4.科技英语翻译(Unit 8-9)
科技英语四级词汇
科技英语四级词汇
科技英语是当前科技领域的重要语言之一。
掌握科技英语词汇对于从事科学研究、技术开发以及与科技相关的工作非常重要。
以下是科技英语四级词汇的完整版。
2. Artificial Intelligence: 人工智能
3. Robotics: 机器人技术
4. Data Analytics: 数据分析
5. Internet of Things (IoT): 物联网
6. Cybersecurity: 网络安全
7. Virtual Reality (VR): 虚拟现实
8. Augmented Reality (AR): 增强现实
10. Genetic Engineering: 基因工程
11. Biotechnology: 生物技术
12. Nanotechnology: 纳米技术
13. Renewable Energy: 可再生能源
14. Artificial Neural Network: 人工神经网络
15. Big Data: 大数据
16. Cryptocurrency: 加密货币
17. Machine Learning: 机器研究
18. 3D Printing: 3D打印
20. Space Exploration: 太空探索
这些词汇涵盖了科技领域的多个方面,帮助人们更好地理解和交流科技相关的概念和技术。
掌握这些词汇将有助于提高科技英语的水平,为从事相关工作打下坚实基础。
(注意:本文档的内容来源于科技领域常见的英语词汇,没有引用无法确认来源的内容。
)。
科技英语翻译-第8章
动词的翻译 动词在任何语言中都是重要的词类。英语的动词 有限定性动词与非限定性动词之分。 限定性动词作句子的谓语,并被主语所限定,故 有人称和数的变化。非限定性动词有动词不定式、 动名词和分词三种,在句子中不能单独作谓语, 故不被主语所限定,没有人称和数的变化。动词 在语言使用中频率之高足以引起我们对英语动词 的翻译规律和方法的重视。
Chapter Eight Translation of Verbs
第1节 谓语动词的一般译法 在翻译谓语动词时,首先应考虑到英语一词多义的特点,准确分析谓语动 词所表达的概念,正确选择在英语原文句子中的词义。一般来讲,谓语动 词的翻译主要有一下几种方法: 五.重复 一个动词接几个宾语,这是英语中常见的语言现象。但在英汉两种语言中 由于词的搭配习惯不同,英语中的一个动词在汉语中往往因为宾语的不同 而译成多个动词。这时动词的重复要进行具体处理,即符合汉语的词的搭 配习惯。如: Increasingly sophisticated computer-controlled robots are entering industry to cut down production costs, time, and labor requirements. 日益完善的由计算机控制的机器人正在进入工业领域,用来降低生产成本, 缩短生产时间,并且减少对劳动力的需求。 Besides food and blankets, they had mules, picks and pans. 除了带食物和毯子之外,他们还牵着骡子,扛着铁锹,带着淘金盘。 They have put up 150 rooms in fixed housing and 36 tents. 他们盖起了150间固定房屋,搭起了36座帐篷.
科技英语翻译课后答案
科技英语翻译1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The powerplantis the heartof a ship.The powerunit for drivin g the machin es is a 50-hp induct ion motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semico nduct or device s, called transi stors, are replac ing tubesin many applic ation s.Crampe d condit ionsmeansthat passen gers’legscannot move around freely.All bodies are knownto posses s weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
我们知道,所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
第1节翻译练习3The remova l of minera ls from wateris called soften ing.A typica l foliag e leaf of a plantbelong ing to the dicoty ledon s is compos ed of two princi pal parts: bladeand petiol e.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成:叶片和叶柄。
1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einste in’srelati vitytheory is the only one whichcan explai n such phenom ena.All four (outerplanet s) probab ly have coresof metals, silica tes, and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
科技英语课后翻译
Unit 1与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。
在2004 年美国国防部进步科技项目大挑战赛上(DARPA) ,产生了第一辆能够在美国加利福尼亚西南的莫哈韦沙漠142 英里的崎岖赛道上自主操控行驶的机器人车, 尽管获胜者制造的车辆在只行驶了7. 4 英里后就坏掉了。
但到了2005 年, 有五辆车都走完了全程, 而获胜者的车辆行驶平均速度达到了每小时19. 1英里。
另外, 机器人技术如今面临的挑战和三十年前我们处理的计算问题有些相似。
拥有机器人技术的公司目前还有一个可以在不同的设备上运行的标准运算软件。
机器人处理器和其他一些硬件设施的标准化水平是有限的, 一台机器使用的程序代码几乎不太可能在另一台机器上使用。
假使有人要设计一个新的机器人, 一般来说他就必须完全从头开始。
1)he robotics industry is a highly fragmented industry with few common standards orplatforms.Projects are complex, progress is slow, and practical application are relatively rare.2)In fact , for all the excitement and promise, no one can say with any certaintywhen-or even if-this industry will achieve critical mass.If it does, though, it may well change the world.3)Despite many difficulties from university researchers to entrepreneurs, hobbyistsand even high school students. No matter who he/she is, he/she is full of excitement and expectation to robotics industry.4)Robots have been widely used in industry production. But " there is still a long waybetween robots and daily lives.5)The popularity of robots in fiction indicates that people are respective to the ideathat these machines will one day walk among ua as helpers and even as companions.Unit 2人们对基因改造食物的态度,似乎愈来愈壁垒分明,一边的人支持,另一边的人则是畏惧。
科技英语的特点及译法week 8 week9
"听说有个很好的工作要你去干。"
"挺好的工作"。 "打算干吗?" "不。" "为什么不干?" "不想干"。
Features
这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。其特
点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省略 句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚。
在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点,省去主
语 " 你 " 、 " 我 " ; 将 英 语 的 一 个 句 子 I don't think so.干脆译成一个字"不",显得简洁有 力。
科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用,主要包括以下几类:
Vocabulary Features
3. 派生词汇,指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词 汇。这种词汇在科技英语文献中占有很大的比重。例如,由 前缀hydro-,hyper-,hypo- 和inter- 构成的词条在科技英语 中就有二干多条;以表示学科的后缀-logy,-ics 和表示行为、 性质、状态等的后缀-tion,-sion,-ance,-ence ,- ment 等 结尾构成的词汇在科技英语文献中俯拾即是。 4. 拉丁语、希腊词素, 是现代科技词汇的主要基础。 5. 动词常用单个动词代替“动词+副词(介词)”如absorb take in; discover find out; assemble put together 6. 缩写词也是科技英语词汇的重要组成部分,具有经济、简 便的优点。maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词) cpd (compound)化合物 FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)
科技英语课文句子翻译Unit1-10
Sentence TranslationUnit 1Text A1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people orderbooks and other products to make money transactions.但是,因特网上的交易数量急速增长,人们从网上购书和其他的产品,进行资金交易。
2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems runby banks, telephone companies and even government departments.他们用电脑上网,寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。
3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulentmoney transaction on a credit card account.当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时,这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。
4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet securityinto one of general security.用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many areequally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter.很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码,同样地,也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。
科技英语翻译480句
科技英语翻译480句(一)时间一,时间1. When a wire is broken by bending it back and forth rapidly, some of the work is transformed into heat and the wire gets hot.当把导线快速地(通过)来回弯曲折断时,部分功就转换成热,所以导线变热.2. When the moon changes it position, so do the orientation of the tide-generating forces and the position of the equilibrium tide.当月亮的位置改变时,引潮力的取向和平衡潮的位置也改变了.3. The water vapor will chang from its invisible state to condense into visible moisture when the dew point temprature is reched.当露点温度达到时,水气将从其看不见的状态凝结成可见的水分.4.When a user requests a set of resources, it must be determined whether the allocation of these resources will leave the system in safe state.当用户要求一组资源时,必须确定这些资源的分配是否会让系统处于安全状态.5.As the number of users sharing the segment increases, so does the difficulty of finding an acceptable segment number.当合同程序段的用户数目增加时,查找可接受的程序段的号码的困难也增加.6. The aire pressure begins falling accordingly as a typhoon comes near.随着台风的临近,气压开始下降.7.While they are waiting in the ready queue, the I/O devices are idle.当它们在就绪队列中等待时,输入/输出装置则空闲着.8. At the same time the waves are fanning out, they are also separating by wavelength, a process known as dispersion.当这些波向外扩散时,它们也在按波长分开,这一过程叫频散.9.Current stars flowing at the very moment when we close the circuit.当我们一接通线路,电流马上就开始出现.10. Meteorlogy entered a period of rapid advance about the time the Bjerknes' cyclone model appeared.大约在Bjerknes的气旋模型问世前后,气象学进入了一个迅速发展的时期.11. While in the form of radiation, the energy may travel a tremendous distance before being absorbed or changed back into heat.当能量以辐射能形式存在时,可以在经过很长距离后,才被吸收或转化为热.12. When moving over land, a typhoon is gradually decreased in severity.当台风在陆地上移动时,其猛烈性逐渐减弱.13. It is only when particles are close enough to exert relatively large forces on one another that they are able to set each other into this type of vibration.只有当粒子紧密到能够相互施加较大的力时,它们才能使彼此产生这样的振动.14.Only when its melting-point temperature is reached does iron start to pass into a liquid.只有当熔点温度达到时,铁才开始变成液体.15. Only if the component vectors are on a straight line will the length of the vector for the sum be equal to the sum of the lengths of these components or to thier difference.只有当几个分矢量在一直线上,那么表示其和的矢量长度才会等于这些分量的长度和或它们的差.16. Whenever occasion arises intensive observations are to be done to get the information on the fine structure of the atmospheric event.每当必要时,应该进行加密观测以便获得这一大气事件的细微结构的资料.17. Whenever a wave moves out from a source in uniform medium, it travels in straight lines.每当(凡是)波从均匀介质中的波源移出时,它都呈现直线传播.18. Each time the current changes directions, a period of no current, known as slack water, intervenes.每当潮流改变方向时,中间都有一段叫做平潮的无潮流阶段.19.As a rule, the temperature in the troposhere decreases steadily with increasing altitude until the tropopause is reached.通常对流层温度直到对流层顶都是随高度增加而不断地减小的.20. The jetstream was not fully recognized as a meteorological entity until 1949.直到1949年急流才作为一种气象实体现象为人们充分认识到.21. The seeds did not start germinating until late March becasue of a long spell of drought.由于一段很长时间的干旱直到3月下旬这些种子才开始发芽.22. Not until August 1974 did the expeditionary obervations begin.直到1974年8月考察(探险)活动才开始.23. A piece of metal left in the sun rises in temperature until it loses heat at the same rate at while it absorbs heat.一片放在阳光下的金属,其温度要上升到它吸收热量和失去热量的速率相等时才停止.24. In the simplest case, we start the requested I/O and wait until it iscomplete before returning control to the user program.在最简单的情况下,我们启动一个I/O请求,且一直等到它实现再(才)使控制器返回到用户程序.25. The weather remained the same until after June.那种天气一直维持到6月以后.26. By the time witer begins, coastal waters are thoroughly mixed, with virtually no temperture or salinity differences between surface and bottom waters.到冬季快要开始的时候,沿岸的海水已经彻底混合,表层和底层的水几乎没有什么温度差和盐度差了.27. If there is a page fault, all the old values are written back into memory before the trap occurs.如果有页面错误,则在自陷中断产生之前,所有原来的数值都要写回存储器.28.Such observations must be processed before we can utilize them.在我们能应用这些观测资料之前,它们必须进行处理.29. But thirty years were to elapse before suitable instruments were available to allow adetailed andsystematic investigation.但是竟然过了30年才出现了适用的仪器让我们对之进行细微的系统的考察.30. It was a few years before a breakthrough was made in this field.过了几年在这一领域才有了突破.31. Small objects such as dust particles and water droplets fall only small distances before losing most of their acceleration.向尘埃和小水滴这种小物体只下降很短距离就失去它们的大部分加速度。
科技英语翻译分解知识讲解
3. When an object is warmer than the surrounding region, it loses some of its heat by radiation.
当一个物体比周围环境热时,该物体会通过辐射失去它的 一些热量。
4. The particles require some a day to reach the earth.
前已指出,虽然由镭蜕变而获得的铅具有普通铅的一切特性, 但其原子量与普通铅不同。
第6节 翻译练习5
1. It necessitates careful design of the apparatus to get rid of the heat.
除热需要对设备进行仔细设计。
2. It is unknown when to begin to make transportable transformers.
地球在空间运行时,它还要自转。
4. As current flows through a conductor, it sets up a magnetic field.
电流通过导体,便产生磁场。
第6节 翻译练习2
1. It is a $12-billion industry whose factories, numbering in the hundreds, are found all over the world.
这些粒子大约需要一天的时间才能到达地球。
Chapter Four Translation of Pronoun
4.6 it及其句型的译法
1. it作人称代词的译法 (第6节 翻译练习1)
2. it作指示代词的译法 (第6节 翻译练习2)
科技英语课文翻译及答案课后答案和译文
科技英语考试题型与分值Part I Match the words with their definition. Fill the number of the word in the bracket. (5%) 10个小题,每题0.5分。
Part II Translate English phrases to Chinese or Chinese ones to English.(30%)30个小题,每题1分。
1-20英译汉,21-30汉译英。
Part III. Translate the following sentences. (40%)10个句子,每个句子4分。
1-5英译汉,6-10汉译英。
Part IV. Reading comprehension (25%)A. Answer the following questions according to the articles in the textbook.(15%)5个问题,每题3分。
B.Choose the best answer from the four choices given. (10%)5个选择题,每题2分。
Unit 1 练习答案及课文译文Part 2 Reading AI1 F2 T3F 4T5T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.TII1. Reducing the time and cost of product development and production.2. The product cycle is composed of two main processes:the design process and the manufacturing process.3. The activities involved in the design process can be classified largely as two types:synthesis and analysis.4. Rapid prototyping is becoming popular because this technology enables the construction of a prototype by deposition layers from the bottom to the top.5. This includes the preparation of drawings,reports,and bills of materials.III1.d2.e3.b4.j5.i6.c7.f8.h9.g 10.aIV1.处理速度2.用户友好的交互图形3. 产品周期4. 设计规格5. 设计评价6.CAD7.CAM8.CAE9.design process 10.production processV1. 除非能以较低的价格提供更好的质量及更短的交货时间提供新产品,否则任何企业都无法在当今的国际竞争中立足。
科技英语翻译
Unit1课文A人机对话1. 几十年来,科幻小说作家一直在勾勒一个世界,在这个世界中语言交流是人机之间最常用的联系接口。
科幻作家之所以这样想,部分原因是因为人类非常渴望让计算机能像人类一样地行为举止。
但事实远非如此简单。
人类的言语行为是自然形成的——在人类知道该如何读、写之前, 就学会了说。
人类的语言也是高效的——大多数人的说话速度大约是其打字的五倍多,是其写字的十倍多。
而且言语具有相当大的灵活性——人类不必靠或看见任何物体就能进行对话。
2. 第一代以语言为基础的接口装置很快就要面世, 包括能认识数万字的高性能系统。
事实上,现在在很多电脑商店里就能买到语音识别软件用来录音口授。
这些产品主要由IBM公司、飞利浦公司和其它公司提供。
其它的系统能够识别打电话中随口而出的言语。
美国电话电报公司的贝尔实验室率先在电话交易中使用语音识别系统。
目前这一流行技术主要应用在一些虚拟助手的服务中,可使用户得到新闻、得到最新的股票报价,甚至能够通过电话听电子邮件。
3. 我相信第二代以言语为基础的接口装置将能使人机交流达到像人与人交流一样。
因此,对话的理念非常重要。
传统的语音识别技术(把声音信号转换成数字信号)必须得到“语言理解”软件的补充、支持。
这样计算机才能掌握话语的意义。
4.从电脑的输出方面来看,计算机必须会用言辞来表达。
在万维网上得到文件、找到合适的信息然后将它变成合理的句子。
通过这样一系列过程,电脑和用户能够进行对话。
从而使它搞清楚它可能已经犯的错误。
举例来说, 通过提问下面的问题让计算机意识其中的错误:“你是说麻萨诸塞州的波士顿市,还是德克萨斯州的奥斯汀”?“银河系”说话了5.在过去十年里,我们在麻省理工学院的计算机科学实验室里,一直从事这种对话接口系统的研究。
但不幸地是,到目前为止,我们所开发的计算机的智商仍很低,它们只能处理有限的知识领域,如应用在天气预测和飞机的航班时刻表上。
尽管如此,但这些信息是即时更新的,你可通过电话得到这些信息。
高等学校英语拓展系列教程-科技英语阅读课文翻译
Text AUnit2 The Future of Alternative Energy替代能源的前景Residential energy use in the United States will increase 25 percent by the year 2025, according to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) forecasts. A small but increasing share of that extra power will trickle in from renewable sources like wind, sunlight, water and heat in the ground.美国能源部(DOE)预测,美国居民所使用的能源将在2025 年前增加25%。
增加的电能中将有一小部分来源于再生能源(如风、阳光、水、地热),而且这部分还会不断增大。
Last year alternative e nergy sources provided 6 percent of the nation’s energy supply, according to the DOE.美国能源部称,去年全国能源供应总量中有6%来自于替代能源。
“The future belongs to renewable energy,” said Brad Collins, the executive director of the American Solar Energy Society, a Boulder, Colorado-based nonprofit organization. “Scientist and industry experts may disagree over how long the world’s supply of oil and natural gas will last, but it will end,” Collin said.“未来属于再生能源,”美国太阳能协会执行主席布拉德·柯林斯说。
科技英语翻译课后题答案课后习题答案
The power plant is the heart of a ship. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 我们知道,所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习九
《科技英语翻译》课程练习九《科技英语翻译》课程练习九答案一、翻译以下句子,注意被动语态的处理1) The definitions of the trigonometric functions were given in Section 3-2.译文:三角函数的定义已在3-2节中给出。
2) When rust is formed, chemical change has taken place.译文:铁生锈时,就发生了化学变化。
3) Whenever two objects are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one object to the other.译文:当两个物体在一起摩擦时,电子便从一个物体转到另一个物体。
4) If the amount of positive and negative charges is varied, the electron stream can be made to bend up or down in varying amounts.译文:如果正负电荷的量发生变化,电子流上下弯曲的程度也随之变化。
5) Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.译文:润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。
6) Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter and that matter, in turn, may be created from energy.译文:近代科学的发现得出这样的结论:物质可以产生能,能又可以产生物质。
7) When one of the charged bodies has a polarity opposite to the other, there is said to be a difference of potential between them.译文:当一个带电体的极性与另一带电体相反时,人们就说它们之间存在电位差。
科技英语阅读翻译
Unit 2 Physics1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energy Para. 1: Dark energy is an unexplained force which tugs galaxies away from each other.Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists’ hypothetic form of energy to explain the universe’s expansion.Part 2 (Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectationsPara. 4: The discovery of dark energy is a case of science confounding expectations.Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of expansion.Para. 6: The universe’s rate of expansion was speeding up.Para. 7: The result was beyond experts’ expectations which caused much nervous laughter.Para. 8: The measurements of supernovae provided the evidence that the universe’s rate of ballooning was speeding up.Para. 9: The scientists observed many supernovae at different distances to determine how fast they are speeding away from us.Part 3 (Paras. 10-13): The rate of the expansion of the universe: shocking resultsPara. 10: The rate of the universe’s expansion is accelerating.Para. 11: More researches done by other experts also show the same results.Para. 12: Einstein’s cosmologica l constant has been revived to explain the puzzling findings.Para. 13: The cosmological constant is one of the leading theories to explain the expansion of theuniverse.Part 4 (Paras. 14-17): The difference between dark energy and dark matterPara. 14: The confusion of dark energy and dark matter.Para. 15: Dark matter is an invisible hypothesized form of matter.Para. 16: Dark matter and dark energy seem to make up most of the mass of the universe.Para. 17: The discovery of dark energy stirred up a lot of other issues, such as making some peoplebelieve that there are several universes.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words givenin the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)Skin injury, infection, stress, and certain drugs maytrigger psoriasis. Skin cells move at an accelerated ratefrom the dermis into the epidermis, where they sloughoff, causing inflammation.牛皮癣可能由皮肤外伤、感染、压力和某些药物引起。
科技英语阅读课文翻译UNIT1-8
科技英语阅读1-8单元译文:Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例:设想有这样一群理发师,他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件,不给自己理发;然而按照要求,他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
(如果这样的话,这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发)1901年,伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期,弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式(如:x =2)和数学特性(如偶数)之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展,我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年,发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
就现在而言,这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
例如,我们可以用x代表整数,通过n 来表示并且n大于3小于7,来表示4,5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是:x={n:n是整数,3<n<7}。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
我们也可让y={x:x是美国的一个男性居民}。
表面上看,似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。
但是,罗素(和策梅洛一起)发现x={a:a不再a中}导致一个矛盾,就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x它本身是在x的集合中吗?否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
当罗素发现了悖论,弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。
尽管这样,他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试,去解决这个问题(但没有成功)。
罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。
他解释说,悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。
所以,罗素介绍了对象的分级系统:数、数集、数集的集合等等。
这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础,至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。
策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理:对于任意公式A(x)和任意集合b,都会有一个集合满足y={x:x既在b中又满足A(x)}取代了以前的公理:对于任意公式A(x),都会有一个集合满足y={x:x满足A(x)}。
翻译-unit8科技英语翻译
Unit 8科技英语翻译科技文体是一种特殊的文体形式,其范围很广泛,既包括科技著作、论文、实验报告、各类科技文献,也包括各种机械工具、仪器仪表等的构造、原理描述及操作描述。
当今世界,各国之间不仅在政治、经济、外交等领域有密切的合作,随着科学技术的日益发展,各国在科技领域的交流也在不断加强,这就使科技文体的翻译引起人们越来越多的关注。
要做好科技文体的翻译工作,首先必须了解科技文体的特点,从而在翻译中采取相应的技巧和处理方法。
目前,对我国广大学生和科研工作者来说,科技文体的翻译主要是以英译汉为主,学习借鉴西方发达国家的科研成果,而汉译英所占的比例相对要小一些。
因此,在本章中,我们主要讨论科技文体的英译汉,而对汉译英部分只是稍作阐述。
一、科技英语的特点及翻译方法关于翻译标准,中外学者在不同时期提出了不同的见解。
有的翻译标准具有普遍性,适用于各种文体的翻译。
但在实际操作中,不同的文体具有不同的侧重点,对同一标准可能会有不同的理解和阐述。
就科技英语而言,翻译的重点应放在信息传达的准确性和语言表达的规范性上。
在动笔翻译之前,译者必须透彻理解原文,分析语法上的深层结构,理顺逻辑上的内在联系。
作为一种特殊的文体,科技英语(scientific English)与一般英语(common English)相比有其自身的特点。
只有了解了这些特点,才能在翻译中采取恰当的翻译策略和技巧,做到用词严谨、表达准确、逻辑严密。
1.大量使用科技词汇科技文体的一大特点就是使用大量的专业术语。
有很多专业术语源于拉丁语和希腊语,意义比较稳定,有利于准确地表达概念和意义。
一般来说,科技英语词汇的构成方法有合成法,混合法,词缀法,首字母缩略法,以及借用专有名词。
1)合成法(Compounding)这类词汇是由两个或两个以上的单词组合而成的。
一般来说,合成词的翻译采用直译,将各词的意思相加即可。
但也有一些特殊例子,不能望词生义,在翻译的时候须谨慎处理,准确了解其专业意思。
科技英语翻译 (79)
Unit 9 Time Management in IT Industry
2. Part Two Case Learning:
番茄时间管理法:适合你吗? 如果你花很多时间去寻找生活小窍门,你就很可能听说过著名的番茄时间管 理法。番茄时间管理法在 20 世纪 80 年代由弗朗西斯科西里洛发明,是现在最受 欢迎的时间管理小窍门。但是这一方法并不适合所有人。有人是这一方法的忠实 拥护者,有人却对其结果颇多挑剔。 番茄时间管理法适合你吗?这是一种个人选择的事情。如果你对使用这一方 法的好处很好奇,本文将为你提供基本信息,你来决定是否值得一试。 基本概念 番茄时间管理法是一种时间管理哲学,其目的是为使用者提供最大化的关注 力以及创新的新鲜感,使得使用者能够以更小的脑力疲劳为代价,获得更快速的 任务完成。 过程很简单。对于每天的每一个项目,把时间分段,定时休息:工作 25 分 钟,休息 5 分钟。 每个长达 25 分钟的工作时段被称为一个“pomodoro”,意大利语,意为番 茄。弗朗西斯科西里洛使用一个形似番茄的厨房计时器作为自己的计时器,并以 此为这一方法命名。 四个“pomodoro”时间过去后(即工作了 100 分钟并休息了 15 分钟),你 可以休息 15 到 20 分钟。 每完成一个番茄时间,就画一个 X 作为记录,并且记下在每个 25 分钟时段 想要拖延或者去做另外一个任务的冲动的次数。 工作原理 有规律的休息保持大脑清醒、注意力集中。根据番茄官方网站的说法,该方 法使用简单,结果明显:“一两天就能看到工作或学习的变化。持续使用 7 到 20 天就可以真正掌握该方法。” 如果你的任务量大类多,番茄时间管理方法会让你坚持严格的计时,从而更 快速的完成项目。看着计时器旋转能促使你更快的完成当前任务,一个任务分散 到两到三个番茄时间能保证你不会感到很挫败。对工作活动的持续计时能保证你 对任务的责任心更高,将拖延的时间最小化。你会越来越“尊重番茄”,有助于 更好的应对工作。 拥护者说 苹果非官方微博的史蒂文桑德是这一方法的粉丝。他开发出大量的苹果兼容 的番茄工具。在使用番茄时间管理方法之前,他说:“有时候我不知道怎么处理 一天的时间,就是因为所有的工作都想去做,结果一个都没完成。” 另一个番茄时间管理方法的支持者是《华尔街日报》的苏榭伦伯格。她在尝 试了番茄时间管理方法以及其它类似的时间管理方法后说,这种方法缓解了时间 的流逝带给她的焦虑,并提高了工作效率;休息能让她回复精力,在对专栏内容 进行校对时,时间缩短了一半。 批评者说 除了这一方法的拥护者之外,也不乏批评者。克林米勒是雅虎的员工,也是 一位博主。在尝试了番茄时间管理方法之后发现了一些问题。
科技英语外文翻译之英文篇
Microcontroller Based System for theMeasurement of Dielectric Constant inLiquidsCh.V.V.Ramana and K.MalakondaiahDepartment of Instrumentation and University Science InstrumentationCentre,Sri Krishnaevaraya University,Anantapur,IndiaAbstract:A microcontroller based system using 89c51microcontroller for the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids has been designed and developed.It is based on the principle that the change in frequency of an XR–2206function generator,when the liquid forms the dielectric medium of the dielectric cell,is measured with a microcontroller.Atmel’s AT89C51microcontroller is used in the present study.Further,an LCD module is interfaced with the microcontroller in 4-bit mode,which reduces the hardware complexity.Software is developed in C using Ride’s C-cross compiler.The instrument system covers a wide range of dielectric constants for various liquids at various concentrations and at different temperatures.The system is quite successful in the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids with an accuracy of +0.2%.The paper deals with the hardware and software details.Keywords:Dielectric constant,XR-2206Function generator,Frequency measure-ment,C using Ride’s C-cross compiler and 89C51MicrocontrollerINTRODUCTIONThe dielectric constant is a property of major concern in understanding acid-base behaviour in various solvents.A “dielectric”is a substance that can sustain an electric field and acts as an insulator.Some liquids and gases can serve as good dielectric materials,having a special property of storing and dis-sipating electrical energy when subjected to electromagnetic fields.Dry air is Address correspondence to K.Malakondaiah,Department of Instrumentation and University Science Instrumentation Centre,Sri Krishnaevaraya University,Anantapur 515003,India.E-mail:ramana6@Instrumentation Science and Technology ,35:599–608,2007Copyright #Taylor &Francis Group,LLCISSN 1073-9149print /1525-6030onlineDOI:10.1080/10739140701651581599an excellent dielectric.Dielectric measurements are useful for detecting explosives,plastic and metal weapons,drugs,chemical agents,and biological agents.The dielectric constant 1of a liquid is defined as the ratio of the electrical capacitance of a cell when the liquid /solution forms the dielec-tric medium (C s )to the capacitance of the cell when air forms the dielectric medium (C 0)at a given temperature,which is represented by the following equation:1¼ðC s Þ=ðC 0Þð1ÞThe dielectric cell consists of two parallel metallic plates which act as electrodes.The cell acts as a capacitor,while the liquid acts as a dielectric medium.The cell has to be first standardized to measure the dielectric constants of unknown solutions.This is accomplished by considering a pure liquid,such as benzene,as the reference liquid.The dielectric constant of an unknown liquid (1x )can be determined by measuring the capacitance of the cell in air (C 0),the capacitance of cell in the reference liquid (C r ),such as benzene,and the capacitance of the cell in the liquid whose dielectric constant has to be measured (C x ),using the relationship:1x ¼1þ½ðC 0ÀC x Þ=ðC 0ÀC r Þ Âð1r À1Þð2Þwhere 1r is the dielectric constant of the reference liquid.The dielectric constant of a material contains detailed information about the physical and chemical composition and structure.[1]Nowadays,the popularity of microcon-trollers is increasing,due to the fact that they are being used in all types of instruments and in embedded environments.In the present study,the technique utilizes frequency measurement for determination of capacitance using the microcontroller as a tool,while most of the conventional techniques measure the capacitance using bridge methods.PRINCIPLEThe IC XR–2206is a function generator chip.It acts as an RC oscillator.The frequency of oscillations depends on the values of timing resistor R and timing capacitor C.The value of R is kept constant.The dielectric cell acts as a capacitor C that varies with the dielectric medium.Consequently,the frequency of the oscillator also changes.The measurement of the frequency of the oscillator enables one to measure the value of the capacitance of the cell and,thus,the dielectric constant of the medium.In the present study,with suitable interface of the oscillator circuit with a 89C51microcontroller,the frequency of the oscillator is measured.The dielectric constant of the medium is computed using Eq.(2)and is displayed on the LCD.Ch.V.V.Ramana and K.Malakondaiah 600EXPERIMENTALInstrumentationHardware DesignThe block diagram of the microcontroller based system for the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids is shown in Fig.1.A schematic diagram which contains more details is shown in Fig.2.The designed cell is connected between pins 5and 6of THE XR-2206using A BNC connector.The dielectric cell acts as a capacitor C whose capacitance can be measured in terms of frequency.The block A of Fig.2consists of the XR-2206function generator.The output of the RC oscillator (the square wave output (pin 11)is an open collector and,hence,it needs a pull up resistor to V cc .Connecting a 10K resistor between pins 11and V cc ,makes the square wave output to be TTL compatible.In the present study,the XR-2206function generator generally operates at 1MHz frequency.But,the 8051microcontroller can measure the frequency accurately up to a few hundred kilohertz frequency.Hence,the divide counter shown in block B of Fig.2is used.The output of the RC oscillator is given to the clock input of the 74LS90IC [3]decade counter;(which acts as a divide counter (410,412,and a 4-bit binary counter)that divides the RC oscillator output by 10times.The output of the 74LS90is given to the timer 0external input,which is available on the micro-controller (port 3).The microcontroller counts the clock pulses that are given from the 74LS90over an interval of 1sec,which gives the frequency of the oscillator.Block C of Fig.2consists of an LM335[4]which is used as a sensor to measure the temperature of the solution.It also consists ofthe Figure 1.Block diagram of microcontroller based system for the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids.Microcontroller Based System 601hardware that amplifies the signal from the temperature sensor.The output of the temperature unit is given to the analog-to-digital converter (IC 0809)which is shown in block D of Fig.2.The IC 0809is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter,8-channel multiplexer,and microprocessor compatible control logic.[5]The 8-bit A /D converter uses suc-cessive approximation,which can make 100conversions per microsecond at a clock rate 120KHz.The 0809operates 0to 5V input range with single 5V power supply.It is used to convert the analog temperature into digital values.Block E of Fig.2is an AT89C51microcontroller from the Atmel Company.[6]It is a low-power,high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).It has four parallel ports,two 16-bit timers /counters,six interrupt sources,and one programmable serial port,with low powerideal Figure 2.Schematic diagram of microcontroller based system for the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids.(continued )Ch.V.V.Ramana and K.Malakondaiah 602and power down modes;it has the facility of three-program memory lock.The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.All ports are used (port 1is used for LCD display,port 2is for ADC,port 0is used for control signals (that are RS,RW,and EN for LCD display,and SC,ALE and EOC for ADC),port 3(one line is used)is used for frequency measurement.Block F of Fig.2is a two-row 16characters LCD display from ODM;[7]it is interfaced with the microcontroller through port 1to display the measured data and results.The interfacing of the ADC with the microcontroller is shown in Fig.2(a)[continu-ation of Fig.2].Interfacing of the Oscillator with the MicrocontrollerThe frequency of oscillation f 0is determined by the external timing capacitor C (across pins 5and 6)and the timing resistor R (connected to either pin 7or8).The frequency is given by:f 0¼1=R ÃC ð3ÞThe frequency f 0can be adjusted by varying either R or C.In the present study,the timing resistor R is kept constant.Since the timing capacitor C is to be maintained at a minimum of 100pf,a capacitor of value 100pf is connected in parallel with the dielectric cell.TheFigure 2.Continued.Microcontroller Based System 603designed cell is connected between pins5and6of the XR-2206using a BNC connector.The dielectric cell acts as a capacitor C whose capacitance can be measured in terms of frequency using the following equation:C¼1=RÃf0ð4ÞSoftwareSoftware is developed in C using Ride’s(Raisonance Integrated Develop-ment Environment)C-cross compiler to initialize the LCD display and measure the frequency,capacitance,dielectric constant,and temperature. After development,the codes are stored in the program memory(flash EPROM)of the AT89C51microcontroller by using the Atmel programmer and the program is executed.Theflow chart of the program is presentedFig.3.Calibration and MeasurementThe instrument is calibrated and measured following the procedure mentioned below.1.Clean the dielectric cell,dry it,and keep it in a beaker containing air.2.Connect the cell to the circuit as shown in Fig.2.3.Switch on the system and activate the software.4.The system measures and displays the frequency,along with tempera-ture and,in turn,the capacitance of the cell using Eq.(4).Make a note of the values.5.Keep the reference liquid (benzene in the present study)in the cell.6.Repeat the steps from (2)to (4).7.Place the unknown liquid in the cell.8.Repeat the steps from (2)to (4).9.Then,calculate the dielectric constant of the unknown liquid using Eq.(2).10.Note the readings of the dielectric constant of unknown liquids along with temperature.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe performance of the microcontroller-based system for the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids is tested with some liquids at 308C.The samples are selected to cover a wide range.The results are presented in Table 1.The results of the present study are in good agreement with the literature values.The dielectric constant measurements for the binary liquid mixtures(1)benzene þnitrobenzene;(2)nitrobenzene þchlorobenzene;and (3)nitrobenzene þcyclohexanone for various concentrations (mole /L)at 308C were made.The results are graphically represented in Fig.4.Table I.Dielectric constants of pure liquids at 308CSamplePresent work Literature Reference Toulene2.46 2.40[9]Chlorobenzene5.96 5.91[10]5.90[9]Cyclohexanone17.9618.2[9]Acetone20.3020.35[9]Methanol32.5632.6[9]Nitrobenzene 34.8934.81[12]34.80[11]Ch.V.V.Ramana and K.Malakondaiah 606CONCLUSIONThe hardware and software features of a microcontroller based system for the measurement of dielectric constant in liquids are described.The necessary software is developed in C,using Ride’s C-cross compiler.The system is quite successful for the measurement of dielectric constants in liquids with an accuracy of +0.2%.The measurement of dielectric constant,over a wide range,is a special feature of the present study.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors are thankful to M /S Mittal Enterprises,New Delhi for providing the necessary help to carry out this work.REFERENCES1.Hoppe,W.Bio Physics ;Springer-Verlag:New York,1983.2.XR-2206function generator chip Datasheet,Exar ;the Analog Plus Company,1997.3.IC 74LS90Decade Counter Datasheet ;Motorola,1999.4.Data Acquisition Data Book ;National Semiconductor,1993.5.IC 08098-Bit Analog to Digital Converter Datasheet ;National Semiconductor,1999.6.IC AT89C518-Bit Microcontroller with 4K Bytes Flash Datasheet ;Atmel Company,2000.7.ODM LCD User Manual ;1998.8.Rajendran,A.;Neelamegam,K.An instrument for measurement of dielectric constant of liquids using 8031Microcontroller.Bull.Electrochem.2004,20(2),59–62..This site is for dielectric constanttables.Figure 4.Concentration versus dielectric constant for three binary liquid mixtures.Microcontroller Based System 60710.International Critical Tables of Numerical Data in Physics,Chemistry and Tech-nology ;USA,1933.11.Weissberger,A Ed.,Technique of Organic Chemistry .Vol.III;Interscience:New York,1967.12.Hand Book of Chemistry and Physics ,76th Edn.;The Chemical Rubber Co:Cleveland,Ohio,1995.Received November 17,2006Accepted March 13,2007Manuscript 1605Ch.V.V.Ramana and K.Malakondaiah608。
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科技英语翻译(2) 科技英语翻译(
– 科技文体的句法特点及翻译方法
科技英语翻译( ) 科技英语翻译(2) ——科技文体的句法特点及翻译方法 科技文体的句法特点及翻译方法 一、大量使用名词性结构。 大量使用名词性结构。 科技英语的文体特点是行文简练、结构整齐、 科技英语的文体特点是行文简练、结构整齐、严谨 周密、逻辑性强, 周密、逻辑性强,因此常采用名词性结构以表达客 观的观点。 观的观点。
centrifugal force gear box mathematic model
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ离心力 齿轮箱 数学模型
2.音译 .
radar 雷达
3.象形译 .
工字轨 H-rail 三角带 V-belt cross bit 十字头
逻辑 nylon 尼龙
logic
4.原形译 . α-brass X-ray
α黄铜 黄铜 X射线 射线
二、在科技英语翻译中,有很多术语由词缀构成,因此, 在科技英语翻译中,有很多术语由词缀构成,因此, 了解词缀很有必要。 了解词缀很有必要。 1.常见科技词汇前缀: .常见科技词汇前缀:
intermicrotranscircumcontramulti-
相互 微 跨 绕 相反 多
interplay microcosm transplant circumstance contradiction multimedia
三、复合词与缩略词 大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一。 大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一。复合词是指 双词组合及多词组合;缩略词是指两个或几个词构成一个词。 双词组合及多词组合;缩略词是指两个或几个词构成一个词。 1.复合词 .
feed-back radiophotography anti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile full-enclosed 反馈 无线电传真 反装甲车导弹 全封闭的
High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 此药。 高血压者忌服此药。
二、广泛使用被动语句。 广泛使用被动语句。 据统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态, 据统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态, 其原因在于在文体中过多地使用第一、二人称, 其原因在于在文体中过多地使用第一、二人称,会 有主观臆断的印象。 有主观臆断的印象。
科技英语翻译(1) 科技英语翻译(
– 科技英语文体的词法特点及翻译方法
科技英语翻译( ) 科技英语翻译(1) ——科技英语文体的词法特点及翻译方法 科技英语文体的词法特点及翻译方法 一、科技英语中有大量的术语,而且科学性、技术性和 科技英语中有大量的术语,而且科学性、 专业性很强。科技术语的译法有意译、音译、 专业性很强。科技术语的译法有意译、音译、象形 译和原形译四 译和原形译四种。 1.意译 .
The Space Shuttle Columbia returned from 16 days in orbit, using astronauts and animals as neurological test subjects.
“哥伦比亚”号航天飞机 哥伦比亚” 哥伦比亚 在轨道运行16天后返回 在轨道运行 天后返回 地球,在此期间, 地球,在此期间,它把
2.缩略词 .
FM TELESAT P.S.I. cpd (frequency modulation)调频 调频 (telecommunications satellite )通信卫星 通信卫星 (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸 磅 英寸 (compound)化合物 化合物
四、翻译误区:科技英语翻译的难点是专业术语的翻 翻译误区: 有一些词汇看起来很简单, 译,有一些词汇看起来很简单,但是在科技文章中 则产生了其他的含义。 则产生了其他的含义。
A moratorium(暂停) has moratorium(暂停) been placed on the use of government funds for research into cloning.
已经要求暂停使用政府用
于克隆技术研究的款项。 于克隆技术研究的款项。
三、常使用非限定性谓语动词。 常使用非限定性谓语动词。 科技文章行文简练,结构紧凑,因此, 科技文章行文简练,结构紧凑,因此,常使用非限定 性谓语动词代替各种从句。 性谓语动词代替各种从句。
宇航员和动物用作精神 病学受试对象。
四、科技文体常用句型。 科技文体常用句型。 科技文体中常使用特定的句型, 结构句型、 科技文体中常使用特定的句型,如It...that...结构句型、 结构句型 被动句、分词短语句型、省略句等句型。 被动句、分词短语句型、省略句等句型。
It...that...结构句型 It is evident that… It seems that… It has been proved that… It may be said that…
2.常见科技词汇后缀: .常见科技词汇后缀:
-ness -tion -ity -ism -sion -ence -ship -hood -ing 表示性质、 表示性质、状态 表示动作、 表示动作、状态 表示性质、 表示性质、状态 表示主义、 表示主义、学说 表示行为、 表示行为、状态 表示动作、性质 表示动作、 表示情况、 表示情况、状态 表示身份、 表示身份、资格 表示动作过程 oneness, thoughtfulness, carelessness examination, realization, decoration reality, purity, gravity, formality atomism, criticism, colloquialism confusion, division, precision, conclusion resilience, reference, existence hardship, marksmanship falsehood, likelihood engraving, accounting, banking