中国地质大学(北京)2018年考博英语翻译
2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】
2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】导读：本文2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
【第一篇：健康的乐观主义】大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。
但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。
哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。
”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有的结果。
Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。
比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。
他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。
接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。
最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。
参考译文Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of thingsthat happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.【第二篇：希望工程】Project Hope is a public good project launched in1989, the goal of which is to help young dropouts inpoverty-stricken areas. The two major tasks ofProject Hope are to help build Hope Primary Schoolsand fund the poor students. China is still adeveloping country, thus shortage of education fundin poverty-stricken areas is still a severe problem. Because of poverty, more than 30 millionchildren between the ages of 6-14 are unable to attend school or are forced to drop out. Theimplement of Project Hope changes the fate of a large number of dropouts and improves theschool faculties in poverty-stricken areas. The development of basic education is thus greatlyenhanced and the fine tradition of taking pleasure in helping others isalso promoted. 参考翻译: 希望工程(Project Hope)是于1989年发起的一项公益事业，以救助贫困地区失学儿童(young dropouts)为目的。
北京地大考博专业英复习材料
1 Description of Igneous RocksThe classification of igneous rocks is based first on the size of grains and second on the mineralogical composition. A coarsegrained rock is one in which the grain size is large enough for us to recognize individual minerals either with the naked eye or with the aid of a low-power magnifying lens. A fine-grained rock is one in which the grains are too small to be distinguished from each other and in which the "groundmass" appears homogeneous. Rock characteristics such as the sizes and shapes of grains and their arrangement are generally referred to in the broad category of texture.Once we have subdivided the igneous rocks into coarse and fine grained, the next major breakdown is made on the basis of mineralogical composition. To describe coarse-grained rocks①, we shall use the name granite for all rocks containing quartz; diorite for rocks without quartz but having a preponderance of feldspar (generally plagioclase); and gabbro for rocks in which dark minerals such as hornblende and augite predominate over other minerals. Actually the percentages of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, plagioclase, hornblende, augite, and olivine vary gradually from one rock to another, and the boundaries we have placed to delineate the various rock types are arbitrary. Thus, most rocks containing large amounts of quartz are also rich in potassium feldspar and comparatively impoverished in dark minerals such as hornblende and augite. Olivine occurs only in rocks comparatively rich in hornblende and augite, or in the special and rather rare rock peridotite. Olivine and quartz cannot occur together, because the two would react to form a pyroxene.The fine-grained rocks have a range of chemical composition nearly identical to that of the coarse-grained rocks②. The classification, however,is not based on chemical composition but on the presence of visible and readily identifiable minerals. Consequently, the rocks which are completely fine grained are virtually unclassifiable except under very high-power magni-fication. Most fine-grained rocks, however, contain a small percentage of grains which are sufficiently coarse to be identified with the aid of a hand lens. These grains which are larger than their surrounding minerals are called phenocrysts, and a rock containing phenocrysts is said to have a porphyritic texture. The classification of fine-grained rocks, then, is based on the proportion of minerals which form phenocrysts and these phenocrysts reflect the general composition of the remainder of the rook. The fine-grained portion of a porphyritic rock is generally referred to as the groundm ass of the phenocrysts. The terms "porphyritic" and "phenocrysts" are not restricted tofine-grained rocks but may also apply to coarse-grained rocks which contain a few crystals distinctly larger than the remainder.The term obsidian refers to a glassy rock of rhyolitic composition. In general, fine-grained rocks consisting of small crystals cannot readily be distinguished from③glassy rocks in which no crystalline material is present at all. The obsidians, however, are generally easily recognized by their black and highly glossy appearance. Pumice is a white porous glass of the same com-position as obsidian. Apparently the difference between the modes of formation of obsidian and pumice is that in pumice the entrapped water vapors have been able to escape by a frothing process which leaves a network of interconnected pore spaces, thus giving the rock a highly porous and open appearance.④Pegmatite is a rock which is texturally the exact opposite of obsidian.⑤Pegmatites are generally formed as dikes associated with major bodies of granite. They are characterized by extremely large individual crystals; in some pegmatites crystals up to several tens of feet in length have been identified, but the average size is measured in inches. Most mineralogical museums contain a large number of spectacular crystals from pegmatites.Peridotite is a rock consisting primarily of olivine, though some varieties contain pyroxene in addition. It occurs only as coarse-grained intrusives, and no extrusive rocks of equivalent chemical composition have ever been found.Tuff is a rock which is igneous in one sense and sedimentary in another⑥.A tuff is a rock formed from pyroclastic material which has been blown out of a volcano and accumulated on the ground as individual fragments called ash.Two terms are useful to refer solely to the composition of igneous rocks regardless of their textures. The term silicic signifies an abundance of silica-rich and light-colored minerals, such as quartz, potassium feldspar, and sodic plagioclase. The term basic signifies an abundance of dark colored minerals relatively low in silica and high in calcium, iron, and magnesium. Such minerals would include hornblende, augite, and calcic plagioclase. Some geologists refer to olivine-rich rocks as ultrabasic.New wordsaccumulate [☜kju:mjuleit] v. 堆积appearance [☜pi☜r☜ns] n. 外表arbitrary [ a:bitr☜ri] a. 人为的ash [✌☞] n. 火山灰augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石basic [ beisik] a. 基性的breakdown [ breikdaun] n. v. 分解calcic [ k✌lsik] a. 钙的calcium [ k✌lsi☜m] n. 钙category [ k✌ti♈☜ri] n. 类型，范畴classification [kl✌sifi kei☞☜n] n. 分类crystal [ kristl] n. 晶体crystalline [ krist☜lain] a. 晶质的dike [daik] n. 岩墙diorite [ dai☜rait] n. 闪长岩distinctly [dis ti☠ktli] ad. 明显地entrap [in tr✌p] v. 圈闭，feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石fragment [ fr✌♈m☜nt] n. 碎片frothing fr i☠] n. 沸腾，发泡gabbro [ ♈✌br☜u] n. 辉长岩glassy [ ♈la:si] a. 玻璃质的glossy [ ♈l si] a. 有光泽的granite [ ♈r✌nit] n. 花岗岩groundmass [ ♈raundm✌s] n. 基质homogeneous [ֽh m☜d✞i:ni☜s] 均匀的hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石igneous [ i♈ni☜s] a. 火成的impoverish [im p v☜ri☞] vt. 使无力，使枯竭intrusive [in tru:siv] n. 侵入体interconnect [ int☜k☜nekt] vt. 使相互连接（连通）iron [ ai☜n] n. 铁magnesium [m✌♈ni:zj☜m] n. 镁magnification [m✌♈nifi kei☞☜n] n. 放大镜microcline [ maikr☜uklain] n. 微斜长石network [ netw☯:k] n. 网状物，网络obsidian [☜b sidi☜n] n. 黑耀岩olivine [ livi:n] n. 橄榄石orthoclase [ : ☜ukleis] n. 正长石pegmatite [ pe♈m☜tait] n. 伟晶岩peridotite [ p☜ri d☜utait] n. 橄榄岩phenocryst [ fi:n☜krist] n. 斑晶plagioclase [ pleid✞i☜ukleis] n. 斜长石porous [ p :r☜s] a. 多孔的porphyritic [ֽp :fi ritik] a. 斑状的potassium [p☜t✌si☜m] n. 钾pumice [ p✈mis] n. 浮岩pyroclastic [ֽpair☜u kl✌stik] a. 火成碎屑的pyroxene [pai r ksi:n] n. 辉石quartz [kw :ts] n. 石英remainder [ri meind☜] n. 剩余，残余silica [ silik☜] n. 二氧化硅silicic [si lisik] a. 硅质的sodic [ s☜udik] a. 钠的surrounding [s☜raundi☠] a. 周围的texture [ tekst☞☜] n. 结构tuff [t✈f] n. 凝灰岩ultrabasic [ֽ✈ltr☜beisik] a. 超基性的unclassifiable [ֽ✈n kl✌sifai☜bl] a. 不可分类的volcano [v l kein☜u] n. 火山2 Description of Sedimentary RocksIn the case of sedimentary rocks we can start with a broad two-fold classification. The first group consists of those rocks in which the component materials have been derived from preexisting rocks, and have been moved-perhaps great distances-to the ultimate site of deposition①. Rocks of this type are commonly referred to as clastic or detrital. A second broad group of sedimentary rocks consists of those rocks whose component materials have been formed either in or very close to the ultimate site of deposition. Such rocks include chemical precipitates and certain types of sediments which consist largely of the broken shells of organisms that lived in or near the depositional environment. This second group of rocks includes the limestones and dolomites and is commonly referred to as chemical.Clastic rocks are generally subdivided largely on the basis of the grain size of the component material. The commonly used terms are: CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS. These are rocks which consist of pebble-and cobble-sized material. In a conglomerate the grains are reasonably smooth and rounded. In a breccia the grains areirregular and angular. Conglomerates and breccias generally develop in areas quite close to their source rocks.SANDSTONES. Sediments consisting primarily of sand-sized materials constitute approximately one-fourth of the sedimentary rocks exposed on the continents. The predominant minerals of sandstones are quartz and feldspars, and in many sandstones quartz constitutes virtually the entire sediment. Minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and augite, which are common in igneous source rocks, are comparatively unstable in contact with the air and water of the earth's surface. Hence the proportion of quartz and feldspar is increased in sedimentary rocks over its percentage in igneous rocks. Geologists commonly subdivide sandstones into three different groups: orthoquartzites, arkoses and graywackes.SILTSTONES. These are rocks that are composed of hardened silt.SHALE. Shale is best defined as consisting of extremely fine--grained minerals in the size range designated as clay. In addition to this size definition for shale particles, many of the minerals that are found in the shale are commonly referred to as clay minerals. In fact, fine-grained muscovite is one of the major clay minerals and is probably the most common component of the ordinary shale. Nearly two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks are shale.The chemical rocks are primarily limestones, consisting of the mineral calcite and dolomite. Carbonate rocks comprise approximately five percent of all of the known sediments. Limestones are classified as chemical largely by a terminological convention, and because it②is felt that the material constituting limestones has generally been deposited by some type of chemical precipitation from water.Apparently almost all limestones were originally deposited in the ocean. One of the best pieces of evidence for a marine origin for the average limestone is the fact that the bulk of the calcite in most limestones consists of small pieces of shells of marine invertebrates③. Many limestones, in fact, consist almost exclusively of pieces ofbrachiopods, mollusks, corals, or other organisms. In addition to shell fragments, limestones contain a large variety of other types of material. Oolites, for example, are small spherical aggregates of calcium carbonate.Dolomites are less common than limestones, although they are extremely abundant in deposits of certain periods. There appear to be two major types of dolomites. The first occurs as broad extensive beds of relatively finegrained homogeneous material. It looks almost identical to fine-grained limestone and can be distinguished only by simple chemical tests. The other type of dolomite consists generally of more coarsely crystalline material. This type of dolomite generally does not form extensive beds but may occur as irregular patches within a sequence of limestones. In many cases these patches cut across the bedding or other original features of the limestones, and the dolomite quite clearly has formed after deposition of limestone.Halite, gypsum, and related materials constitute a very small portion of the geologic record and occur in only a few places on the earth's surface. These minerals are generally grouped together under the term evaporites.Two other sediments of extremely restricted occurrence should also be mentioned. One of these is a rock which consists exclusively of fine-grained SiO2 and is called chert. In most cases, this SiO2 is not in the crystalline form of quartz, and in some rocks the material is completely amorphous. Another minor but highly important, type of sediment is referred to as iron formation. Iron formation generally consists of iron oxides, such as magnetite and hematite, interbedded with chert. The importance of these rocks is that a small amount of chemical alteration converts them into highly concentrated hematite rocks, generally by a partial removal of the chert, and the resulting hematite rock forms the major iron ore deposits of the world.New Wordsaggregate [ ✌grigeit] n. 集合体amorphous [☜m :f☜s] a. 非晶质的arkose [ a:k☜us] n. 长石砂岩augite [ :d✞ait] n. 辉石biotite [ bai☜tait] n. 黑云母breccia [ bret☞☜] n. 角砾岩broad [br :d] a. 概括的chert [t☞☜:t] n. 燧石coarsely [ k :sli] ad. 粗, 粗糙地cobble [k bl] n. 中砾石convention [k☜n ven☞☜n] n. 惯例definitely [ definitli] ad. 确定地description [dis krip☞☜n] n. 描述detrital [di trait☜l] a. 碎屑的evaporite [i v✌p☜rait] n. 蒸发岩extensive [iks tensiv] a. 广阔的group [♈ru:p] n. 群，类，分类hardened [ ha:d☜nd] a. 变硬的，固结的hematite [ hem☜tait] n.赤铁矿hornblende [ h :nblend] n. 角闪石mollusk [ m l☜sk] n. 软体动物muscovite [ m✈sk☜vait] n. 白云母oolite [ ☜u☜lait] n. 鲕石partial [ pa:☞☜l] a. 部分的patch [p✌t☞] n. 碎片,团块pebble [pebl] n. 卵石predominant [pri d min☜nt] a. 主要的，占优势的sand-sized 砂粒级的terminological [ֽt☜:min☜l d✞ik☜l] a. 术语学的two-fold 二倍的，二重的3 Origin of Metamorphic RocksThe composition, texture, and structure of metamorphic rocks are affected by a number of factors. One of the primary factors is, of course, the composition of the parent or original material before metamorphism. Thus a limestone cannot be converted into a quartzite, and a quartzite cannot be converted into an eclogite. Rocks of identical chemical composition, however, may be quite different after metamorphism depending upon the conditions of the metamorphic process itself. Metamorphictemperatures range over several hundreds of degrees; pressures range over several thousands of atmospheres, and directed stress may or may not be present. A fourth factor which may have considerable effect on the nature of the minerals formed is the presence or absence of large amounts of water vapor in pores between the minerals during metamorphism. This vapor, being highly mobile, may be present during metamorphism and then lost subsequently, possibly upon exposure of the rock to the earth's surface.Most geologists feel that the major factor affecting the composition and mineralogy of a metamorphic rock is temperature. As a sediment such as shale is exposed to gradually increasing temperature, a whole series of reactions take place. Clay minerals tend to form such minerals as muscovite and biotite; and upon increasing temperature the muscovite and biotite may react further with other materials to yield minerals such as feldspar, garnet, and perhaps amphibole or pyroxene. Rocks of similar chemical composition but different mineralogy are said to be metamorphose d to a different degree or to have a different metamorphic rank. Another effect of the increase of temperature is the formation of larger mineral grains. In metamorphic reactions the sizes of minerals may also be controlled in part by the direction of major stress.The typical metamorphic sequence starts with an ordinary sediment and finishes with a rock of vastly different mineralogy, density, and texture. With increase in temperature and pressure, the ordinary shaly sediment is converted into a slate, further into a schist, and finally into a gneiss.Let us, for example, assume that in some metamorphic area we find a trend from slates on the east to gneisses and other more highly metamorphosed rocks on the west; we would then say that metamorphic rank has increased from east to west. As indicated above, many geologists would correlate this increase in rank with an increase in temperature, though other factors may complicate the decision. The metamorphic process we have just described has led to the development of a series of foliated rocks in which the foliation surfaces are generally considered to be perpendicular to the major compressional stress. Metamorphism under these conditions is ordinarily termed regional, for such sequences of metamorphic rock are deve1oped over very wide areas, in many cases measured in terms of thousands of square miles.Another type of metamorphism may be called contact metamorphism. This represents a series of changes that take place in wall rocks surrounding intrusions. Where a magma is injected into much colder wall rocks, the rocks tend to change mineralogically in adjustment to the higher temperatures and develop a suite minerals rather similar in most aspects to those developed during regional metamorphism. The major difference between contact and regionally metamorphosed rocks is the virtual absence of foliation or other directional features in contact rocks. The absence of directional features implies an absence of major directional stress, and at first sight, the absence of such stress seems to contradict the concept of a melt being thrust into a sequence of preexisting rocks. Apparently, however, most intrusions are formed in areas where the wall rocks may be shoved aside by the magma with sufficient ease so that directional stresses are soon lost, and the metamorphism attendant upon increased temperature in the slowly heated wall rock takes place in a situation of almost uniform pressure.New Wordsthrust [ r✈st] n. v. 逆掩amphibole [ ✌mfib☜ul] n. 角闪石aside [☜said] ad. 旁边,开atmosphere [ ✌tm☜sfi☜] n. 大气圈attendant [☜tend☜nt] a. 伴随的complicate [ k mplikeit] vt. 使复杂化compressional [k☜m pre☞☜nl] a. 压性的compressional stress 压应力contact metamorphism 接触变质作用contradict [k ntr☜dikt] n. 矛盾directed [di rektid] a. 定向的directed stress 定向应力eclogite [ ekl☜d✞ait] n. 榴辉岩feature [ fi:t☞☜] n. 特征，要素，构造feldspar [ feldspa:] n. 长石foliated [ f☜ulieitid] a. 叶片状的garnet [ ♈a:nit] n. 石榴石gneiss [nais] n. 片麻岩in terms of 以……方式inject [in d✞ekt] v. 贯入intrusion [in tru:✞☜n] n. 侵入，侵入体melt [melt] 熔体metamorphic [met☜m :fik] a. 变质的pyroxene [ pai☜r ksi:n] n. 辉石metemorphic rank 变质级别regionally [ ri:d✞☜n☜li] ad. 区域上schist [☞ist] n. 片岩shove [☞✈v] v. 推，挤浆，强使slate sleit] n. 板岩soda [ s☜ud☜] n. 氧化钠suite [swi:t] n. 一套, 一组4 FaultsA fault is a planar discontinuity between blocks of rock that have been displaced past one another, in a direction parallel to the discontinuity. A fault zone is a tabular region containing many parallel or anastomosing faults (Fig. 7.9.b). A shear zone, in the sense preferred here, is a zone across which blocks of rock have been displaced in a faultlike manner, but without prominent development of visible faults. Shear zones are thus regions of localized ductile deformation, in contrast to fault zones that are regions of localized brittle deformation. Another distinction is the normal component of displacement, which is negligible for faults and fault zones, may be appreciable for shear zones. The displacement across a shear zone can be inclined at any angle, other than 90°, to the boundaries of the zone. In another common usage [Dennis (1967, p. 133)] the term shear zone refers to a tabular region of pervasively faulted rock, that is, a fault zone containing a very large number of closely spaced and anastomosing fault surfaces.The rock immediately above and below any nonvertical fault is referred to, respectively, as the hanging wall and the footwall of the fault. The displacement vector connecting originally contiguous points in the hanging wall and footwall is called the net slip. The components of the net slip parallel to the strike and dip of the fault are the strike slip and the dip slip.The offset shown by a planar feature in a vertical cross section perpendicular to the fault is called the dip separation. The vertical and horizontal components of the dip separation are the throw and the heave. Notice, by comparing Figure 7.11 with Figure 7.10，that the dip separation is not equivalent to the dip slip, the former depending on the orientation of the offset surface as well as on the nature of the fault displacement.A fault with dominant strike slip displacement is called a strike slip fault. A fault with dominant dip slip displacement is a dip slip fault. Strike slip faults usually have very steep or vertical dips and are then referred to as transcurrent faults or wrench faults. A large transcurrent fault that terminates in another large structure, such as an oceanic ridge or trench or triplejunction, is called a transform fault.Transform faults are discussed in detail in Section 10.2.3.The sense of the strike slip part of displacement on a fault is described by the terms sinistral and dextral, or alternatively, left lateral and right lateral. A fault is sinistral or left lateral if, to an observer standing on one block and facing the other, the opposite block appears to have been displaced to his left. The strike slip component of the displacement in Figure 7.10 is sinistral.Faults dipping more or less than 45°are called, respectively, high angle faults and low angle faults.A normal fault is a high angle, dip slip fault on which the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall. A fault of similar type but with a dip less than 45°is sometimes called a lag [Rickard (1972)].A reverse fault is a dip slip fault, either high or low angle [Gill (1971)], on which the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall. The terms normal fault and reverse fault, while strictly defined for faults with zero strike slip displacement, can also be used for faults with small strike slip displacements accompanying much larger dip slip displacements [Rickard (1972)). Where the strike slip and dip slip displacements are similar in magnitude, as in Figure 7.10, the fault can be called an oblique slip fault.A (relatively) downfaulted topographic trough between high angle faults is a graben. An upfaulted block between high angle faults is a horst. The faults bordering horsts and grabens are usually normal faults.A thrust fault is a low-angle reverse fault, according to one common usage [see Dennis (1967)]. The term is also used by many geologists for low angle faults that are presumed to have involved reverse dip slip displacement but where this has not been demonstrated. A window (or fenster) is an exposure of the rock below a thrust fault that is completely surrounded by rock above the thrust. A klippe is an exposure of the rock above a thrust completely surrounded by rock below it.Fault planes are commonly filled with fragmental material known as fault breccia, or microbreccia if the fragments are microscopic. Some microbreccias are soft and are designated by terms such as pug or gouge. Others, particularly in metamorphic rocks, are hard and characterized by a platy or streaky "flow" structure in thin section. Such microbreccias, which occur as fault fillings and in wider zones of intense deformation (Section 9. 14), are called mylonites [Lapworth (1885); Waters and Campbell (1935); Christie, (1960)]. Some rocks that look like mylonites in the field are seen in thin section to be highly recrystallized, so that it is not clear whether or not they were ever microbreccias. The original meaning of the term mylonite can be broadened to include any fine-grained metamorphic rock with well-developed "flow" structure [Theodore and Christie, (1969)] or the special term blastomylonite can be used for such rocks. Blastomylonites have not necessarily suffered any of the brittle fragmentation or "milling" envisioned for ordinary microbreccias. Their fine-grain size and distinctive microstructure may be due entirely to ductile deformation accompanied by recrystallization [Bell and Etheridge (1973)]. This subject is discussed more fully in Section 9.14. Yet another kind of fault filling, present in thin films on some large faults, is a glassy material called pseudotachylyte, formed by melting as a consequence of frictional heating [Francis (1972); McKenzie and Brune (1972)].New Wordsaccompanying [☜k mp☜ni☠] a. n. 伴随的anastomose [☜n✌st☜m☜uz] n. 汇合, v. 使吻合blastomylonite[ֽbl✌st☜u mail☜nait] n. 变晶糜棱岩brittle [britl] a. 脆性的contiguous [k☯n tikju☯s] a. 接触的，相邻的deformation [di:f : mei☞☜n] n. 变形dextral[ dekstr☜l] a. 右旋的dip separation 倾向分离，倾向断距dip slip 倾向滑动discontinuity [ disk nti nju:iti] n. 不连续displace [dis pleis] v. 位移down fault ed 断落的upfaulted 断隆的envision [in vi✞☯n] v. n. 想象ductile [ d✈ktail] a. 韧性的fault breccia [ f :lt bret☞☜] 断层角砾岩fault like [ f :ltlaik] a. 断层状的fenster [ fenst☜] n. 构造窗，蚀窗filling [ fili☠] n. 充填（物）footwall[ futw :l] n. 下盘fragmental [ fr✌♈ment☜l] a. 破碎的frictional [ frik☞☜n☯l] a. 摩擦的, 由摩擦产生的gouge [♈aud✞] n. 断层泥graben [ ♈ra:b☜n] n. 地堑hanging wall [ h✌☠i☠ w :l] 上盘heave [hi:v] n. v. 平错（错距的水平分量）horst [h :st] n. 地垒incline [in klain] v. 使倾斜，倾向于klippe [ klip☜] n. 飞来峰lag [l✌♈] n. v. 滞后（断层）lateral [ l✌t☜r☜l] a. 侧向的melting[ melti☠] n. 熔融microbreccia [ maikr☜u bret☞☜] n. 显微角砾岩milling [ mili☠] n. 磨碎mylonite [ mail☜nait] n. 糜棱岩negligible [ ne♈lid✞☯bl] a. 可忽略的，不重要的normal fault正断层oblique slip fault 斜滑断层offset [ fset] v. n. 位移orientation [ :ri☜n tei☞☜n] n. 定向pervasively [ p☯:v☯sivli] ad, 扩大，蔓延，盛行platy [ pleiti] a. 板状的pseudo tachylyte [ sju:d☜u t✌kilait] n. 假玄武玻璃pug [p✈♈] n. 断层泥re crystallize [ ri: krist☜laiz] v. 重结晶reverse fault逆断层shear zone 剪切带sinistral [si nistr☜l] a. 左旋的slip [slip] v. 滑动streaky [ stri:ki] a. 有条纹的，条状的strike [straik] n. 走向strike slip 走向滑动tabular [ t✌bjul☜] a. 板状的throw [ r☜u] n. 垂直断距thrust fault逆掩断层transcurrent fault [tr✌ns k✈r☜nt f :lt]] n. 横推断层transform fault [tr✌ns f :m] n. 转换断层vector [ vekt☜] n. 向量，失量，导航，引导wrench fault [rent☞ f :lt] 平挫断层，扭断层5 Crustal Structure and Crustal MovementThe problem of crustal movement is that of the struggle between the different aspects of both internal and external contradictions of the earth. The earth's crust constitutes but a thin veneer of the whole earth's structure. Its formation is resulted from the following factors: first, those from outside the earth’s crust, e.g., the atmosphere that envelops the solid cru st, the sun and the moon, as well as various radiations from the stars may all have exerted some effect on it. Besides, the interstellar dust and meteoritic materials, and the kind falling upon the earth may also have some slight effect. Secondly, the change and movement of materials within the earth’s interior underneath the crust, e.g., the physical and chemical changes of earth materials at high temperatures and high pressures; the movement of materials under the actions of gravity and the solar and lunar tides, predominantly body tide (sometimes called solid tide, but what state of matter now exsists in the deep interior is still unknown) and the influence of the earth's rotation, all these will inevitably be found reflected in the earth's crust.From the point of view of geomechanics, elastic and inelastic deformations can be distinguished, although both are produced by the action of forces. Generally speaking, rocks are elastic when subjected to stress of short duration not exceeding their strength, but behave plastically under long-continued stress, even if their elastic limit is not exceeded; the longer the time of action of stress, the larger the plasticity they exhibit. The elastic response of rocks to stress will largely recover with the release of stress, leaving little or no records in the rocks. Inelastic deformation on the other hand will be inevitably permanently preserved. Different magnitude of stress and different manner of its action will give correspondingly permanent deformations of different nature and dimensions. There are many kinds of permanent rock deformation, including warpings, flexures, folds and fractures of different nature and extent, namely compressive, tensile, shearing, compresso-shearing and tensoshearing fractures, and cleavages, schistosities, etc.From these structural features, we can trace the action of stresses and from how forces are applied we can trace the manner of the movement of the crust. In the study of crustal movement, it seems a correct road for its solution.Summarizing the characteristics of the crustal structure in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia, we have recognized the following prominent structural types:(1)Gigantic latitudinal structural system. In this type are included a number of gigantic, complex E-W structural zones, each forming a structural system of itself. Their main part is composed of composite strongly compressed zones of E-W trend comprising fold belts and compressive fractures of the same trend, together with oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures. These are the important structural features of this kind of structural system.(2)Meridional structural system. Their main part consists of N-S compressed zones, i.e., simple or composite intense folds, with shear and tensile fractures running oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. Phenomena of strong compression are manifested especially concentratedly in some parti-cular regions such as the mountainous land of Sikang and Tibet.(3)NNE-SSW trending parallel structural zones, collectively known as the Neocathaysian structural system. The main part of this system is composed of NNE extending upwarps or fold belts and subsidence zones containing uplifts therein, with shear and tensile fractures oblique and perpendicular to them respectively. It is a kind of special structural phenomena in the peri-Pacific region of China and of eastern Asia.(4)An assemblage of parallel fold belts trending NE-SW, generally called the Cathaysian or Cathaysoid structural system. It consists mainly of NE-SW folds, compressive and compressoshear fractures or cleavages and schistosities, etc. There also frequently occur oblique shear fractures and transverse tensile fractures where folding is well developed. These structural systems are mostly present in older formations and are generally older than the Neocathaysian system. But in formations in which the latter develops, the former is also occasionally found. This comparatively new quasi-Cathaysian structure is called cathaysoid structure.(5) Shear structural system. The patterns of this kind of structural system are varied. Nevertheless, they have one characteristic in common: they all reflect that the areas in which they occur have been。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语真题词汇
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语真题词汇in season 旺季in secret 秘密地; in private 私下senior to 比…年长; junior to 比…轻; superior to 比…更好; inferior to 比…差in a sense 在某种意义上sensitive to 对…敏感; sensible (of)觉察到的; sensational耸人听闻的in sequence 按顺序, 按先后次序share in (=have a share in) 分摊, 分担share sth. with 与…分享,分担,分摊,共用be shocked at / by 对…感到震惊fall short of 达不到go short of (=be without enough of) 缺乏for short (in a short form) 为简便,简称in short (=in a few words, in brief)简称in short supply 供应不足be short of (=lacking enough)缺乏,不够be shy of 难为情, 不好意思at the side of 与…相比take the side of 站在…一边catch the sight of (=see for a moment)瞥见at the sight of 一看见…(be)in sight (=in view, visible) 看得见; out of sight 看不见 know sb. by sight 与…只面熟on the sly (=secretly) 偷偷地smell of 有…的气味（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) be sorry about/for 懊悔的,后悔的,难过的speak ill of 说…的坏话;speak well of 说…的好话specialize in 专门研究, 专攻in spite of (=despite) 尽管on the pot(=at the place of the action)在现场, 在出事地点; 或(=at once) 立即take a stand against 采取某种立场反对; take a stand for 采取某种立场支持…stare at 目不转睛地看, 凝视, 盯着in step 步伐一致; out of step 步伐不齐stick sth. on 把…贴在…上stick to 粘着, 坚持stick at (=continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于…;stick one’s work坚持工作; stick at one’s books 勤奋读书stick to (=refuse to leave or change)坚持; stick to one’s promise 比喻食言 stick to one's friend 忠于朋友in stock 有….货be strict with 对…严格要求be/go on strike 罢工subject…to(=cause…to experience)使受..到 subject (adj.) to 易受到…的submit…to 提交substitute…for 以…代替…suffer from 患…病; 受…苦痛be suitable for (=fit) 合适…的in sum 大体上, 总之supply sb. with sth 向某人提供某物superior to 优于…, 比…好in support of 以便支持be sure of (=have no doubt; certain)确信的for sure / certain (certainly, definitely) 肯定地.有把握地说 make sure about 弄清, 弄确实be surprised at对..惊奇;take…by surprise使…惊奇; to one’s surprise使某人惊奇suspect sb. of 疑心某犯有…be suspicious of (=not trusting)对…有疑心by sympathetic to/towards对…同情,赞同sympathize with sb. or sth. 对…表示同情be in sympathy with 赞同,同情taste of 有…味道in good taste大方,得体;(反意)in bad tasteto(one’s) taste 合…的口味, 中意tell…from (=recognize) 辨别.认出in terms of (=with regard to; respectively) 按照, 根据, 在…方面 be on good/bad terms with 关系好(不好)thank sb. for sth. 因…感谢某人think of(=have the idea of)想到;(=consider)考虑; (=remember)想起 on second thoughts 经再三考虑之后本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2018年中国地质大学(北京)翻译硕士英语初试真题
2018中国地质大学（北京）翻译硕士英语初试真题第一部分：211翻译硕士英语一、基础部分30分A.选词填空：10个B.20个单句改错，10分C.完形填空，10分，四选一模式二、阅读部分：40分，三篇四选一模式的阅读，然后还有5个主观题。
三、作文：建筑师是否该注重艺术感凯程葛老师提醒2019备考中国地质大学翻译硕士英语的考生：北京地质大学基础部分考察的知识点是非常基础的，连单句改错都出来了，一个句子改不对，0.5分就没了。
同学们要非常重视对基础知识的积累和记忆。
作文题目考察的内容是与建筑相关，也算是考查和理工类大学特点相关的内容。
不过同学们不要把问题想得太过复杂，也不要把立意写得太死板，要把思维打开。
第二部分：357英语翻译基础一、词条部分（回忆版未收集全面）A英译汉：teleconference;CNN;FTA;IOC;ICBC;IELTS;marilate rate; life expectancy;cultural analysis;quantity analysis;euphemism B汉译英：基因工程；战略关系；说唱；民族歧视；一带一路；古典音乐；春秋时代二、篇章部分：A英译汉：有关威尼斯的城市介绍+有的人看见别人受伤也感同身受B汉译英：中国地毯交易会+中国古代园林凯程葛老师提醒2019翻译硕士备考生：中国地质大学翻硕英语，357英语基础翻译考察缩写的知识点比较多，ICBC和IOC已经被无数学校考查无数遍，中国地质大学依旧出现题目，还有IELTS。
文学的euphemism也应当熟悉。
一带一路是2017年最关键的关键词。
对于357基础翻译篇章部分的话，介绍类文章考查得比较多，同学们翻译时要注意语气和文本表达。
第三部分、448汉语写作与百科知识一、单选共40个（此部分不全）1.家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平是谁提出的2.黑夜给了我黑色的眼睛，是顾城的那一首诗歌3谁是纯净物。
氨气，漂白粉，水醋酸，空气4.农历第一天称为什么5.赤道形成的雨主要是。
中国地质大学硕士、博士学科专业中、英文对照表
0302
政治学
Political Science
030203
科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动
Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement
硕士
0305
马克思主义理论
Education of Marxist Theory
030501
硕士
0403
体育学
Science of Physical Culture and Sports
040303
体育教育训练学
Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training
硕士文学Biblioteka Literature0502
外国语言文学
Foreign Languages and Literatures
Theoretical Economics
020101
政治经济学
Political Economy
硕士
020102
经济思想史
History of Economic Thought
硕士
020103
经济史
History of Economic
硕士
020104
西方经济学
Western Economics
硕士
硕士
0707
海洋科学
Marine Sciences
070702
海洋化学
Marine Chemistry
硕士
070704
海洋地质
Marine Geology
博士
0708
地球物理学
Geophysics
070801
2018年考博英语翻译练习【三篇】
2018年考博英语翻译练习【三篇】导读：本文2018年考博英语翻译练习【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
【第一篇：文学艺术】he ideal of country life reflected by the art and literature is the important feature of Chineseculture, which is, to a large degree, attributed to the feelings to the nature from T aoist. Thereare two most popular topics in the traditional Chinese painting. One is the various scenes ofhappiness about family life, in which the old man often plays chess and drinks tea, with the manin the harvest, woman in weaving, children playing out of doors. The other scene is all kinds ofpleasures about country life, in which the fisherman is fishing on the lake, with the farmercutting wood and gathering herbs in the mountains and the scholar chanting poetry andpainting pictures sitting under the pine trees. The two themes can represent the life ideal ofConfucianism and Taoism. 参考翻译：反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读解析
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读解析Passage Nine（Holmes' Knowledge）His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system."You appear to be astonished, " Holmes said, smiling at my expression. "Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man's brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose： A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowing out the useful ones.""But the Solar System！ " I protested.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) "What the deuce is it to me？" he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was "The Book of Life, " and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twitch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man's inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusionswere as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer."From a drop of water, "said the writer, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. "This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1. What is the author's attitude toward Holmes？[A]Praising.[B]Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2. What way did the author take to stick out Holmes' uniqueness？[A]By deduction.[B]By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3. What was the Holmes' idea about knowledge-learning？[A]Learning what every body learned.[B]Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4. What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about？[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.[B]One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案十篇.docx
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑 ;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负 ;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。
无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。
以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《 2018 考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。
2018 考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。
顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。
其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。
做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。
慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。
老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。
译文参考：Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytimeof the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garliccloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,andfinally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in mostparts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day ofthe twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom.解析：大蒜： garlic蒜头： garlic bulb顾名思义： as the name suggests/ as the name implies泡制： cook/ brew/infuse剥去外皮的： rinded蒜瓣儿： garlic gloves/garlic flakes/garlic petal醋： vinegar2018 考博英语翻译练习：三峡考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。
中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识
中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识1．Inability to build high-voltage generators and motors gives to the transformer immediate recognition as a highly flexible link between the generation and distribution of electrical energy．制造高压发电机和高压电动机是不可能的，这就立即使人们认识到变压器是发电与配电之间灵活性很高的中间环节。
(本句是简单句。
主语是inability，谓语是gives，宾语是recognition。
不定式短语to build。
．．motors作定语，修饰inability。
give recognition to．．．as．．·，“承认……是……”。
介词短语between—．energy作定语，修饰link。
).2．The mildness of its climate，with slight temperature variations and infrequent rainfall，combined with a high average level of sunshine and brilliant shies，a11make it idea for tourism whether by winter or by summer．宜人的气候、变化不大的温度、稀少的雨量、灿烂的阳光以及明媚的天空，所有这一切使突尼斯成为冬夏理想的旅游胜地。
(with．．．和combined with把三个主语连接起来。
all是总括词，总括上述的三个主语。
idea是it宾语补足语。
it代替上文中Tunisia突尼斯。
bywinter．．．这里by作“当……时候”解。
例：They don't work by day but by night．他们日间不工作，夜间工作。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备词汇 (2)
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语必备词汇pace 步，步速，步伐 He took three ～s forwardpack 包，包裹 The climber carried some food in a ～ on his back pad 垫，衬垫 a seat ～pant 气喘，气喘吁吁地说话 He ～ed along beside the bicycleparallel 平行的 The road is ～ to the riverparalyze 使瘫痪，使麻痹 A stroke ～d half his facepartial 偏向一方的，偏袒的，偏爱的 A parent should not be ～ to any one of his childrenparticipate 参与，参加，In a modern democracy people want to ～ more fullyparticular 特殊的，特别的 a matter of ～ importancepat (用掌或扁平物)轻拍，轻打She patted a place next to her for me to sit downpatch 补钉，补片 patches at elbows of a jacketpatent 专利，专利权，专利品 take out a ～ for an inventionpattern 模范，榜样 set the ～ forpave 铺路，铺砌，铺筑 ～ a road with concretepeculiar 奇怪的，古怪的 He has always been a little ～peel 削皮，剥皮 peel potatoespenetrate 穿透，渗入 The nail ～d the wood at least two inches perceive 感知，感觉，觉察 He was only able to ～ light and color ;he could not see properlyperfect 完美的，理想的 a ～ coupleperform 做，执行，完成～ an experiment（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) perfume 香水，香料，香气She loves French ～(s)periodical 期刊，杂志 a ～ roomperish 卒，丧生～ from diseaseperpetual 永久的，永恒的，长期的 a ～ arms raceperplex 使困惑，使茫然 The question ～ed himpersecute 虐待，残害，迫害 ～ animalsperspective 透视画法，透视图 a lesson in drawing class on ～ pessimistic 悲观的 I am ～ about my chances of getting the job petition 请愿，请愿书 get up a ～pierce 刺入，刺穿，穿透 The thorn ～d his heelpile 一堆，一叠 a ～ of sandpilot 飞行员，驾驶员pin 大头针，别针pinch 捏，拧，夹 I ～ed myself to make sure I wasn’t dreaming plausible 论点等貌似有理的 a ～ excuseplead 恳求，请求 His parents ～ed that he should be given one more chancepledge 保证，誓言，誓约 fulfill one’s ～plot 小块土地 a vegetable ～plug 塞子，栓 He wears rubber ～s in his ears when he swims plunge 猛地投入或插入 He ran to the edge of the swimming pool and ～d inpocket 衣袋，口袋，袋子 a change ～polish 擦光，擦亮 Polish your shoes with a brushpoll 民意测验 A recent ～ shows a change in public opinionpool 水池，游泳池 a swimming ～portable 便于携带的，手提式的，轻便的This little TV is extremely ～ pose 姿势，样子 The model was asked to adopt various ～s for the photographerpostpone 延迟，延缓，延期 We are postponing our trip until the weather grows warmerpotential 潜在的，可能的 That hole in the road is a ～ danger pour 倒，注，灌，倾泻，涌流 He began to ～ with sweatpreach 讲道，布道 ～ to a packed churchpreside 主持，主管(at, over) The vice chairman of the board will ～ at today’s meeting本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国地质大学考博英语模拟测试及其解析
中国地质大学考博英语模拟测试及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) Things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when McDonald's announced in1999that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn't meet its guidelines for care of chickens.Those guidelines included limiting the1of birds that could be kept in one 2and prohibiting beak removal,3trimming just the tips.Once McDonald's had4the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company's suppliers,many other giants of the fast-food Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi industry rapidly followed5,including Burger King,Taco Bell,Pizza Hut,Wendy's,A&W. and KFC.Now,the American Meat Institute has6welfare guidelines and audit7for cattle,pigs,and chickens.And the European Union, representing our foreign customers,is also8in with,among other things,legislation banning9use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10in2013.Questions about animal care11with the explosive growth in large-scale livestock farms,12spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as"factory parts".That spurred ARS and thelivestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal 13issues,making sure that guidelines are based on facts14through scientific research.The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its15guidelines.Ten years ago,to16these concerns,ARS started a research program on livestock behavior and stress.The scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were 17stressing animals.And if so,could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that18could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?A decade later,the19answer is"yes"to both questions.Many had expected the answer to be"no"on both counts,but science works independently20people's opinions.1.[A]amount[B]number[C]figure[D]sum2.[A]cage[B]cave[C]case[D]cart3.[A]but for[B]except for[C]aside from[D]away from4.[A]paved[B]changed[C]led[D]opened5.[A]suit[B]step[C]set[D]super6.[A]adapted[B]adopted[C]approved[D]accepted7.[A]booklets[B]pamphlets[C]brochures[D]checklists8.[A]measuring[B]weighing[C]considering[D]thinking9.[A]prolonged[B]proceeded[C]programmed[D]progressed10.[A]efficient[B]effective[C]effusive[D]elective11.[A]raised[B]rose[C]arose[D]posed12.[A]who[B]what[C]which[D]how13.[A]health[B]life[C]wealth[D]welfare14.[A]decided[B]determined[C]proved[D]tested15.[A]voluntary[B]revolutionary[C]preliminary[D]necessary16.[A]express[B]address[C]suppress[D]compress17.[A]unduly[B]unequally[C]unfortunately[D]unfavorably18.[A]performances[B]programs[C]problems[D]practices19.[A]sequential[B]initial[C]essential[D]financial20.[A]of[B]on[C]by[D]withSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points)Text1Commuter trains are often stuffy and crowded,and they frequently fail to run on time.As if that were not bad enough,Tsuyoshi Hondou, a physicist at Tohoku University in Japan,published a paper in2002 that gave commuters yet another reason to feel uncomfortable.Dr Hondou examined mobile phone usage in enclosed spaces such as railway carriages,buses and lifts,all of which are,in essence,metal boxes. His model predicted that a large number of passengers crowded together,all blathering,sending text messages,or browsing the web on their phones,could produce levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards.That is because the radio waves produced by each phone are reflected off the metal walls of the carriage,bus or lift.Enough radiation escapes to allow the phone to communicate with the network,but the rest bathes the inside of the carriage with bouncing microwaves.This sounds worrying.But maybe it isn't after all.In a paper published recently in Applied Physics Letters,Jaime Ferrer and Lucas Fernández Seivane from the University of Oviedo in Spain-along with colleagues from the Polytechnic University of Madrid and Telefónica Móviles,a Spanish mobile operator-dispute Dr Hondou's findings.They conclude that the level of radiation is safe after all.The key addition to the new research is the effect of the passengers themselves.While each phone produces radiation that bounces around the car,the passengers absorb some of it,which has the effect of reducing the overall intensity,just as the presence of an audience changes the acoustics of a concert hall,making it less reverberant.Dr Hondou's model,in short,was valid only in the case of a single passenger sitting in an empty carriage with an active mobile phone on every seat.While Dr Hondou acknowledged this in his original paper,he did not specifically calculate the effect that leaving out the other passengers would have on the radiation level.As a result,say theauthors of the new paper,he significantly overestimated the level of electromagnetic radiation.When one is sitting on a train,Dr Ferrer and his colleagues found,the most important sources of radiation are one's own phone,and those of one's immediate neighbours. The radiation from these sources far exceeds that from other phones or from waves bouncing around the carriage.And all these sources together produce a level of radiation within the bounds defined by the ICNIRP,the international body that regulates such matters.21.According to paragraph1,the essential common characteristic of train carriages,buses,and lifts is that[A]they are all metal boxes.[B]they are often stuffy and overcrowded.[C]they all allow enough radiation to escape for mobile communications to take place.[D]people use their mobile phones in them.22.How could"levels of electromagnetic radiation that exceed international safety standards"be produced?[A]Mobile phones give off a lot of electromagnetic radiation.[B]Train carriages,buses,and lifts are not safe places to use mobile phones.[C]A lot of people could use their mobile phones in a confined space at the same time.[D]Blathering produces radio waves which bounce around the interior of these places.23.Why do the Spanish researchers dispute Dr.Hondou's theory?[A]Because they are funded by a mobile phone operator.[B]Because people absorb electromagnetic radiation.[C]Because electromagnetic radiation isn't dangerous at all.[D]Because Dr.Hondou assumed that every single person was using their mobile phone at exactly the same time.24.Dr.Hondou's research was not thorough enough because[A]he didn't have enough time to assess everything before his paper was published.[B]he didn't admit that the people in train carriages,buses, and lifts could influence the level of electromagnetic radiation.[C]he didn't investigate the effect of people on electromagnetic radiation levels.[D]Japan is a crowded country where people often use mobile phones,so he only looked at that specific situation.25.According to the Spanish researchers,which of the following statements is true?[A]The closer you are to a mobile phone,the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.[B]The closer you are to a mobile phone that is being used to send and receive signals,the greater your exposure to electromagnetic radiation.[C]The amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected by metal is almost too small to be measured.[D]You shouldn't stand close to people who are using their mobile phones in train carriages,buses,and lifts.Text2Last year a high profile panel of experts known as the Copenhagen Consensus ranked the world's most pressing environmental,health and social problems in a prioritized list.Assembled by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute under its then director,Bjorn Lomborg,the panel used cost benefit analysis to evaluate where a limited amount of money would do the most good.It concluded that the highest priority should go to immediate concerns with relatively well understood cures,such as control of malaria.Long-term challenges such as climate change,where the path forward and even the scope of the threat remain unclear,ranked lower.Usually each of these problems is treated in isolation,as though humanity had the luxury of dealing with its problems one by one.The Copenhagen Consensus used stat-o-the-art techniques to try to bring a broader perspective.In so doing,however,it revealed how the state of the art fails to grapple with a simple fact:the future is uncertain. Attempts to predict it have a checkered history-from declarations that humans would never fly,to the doom-and-gloom economic and environmental forecasts of the1970s,to claims that the"New Economy" would do away with economic ups and downs.Not surprisingly,those who make decisions tend to stay focused on the next fiscal quarter, the next year,the next election.Feeling unsure of their compass,they hug the familiar shore.This understandable response to an uncertain future means, however,that the nation's and the world's long term threats often get ignored altogether or are even made worse by shortsighted decisions.In everyday life,responsible people look out for the long term despite the needs of the here and now:we do homework,we save for retirement,we take out insurance.The same principles should surely apply to society as a whole.But how can leaders weigh the present against the future?How can they avoid being paralyzed by scientific uncertainty?In well-understood situations,science can reliably predict the implications of alternative policy choices.These predictions, combined with formal methods of decision analysis that use mathematical models and statistical methods to determine optimal courses of action,can specify the trade-offs that society must inevitably make.Corporate executives and elected officials may not always heed this advice,but they do so more often than a cynic might suppose.Analysis has done much to improve the quality of lawmaking, regulation and investment.National economic policy is one example. Concepts introduced by analysts in the1930s and1940s-unemployment rate,current account deficit and gross national product-are now commonplace.For the most part,governments have learned to avoid the radical boom-and-bust cycles that were common in the19th and early 20th centuries.26.The Copenhagen Consensus didn't believe that allocating a limited amount of money to climate change was a good idea because[A]nothing can be done about it in the immediate future.[B]there are too many competing approaches to solving it.[C]it is not a pressing issue.[D]the money would be better spent on immediate concerns.27.Paragraph2intends to demonstrate that[A]technology cannot solve all our problems.[B]predictions are usually inaccurate.[C]solving problems one-by-one is ineffective.[D]thinking short-term is often reasonable.28.According to the text,how could scientific uncertainty paralyze decision-making by world leaders?[A]By presenting many different solutions to problems.[B]By presenting short-term solutions and long-term ones.[C]By presenting solutions to problems that are not well understood.[D]By presenting solutions that are too technical for decision-makers to comprehend.29.According to the text,how have governments learned to avoid boom-and-bust economic cycles?[A]By using mathematical and statistical models prepared by experts.[B]By observing historical economic patterns.[C]By improving the quality of lawmaking.[D]By discussing the implications and effects of various policies.30.What are the"trade-offs"mentioned in the final paragraph?[A]Difficult decisions.[B]Things which have benefits in some ways and costs in others.[C]Key,costly decisions.[D]Things that promote economic prosperity.Text3Ingenious teenagers can find every manner of reason to take a pass on summer school:There's the two-week family vacation in the middle of the four-week session,not to mention the potential for a day job scooping ice cream-or the fear that they might bomb at cramming a semester's worth of work into a month.In the digital age,however, none is reason enough.The rapid spread of online learning at the secondary level-experts estimate that more than half of all school districts offer some virtual coursework,up from just30percent two years ago-is now creating"anywhere,anytime"flexibility for summer students,too.While the total numbers are still small,many hundreds of students around the country will be signing on in the next week or two for everything from U.S.history to human space exploration.In California,Graham Petersen,who just finished his junior year in Palo Alto,will study Algebra II through the online arm of Oregon's SalemKeizer school district while working as a teacher's assistant in a children's program."This is no shortcut-it's the full course.But you can work at11o'clock at night,"says Robert Currie,executive director of Michigan Virtual High School,whose courses,like most, are available nationally.Beyond convenience,there are instructional reasons to consider the virtual classroom.Those who have struggled in a course during the year often find that the online format makes it easier to master the content."Most students finish with A's and B's,because teachers don't let them go through with D's,"says Jan Bleek,principal of the Internet Academy,an arm of the Federal Way district near Seattle that is offering45summer courses at$180each."There's lots of revision, a lot of work that goes on in depth between teacher and student after work has been submitted."While grading policies vary,kids often are free to retake assessments or to work through several practice exams until they're ready to be tested."I got a B-the highest grade in math I've ever,ever gotten since sixth grade,"says Petersen,who took the first half of Salem Keizer's online Algebra II class this spring after failing the course first semester.Success depends largely on actually tackling the content,of course-and nobody(other than parents,perhaps)will be breathing down a student's neck.So it's important to be realistic about whether online study is a good fit with a teenager's learning style."The No. 1thing is,are you capable of working on your own?"says KathyArmstrong,an English teacher at Harris County High in Hamilton,Ga., who is also an instructor for Virtual High School.Since material is presented as text rather than by lecture,being a proficient reader is a must.31.According to the first paragraph,the reason why teenagers used to have an excuse for not taking academic summer courses is that[A]they had more important things to do.[B]they had other distractions and obligations.[C]society wasn't as competitive.[D]they were better at making excuses.32.Why is Graham Peterson studying online?[A]Because he is not up to the required standard in algebra.[B]Because he likes working at night.[C]Because he likes studying at night.[D]Because he wants to study and work.33.It can be inferred from the text that students usually get A's and B's because[A]studying online is better and more convenient for them.[B]the teachers are not as strict and give higher scores than at regular schools.[C]most of the students studying online are smarter than average.[D]the teaching and assessment process continues even after students have submitted their initial work.34.According to the text,how is studying online different toconventional study methods?[A]It's suitable for anyone.[B]It requires some different study skills.[C]Grading policies vary.[D]Students can take more practice tests before taking the real exam.35.The best title of the text might be[A]Learning via the internet is easy.[B]Learning via the internet is relaxing.[C]Learning via the internet can be convenient and instructive.[D]Summer school is easier than before.Text4The BBC,Britain's mammoth public-service broadcaster,has long been a cause for complaint among its competitors in television,radio and educational and magazine publishers.Newspapers,meanwhile,have been protected from it because they published in a different medium. That's no longer the case.The internet has brought the BBC and newspapers in direct competition-and the BBC looks like coming off best.The improbable success online of Britain's lumbering giant of a public-service broadcaster is largely down to John Birt,a former director-general who"got"the internet before any of the other big men of British media.He launched the corporation's online operations in1998,saying that the BBC would be a trusted guide for peoplebewildered by the variety of online services.The BBC now has525sites. It spends￡15m($27m)a year on its news website and another ￡51m on others ranging from society and culture to science, nature and entertainment.But behind the websites are the vast newsgathering and programme-making resources,including over5,000 journalists,funded by its annual￡2.8billion public subsidy.For this year's Chelsea Flower Show,for instance,the BBC's gardening micro-site made it possible to zoom around each competing garden,watch an interview with the designer and click on"leaf hotspots"about individual plants.For this year's election,the news website offered a wealth of easy-to-use statistical detail on constituencies,voting patterns and polls.This week the BBC announced free downloads of several Beethoven symphonies performed by one of its five in-house orchestras.That particularly annoys newspapers,whose online sites sometimes offer free music downloads-but they have to pay the music industry for them.It is the success of the BBC's news website that most troubles newspapers.Its audience has increased from1.6m unique weekly users in2000to7.8m in2005;and its content has a breadth and depth that newspapers struggle to match.Newspapers need to build up their online businesses because their offline businesses are flagging.Total newspaper readership has fallen by about30%since1990and readers are getting older as young people increasingly get their news from other sources-principally the internet.In1990,38%of newspaperreaders were under35.By2002,the figure had dropped to31%.Just this week,Dominic Lawson,the editor of the Sunday Telegraph,was sacked for failing to stem its decline.Some papers are having some success in building audiences online-the Guardian,which has by far the most successful newspaper site,gets nearly half as many weekly users as the BBC-but the problem is turning them into money.36.What does"John Birt…'got'the internet before any of the other big men of British media"mean?[A]John Birt was connected to the internet before his competitors.[B]John Birt launched the BBC website before his competitors launched theirs.[C]John Birt understood how the internet could be used by news media before his competitors did.[D]John Birt understood how the internet worked before his competitors did.37.Why does the text state that the BBC's success in the field of internet news was"improbable"?[A]Because the BBC is a large organisation.[B]Because the BBC is not a private company.[C]Because the BBC is not a successful media organisation.[D]Because the BBC doesn't make a profit.38.The author cites the examples in paragraph3in order to demonstrate that[A]the BBC's websites are innovative and comprehensive.[B]the BBC's websites are free and wide-ranging.[C]the BBC spends its money well.[D]the BBC uses modern technology.39.The BBC needn't to pay the music industry to provide classical music downloads for users of its websites because[A]the BBC is Britain's state-owned media organisation.[B]the BBC has a special copyright agreement with the big music industry companies.[C]the BBC produces classical music itself.[D]the BBC lets the music industry use its orchestras for free.40.According to the final paragraph,the main advantage that the BBC has over newspapers is that[A]more people use the BBC website.[B]the BBC doesn't need to make a profit.[C]the BBC has more competent managers.[D]young people are turning to the internet for news coverage. Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41——45,choose the most suitable one from the list A——G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)From Southeast Asia to the Black Sea,fishing nets have become deathtraps for thousands of whales,dolphins and porpoises-species whose survival will be threatened unless fishing methods change.The World Wildlife Fund,a U.S.based environmental group,lists species threatened by accidental catch,and recommends low cost steps to reduce their entanglement in fishing gear.(41).Dolphins in the Philippines,India and Thailand are urgent priorities.Threatened populations include Irrawaddy dolphins in Malampyaya Sound off the Philippines'Palawan Island,about220miles south of Manila.Only77remain.Dolphins also face the threat of traders who sell them to aquariums,especially in Asia.(42).The WWF report said up to3,000Spinner dolphins may be caught each year in gillnets,which stretch from the sea floor to the surface and are hard for dolphins to see or detect with their sonar.(43).Dolphins are also under threat in Indonesia,Myanmar,India's Chilka Lake and Thailand's Songkhla Lake.Fishing gear kills thousands of porpoises each year in the Black Sea.Atlantic humpback dolphins face the same fate off the coasts of Ghana and Togo in Africa,as do Franciscana dolphins in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.Indo-Pacific humpback and bottlenose dolphinsoften die in nets off the south coast of Zanzibar.(44).U.S.fisheries in1993——2003introduced changes that reduced by a third the number of dolphins accidentally killed by fishing,or bycatch.But few other countries have followed that example and in much of the rest of the world,progress on bycatch mitigation has been slow to nonexistent.(45).Slight modifications in fishing gear can mean the difference between life and death for dolphins.[A]In the Pacific Ocean,bottlenose dolphins are found from northern Japan and California to Australia and Chile.They are also found offshore in the eastern tropical Pacific as far west as the Hawaiian islands.Off the California coast bottlenose dolphins have been observed as far north as Monterey,particularly during years of unusual warmth.[B]Researchers estimate that fishing gear kills about300,000 whales,dolphins and porpoises a year in the world's oceans.[C]If the mammals are trapped underwater in nets and can't get to the surface to breathe,they drown.[D]According to IWC reports,in the2003/2004season,Japan killed,under"special permit,"443minke whales in the Antarctic, and in the North Pacific,151minkes,50Bryde's whales,50sei whales, and10sperm whales.Japanese media have reported that Japan plansto expand its annual whale hunt to take two new species-humpback whales and fin whales-as well as nearly doubling its planned catch of minke whales.Both humpback and fin whales are on the World Conservation Union's Red List of Threatened Species.[E]Other threatened populations include Spinner and Fraser's dolphins in the Philippines'Sulu Sea.[F]Most of the animals are threatened by the widespread use of one type of fishing gear-gillnets.[G]These accidental deaths can be significantly reduced,often with very simple,low-cost solutions.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Hollywood and the music industry can file piracy lawsuits against technology companies caught encouraging customers to steal music and movies over the Internet.(46)The justices,aiming to curtail what they called a"staggering"volume of piracy online,largely set aside concerns that new lawsuits would inhibit technology companies from developing the next iPod or other high-tech gadgets or services.The unanimous ruling is expected to have little immediate impact on consumers,though critics said it could lead companies to include digital locks to discourage illegal behavior.The justices left in place legal protections for companies that merely learn customers might be using products for illegal purposes.(47)Copying digital files such as movies,music or software programs "threatens copyright holders as never before"because it's so easy and popular,especially among young people.Entertainment companies maintain that online thieves trade2.6billion songs,movies and other digital files each month.(48)The ruling represents a significant victory for Hollywood and record labels,which have resorted to suing individually the thousands of computer users caught sharing music and movies online. In a tweak at entertainment companies and a demonstration of legal purposes for file-sharing computer users circulated the court's published opinion over Internet file-sharing services. Government-produced documents generally are not protected by copyright.(49)Grokster Ltd.and Streamcast Networks Inc.,developers of leading Internet-file-sharing software,can be sued because they deliberately encouraged customers to download copyrighted files illegally so they could build a larger audience and sell more advertising.Writing for the court.(50)But the court also said a technology company couldn't be sued if it merely learns its customers are using its products for illegal purposes.That balancing test,the court said,is necessary so that it"does nothing to compromise legitimate commerce or discourageinnovation having a lawful promise."The court said it wanted to protect an inventor who must predict how consumers months or years in the future might use new technology.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Write an essay ranging from160-200words based on the picture provided.Your essay should:1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture;2)state whether you agree or disagree with the idea;and3)give an example which illustrates your opinion.Section I Use of English1.[答案]B number[考点]名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词[解析]amount指不可数名词的"数量"，number指可数名词的"数目"，figure指一个"数字"，sum多指钱的"数量"。
各校考博英语翻译
北理工05翻译A. Translate the following two short paragraphs into Chinese.(10 points)1. We do not make mistakes on the basis of race or color. We don not make them because we are male or female, young or old. We do no make mistakes of choice or judgments because we want to make mistakes. We make them because we are human. Mistakes, bad judgments, the stupid things we do are all a part of being human. We cannot hide from who we are. We should not hide from what we do. When we acknowledge our mistakes or errors and face up to our human shortcomings, no one can use them against us.2. We are first and foremost responsible to and for ourselves. We can help other people. We can assist other people. What we cannot do is make what we do for others or others do for us more important than what we do for ourselves. When we find something or someone creating in our lives something we don not want, we must muster the courage and strength to tell them to stop it. When we do, we preserve our sense of self.B. Translate the following two paragraphs into English.(20 points)几年前我认识一个非常聪明但任性的中国青年，他急切地想去美国读大学，但又没有被他申请的长春藤合会名牌大学录取。
中国地质大学考博英语必备翻译知识与方法
中国地质大学考博英语必备翻译知识与方法A)以that，what，who，where，whatever等代词引导的主语从句，可以将从句翻译成“的”字结构。
如：It is important that science and technology be pushed forward asquickly as possible.重要的是要把科学技术搞上去。
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。
(主语从句与主句合译成简单句，按顺序译出)B)也可以译成“主-谓-宾”结构，从句本身做句子的主语，其余部分按原文顺序译出。
如：Whether the Government should increase the financing of purescience at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often dependson the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
(真题示范)。
C)分译法：把原来的状语从句从整体结构中分离出来，译成另一个相对独立得单句。
如：（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat tointernational security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。
(It是形式主语，that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的宾语)。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语必备短语
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语必备短语 1）compare … to比拟（指出其中的相似点） e.g. Man’s life is often compared to a candle. compare … with：把……和……相比（指出其不同之处） e.g. He compared his camera with mine.2）feel for sb.：同情某人，为某人难过 e.g. I feel for you in your sorrow. feel for sth：（用手、脚、棍子等）摸索，寻找某物 e.g. She felt under the pillow for her watch.3） admit to：承认 e.g. I have to admit to a dislike for modern music. admit sb.(in) to：允许某人进入某地或加入某组织、行业 e.g. They have admitted me into their club. 4）all for：完全赞成 e.g. I am all for holding a meeting to discuss it. for all：尽管 e.g. They could not open the box for all their forces.5） all in all：总的说来 e.g. All in all it is a success. all in：疲倦，筋疲力尽 e.g. He was all in but he stuck it out.6） as it is (was)：照目前的情况来看 e.g. As it is we shall be able to complete our task in time. as it were：可以说，姑且这样说 e.g. He is as it were a walking dictionary. 7）as much as：几乎，实际上 e.g. By running away he as much as admitted that he had taken the money. as much…as：与……一样多 e.g. It is as much our responsibility as yours.8）a big time：尽兴，高兴的时刻 e.g. I had a big time there. the big time：第一流，最高级 e.g. Don’t worry you are in the big time now.9） at one time从前某个时期 e.g. At one time we met frequently. at a time：每次，一次e.g. You can borrow only two books at a time.10） attach to：属于，归因于 e.g. No blame attaches to him. attach oneself to：参加，加入 e.g. He attached himself to the group of climbers.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) 11） be a credit to：为……增光 e.g. I hope you will be a credit to your school. do credit to：为……增进荣誉 e.g. This piece of work does credit to you.12） bear in mind：记住 e.g. I hope you will bear in mind all I am saying. have in mind：考虑 e.g. Don’t give your confidence to others regarding the plan you have in mind. 13） begin with：以……为起点 e.g. He advised me to begin with something easy. to begin with：首先 e.g. To begin with we must consider the problem from all sides.14） build up：逐步建成，增强 e.g. They are trying hard to build up an independent economy. He went for an ocean voyage and built up his health. build on：以……为基础，依赖 e.g. Let’s build on your idea. We shall build on your supporting us.15） by day：在白天 e.g. Most of them work by day and study by night. by the day：（指工作报酬等）按日计算 e.g. Will you pay me by the day or by the hour? 16） can but 只好……罢了 e.g. We can but try to make him see how unreasonable he has been. cannot but：不得不，禁不住e.g. I cannot but tell her the truth.(=I cannot help telling her the truth)17） come forth：出现，发行 e.g. Many new things are coming forth.. Do you know that a set of new stamps has come forth? come forward：自告奋勇，提出供讨论 They have come forwardwith an offer to help. The matter was deferred at last evening’s meeting but will come forward at our next session.18）as well：也，还是……为好 e.g. He gave me advice and money as well. Since you have begun to do it you may as well finish it. as well as：不仅……而且，除……之外 e.g. With television we see a picture as well as hearing sound. Small towns as well as big cities are being rapidly industrialized.19） consist in：包含在……中 e.g. Happiness consists in good health. consist of：由……组成 e.g. The apartment consisted of two rooms and a kitchen.20） end on：两端相碰，正对 e.g. The two ships collided each other end on. We shouldn’t place the bicycles end on. on end：竖着，连续地，不断地 e.g. Place the box on end. She often works for 20 hours on end.21） familiar to：某事为某人熟知 e.g. There were facts not familiar to me. familiar with：熟悉或通晓某事 e.g. He is familiar with English German and French.22) according to：按照，根据 e.g. They were commended or criticized according to their work. according as：随……而定 e.g. The thermometer rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold.很多考生都以为多听多练是攻克考博英语听力的利器。
中国地质大学(北京)考博英语阅读理解真题解析 (2)
中国地质大学（北京）考博英语阅读理解真题解析 Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much， he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the languages he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit， he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people. In the same way， when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to walk，run， climb， whistle， ride a bicycle-compare those performances with those of more skilled people， and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself， let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him， or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out， with the help of other children if he wants it， what this word says， what answer is to that problem， whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) If it is a matter of right answers， as it may be in mathematics or science， give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can't find the way to get the right answer. Let's end this nonsense of grades， exams， marks， Let us throw them all out， and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn， how to measure their own understanding， how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems sensible to them. With our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say， “But suppose they fail to learn something essential they will need to get in the world?” Don't worry! If it is essential， they will go out into the world and learn it.1.What does the author think is the best way for children to learnthings?A.by copying what other people do.B.by making mistakes and having them corrected.C.by listening to explanations from skilled people.D.by asking a great many questions.2.What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?A.They give children correct answers.B.They point out children's mistakes to them.C.They allow children to mark their own work.D.They encourage children to mark to copy from one another.3.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ridea bicycle are___.A.not really important skills.B.more important than other skills.C.basically different from learning adult skills.D.basically the same as learning other skills.4.Exams，grades，and marks should be abolished because children's progress should only be estimated by___.cated persons.B.the children themselves.C.teachers.D.parents.5.The author fears that children will grow up into adults while being___.A.too independent of others.B.too critical of themselves.C.incapable to think for themselves.D.incapable to use basic skills.答案：ABDBC本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中国地质大学 博士入学考试 英语 真题
C H I N A U N I V E R S I T Y O F G E O S C I E N C E SPhD Entrance Examination in English21April 2001LISTEN TO THIS!Good morning! You are about to take the English test for people who wish to enter the doctoral program in the earth sciences at this school. The test may be rather different from any exam you’ve taken in the past. The first part is a timed listening exercise. The other four sections test your knowledge of grammar, elementary writing skills and basic vocabulary, plus your reading ability. You can have as much time as you like for the last four parts of the test—within reason, of course.The test has five sections, worth a total of 130 points in all; the answers in part 5, the reading test, are worth three points each.The answers for parts 1,2,3 and 5 (in other words, every part except 4) should be marked on your answer sheet. The answers for part 4 should be written directly on this test paper.Make sure you READ AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS for each part of the test!The results of this exam will enable us to compare your preparation in English with that of the other candidates. The “passing” grade is relative; in other words, it will depend on the scores for the whole body of test-takers. You should just relax and do as well as you can.We shall now begin. Turn the page to part 1. Good luck!PART 1. Imagine that you are on a train to Shanghai. In the seats in front of you there are two foreigners, and you can hear their conversation. One of them is telling the other about his job. He says what he does, not what he is or what field (profession or occupation) he is in.On your paper you see a list of the names of people in 60 different occupations or professions. As you listen, decide what the speaker is. Then find the correct word on the list and write the number beside it in the proper blank on your answer sheet.For instance, suppose you hear this: (Speaker P) “Well, I don’t enjoy lecturing very much, especially to younger students, but I do love my research. I’d be so happy if I could spend every day in the lab with my graduate students and postdocs. However, that’s just not the way university departments operate.”You decide that the speaker must be a professor, so you find “a professor” on your list. You see that the number beside it is 61; you then write the number 61 in the blank beside P on your answer sheet.By the way, in reality there is no P and no 61, and “a professor” is not one of the choices on your list. This is just a theoretical example. You will now have three minutes to read the list. [SILENCE]All right, now let’s begin! [15 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1an accountant 会计31 a librarian2an actor 32 a mathematician 数学家3an airline pilot 民航驾驶员33 a mechanic 机修工（技工）4an architect 建筑师34 a mechanical engineer 机械工程师5an astronomer 天文学家35 a military officer6 a biologist 36 a novelist 小说作家7 a chef 烹调师37 a nurse8 a civil engineer 土木工程师（建筑）38 a paleontologist 古生物学家9 a concert pianist 高级钢琴演奏师39 a press photographer 新闻摄影师10 a construction worker 40 a plumber 管道维修工（水暖工）11 a corporate executive 企业执行总裁41 a poet 诗人12 a dentist 牙医42 a police detective 侦探（刑警）13 a dietician 营养师43 a police patrolman 普通警察（巡警）14 a diplomat 外交官44 p pop singer 流行歌手15an electrician 电工45 a postman 邮递员16 a fashion designer 时装设计师46 a private businessman 私营企业家（个体商人）17 a film critic 电影评论家47 a private detective 私人侦探18 a film director 电影导演48 a psychiatrist 心理医生19 a flight attendant 飞机乘务员49 a psychologist 心理学家20 a florist 花店老板50 a publisher 出版商21 a geologist 51 a radio announcer 电台播音员22 a geophysicist 52 a schoolteacher (primary)23 a graphic designer 图形设计员53 a schoolteacher(secondary)24 a hairdresser 发型设计师54 a software engineer25 a hardware engineer 硬件工程师55 a store clerk/shop assistant26 a hotel manager 56 a surgeon 外科医生27 a journalist 57 a tax official 税务员28 a judge 法官58 a travel agent 旅行社职员29 a lab technician 59 a university student30 a lawyer 60 a vet 宠物医生（兽医）PART 2. In each of the ten sentences below there is an underlined words (or words). Decide which of the words in the list at the bottom of the page can be used to replace the underlined words without changing the meaning of the sentence. The underlined words and the words that you choose must be synonyms. In each case, writer the number found next to the synonym in the appropriate blank on your answer sheet.A.We need to economize, so we are trying to cut down on waste in our lab.B.Our situation is likely to deteriorate if we do not receive help soon.C.You will notice that this material can easily be seen through.D.John thinks he may be laid off when the firm reorganizes.E.Does anyone know who is in charge of this part of the project?F.How soon do you think they will exhaust their supply of oxygen?G.Was there any feedback after you made your presentation?H.We need to keep track of any changes in soil in the area around the factory.I.This plastic looks good, but I think we need something more durable.J.Please hurry. This matter requires immediate attention.The five sentences below also contain underlined words. Find the words in the list at the bottom of the page that mean the OPPOSITE of these underlined words. Again, write the number found next to each item you choose in the appropriate space on your answer sheet.K.Quite a few observers have reported changes in the quality of the air.L.The telescope they are using now is a state-of-the-art device.M.There has been a minor improvement in his condition since he started to take the new drug.N.On the basis of the study, the committee has decided that the dam project is feasible.O.Their experiments will probably shed light on this puzzling phenomenon.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++POSSIBLE SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS (=OPPOSITES)1. a handful of 21. exacerbate 41. modify2. a host of 22. extremely advanced 42. monitor3.advanced 23. facilitate 43. more abundant4.advancing 24. get a raise 44. optional5.advice or criticism 25. get worse 45. other choice6.antiquated 26. greater 46. perilous7.authorize 27. identical 47. preserve8.be promoted 28. imply 48. questionable9.be transferred 29. impracticable 49. reduce10.become tired of 30. improve 50. refreshments11.challenging 31. is emergent 51. responsible forpatible 32. is invisible 52. responsible to13.constitute 33. is transparent 53. run out of14.contain 34. is urgent 54. safer15.counteract 35. is visible 55. similar16.designate 36. less prone to wear 56. snacks17.do little to explain 37. less tough 57. to blame for18.dramatic 38. lose his job 58. unprecedented19.dwindle 39. many 59. versatile20.eliminate 40. meal 60. very attractivePART 3. Each question in this part consists of one or more sentences in which four words or phrases are underlined. The four underlined parts are marked A, B, C or D. Decide which one of the four parts is not good English. Then write the letter found under that part in the proper space on your answer sheet.If the four underlined parts are all good English and there is no error in the sentence, then write E in the space on your answer sheet. REMEMBER! You always have FIVE possible choices: A, B, C, D or E (= no error).1Despite the claims of later researchers, it was two roman ancient scholars who first noticed the similarityA B Cin the structure of these crystals.D2How likely is the current campaign against spitting to success? To answer this question we must look atA B Cthe achievements of earlier efforts of this sort.D3This afternoon I forgot stopping to check the mail. I think an important letter from the U.K. may haveA B Carrived today, so I’m going to the mailroom the first thing in the morning.D4No sooner had she agreed to marry him than she began to have serious doubts about the wisdom of theA B C Dmatch.5This diagram is illustrating the difference between our data and the findings of the two earlierA B Cinvestigations. You will note that the discrepancies are quite marked, especially in sector F.D6I do a lot of traveling for my job. For example, once every two or three months I fly to Chongqing andA Bthen drive from town to town in east of Sichuan to talk to our clients.C D7I think we should all insure our bikes in case they will be stolen, but my wife doesn’t think the troubleA Band expense are worth it. As a result, my bike is insured against theft, but not hers.C D8 A number of the people came to the lecture were unable to get seats in Room 315, so Professor KleinA Bdecided to ask everyone to move to Room 403, which is much bigger.C D9There are only two methods for dealing with this problem: one is expensive but quick, which another isA B Ccheap but unfortunately takes a rather long time to be effective.D10Toward the end of the twentieth century a new means of communication was invented – the Internet. ByA B Cthe year 2000 the Internet had spread to every part of the globe.D11Hardly anybody passed the most recent physics exam, so Professor Klein has set up a series of make-upA Bclasses to help people who have fallen behind in their work to master the key concepts.C D12After the seminar in Shanghai this September, I will accompany with some of the participants on a tourA B Cof geological points of interest in Yunnan and Guizhou. Would you like to come with us?D13We are awaiting a shipment of new equipments that is scheduled to arrive in Tianjin very soon.A B C D14My boss knew that I was eager to return to my hometown to see my family, but he let me analyse all 400A Bof the rock samples anyway.C D15There is a rumor on campus that Wang Ping is about to be appointed minister of Ministry of Land andA B CResources. Do you think there’s any truth in the rumor?D16He has some experience in writing articles for publication, but not a great deal of it. Specifically, IA Bbelieve he has ever written three pieces that have appeared in professional journals, none of them inC DEnglish.17Yesterday afternoon I was busy reading a long article in the financial pages of the newspaper. At theA B Csame time, the doorbell rang, and I sprang from my chair to answer it.D18If I realized that the trip to South America was going to cost so much, I would almost certainly haveA Bbacked out of it and instead gone to a less distant spot to do my fieldwork.C D19Everyone regards it as a honor to be chosen to give the opening address at so important a conference.A B C D20We’re headed downtown on Saturday to see what’s being shown in the main art galleries. I’m told thatA B CAnne is very interested in modern art, so I hope she would join our group.DPART 4. The sentences below contain one or more blanks. In each blank you must write ONE appropriate word. There may be several appropriate choices, but you must write only one. Your choice must be logical, grammatically correct and properly spelled. In other words, it must be acceptable real English. Any answer in good English is correct.Put one and only one word in each blank. If you put more than one word in a blank, your answer is automatically wrong. Putting nothing in a blank also counts as an error. [50 points]+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1.You’re going to the party? Have _____________!2.Do you want to eat now or would you __________ wait a little while?3.I was _________________ when I opened the letter and discovered a check for $2,000.4.I have ______________good news for you. Your salary is going to be ________, starting next month.5.Do the investigators have any idea what _________ the oil rig to collapse?6.The experiment will be over ________ three hours. ________ then I have to stay in the lab and makesure everything goes according to plan.7.___________ they didn’t understand a word of what a foreign visitor was saying, they ________ onsmiling and nodding as if they did. It was very odd.8.We’re not very __________ with the condition of our lab, but we _________ the funds that would beneeded to renovate it properly.9.You may not __________ our campus very impressive to look at. _________, the university does have anumber of genuinely distinguished researchers ______________ its staff.10.Many earth ___________ want to do research in Tibet, but ___________ there is not a good idea unlessyou are in excellent ____________.11.When John went ___________ this morning, he said he would ___________ around 2:30. __________Itell him to give you a ___________ later this afternoon?12.John got _________ in traffic on his _________ to the campus this morning. By the time he arrived, themeeting _________ already over and everyone __________ gone back to work.13.It’s true that second-hand cars are cheaper than new cars, but they _________ to use more fuel._________, they break down _________ more often. Of course, if you’re a good mechanic, perhaps that’s not such a _________, but I can’t recommend __________ an older car to anyone who is n’t good at __________ them.14.I’m upset because I’ve just witnessed __________ accident. It involved a bus, a taxi and a bike. Theman on the bike and the cab driver were both _________, the first instantly. The cab driver stopped breathing just as the ambulance arrived.15.John _________ to smoke but he ________ after his father, a lifelong heavy smoker, got lung ________.__________ him die of the disease was a terrible experience for John. Nowadays he gets angry whenever he sees an _____________ for cigarettes.16.Professor Smith’s lecture was so _________ that half of the audience had to struggle not to _________asleep. John was one of the few people who were not ______. He thinks Smith’s research is fascinating.17.If you plan to _______ the conference in Sydney next month, you should _______ a seat as soon aspossible. I traveled to Australia at this time last year, and I had a lot of _______ getting a plane ticket. 18.All of Li Bo’s friends are __________ him to take the job that the new computer company has _______him, but thus far he has _________ to leave his current job. __________ can understand why he is so reluctant to change __________, especially since he often complains about he firm he works for now.PART 5. First read the article below carefully and completely. (Notice that the paragraphs are numbered from 1 to 11.) Then answer the questions on its content. In each case write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet. Each answer is worth three points.You are not allowed to use a dictionary. However, we have provided a short list of difficult words with their definitions to help you read the text. Read this vocabulary list before you begin the article.VOCABULARY FOR THE ARTICLEacute (adj.): sharp; causing difficult problemsto assimilate A: to make A similar to the other people in a new environment or societya buffer: something that reduces the shock of conflict or misunderstandinga C: a merely passing mark in the usual US grading system (A-B-C-D-F, with A as the high grade)a chasm: a wide, deep gapa corollary: a result of something else; a principle derived from another principlea curriculum: a list of courses taught in a schoolcuts far deeper = is more profound in its effectsa delicatessen: a store where ready-to-eat foods prepared in the store are sold and taken elsewhere despondent (adj.): discouraged and unhappydevastating (adj.): disastrousexotic (adj.): mysteriously foreigna family dynamic [a psychological term]: a pattern of authority and emotion inside a familya go-between: a middlemanto hammer X to A: to emphasize X by constant repetitionHispanic (adj.): from any of the countries in which Spanish is the main languagea privation: a lack of something importantself-esteem: self-respect, related to self-confidenceseventh grade: grade 7 of the 12 grades in US schools (like “CHU-YI” in China)to take a toll on X: to damage Xa toddler: a young child who can walk, but not yet very well (age 2-5)virtually: almost[1] Korean-born Sung Jong Chang and her 16-year-old American son have trouble talking to each other. they barely communicate, in fact. The reason cuts far deeper than the Normal parent-teenager divide in Western societies. Mrs Chang, a Korean immigrant who works seven days a week in the family’s restaurant business, speaks almost no English. Her son, John Kim, who came to the United States as a toddler, knows little Korean. At home in a Virginian suburb of Washington, Mrs Chang watches Korean television and videotapes. In the car she listens to Korean radio. At work and church, she speaks Korean with her friends and colleagues. Working twelve hours a day, she has little opportunity or even need to learn a new language.[2] John, on the other hand, is 100 percent Americanized. His friendships, his classes at school, his tastes in music, in clothes, in recreation – all are firmly rooted in the English language and American culture, especially as represented by the programs that he sees on TV. Television has also had an enormous influence on his spoken English had how he uses it. The direct input from his parents seems to have shrunk to little more than preferences in food and a habit of diligence.[3] In a society that insistently hammers into parents the importance of talking to children and spending time with them, many immigrants can hardly do either. Holding down one or more jobs to provide for their families leaves little time for family life, much less for attending language classes. At the same time, there is evidence that the children of today’s immigrants are losing their parents’ language a good deal faster than second-generation children did years ago.[4] The result, say sociologists and others who study the effects of immigration, is a troubling new family dynamic on the rise: a generation of children growing up almost strangers to their parent. “For most of us, it would be an easy choice,” said Kathleen Harris, a sociology professor at the University of North Carolina. “Of course you would learn to communicate with your child – but not if it meant having to do without food on the table.”[5] Twelve years after arriving in the US, Mrs Chang has come to believe that she is losing her son across a great cultural chasm. It pains her greatly, but she lacks the means to tell him even that much. Instead she relies on her daughter to speak for her. Sun Mi Kim, 18 years old, who grew up speaking English and a child’s oral Korean and is only now striving to learn the spoken and written Korean of an adult, serves as a go-between for her mother and brother, translating nearly everything that passes between the, even during their occasional angry shouting matches. Because Sun Mi’s Korean is limited, however, much is left unspoken – and many feelings unexplored – in the family. Subtlety is lost. Now, when Mrs chang sees her son despondent when she comes home at night after her long workday, she wonders if their language barrier has taken its toll on more than ease of communication within her family. “I’m afraid that by now my son may have given up trying to communicate –and maybe not just with me,”the 47-year-old mother said through a translator one recent afternoon while taking a break from her kitchen duties at one of the family’s two restaurants.[6] Previous waves of American immigrants switched over from their ancestral languages to English in a more gradual fashion, over the course of three or four generations, with a buffer between the immigrant generation and the fully assimilated generation. Back in the decades when Italy was a major source of immigrants to the US, for example, an English-speaking child might have had difficulty talking to his Italian-born grandfather, but usually the generation sandwiched in the middle was fluent in the oral forms of both languages. Nowadays the change is happening far more rapidly, according to Ruben Rumbaut, a sociologist at Michigan State University. “This country is becoming a language graveyard for the second generation,” he said, with children and parents living under the same roof yet substantially unable to talk toeach other except about the most superficial matters of everyday routine.[7] In a long-term study of 5,300 immigrant families, Professor Rumbaut found that 73 percent of the youngsters surveyed in 1991 stated that English was their primary language of communication by the time they reached seventh grade, but 94 percent of the parents spoke another language at home. In 1995, the figure for the parents was about the same, while the number of children speaking mainly English had jumped to 88 percent. A survey of immigrant families conducted last year in the Virginia county where Mrs Chang and her family live found that 53 percent of the households had an adult who spoke little or no English; in 27 percent of the households, no resident adult could speak English.[8] The language barrier separating parent and child may be particularly acute among Asians. Although a higher proportion know some English when they arrive in the US, according to a 1995 University of North Carolina study of 21,000 immigrant youths, Asian children lost their native language considerably more swiftly than do Hispanic children. That is in part because Hispanic young people usually live in larger communities where there are many Spanish-speakers. Asian communities, in contrast, tend to be much smaller and may have several languages, depending on how many countries are represented, said Pyong Gap Min, a Korean-American professor of sociology at Queens College in New York City.[9] Furthermore, Spanish has been woven into the fabric of life in many communities. “How many high schools in this country teach Korean or Vietnamese, or even Chinese?” Professor Min pointed out. “But every high school, virtually without exception, has Spanish in the curriculum, and that’s been the pattern for over a century in the US. People expect Spanish to be taught, whereas Asian language are still regarded as exotic and not of much use to the larger society. This attitude may be short-sighted, but it’s a fact, and a sad corollary is that there is seldom much support for funding instruction in Asian tongues at the primary or secondary school level, at least in public schools.”[10] Adding to the dissolution of communication is the fact that many cultures – particularly those in Asia – do not really encourage parents to sit down for heart-to-heart talks with their children. The most that these parents are likely to do is push their children to get good grades, according to Ms Min. “But if parents only talk about grades, their children’s self-esteem often becomes dependent on their school achievement, rather than on their parents’ love. Then getting a C in school can be devastating.”[11] Sung Jong Chang grew up in a South Korea recovering from the destruction wrought by war. Especially during her childhood, her parents had little food or money. When she migrated to the US in 1988, she came determined to make sure that her family would never have to face similar privations. By working in a relative’s delicatessen and at other jobs, she and her husband saved enough money to open two Japanese restaurants near their home. Now both put in long hours and take just two days off each year: Thanksgiving and New Year’s. John, who was five when he was brought to America, says he is not used to having his parents around. While they were at work, he was either with school friends or watching TV at home. He does not remember how or when he forgot the Korean he spoke as a pre-school child. Little though he now speaks with his mother, communication with his father, who knows no English beyond a few isolated words, is even worse. “We never talk at all,” John said, with a shrug of his shoulders.1In paragraph 1, the author implies thatA native-born American parents often have trouble talking to their childrenB differences between generations in the West often lead to great gaps in languageC Koreans immigrants usually fail to learn to speak English fluentlyD Asians who stay in America for years no longer use Asian languages very well2Mrs Chang’s daughter, Sun Mi Kim, moved to AmericaA at the age of 18B at the age of 5C at an unknown age; there is not enough information in the article even to hazard a guessD presumably around the age of 6 or 73The choice that Kathleen Harris refers to in paragraph 4 is betweenA learning English and ignoring itB learning how to talk to your child and focusing on economic mattersC advancing in your career and building a happy familyD migrating and losing family closeness, and remaining in your homeland4In paragraphs 5 and 11, the author seems to suggest that the boy John KimA will eventually learn to communicate well with his mother but not with his fatherB has been deeply and permanently affected by the long years of not really talking to his parentsC no longer has much trouble saying anything important to his motherD is communicating much better with his father now that his elder sister is improving her Korean5On the basis of this article, which of these statements is NOT true?A The way John Kim speaks English to some degree reflects what he watches on TV.B TV had helped John Kim get through a lot of lonely hours at home.C Spending so much time watching TV had made John Kim a passive, rather lazy boy.D John Kim feels somewhat ill at ease when he is in the company of his mother and father.6English-speaking children talking to immigrant grandparentsA used to face a much greater linguistic barrier than they do todayB seldom need to seek the help of other people nowadaysC often act as a sandwich generation helping their parents and grandparents to communicate betterD ordinarily used to have people in their parents’ generation to help bridge any gap7Researchers who compare young immigrant Asian-Americans to immigrant Hispanic-Americans in the same age group have discovered thatA Hispanic-Americans retain Spanish longer than Asian-Americans keep their native languagesB both groups become primarily English-speaking at roughly the same rateC Hispanic-Americans become English-speakers much more quickly than Asian-Americans doD Asian-Americans have smaller communities and therefore preserve their languages more zealously 8According to Professor Rumbaut’s study, in immigrant families between 1991 and 1995A parents woke up to the fact that they were losing touch with their Americanized childrenB it became a good deal less difficult for children to talk to their parentsC the proportion of children who relied on English to talk to other people rose by 15%D the proportion of parents who spoke a language other than English at home fell by 6%9Spanish is taught in most US schoolsA on account of the huge number of Hispanic immigrants in the US todayB in response to changes in the world in the last few decadesC today, as it has been for 100 years or moreD because there is no money in school budgets to pay teachers of other languages10An appropriate title for this article might beA Among Asian immigrants in the US, a wall of language separates generationsB English as a unifying factor in today’s immigrant families in the USC The Korean language faces hard times in the United States。
地大考博英语专业英语翻译真题
地大考博英语专业英语翻译真题20XX年地大英语专业英语翻译真题AlphaGo是怎么学会下围棋的20XX年北京地大考博群***-*****8Where Computers Defeat Humans, and Where They Can’t AlphaGo是怎么学会下围棋的*****, the artificial intelligence system built by the Google subsidiary DeepMind, has just defeated the human champion, Lee Se-dol, four games to one in the tournament of the strategy game of Go. Why does this matter? After all, computers surpassed hu mans in chess in 1997, when IBM’s Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov. So why is AlphaGo’s victory significant?由Google的子公司DeepMind创建的人工智能系统AlphaGo，刚刚在一场围棋比赛中以四比一的成绩战胜了人类冠军李世石(Lee Se-dol)。
此事有何重大意义？毕竟在1997年IBM 深蓝(Deep Blue)击败加里卡斯帕罗夫(Garry Kasparov)后，电脑已经在国际象棋上超越了人类。
为什么要对AlphaGo的胜利大惊小怪呢？Like chess, Go is a hugely complex strategy game in which chance and luck play no role. Two players take turns placing whiteor black stones on a 19-by-19 grid; when stones are surrounded on all four sides by those of the other color they are removed from the board, and the player with more stones remaining at the game’s end wins.和国际象棋一样，围棋也是一种高度复杂的策略性游戏，不可能靠巧合和运气取胜。
北京地质大学历年考博英语完形填空答案(注释版)1994-2005
19941. Yesterday I gave my mother an orange sweater for her birthday.2. I was hungry, so I went into a restaurant and ordered some food. The waiter took a long time to bring mewhat I had ordered. When he finally brought it, he apologized for the delay.3. Someone has just given me a typewriter. Do you think you could teach me to type?4. Look at the time! It’s already 5:10, and we have to be at the station by 5:45! If we don’t hurry up, we’llmiss our train.5. The stores are so crowded today and the file at the theatre is terrible. Let’s just stay home and watchtelevision instead. Of course, if you’d really rather go out, we can do that. I’ll leave it up to you.6. These documents are all in Chinese. We need to have/get them translated into English in time for themeeting with the foreign businessmen on Friday.7. My parents have been urging/getting me to get married for the last two years, but I still haven’t made upmy mind.8. According to the weather report on the radio, it’s raining in Shanghai, but that don’t/can’t /won’t be true.I was just on the phone to Shanghai and the person I spoke with said it was sunny there.9. After I took the university entrance exam I was extremely upset, because I was almost sure I had failedthe test. To my surprise, it turned out that I had gotten the highest score in the province!10. This man claims that he’s from Beijing, but he speaks with a strong southern accent. It’sobvious/apparent that he is just pretending/lying to be from Beijing. I wonder/know where he’s really from.11. I used to speak Russian fluently, but that’s not true now. In fact, I can no longer carry on even a simpleconversation in the language. I should be able to get back my former fluency if I stayed in Russia for a few months.12. Our research team is going to complete a major project. Our findings will be published in a series ofarticles scheduled to appear next year. I will also announce the results at a conference being held in Sydney later this year.13. We are having some trouble with the machine that we imported from Japan last year. It has broken downtwice already. Each time we have had to ask a technician to come to Beijing to repair it. The good news is that our technicians have just/already completed their training in Tokyo. The next time we have a breakdown/malfunction, we won’t need to send/ask for a Japanese specialist.14. Although he studied in America for three years, he can’t write English very well. He is ratherembarrassed by this now. He said/regretted he had spent more time on his written English while he was abroad.15. You and I don’t need anyone else’s assistance. We can solve these problems by ourselves.19951.Has your friend ever visited the Great Wall? It’s the best I have ever visited.2.In order to find out if a hypothesis is true or not, scientists normally conduct/do experiments.3.I was eating dinner when the telephone rang. While I was eating dinner, the telephone rang.4.As you can see, this building is a restaurant. It used to be a shop, but about three years ago the ownerdecided he could earn/make more money if he changed it into a restaurant. (Two days ago: (indirect speech) two days before/earlier. Ago以现在为基点before以过去为基点)5.There are three people in the room. The one with/reading the book is my brother. The other two areschoolmates of his Guangzhou.Another & others: [non-determiner]; the/my/your other & the others: [determiner].One student --- another（student）/the other（student）/ other students/others; some (of) students --- others.Another student but not students, other students but not student, the other student or students.The other day means a few days ago.6.Which would you rather drink, tea or coffee? (would like(love) to /would rather drink)7.How much beer does a bottle of this size hold?8.Professor Wang’s plane is due to arrive at 10 o’clock. Do you know if anyone is meeting him at theairport?That someone is meeting him implies there is an arrangement with him; that someone is going to meet him implies that he doesn’t know whether anyone will meet him or not and he’ll get a surprise.9.People say this is of informative articles (It’s a kind/sort of articles with abundant contents; reading itcan increase our knowledge). Have you read it yet?10.The director is very pleased/satisfied/content with Ms Cui’s work, so he has decided to promote her.Starting new week, she will be our supervisor. (Promote/upgrade her; demote/downgrade her)11.Quite a few/A good few (many) Russians have blond hair. It’s not at all rare.12.The State Science and Technology Commission is giving our research team an award for the project wecompleted successfully in January. Some experts say that our research results will help China to increase its gold production by fifteen percent.Aid[T1(with, in);V3];assist[T1;I0;(in);V3];help[T1;I0:V3] V3:aid sb to do sth13.Wood and stone were the first materials used for tools.14.I’m putting the object on the scale to find out how much it weighs.15.I was a student at Zhejiang University from 1985 to 1990. Since then I have worked as an engineer in afactory that manufactures motors for cars and trucks.16.A square is a shape with four equal sides.17.Though/While Australia and Canada are huge countries, they have rather small populations. Most of theland in both nations is uninhabited.18.When our oil drill broke down, it took us over a month to repair it.19.I think all Chinese scientists should be able to read and speak English, Russian or Japanese. Do youagree with me?20.Japanese culture is very identical to that of China and Korea. This is because the Japaneselearned/followed much of their East Asian neighbors until the last century.21.Our research team tried about ten months to find the money to continue our project. We finallysucceeded in getting funds from a company in Shanghai. We completed the project last month. Theresults will be published in a well-known international scientific journal. (Deliver/address/give a speech) 22.My sister is ambitious and works very hard (she’s diligent or industrious), whereas my brother is so lazythat he never works at all.23.Next summer an international geological congress will be held in Beijing. The organizers invitethousands of scientists(non-determined, not ‘of the scientists’) to come to Beijing from all over the globe.Unfortunately I will be busy/abroad/away all summer, so I’ll have to miss the event. What about you?Are you planning to attend it? I certainly would be there if I were you. It will be a wonderful chance/opportunity to meet some of the greatest geologists of our generation.24.It is possible to see through a window, but not a mirror.25.I had a lot of trouble opening the door to our lab this morning (I opened the door at last, either by usingthe key or by other ways). I don’t know why it was so strange. Neither my key nor the door seems to be damaged. (damage; destroy, ruin: damage completely)1996 (2005-12-25)1.The meter is used internationally to measure distance.2.I studied at Qinghua University from 1989 to 1994. Since then/graduation I have been working for theSiemens Corporation in Shanghai as an industrial engineer.3.This is the clearest textbook I've ever studied. (not never，用ever的肯定句)4.Few Russians can speak Chinese, even though Russia and China have been neighbors for over threecenturies now.5.Wood, coal and natural gas are all used for fuel/cooking in different parts of (places in) China.6.My watch is very accurate/ precise. It's never fast or slow.7.The film made a deep impression on me. In fact, I was so affected/ moved by it that I went to see it evenseven times.Make a remark/report/comment. Make an attempt/apology/agreement.Make a decision/proposal/promise. Make a phone call/choice/fortune.Make trouble, make money, and make progress.8.He said he would be at the meeting today, but I wonder whether he'll actually come.Doubt [T1, 5a, 6a (if, whether)]: to be uncertain (about).Doubt [T1, 6a (if, whether)]: to mistrust.Doubt [T5a]: to consider unlikely.Wonder [Wa4; I0 (at); T5a, 6a (if)]: to be surprised and want to know (why).Wonder [I0 (about); T6a, b]: to express a wish to know, in words or silently.No doubt [adv]: certainly or very probably.No doubt [adv]: (usually except a reply, esp. positively) I’m sure; I suppose.No wonder [adv]: naturally, of course.I don’t doubt that he’ll come. (In negative sentence, ‘that’ here is necessary.)9.Mary/She intends to wear a black dress to the party this evening. Her husband is going in a grey suit.10.We didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. The delay was caused by the repairs being made on the highway betweenJinan and Tianjin. We were quite surprised to find the repair work still in progress, because we heard that the work on the road had been completed about three weeks earlier. (surprised, astonished, astounded, amazed, shocked, dismayed)11.Mistakes are hard to avoid when one is inexperienced. (when让步,相当if)12.Our article has been accepted /adopted by the journal, but the editors haven't informed/ notified /told uswhen it will be published.13.Steel is manufactured from iron ore. (from chemistry, of physics)14.My father taught mathematics in a Chengdu secondary school until he retired in 1993. Now he spends mostof his (not free, here a determiner is necessary) time working in the garden behind our house.15.Qomolangma (Mt Everest) is the second tallest mountain, if I'm n ot mistaken. But you’re just/exactlywrong. It ranks the first.16.I played basketball almost/nearly every day when I was a teenager. Nowadays I get very little exercise. As aresult I'm beginning to put on weight.17.During/At/Over the conference English will be used for the main working language. Anyone who can'tspeak English will have to rely on translators/interpreters (an interpreter). (translate, speech or writing;interpret, usually speech)18.The equipment/apparatus (not instruments) in our lab is getting old. I think it should all be replaced withnew instruments.19.Most people find the summer weather in Wuhan very unpleasant.20.The government of China tries/attempts to promote/improve scientific research, the/all/such research likelyto contribute to economic growth.（research [U; rare C]. 名词+不定式的独立主格结构）1997 (2006-3-18)1.I need absolute quiet while I am preparing for exams.2.My best friend is an economist. He has worked for the Bank of China since his graduation in 1992.(determiner: a/this/that friend of my fathers-in-law’s, not the friend of mine)3.I was born in Zhen Zhou but I grew up in Shanghai.4.Like most Chinese, I am not very kind of cheese.5.It was very kind of you to help them. You are kind to help them. It’s foolish of you to buy that book(you’re foolish). It’s foolish for you to buy that book (to buy it is a foolish action, you aren’t foolish).6.Who knows when John will come/be back? He never tells us his travel plans. He’s already been away forthree months.(be back: to return; be off: been cancelled; be in: to exist or be at home; be on: to show; be away: be absent; be around: to wander near a place mentioned above)7.When ice is heated to a temperature/point above zero degrees Celsius, it turns/melts into water.8.We really don’t have enough money to eat in that restaurant today. Let’s eat in this cheaper one today, allright?9.John played tennis yesterday, but he wasn’t very good at it because he had never played the game before.10.The fellow who lives next door is a secondary-school teacher, and the woman in the hall is a labtechnician. (next to the door to our laboratory)11.I managed to get to work on time this morning despite the terrible traffic.(two opposite facts: managingto get to work and the traffic jams)12.Everybody knows that there are far fewer private cars in Guiyang than in Guangzhou.Very, too, quite & fairy cannot modify the comparative.Much & far cannot modify the positive. A lot only modifies the comparative.Almost, nearly, the very, altogether & practically can modify the superlative.Too用于adjectives and adverbs 前表示过分,超过必要时,可被much, far, a bit, a lot, rather修饰: Much too difficult. Far/much too much work;不应与表示强调成分的very(too)混淆,其无过分含义.13.We can’t proceed with this project until/unless we get permission from the government.14.The 1976 Tangshan earthquake caused/did an enormous amount of damage/loss.An amount of, a quantity of, a sum of, a great/good deal of, a bit/drop of + [U]A number of, a couple of, a majority/minority of, dozens/hundreds of + [C (plural)]Another, each, either, every, neither, the only, the whole (of the) +[C (single)]A lot of, plenty of, part of the, the rest of the, hardly any + [U; C (plural)]15.I need to find the proprietor (flm owner) of this store. Do you happen to know who has/owns/runs it?16.When I asked them about their stay in Shanghai, they said they were enjoying it very much.17.There are now over/about 1.2 billion people in China. If population growth continues at its present rate,there will be 100 million more Chinese by 2000.18.John didn’t pass the qualifying exam t he first two times he took (participated [I0] in) it.19.The boy whose parents were killed in the plane crash has been adopted by one of his uncles.20.The experiment was very successful. The scientists succeeded in doing everything that they had set out(planed or intended) to accomplish. When their findings were published in a major scientific journal, geophysicists from all over the world contacted them to ask for further data/information. Six months after the article appeared, the government gave them an award for their research and decided to support the next phase/stage/step of their work.Manage to do, success in doing, be able/unable to do, be capable/incapable of21.As you are no doubt aware, the president of our school has just resigned and we now/ urgently/do need tofind a new president as soon as possible. The purpose/ object/ objective I am writing you this letter is to ask you to act/serve as the chairman of the search committee.22.We applied/turned/appealed to two well-known organizations for funding. Unfortunately, neither of themwas willing to support our work.Resort to: (v prep) [T1, 4] to make use of; turn to (often something bad) for helpAppeal to: (v prep) [T1, 4] to look for support in23.Although this student is extremely bright, he hasn’t been ab le to get a scholarship yet.1998 (2005-12-25)1.Are you familiar with Qinghua University? It’s an excellent school in Beijing. Are you familiar toProfessor Wu? Mary’s sister is extremely similar to her; actually, they’re twins.puters are changing/altering/benefiting/ influencing our society in many ways.3.What’s the difference between these two minerals?4.He speaks with a Hubei accent because he grew up in Wuhan, but actually he was born inGuangzhou. He has lived in Beijing since 1993, but he still speaks like a person fresh from Wuhan (as a person fresh from Wuhan does).5.The woman whose handbag I found in the park yesterday was very happy when I contacted her. [While,when & as are used to express time.]While: during the time thatWhen: when is used, the simple tenses: 1, when one action occurs at the same time as another or in the span of another; 2, when one action follows another.When it is wet the buses are crowed.When we lived in London, we often went to Cambridge University.As: as is used: 1, when the second action occurs before the first is finished; 2, for parallel actions/development.As I left/ while I was leaving the house I remembered the key.He sang as he worked.As the sun rose the fog disappeared.6.Peter finally passed the exam the third time that he took it. He was terribly annoyed when he failed itthe first two times.7.We can’t start the meeting because/if/until/unless the director isn’t/is/comes here. Do you have any ideawhy he is so late? (‘Because---isn’t’ will be the optimum.)8.If the number of cars in Beijing continues to grow at the present rate, the city’s traffic jams will soon beextremely severe.9.I hear the prime minister is coming to our campus tomorrow. What is the purpose/objective of his visit?10.As the temperature rose, the ice began to melt.11.We conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis.12.At this institute we depend/rely on the government for research funds. Without/Lacking money fromministries or state foundations, we simply cannot do serious (important) research.13.Our article was published in a well-known scientific journal. As a result, it got a great deal of attentionfrom researchers worldwide.14.The minerals that the human body requires are usually obtained from plants.15.Their research project was a total (adj. complete) failure. The reasons for the failure are still unclear. Weare trying to find out what went wrong.16.What do economists believe is causing world oil prices to fall?Economists believe that the shortage of demand is causing world oil price to fall.Think, suppose & believe can be used like this.Who do you think will win the race?Which month do you think we should visit the Three Gorges this year?17.Most people watched the president give his speech on television last night. I was too busy to watch, so Iread it in the newspaper this morning.18.I was quite shocked when John told me that he had decided to resign. I always thought he loved his job.19.This chemistry course is very important for your future, so I should/would study a little harder if I wereyou.20.It was during the Paleozoic era, which lasted 355 million years that creatures left the sea to live on land.21.I can’t decide whether (*either*) to study for a doctorate or get a job in industry. What do you think Ishould do?and, but, except, or, than, as well as, why连接不定式,后to省略. 主语从句中含有完全谓语动词do,不定式做be的补语时,to省略.What we have to do now is find out why the accident happened.All you do is (to) wait.22.As you know, the international conference is being held in Shanghai in early October. Just/Right/Shortlyafter National Day. Do you plan to attend it?(‘Right’ cannot be used before a noun or a noun phrase.)23.High-temperature geothermal sources are used to turn the turbines of electric generators.24.Many people think that we are going to have a hot summer this year, but I doubt it.25.The geologist was taking photographs/photos when the volcano started to send out smoke and ash.Luckily, he managed to escape before the real eruption began.1999 (2006-3-22)1.Which bus goes to the train station?2.Jiangsu and Zhejiang are roughly equal in size, although when I look at (consult) a map I always get theimpression that Jiangsu is a good real larger.3.I know what you do at work. What about in your free/spare/leisure time?4.John thought the film was marvelous. Mary, however, disagreed. She felt that there was too muchviolence in it.Some viewpoint adverbs: definitely, actually, naturally, really, certainly, obviously, clearly (I’m sure of the facts.) apparently, evi dently, maybe, perhaps, probably (I’m less sure of the facts.); fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, regrettably, ideally, sadly, happily, unhappily, unwisely, wisely, preferably, mercifully, interestingly, agreeably, annoyingly, foolishly (I’m pleased or I’m not pleased.)Connecting words and phrases: chiefly, finally (stressing facts); besides, moreover (making an addition);namely, according to, such as, for instance, for example(giving an example); conversely, equally, likewise, however (making a comparison or contrast); admittedly, anyhow, anyway, however, nonetheless,nevertheless, in so far as, despite this, at least, at any rate(making a concession); as a result, because of this, hence, so, therefore, thus (showing causes/results); coincidently, by the way, by the by(moving to different topic).5.Several people can’t get there in time for a 3 o’clock meeting. We’ll just have to postpone it till 4o’clock.Delay [T1, 4] 延期;延缓to put until later: We decided to delay (going on) our holiday until next month.Delay [T1] 耽搁to stop for a time or cause to be late: What delayed you so long? (物作subject) Delay [I0] 故意拖延to move or act slowly, esp. on purpose: They are trying to delay until help arrives.Postpone [T1, T4 (to, until)]: to delay; move to some later time.Defer [T1]: to put off or hold back until a later date; delay; POSTPONE6.Does anyone know whose umbrella this is? It’s already been lying here for two days.7.The researchers were puzzled/disappointed by the results of the experiment. The data were quite unlikewhat they had expected/anticipated. They decided that they had better repeat the experiment immediately to make sure it wasn’t a fluke (an accidental success or failure).8.John and Alice often complain that nobody tells them anything of a private character. But it’s easy/simpleto understand why not: They’re both such terrible gossips that anything they heard would soon be known to everyone.9.A: Something is causing my head ache. I have no idea what it could be.B: I know what might be causing the problem (gerund phrase). The flowers outside are all in bloom. I’ll bet it’s the pollen.10.I submitted my job application two weeks ago. I wish the manager would make his decision, I’m veryeager to learn about whether the company is hiring/ employing me or not.11.A: Is Professor Zhou coming to our party?B: I doubt it. He’s so busy these days.A: That’s too bad /regretful. Are you sure we couldn’t invite him to join us for a few minutes?B: Positive. He’s under a lot of pressure to finish the final report for a big project by this Friday. If he comes to the party, it will be he needs a break, but I think he would prefer/like to keep on working. In any case, I wouldn’t bother him if I were you.Prefer [T1 (to), T3, T4 (to), T5c, V3]: prefer tea to coffee, prefer dancing to singing,prefer to wait, prefer tea, prefer you to peel the apples, I prefer that you come on Sunday. I would prefer you did (not *do*) it.12.The Ministry of Geology has recently been combined with several other ministries to form the newMinistry of Land Resources. The last stages of the progress will soon be complete.13.I’ve lived in Beijing for a long time, but it isn’t the place where I grew up. I was actually born inKunming, but my father, an army man, was transferred to xi’an a few months after my birth, andxi’an/that is where I was raised .I stayed in xi’an till I completed secondary school in 1987.Then I was admitted/enrolled to Nanjing University. I moved to Beijing four years later, when I became a graduate student at Qinghua. That was in 1991.In the eight years since I entered graduate school, I’ve come to regard Beijing as my home, and I got my MS in 1994 and went to work for a joint-venture company (a joint venture located) in Haidian. Now I’m busy getting a doctorate, because I think it might help my career.st year our research team obtained a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation.Obtain [T1 (for); T1] often fml to get, esp. by making some effortGain [T1] to get or obtain (sth. useful, necessary, wanted, etc), esp. over a length of time and as an addition to what one has/what is there, etcCome by [v prep T1] infml & sometimes deprec to gain or obtainProcure [D1 (for); T1] fml to obtain, esp. by effort or careful attentionAcquire [T1] often fml to get for oneself by one’s own work, skill, action, etc15.I regret buying this car. It has so many problems, and it keeps breaking down in traffic jams.Remember, forget, regret, try, stop, go on后接不定式和动名词意义截然不同.Remember/forget to do指未来的动作(指从过去观点看的未来行为),Remember/forget doing(having done)指过去的动作.Regret to do指现在或将来的动作,Regret doing指目前或过去的动作,Regret having done指过去的动作.Try to do努力try doing实验Stop to do指目的stop doing二者是动宾关系I stopped (my car) to buy a paper, when I read a joke I couldn’t stop laughing.Go on to do不同的事go on doing继续原来的事不停止keep (on) doing16.Our experiment was a total failure. We didn’t get any of the results we were hoping for.17.Although John was obviously quite nervous, he gave an excellent presentation. Several people came upafterwards to congratulate/praise him.Congratulate [T1] to tell (sb.) that one is happy, pleased, etc because he or she been successful or lucky in some wayPraise [T1 (for)] to speak favourably and with admiration of: praise his performance; praise him (for his performance)Celebrate [I0; T1] to do something, esp. have a party, to show that one is happy: celebrate his success (not *him*)Greet [T1] to welcome with words or actions2000(2006-3-22）1.The man sitting next to me on the plane was nervous/frightened/upset/worried because he had neverflown before. I told him not to fear [T1]/worry [I0; T1].2.Who wrote this letter? I can’t read the signature at the bottom.3.The phone is ringing. It might/may/could be John. If it’s not John, then it’s surely /certainly/probablyMargaret.Might, may, could, can, should, ought to, would, will, must, DO4.You’d better hurry up or you’ll miss the bus!5.I can’t get to sleep. My neighbors are making too much noise.6.The thermometer is an instrument for measuring/taking temperature.7.My brother had to take the national university entrance exam three times before he finally passed it. Justafter the third time, I asked him how he had performed on the test, but he was afraid to say. Now he is happily studying chemistry at a university in Changchun.8.We look forward to seeing/meeting Mary again. It has been four years since her last visit.9. A weather forecast is only approximate, including all complex predictions.9.Unlike Shanghai, Chongqing is thousands of kilometers from the coast.10.Hydrogen [H] is lighter than any other element (other elements).11.Yesterday on my way to work I got caught in a terrible traffic jam. It took me two hours to get from myhome to the university where I work.12.Our lab has a lot of new apparatus/equipment. Most of it was imported from Japan, Germany and the US.Now that it has been installed, we are learning how to use it. All of it seems to work well except for the new electron microscope from America.13.The direction of plant growth is influenced/affected/determined by light.14.While Beijing is a political and cultural hub, Shanghai is primarily a center of commerce and finance.15.Motorola is a multinational corporation with branches all over the world.16.Your people are not working fast enough to complete this project by the end of May. You need to workmuch harder if you want to do that.17.Scientists used to think that Jupiter was a rocky planet. However/Actually, it consists almost entirely ofgas.18.I tried to explain why we needed more money, but it was obvious from the way the bank managerreacted that I had failed to persuade him.19.These days a lot of bikes are stolen on our campus. The students would like to know how this theft canbe avoided.20.I’d rather play cards than watch TV tonight. There’s absolutely nothing worth watching on TV.Worth [prep, adj] (esp. after be) 1.of the value of: It’s worth much more than I paid for it. 2. having possessions amounting to: He’s worth £1000000. 3. Deserving: It’s not worth waiting for him.Worth [U] value: I know the true worth of his friendship. (=It is worthless, has no value.)Would (far/much/very much) rather/sooner+ (not) do21.He tried to be serious as he listened to the child’s proposal, but he couldn’t help laughing.22.The fire spread through the building quickly, but luckily everybody managed to escape. There were n’teven any injuries. The authorities are blaming the fire on the owner, who apparently stored dangerous chemicals/materials/goods in the basement.23.If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that refrigerator. It’s too expensive. Look at this one over here. It costs lessand holds more food. Why do n’t you consider buying this one instead?（7words:comtemplate, appreciate, can’t help, enjoy, fancy, imagine, feel like）我注视a girl欣赏着，禁不住喜欢上她，想象着想要得到她。
中国地质大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析
中国地质大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析(一)the+形容词/分词形容词1.表示一类人或一类事物时，采用语法一致原则，谓语动词用复数形式。
例句：In an odd way，however，it is the educated who have claimed to have given up an ambition as an ideal.(选自2000年Text5)分析：该句是复合句，同时又是一个强调句型。
其中the educated指受过教育的人，有教养的人。
译文：然而，令人奇怪的是，正是那些受过良好教育的人宣布他们已不再把抱负当做理想。
例句：As a nurse，she has a responsibility to attend to the sick，who have no homes，no relatives here.分析：该句是复合句，who have no homes，no relatives here是修饰the sick的定语从句。
译文：作为一名护士，她有责任和义务来照看那些医院里没有家也没有亲人的病人。
2.指抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
例句：It is the true，the good and the beautiful that places a restriction on our behaviors.分析：该句是复合句，又是强调句型。
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译文：正是真善美对我们的言行起着约束作用。
3.the+某些个别分词形容词，如deceased，accused,不表一类人而是指个人，谓语动词用单数。
例句：The deceased killed in the traffic accident has been taken away from the spot，at the same time，the accused causing the accident has been taken to the court.分析：该句是并列句，其中分词killed和causing the accident在句中分别修饰the deceased(死者)与the accused(被指控者)。
考博英语翻译
考博英语翻译The Most Horrifying Experience in My LifeOne day, when I was 10 years old, my family and I went to an amusement park for a day of fun and excitement. Little did we know that this would turn into the most horrifying experience of our lives.We started off with the roller coaster, a thrilling ride that we had been looking forward to for weeks. The anticipation built up as we climbed aboard the roller coaster, strapped ourselves into the seats, and prepared ourselves for the adventure ahead. Suddenly, the roller coaster started moving and we were propelled forward at an alarming speed. The wind rushed through my hair as we zoomed around sharp corners and soared up and down steep slopes. At first, I was exhilarated by the adrenaline rush, but as the ride continued, I began to feel queasy.After what felt like an eternity, the ride finally came to an end. As I stumbled off the roller coaster, I realized that something was terribly wrong. My head was spinning, my stomach was churning, and I felt an overwhelming urge to vomit. I stumbled towards a nearby bench and collapsed, barely able to move. My family rushed to my side and tried to calm me down, but I was beyond consolation. Waves of nausea washed over me, and I could feel bile rising in my throat.My parents quickly called for medical assistance, and a paramedic arrived within minutes. He took one look at me and immediately knew what was happening. "Motion sickness," he said with asympathetic smile. He administered some medication to help alleviate the symptoms and advised us to take it easy for the rest of the day. Slowly, the queasiness subsided, and I was finally able to stand up without feeling like I would collapse.As we made our way back to the car, I couldn't help but feel a sense of disappointment. The day that was supposed to be filled with joy and excitement had turned into a nightmare. Although I was still a bit woozy and weak, the worst was over. We drove home in silence, each lost in our own thoughts.That day became etched in my memory as the most horrifying experience of my life. From then on, I approached amusement park rides with caution, always mindful of the potential for motion sickness. While many people find exhilaration in the thrills and twists of roller coasters, I am content to sit back and watch, knowing that I am avoiding another terrifying encounter with motion sickness.In conclusion, the amusement park trip that started off as a day of fun and excitement turned into a nightmare when I experienced motion sickness on the roller coaster. The feelings of dizziness and nausea were overwhelming, and it was only through medical assistance that the symptoms were alleviated. Since then, I have approached amusement park rides with caution, aware of the potential for motion sickness and choosing to avoid the thrills and twists that others find so exhilarating.。
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2018年地大（北京）英语考博翻译试题
Social impacts of technology
Although affordances and constraints of technological products are not objective features of them, they can be correlated with objective material features in them. For example, the physical constitution of speed bumps physically prevents cars from speeding without damage to the car or major inconvenience. The physical procedure of fertilization in IVF affords pregnancies without prior physical intercourse. In a particular context of use, these physical features translate into new social realities (new behaviors, new social arrangements, new perceptions and beliefs) that can be identified as impacts of a technological product.
Social impacts of technology can be identified at different levels of social analysis, including the micro-level of individuals and their interactions, the meso-level of groups and organizations and their interactions, and the macro-level of social structures, cultural systems and social institutions and their dynamics. For the study of the role of technology in a good society, which is an issue that plays out at the macro-level, macro-level impacts of technology are obviously the most important to consider. However, micro- and meso-level impacts may also need to be considered in order to properly identify and understand macro-level impacts.
At the micro-level, technological products may influence their immediate context of use in at least three ways. First, they may affect the behavior of users and the social roles and relations that users build in relation to others. For example, the possession of an automobile may influence where people live and what places they visit, and may also signal social status and identity. Second, technological products will not fit every user profile equally well, meaning that some users will not be able to use them well, or not at all, because they lack the required physical characteristics, knowledge, skills, interests, or access to resources. As a consequence, the introduction of a new technological product will affect potential users in different ways, benefiting some while excluding or marginalizing others.
Third, technological products often require the presence of material and social contextual background conditions for them to function well. For example, for automobiles to function well as vehicles for transportation, there must be material and social infrastructure present, such as roads, traffic lights, police, ambulance services, and so forth. The introduction of new technological products will therefore often stimulate the creation of appropriate background conditions for them to function well. This is also a way in which technological products have social impacts. These three types of affordances and constraints, concerning influence on behavior and social roles, selection of user profiles, and selection of material and social background conditions, also play out at the meso-level of groups and organizations.。