classroom Activities2. a. unique b. pigheaded c. flattered d. fossil e. spinsterCollocationSuggested answers to the exercisea.do somebody a favorb.do somebody goodc.make a gestured.do evile.do harmf.make an effortReference for the Classroom Activities1.1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) BFalse FriendsSuggested answers to the questionThe misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends—flour or flower, ground (as the past participle of the verb grind) and ground (meaning the solid surface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.The false friends are lie meaning to keep one’s body in a flat position, and liemeaning to say something dishonest.2. a. Your fever rose yesterday.b. That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella’s eyebrows raised.c. Jack has been lying around all day.d. The soldiers laid aside their weapons.e. A heavy fog lay over the land.f. White stationery is always appropriate.g. Is that table stationary, or can it be moved to another corner of the room?h. It is easier to talk about a principle than to live by it.i. Our principal played on the faculty football team against the schoolall-stars.3. Some other false friends:fair vs. fareIt’s not fair to put all the blame on him.Bus fares are going up again.passed vs. pastI passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.intense vs. intensiveShe suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs. furtherThe fog’s so thick; I can’t see farther than about five meters.Every day she thinks further and further into depression.PART III GARMMARSubject-Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom Activitiesa.He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges.b.What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c.There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa.Nobody in town admits seeing him.b.Does anyone want to go with me?c.Are any of you going to the exhibition?d.None works/work so hard as he does.e.Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f.The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting.g.The jury is finally complete.h.The jury were divided in their opinions.i.New York Times is his bible.PART ⅣWRITINGNotes (I)Sample 1Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and they arequick, easy and convenient.2. A note has three essential components:--the addressee—the person(s) to whom the note is written;--the message;--the sender.3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication to a single topic.Sample 2Suggested answers to the questions1.The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday, youmay, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.2.You can add the word Dear before the addressee’s name and a complimentaryclose.3. A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1.a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. The statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake.d. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4000 students.i. Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3. (1) experienced (2) elapsed (3) attempting (4) with(5) take up (6) made (7) endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.j. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter’s gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.。
英文学术论文写作
关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议（2013年4月补充）一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章：Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis，不超过半页）。
本章要求简炼，开门见山，一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述，其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究（existing studies），重点介绍以下内容：（1）关于这个问题（指论文要研究的问题）前人已经做了哪些研究？采用了哪些研究方法？得出了哪些研究结论？（2）关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题？文献综述不是简单地“抄书”，也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景，也有利于作者进一步理清思路，为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点：1．本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述，但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近（如近2、3年）的研究进展情况。
2．尽量使用第一手资料，而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料，指论文作者没有看到原始文献，而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述，而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
读写教程4unit1作文
读写教程4unit1作文英文回答：In Unit 1 of the Writing Tutorial 4, we learn about the importance of effective communication in both written and spoken forms. Effective communication is essential in our daily lives, whether it is in our personal relationships or professional interactions.One of the key aspects of effective communication is clarity. When we communicate, we need to ensure that our message is clear and easily understood by the recipient. This can be achieved by using simple language, avoiding jargon or technical terms that the other person may not be familiar with. For example, instead of saying "I need to reschedule our meeting due to a conflicting commitment," I could say "I have another appointment at that time, can we find another time to meet?"Another important aspect of effective communication isactive listening. It is not enough to just speak or write, but we also need to listen carefully to what the other person is saying. This shows respect and understanding towards the other person's perspective. For instance, when my friend is telling me about a problem they are facing, I can actively listen by nodding, asking follow-up questions, and providing empathetic responses.Furthermore, non-verbal communication plays a crucial role in conveying our message. Our body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice can greatly impact how our message is perceived by others. For example, if I am giving a presentation and I speak with confidence, maintain eye contact, and use appropriate gestures, it will enhance the effectiveness of my communication.In addition, cultural sensitivity is important in effective communication. Different cultures have different communication styles and norms. It is crucial to be aware of these differences and adapt our communication accordingly. For instance, in some cultures, it is considered rude to interrupt someone while they arespeaking, while in others it may be seen as a sign of active engagement in the conversation.中文回答：在《写作教程4》的第一单元中，我们学习到了有效沟通在书面和口头形式上的重要性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
If you feel some comments are unfair, be tactful and try not to cause offence.
Resist the temptation to reply to an offensive letter in a similar tone. Instead, answer courteously and do not lower your dignity.
3. Features
1. 2. 3.
It has its unique language style and jargons It is full of business terminations and abbreviations There is a close relations between EBC and international trade
1. Remember your ABC
Accurate Check facts carefully Include all relevant details Proofread thoroughly Brief keep sentences short
Use simple expressions Use non-technical language Clear Use plain, simple English Write in an easy, natural style
Part of Business Letters
A. The standard parts
(1) the
letterhead (2) the inside address (3) the date (4) the salutation (5) the body of the letter (6) the complimentary close (7) the signature
Chapter 13 E-Mails
Preface
1.Definition
English business correspondence refers to the letters , cables, telexes, faxes and e-mails dealing in international business, as well as in domestic trade, of course.
Envelopes addressing
The principles of addressing envelopes:
accuracy clearness appearance
Envelopes addressing
Name and address of the receiver should be typed above half way down the envelope, leaving enough space for the postmark or stamps. the return address should be printed in the upper left corner of the envelope. Post notations such as ‘Registered’, ‘Certified’ or ‘Confidential’ should be placed in the bottom left-hand corner.
Contents
Chapter 7 Terms of Payment
Chapter 8 Letter of Credit
Chapter 9 Packing & Shipment
Chapter 10 Insurance
Chapter 11 Complaints & Claim
Chapter 12 Agency
3. Use appropriate tone
If your letter is to achieve its purpose the tone must be appropriate. The tone of your letter reflects the spirit in which you put your letter across. You alter your tone of voice to convey messages in different ways. Much of what you say is also interpreted through non-verbal clues----- eye contact, gestures, inflections of the voice, etc. This type of ‘reading between the lines’ is not possible with the written word. Therefore it is vital to choose your words carefully. You can be firm or friendly, persuasive or conciliatory—it depends on the impression you wish to convey. It is important to try to get the tone right because using the wrong tone could cause real offence to your reader.
Form of a business letter
1.The fully blocked style with Open Punctuation
The fully blocked style is now the most widely used method of display for all business documents. This style is thought to have a business appearance. This layout reduces typing time as there are no indentations for new paragraphs or the closing section.
English for Business Communication
Second Edition
E-mail: uibep@
Contents
Chapter 1 Written communication------ an overview Chapter 2 Establishment of Business Relations Chapter 3 Inquiries and replies Chapter 4 Making Quotations & Offers Chapter 5 Counteroffers & Declining Orders Chapter 6 Acceptance & Orders
Avoid formality or familiarity
2. Be courteous and considerate
Reply promptly to all communications-answer on the same day if possible. If you cannot answer immediately, write a brief note and explain why. This will create goodwill. Understand and respect the recipient’s point of view. Resist the temptation to reply as if your correspondent is wrong.
Envelopes addressing
When a letter is mailed to a third person who is bound to pass it onto the addressee, write the third person's name down below the addressee’s, write the words ‘care of’ in front of it.
2. Indented style with Open Punctuation
Following traditional British practice the indented style business letters are roughly divided into two styles: "Blocked" and "Indented". The former is used mainly in the United States while the latter is used to be popular in British and the old British colonies.
Examples:
We are in the market for silk blouses and should be pleased if you could kindly quote us your keenest prices for the goods below Offer quotation order counteroffer letter of credit CIF FOB YL11/11RVD S/C123 L/CUNRCV PLSRUSH
Open punctuation is often used with the fully blocked style. Again this reduces typing time because there is no need for any unnecessary full stops and commas.