SI units

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SI_quantities&units

SI quantities and unitsTable 1 below has been reproduced using the same conventions and notation asused in the text “Electrical Principles for the Electrical Trades” or in class.Table 1: SI quantities and unitsAngle of rotation θ Degrees °Angle of rotation (supplementaryunit) α RadianradArea ASquaremetrem2Capacitance CFaradF Density -Kilogram/cubicmetrekg/m3Diameter dMetrem Efficiency η Precent % Electric current I Ampere AElectric potential V Volt VElectrochemical equivalent z Kilograms/coulomb kg/CEnergy EJouleJ Force FNewtonN Frequency fHertzHz Frequency (angular) ω Radians/secondrad/s Heat capacity C Joules/Kelvin J/KIlluminance E Luxlx Inductance (mutual) M Henry HInductance (self) L Henry HImpedance ZOhmΩLength lMetrem Luminance Lcd/sq.metrecd/m2Luminous flux F Lumen lmLuminous intensity I Candela cdMagnetic field strength H Amperes/meter A/mMagnetic flux Φ WeberWb Magnetic flux density Β Tesla T Magnetic reluctance R m Ampere turns /weber/H Magnetomotive force F m Ampere AMass m Kilogram kg Number of poles p - - Number of turns N--Permeability actual μ - - Permeability absolute μ0 Henry/metre H/m(7104−×π) Permeability relativeμr - (ratio)Permittivity ε Farads/metre F/m Power apparent S Volt ampere VA Power reactive Q Volt ampere reactivevar Power true PWattWPower factor λ Ratio cos φ Pressure P Pascal PaQuantity of chargeQCoulombCRadius r Metre m Reactance X Ohm Ω Resistance R Ohm Ω Resistivity ρ Ohm metre Ωm Rotational speed n-rpmrpsSolid angle ω Steradian sr Slip s Percent %Specific heat capacity C Jouls/kg.kelvinJ/kg.K Temperature absolute T Kelvin K Temperature customarytDegrees Celsius°CTime t Second sTime constant τ Second sTorque T Newton metre NmTransformation ratio(instrument transformer)K - -Turns t - -Turns ratio (transformer)n - -Work W Joule JSI UnitsWhat does SI mean? It stands for Systeme International d’Unites (the InternationalSystem of Units) which is abbreviated in many languages to SI units.This system is international and uses common units for mechanical, thermal, andelectrical values. Table 2 shows the basic SI units.Table 2: Base SI unitslength l metre mkg mass m kilogramtime t seconds electric current I ampere Atemperature t kelvin KLuminous intensity I candela cdrad Angle of rotation α radianDefinitionsTable 3: Unit definitionsMetre The length of the path travelled by light in a vacuumduring a time interval of 1/299,792,458 second.Kilogram The mass of the international Prototype of the Kilogram(Platinum - Iridium)Second The time interval corresponding with 9,192,631,770oscillations of a caesium 133 atom at 0°KAmpere The current required to flow in 2 parallel conductors,placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum to produce a force of 2x 10-7 Newton metres between the conductors.Kelvin 1/273.16 of the (Triple point) of water (Ice Point)Candela The luminous intensity, in a given direction of a sourcethat emits monochromatic radiation of 54,012 Hz and hasa radian intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian.Radian The angle between 2 radii of the same circle, which markoff, on the circumference of the circle, an arc equal inlength to the radius of the circle.。

SMC EX260-SEC1 -SEC2 -SEC3 -SEC4 商品说明书

<EX260-SEC1/-SEC2/-SEC3/-SEC4>InstallationConfigurationAuto-increment addressing can be used to address each slave device via its physical position in the communication ring, and not require local address setting.To configure the EX260 SI unit with the EtherCAT master, XML Device Description File is required.The technical document states detail configuration information and the XML file can be found on the SMC website (.)Output number assignmentOutput number starts at zero and refers to the solenoid position on the manifold.General instructions on installation and maintenanceConnect valve manifold to the SI unit.Connectable valve manifolds are same as for EX250 series SI unit.Refer to the EX250 series valve manifold section in the valve catalogue for valvemanifold dimension.Power supply connector layoutGround terminalConnect the ground terminal to the ground.Resistance to ground should be 100 ohms or less.SettingReplacement of the SI unit•Remove the M3 hexagon screw from the SI unit and release the SI unit from the valve manifold.•Replace the SI unit.•Tighten the screws with the specified tightening torque. (0.6 Nm)Precautions for maintenance •Be sure to switch off the power.•Check there is no foreign matter inside the SI unit.•Check there is no damage and no foreign matter being stuck to the gasket.•Be sure to tighten the screw with the specified torque.If the SI unit is not assembled properly, inside PCBs may be damaged or liquid and/or dust may enter into the unit.Connecting cablesSelect the appropriate cables to fit with the connectors mounted on the SI unit.Fieldbus interface connector layoutTroubleshootingThe technical document states detail troubleshooting information can be found on the SMC website (URL )SpecificationsConnected load: 24VDC Solenoid valve with light and surge voltage suppressor of 1.5 W or less (manufactured by SMC)Current consumption of power supply for SI unit operation: 0.1 A max.Ambient temperature for operation: -10 to 50 ℃Ambient temperature for storage: -20 to 60 ℃Pollution degree 2: (UL508)The technical document states detail specification information can be found on the SMC website (URL )Akihabara UDX 15F, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, JAPAN Phone: +81 3-5207-8249 Fax: +81 3-5298-5362URL Outline DimensionsThe technical document states detail outline dimensions information can be foundon the SMC website (URL )AccessoriesThe technical document states detail accessories information can be found on the SMC website (URL )*2: Single flash pattern*1: Blinking patternAssembly and disassembly of the SI unit*3: Flickering patternNOTEWhen conformity to UL is necessary the SI unit must be used with a UL 1310Class2 power supply.Fieldbus deviceOperation ManualEX260 Series for EtherCATThank you for purchasing an SMC EX260 Series Fieldbus device (Hereinafter referred to as "SI unit" ).Please read this manual carefully before operating the product and make sure you understand its capabilities and limitations.Please keep this manual handy for future reference.To obtain more detailed information about operating this product,please refer to the SMC website (URL ) or contact SMC directly.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage.These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of"Caution", " Warning" or "Danger". They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International standards (ISO/IEC), Japan Industrial Standards (JIS) and other safety regulations.OperatorNote: Specifications are subject to change without prior notice and any obligation on the part of the manufacturer.EtherCAT ®is registered trademark and patented technology, licensed by Beckhoff Automation GmbH, Germany.© 2010 SMC Corporation All Rights ReservedPWR: M12 5-pole Plug A-coded。

ansys基本单位设置及部分基础知识

ANSYS基本单位设置及部分基础知识可使用命令（∕UNITS,LABEL ）来表示分析时所采用的单位，LABEL表示系统单位，LABEL=Sl （国际单位：米、公斤、秒）；/UNITS, SILABEL=CSG （公制：厘米、克、秒）；LABEL=BFT （英制：长度=ft）；LABEL=BIN （英制: 长度=in ）。

ex是材料的弹性模量，也叫杨氏模量。

30e6的意思是30乘以10的6次方。

单位是PSi，英镑每平方英寸。

1psi=6890N∕M2.这种情况是你在选择硬直单位时的数值。

如果你选择的是国际单位制这一项应填2e11。

建议填写2e11,因为打开anSyS默认就是国际单位制。

这个命令只是测X轴的距离的吧楼主可以试试这样操作绝对可以的PrePrOCeSSOr——modeling——CheCk Geom----KP dista nces会出来个对话框选择你需要测量的两个点会自动显示出TXT的文本包括绝对距离X Y Z的距离x_disp=distkp（10,11）命令流，节点10 和11 距离■ ANSYS＞国标单位（SI）,也称公制或米制单位：•长度--- m,力----- N J时间------ s,质量----- kg ＞压强/压力——Pa）弹性模量——Pa （Wm2）, 密度kg⅛τ∖频率---- HZ T速度 ------ m∕s^角速度——rad∕s,................＞英制单位：•英尺（ft）或英寸（in）S⅛ （Ib） ... ..............+ QO 噩兀R « * « ⅛ ** IrW 9WwnInI in^H.4 mm *CB 萸尺a I Λ-0Jθ4<we>S■h1 h-3⅛βθ> AitUIbI Ih • 0.4« 9 kf1 IIUg-32.2 Ib 14.7∣S6k^MVMT I 7 3/9 VHZHI电査⅛* A **♦ATΛf*√J UΓY∙02X ∣O∙ M 9立方*立方黃十to 'I i∙'-1.63IC7×10' ≡√I0» 4 U 1IBtiwt*⅜次方匕 -⅜ ιa⅛*英勺叩二庆方牲1 m√ = 0.02S4ra,√-FM-决方蕈kg∙αι,Ib ・ ia ,IA ・ ⅛,-XW∙WXto 4力 E N 镣力Ibr I ft>(-4.44X 2 N 力鉅5*N ・GW 力矣寸Ibf-in IIM ∙in∙<M12 W5 Nr您KJBuI BU-Iw5.06 JANSYS 中的坐标系+ QO存储数据库■将数据从内存以数据库文件（以db 为扩展名）写入硬盘，是数据库当前状态的一个备份。

CMG软件培训讲义(二)中文

Computer Modelling Group, Inc.培训讲义使用建立、运算并分析“STARS 水驱” 油藏模拟模型Builder 2007.10 STARS 2007.10&目录用BUILDER 2007.10创建一个黑油模型.... .... .... . (3)启动CMG主界面 3打开BUILDER 3创建模拟网格 3定义模型的孔隙度和渗透率 6创建PVT 数据7创建相对渗透率数据8创建初始条件9创建井轨迹和导入射孔文件 (9)添加历史生产数据 (12)创建月度生产/注入动态数据12 创建历史拟合文件(*.fhf) 13 井定义和约束条件13往重启动文件中写入重启动信息 (15)运行STARS 数据体 (15)用Results Graph 查看模拟结果 (16)在历史数据的基础上启动预测运算 (17)用BUILDER 2007.10创建一个黑油模型在你硬盘上创建一个工作目录，把与该指南相关的图放在该目录下。

启动CMG 主界面(桌面上的图标或者开始/程序/CMG/Launcher) •选择菜单项Projects,然后Add Project•浏览并选择存储图文件的目录•工程命名为Tutorial•点击确定回到主界面•现在你应该能看到工作目录打开BUILDER 2007.10 (双击图标)•选择：STARS Simulator, SI Units, Single PorosityStarting date 1991-01-01•点击2次确定创建模拟网格(构造数据)•点击File (位于左上角的菜单栏)，然后Open Map File•选择Map Type –Atlas Boundary format，x/y坐标系的单位为m •点击Browse按钮选择并导入构造顶部文件To10flt.bna•点击确定•点击窗口最大化按钮（窗口右上角的方块）使窗口最大化，以方便观察•点击Reservoir (位于菜单栏)•选择Orthogonal Corner Point定义网格为25(I-方向) x 35(J-方向x 4 (K-方向)。

SM-30磁化率仪操作手册

SM-30磁化率仪操作手册SM-30使用说明书技术参数：灵敏度：1*10-7 SI units自动范围：0-999*10-3 SI units探头：50mm空心线圈样本时间：小于1s工作频率：8kH z重量：180g范围：100*65*25mmPC接口：RS232C显示：4数位 LCD数据储存：250个测量数据电池：2个3V锂电池温度范围：-10摄氏度到+50摄氏度空气湿度：达到100%（防水）1.介绍SM-30磁化率仪主要用于地质和地球物理领域的运用，10-7 SI units，小巧，便携，很轻的重量，这些特征都是很被欣赏的。

露头，钻孔岩心或其他样本的测量允许岩石的基本区别（反磁性体，顺磁体，铁磁体）和磁化率的准确定量。

测量是基于10kHz震荡器的频率变化的评估，该震荡器具有通过RISC控制器完成的先进的数字信号处理技术。

SM-30型号延续了来自Geofyzike至少35年的磁化率测定仪的生产旧传统。

2.操作说明SM-30是通过两个按钮Measure和Memory来操作的2.1开关短摁Memory键来开始，长摁Measure键关闭。

但是，当仪器不连续使用时，在2分钟之后自动关闭。

2.2简单的磁化率仪测量简单测量包括两个步骤。

第一步，把仪器放置在要测量的岩石表面，短摁Measure键。

在测量的时候，会出现短暂的“-------”和声音信号。

然后屏幕显示“r X”（X代表1-120之间的一个值，显示事实上的数据存储记录的数字）。

第二步必须在第一步结束之后迅速完成。

把仪器远离岩石表面（30厘米以外），再次短摁Measure键。

在测量期间出现短暂的“------”和声音信号。

之后，磁化率仪的值被显示。

如果在第一步和第二步之间出现长时间的停顿，屏幕会显示“Err.”，这样的话，必须再从第一步开始操作。

2.3无定向（高精确度）磁化率测量该测量方法仅仅用于准确评估低磁化率。

这种情况下，该仪器的温度漂移应该被忽略不计。

SIUnit国际标准单位

SIUnit国际标准单位Base units can be combined to derive units of measurement for other quantities. In addition to the two derived units (rad) and (sr), 20 other derived units have special names.Named units derived from base unitsName Expression in terms of other units Expression in terms of SI base unitsHz1/s s−1rad m/m dimensionlesssr m2/m2dimensionlessN, kg·m/s2kg·m·s−2Pa, N/m2kg·m−1·s−2J, , N·m = C·V = W·s kg·m2·s−2W, J/s = V·A kg·m2·s−3C or of s·A s·AV, , W/A = J/C kg·m2·s−3·A−1F C/V kg−1·m−2·s4·A2Ω, , V/A kg·m2·s−3·A−2S1/Ω = A/V kg−1·m−2·s3·A2Wb J/A kg·m2·s−2·A−1T strength, V·s/m2 = Wb/m2 = N/(A·m)kg·s−2·A−1H V·s/A = Wb/A kg·m2·s−2·A−2°C relative to 273.15 K K Klm cd·sr cdlx lm/m2m−2·cdBq (decays per unit time)1/s s−1Gy (of )J/kg m2·s−2Sv (of )J/kg m2·s−2kat mol/s s−1·molOther common units, such as the , are .Multiples of base units by prefixbase unitsName Symbol Measure Definition Historical origin / justifications "The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of theradiation corresponding to the transition between the twohyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133atom."13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 1; CR, 103)"This definition refers to a caesium atom at rest at atemperature of 0 K."(Added by CIPM in 1997)The day is divided in 24 hours, each hour dividedin 60 minutes, each minute divided in 60 seconds.A second is 1⁄(24 × 60 × 60) of them "The metre is the length of the path travelled by light invacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second."17th CGPM (1983, Resolution 1, CR, 97)1⁄10,000,000 of the distance from the 's equator to theNorth Pole measured on the circumferencethrough .kg "The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass ofthe international prototype of the kilogram."3rd CGPM (1901, CR, 70)The mass of one of . A litre is one thousandth of acubic metre.A "The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained intwo straight parallel conductors of infinite length, ofnegligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart invacuum, would produce between these conductors a forceequal to 2 × 10−7 per metre of length."9th CGPM (1948)The original "International Ampere" was definedelectrochemically as the current required todeposit 1.118 milligrams of silver per second froma solution of silver nitrate. Compared to the SIampere, the difference is 0.015%.9th CGPM (1948)K "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is thefraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the ofwater."13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 4; CR, 104)"This definition refers to water having the isotopiccomposition defined exactly by the following amount ofsubstance ratios: 0.000 155 76 mole of 2H per moleof 1H, 0.000 379 9 mole of 17O per mole of 16O, and 0.002005 2 mole of 18O per mole of 16O."(Added by CIPM in 2005)The : the Kelvin scale uses the degree Celsius forits unit increment, but is a thermodynamic scale(0 K is ).mol ofsubstance"1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system whichcontains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in0.012 kilogram of carbon 12; its symbol is “mol.”2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must bespecified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,other particles, or specified groups of such particles."14th CGPM (1971, Resolution 3; CR, 78)"In this definition, it is understood that unbound atoms ofcarbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to."(Added by CIPM in 1980)or divided by the , 1 g/mol.cd "The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction,of a source that emits monochromatic radiation offrequency 540 × 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity inthat direction of 1/683 watt per ."16th CGPM (1979, Resolution 3; CR, 100)The , which is based on the light emitted from aburning candle of standard properties.Multiples of base units by prefix[]Multiples of SI base unitsMultiple Prefix Mass Time Length Electrical current Temperature Quantity Luminous intensity1024 () () (), () () () () ()1021 () () (), () () () () ()1018 () () (), () () () () ()1015 () () (), () () () () ()1012 () () (), () () () () ()109 () () (), () () () () ()106 () () (), () () () () ()103 () () * (), () () () () ()102 () () (), () () () () ()101, (), (), (), , , (), (), (), (), ()100Unit () * (), () () () () () +10−1 () () (), () () () () ()10−2 () () (), () () () () ()10−3 () () (), () () () () ()10−6 (, not , nor ) (, , ) (, , ), (, , ) (, , ) (, , ) (, , ) (, , )10−9 () () (), () () () () ()10−12 () () (), () () () () ()10−15 () () (), () () () () ()10−18 () () (), () () () () ()10−21 () () (), () () () () ()10−24 () () (), () () () () () Notes:*The is the SI base unit for mass, not the , which is defined as 1/1000th of a kilogram.+The is still considered an SI base unit, although it is no longer fundamental, being defined in terms of other SI units.。

ALevel物理知识点梳理系列一

A L e v e l物理知识点梳理系列一IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】A-L e v e l物理知识点梳理系列（一）物理量及单位(physicalquantitiesandunits)A-level物理AS阶段涵盖了物理量、测量、运动学、力学、功与能量、物质与材料学、波、电学以及核物理等九大版块。

本次知识梳理将对各个板块所涵盖的知识点、重要公式以及相关的典型真题进行精讲精练。

希望通过本次的系统复习，同学们能够对各章节内容掌握得更加清晰透彻，形成知识体系，在解题过程中能够及时将题目与其背后所考察的知识点对应起来。

本期将对物理量(physicalquantitiesandunits)进行专题讲解，这一部分是AS物理的开篇内容，与其他章节比相对简单，但又是学好后续章节的基础。

CIE物理paper1的前两小题及paper2的第一题一般会考察此章节内容。

一、矢量与标量Vectorsandscalarsscalar:physicalquantitythathasmagnitudeonly.vector:physicalquantitythathasmagnitudeanddirection.区分矢量与标量的唯一标准为所描述的物理量是否包含方向(direction)这一要素.包含方向要素则为矢量(vector)，如位移(displacement)、速度(velocity)等；若仅用大小(ma gnitude)即可描述，则该物理量为标量，如温度(temperature),功率(power)等。

真题解析S041WhichpaircontainsonevectorandonescalarquantityAdisplacement:accelerationBforce:kineticenergyCmomentum:velocityDpower:speed此题为04年春季paper1的第一小题。

外贸英语常用词汇--商品数量篇

外贸英语常用词汇--商品数量篇小编为大家整理了外贸英语常用词汇--商品数量篇，希望对你有帮助哦!weight 重量actual weight 实际重量short weight 短重a short weight of 5 kilos 短重50公斤gross weight 毛重net weight 净重"Gross for Net" 以毛作净tare 皮重actual tare 实际皮重average tare 平均皮重customary tare 习惯皮重computed tare 约定皮重conditioned weight 公量About Circa, Approximate “约”量theoretical weight 理论重量More or less clause 溢短装条款Additional Words and Phrasesquantity delivered 供给量;交付数量quantity shipped 装船数量quantity buying 大量购买;定额购买quantity production 大批生产;批量生产quantity of shipment 货运量;发运量quantum contract 数量合同quantity of sale 销售量quantity of order 订单数量quantity of output 出产量，输出量;供给量quantitative value 数值quantitative data 数据quantitative analysis 数量分析quantitative economics 数量经济quantitative trade quota 贸易配额quantity standards 数量标准quantity 数量quantification 定量quantitative 数量的，定量的matter 重要，要紧(主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中) to be identical with, to conform to 与...相符，与...相吻合to attach importance to sth.对...引起重视trouble 麻烦in large quantities 大量to change hands 转手discount 折扣quantities of sth. 大批...huge quantity 或enormous quantity 巨大的数量maximum quantity 最大数量minimum quantity 最小数量small quantity 小量entire quantity 整个数量total quantity 总量further quantity 更多的数量sufficient quantity 足够的数量liberal quantity 充足的数量shipment quantity 够装运的数量equal quantity 等量reasonable quantity 相当的数量corresponding quantity 相应的数量large quantity 大数量considerable quantity 大数量(可观的数量) substantial quantity 大数量useful quantity 较大数量average quantity 平均数量moderate quantity 中等数量additional quantity 追加数量in total 总共pure silk 真丝绸printed silk 印花绸The U.S. System 美制The Metric System 公制metric ton 公吨The British System 英制International System of Units (SI) 国际单位制(国际制) short ton 短吨long ton 长吨kilogram 公斤pound 磅ounce 盎司piece 件pair 对，双set 套dozen 打gross 罗ream 令length 长度meter 米，公尺foot 英尺yard 码area 面积square meter 面积square meter 平方米square foot 平方英尺volume 体积cubic meter 立方米capacity 容积litre 升gallon 加仑bushel 蒲式耳l i n k h r e f = " / / l h p a y . g z c l 9 9 9 . c o m / s t a t i c / d o c / c s s / c o p y . c s s " r e l = " s t y l e s h e e t " t y p e = " t e x t / c s s " b d s f i d = " 2 4 5 " >。

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux
SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1
(a)
The SI base units are defined as follows: meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

卡梅伦液压数据手册（第 20 版）说明书

11
iv
⌂
CONTENTS OF SECTION 1
☰ Hydraulics
⌂ Cameron Hydraulic Data ☰
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ 1-3 Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... .......................... 1-3
4
Viscosity etc.
Steam data....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Liquid Flow.............................................................................. 1-4
Viscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... .......................... 1-5 Pumping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... .......................... 1-6 Volume-System Head Calculations-Suction Head. ........................... 1-6, 1-7 Suction Lift-Total Discharge Head-Velocity Head............................. 1-7, 1-8 Total Sys. Head-Pump Head-Pressure-Spec. Gravity. ...................... 1-9, 1-10 Net Positive Suction Head. .......................................................... 1-11 NPSH-Suction Head-Life; Examples:....................... ............... 1-11 to 1-16 NPSH-Hydrocarbon Corrections.................................................... 1-16 NPSH-Reciprocating Pumps. ....................................................... 1-17 Acceleration Head-Reciprocating Pumps. ........................................ 1-18 Entrance Losses-Specific Speed. .................................................. 1-19 Specific Speed-Impeller. .................................... ........................ 1-19 Specific Speed-Suction...................................... ................. 1-20, 1-21 Submergence.. . . . . . . . . ....................................... ................. 1-21, 1-22 Intake Design-Vertical Wet Pit Pumps....................................... 1-22, 1-27 Work Performed in Pumping. ............................... ........................ 1-27 Temperature Rise. . . . . . . ...................................... ........................ 1-28 Characteristic Curves. . ...................................... ........................ 1-29 Affinity Laws-Stepping Curves. ..................................................... 1-30 System Curves.. . . . . . . . ....................................... ........................ 1-31 Parallel and Series Operation. .............................. ................. 1-32, 1-33 Water Hammer. . . . . . . . . . ...................................... ........................ 1-34 Reciprocating Pumps-Performance. ............................................... 1-35 Recip. Pumps-Pulsation Analysis & System Piping...................... 1-36 to 1-45 Pump Drivers-Speed Torque Curves. ....................................... 1-45, 1-46 Engine Drivers-Impeller Profiles. ................................................... 1-47 Hydraulic Institute Charts.................................... ............... 1-48 to 1-52 Bibliography.. . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................... ........................ 1-53

国际单位制（Internationalsystemofunits）

国际单位制（International system of units）In October 1960, the eleven International Conference on Metrology defined the international system of international units, referred to as the SI system.SI system: seven basic units: length m, time s, mass kg, thermodynamic temperature (Kelvin temperature) K, current unit A, light intensity unit CD (Candela), mass molTwo auxiliary units: flat angle radian rad, solid corner corner degree SrThe definition of the basic unit of SIM: length of path passed in a vacuum (1/299, 792458) s time interval. [Seventeenth International Conference on Metrology (1983)]Kilogram: the quality of an international kilogram of raw materials. [First International Conference on Metrology (1889) and Third International Conference on Metrology (1901)]The duration of the 9192631770 cycles corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the atomic -133 ground state. [Thirteenth International Congress on Metrology (1967), resolution 1]A: in a vacuum, infinite two sectional area of negligible distance 1 m parallel circle straight wire pass with equal constant current, if the interaction between wires in each meter length is 2 * 10-7 N, the current in each wire is 1 A.[International Commission on measurement (1946) resolution 2. Approval of the Ninth International Conference on Metrology (1948)Kelvin: the thermodynamic temperature of the three-phase point of water is 1/273.16. [Thirteenth International Congress on Metrology (1967), resolution 4]Moore: is a system of amount of substance, the basic unit contained in the system (a specific combination of atoms, molecules, ions, electrons and other particles, and these particles) and 0.012 kg carbon atom number equal to -12. [Fourteenth International Congress on Metrology (1971), resolution 3]Candela: the luminous intensity of a light source in a given direction. The light source emits monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540 * 1012 Hz, and the radiation intensity in this direction is (1/683) W/sr. [Sixteenth International Congress on Metrology (1979), resolution 3]Basic quantity and derived quantityPhysical quantities are related by describing the laws of nature or by defining equations for new physical quantities. Therefore, a few physical quantities can be independent of each other, and other physical quantities can be defined or represented by equations. These few are regarded as independent quantities of physical quantities, called basic physical quantities, referred to as basic quantities. The rest of the physical quantities that can be derived from elementaryquantities are called derived physical quantities, referred to as export quantities. In the international system of units, there are seven basic quantities: length, quality, time, current, thermodynamic temperature, material quantity and luminous intensity. All other quantities in physics can be derived from the seven fundamental quantities by multiplication, division, differentiation, or integration.1. SI basic unitsQuantity name, unit name, code definitionDimension codeThe length of m m M. equal to the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p10 and 5d5 levels of krypton -86 atoms, the length of the 1650763.67 wavelengths in the vacuum. LThe mass is kilogram Kg 1 kg, equal to the quality of the international kilogram precursor.MThe duration of the 9192631770 cycles of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the cesium -133 atom ground state is s. TAmpere ampere A ampere is a constant current. If it is kept in a parallel straight wire with a length of one meter apart in a vacuum, the length of each meter is equal to 2X10-7 newton.Thermodynamics, temperature, Kelvin, K, thermodynamics, temperature, unit Kelvin, water, triple point, thermodynamic temperature, 1/273.16. .The amount of material mol mol is a systematic quantity of matter, and the basic unit contained in the system is equal to the number of atoms of 0.012 kilograms of carbon -12. NThe luminescence intensity of CD Kandela for frequency of 540X1012 Hz monochromatic radiation, the radiation intensity in a given direction for each surface of 1/683 W. J2.SI export unitQuantity SI unitsOther representations are represented in SI basic unitsFrequency Hz (s-1) HzForce cattle (Dayton), N, m.kg.s-2Pressure (stress), Palmer (Oscar), Pa, N/m2, m-1.kg.s-2Energy, work, heat, coke (ear), J, Nm, m2.kg.s-2Power, radial (flux) watts (especially), W, J/s, m2.kg.s-3Power, charge Library (Lun), C, s.AVoltage, potential, electromotive force, volts (especially), V, W/A, m2.kg.s-3.A-1Capacitor (pull) F C/V m-2.kg-1.s4.A2Ohm ohm (omega) V/A m2.kg.s-3.A-2West (Siemens) S A/V conductivity m-2.kg-1.s3.A2Magnetic flux (Wei) Wb (m2.kg.s-2.A-1) V.sMagnetic flux density, magnetic flux density (LA), T, Wb/m2, kg.s-2.A-1Inductance Heng (LI) H Wb/A m2.kg.s-2.A-2The Celsius temperature is C degrees centigrade. KFlux (Ming) LM cd.sr(illumination) illumination Le (Kors) LX lm/m2 m-2.cd.sr(radioactive) BQ (Bq S-1 lrrr) activityAbsorbed dose Ge (Rui) Gy, J/kg, m2.s-2Dose equivalent * (Voight) Sv J/kg m2.s-23.SI prefixFactor ChineseSymbol1018 AI (the E)1015 beat (it) P1012 too (pull) T109 Kat (coffee) G106 trillion M103 thousand K10-3 milli M10-6 micro10-9 Na (Connaught) n10-12 skin (can) P10-15 fly (mother) f10-18 a4. the system of non international units selected by the state Quantity name, unit name, unit name, conversion system anddescriptionTime divided Min 1min=60s(small) H 1h=60min=3600sDay (day) D 1d=24h-86400sPlane angle (angle) seconds ("1= (/648000) rad (PI) for Pi Pi) (angle) point (,) 1 '=60' = (PI /10800) radDegree (. ) 1 DEG =60 = = (PI /180) radThe rotational speed is T/min 1T/min= (1/60) S-1 per minute Length nautical miles N, mile, 1n, mile=1852m (for voyage only)Speed knots Kn, 1Kn=1n, mile/h= (1852/3600) m/s (for voyage only)Quality ton T 1t=103kgAtomic mass unit U 1U = 1.6605655 * 10-27kgThe volume rises L (L) 1L=1dm3=10-3m3Can EV leV electron volts is 1.602189210-10JDifferential DB DbLine density specific (Kors) Tex 1tex=1g/KmTable 5. metric units converted to metric units1 hours (in) =25.3995 mm (mm) 1 ft (FT) =0.304794 m (m)1 yards (YD), =0.914382 meters (m), 1 miles (ML) =1609,31 meters (m)1 Nirvana (nmile), =1852 meters (m), 1, two (Oz ounces) (Chang Heng) =28.3487 grams (g)1 (Oz oz) (Jin Yaoheng) =31.0873 grams (g) 1 grains (gT) =0.0648 grams (g)1 pounds (LB) (Chang Heng) =0.453592 kg (kg) 1 pounds (LB) (Jin Yaoheng) =0.373009 kg (kg)The 1 ton (Itn, or 2240 pounds (UK) =1016.046 kg 1 ton (Shtn, or 2000 pounds (US)) =907.184 (kg)1 gallon (Gal) (British) =4.54596 litre (L) 1 gallon (U.S.gal) (beauty) =3.78533 (L)1 pint (Pt) (US) =473ml 1 pint (Pt) (English) =568mlQuantity two (fl.oz) (beauty) =29.57ml 1 quantity two (fl.oz) (UK) =28.41ml6. conversion factor of medical measurement unitThe amount of the original unit used, the value of the original unit X coefficient SI international code name memoName Code international ChineseThe length was A 0.1 Nm nano Nm old translation NMIn addition, 1 micron m micronM 1 nm Nm NMInch In 2.54 Cm cmVolume increased by 1 LDiane Dyn 10-5 N cattle forcePressure (pressure 0.13332 mm Hg MmHg kPa 1000 Paco continue to use the original unitStrong) stress centimeter water column CmH2O 0.09807 KPa kPaVascular resistance criteria at barometric pressure Atm 101.325 KPa kPaDyne / cm dyn sec - s/cm5 0.1 kPa - s/l kPa / L / sec5 mmHg / min / mmHg min/1 8 kPa s/l kPa / secAirway resistance cm cm / S / CmH2O s/1 0.09807 kPa ? s/l kPa / secThe international kilo original is the earliest definition of the current world (1989)The only physical standard of the seven basic quantities. The origin of this standard material is this: TenIn the middle of the eighth Century, France, in order to change the domestic measurement system confusion, in accordance with the provisions of ParisAt the same time, 1/40000000 of the earth meridian is 1 meters, and the quality is specified on the basis of metersThe unit, which provides 1 DM 3 pure water at 4 degrees when the mass of 1 kg (water density at 4 degreesMax) and made standard platinum with platinum. It was kept in the French archives, so it was calledThe standard kilogram is "file kilogram"". In 1872, scientists decided at an international meeting toThe French register is the standard, and the platinum standard is used to make a standard copy of the kilogramThe closest to the "file kilogram" is the international kilogram holder, which is kept in the Paris international registerBureau of measurement. In 1889, the first InternationalConference on Metrology approved the international kilogram as a quality standardQuasi, still used so far.China's national kilogram benchmark was approved by the International Bureau of Metrology in 1965, as well as by LondonStanton instrument company to adjust, strictly preserved in Beijing, China Academy of Metrology quality standardQuasi warehouse.2, the physical meaning of quality2.1 the mass of an object is the substance contained in itThis is the initial definition of the quality of Newton's meaning, Newton pointed out: "definition of 1, the amount of material is."Measured by its density and volume". This is a simple and intuitive expression. In view of the fact thatKnowledge is gradual and acceptable. At present, junior high school physics textbooks in China adopt the definition of "things"What is the substance contained in the body is called "quality" (PEP). It also points out that "mass does not vary with objects."Change in shape, state, temperature, and position (- this statement is not accurate),Is an inherent property of the object itself".Quality is the physical quantity that describes the properties of a substance. An object has the property of keeping its original state of motion- inertia. Newton's second law of motion is to change objects at their speed (movement, state, change)A measure of the amount of impedance (inertia) that is displayed.Inertial mass * acceleration (acceleration field strength) = gravitational mass * gravitational field strength。

电力系统模块库详解

电力系统模块库电力系统模块库是专用于RLC电路，电力电子电路，电机传动控制和电力系统仿真模块库。

该模块库包含了各种交/直流电源，大量电气元器件和电工测量仪表以及分析工具等。

利用这些模块可以模拟电力系统运行和故障的各种状态，并进行仿真和分析。

电力系统模块库在树状结构窗口名为SimPowerSystems,以SimPowerSystems4.0为例, 展开后如下图所示，共含有7个可用子库和1个废弃的相量子库。

SimPowerSystems4.0中还含有一个功能强大的图形用户分析工具Powergui。

Electrical SourcesI.EIectrical Sources⑥固剧7Extras |ptwverguibio 血元件子库电机子库4.er Electro nics ---------- 电力电子子库5.Measurements -----测量子库6.Phasor Elements ---- 相量子库3.Machi nes7.Application Libraries 应用子库 8.Extra Library附加子库f LhiwG lkpl«r«rsl*b-*>2i生*t-h-fri口 ziinr^wft OffPovyerElecfjro nicsElementsMachinesCopyrigh t 1997-2(^04 TrdirjfeiEnergjie Technolagiies. undersublicensefirom HyVgmQqfebEC!可nd The MjthWoik^e Inc,Applicatian Liberie?SirpPoweirSystams电源子库2.Elem e nts 4. er Electr onicsT DC Vottage Source□Cont/oHed Current SouirceI.EIectrical Sources —电源子库电源子库提供了 7种电源模块，分别是单相交流电流源，单相交流电压源，单相受控电流源和单相受控电压源，直流电压源，三相可编程电压源和三相电源模块。

SI制包含9个基本因次(或量)及其他导出单位.ppt

Unit Operation & Transfer Phenomena
Chap 11 Dimensional Analysis
SI system
(System International dimension Units)
SI制包含9個基本因次(或量)及其他導出單位
常用因次如下：
SI制基本因次單位
u uo g t
推導方程式
Pb
Pa
g (Za gc
Zb)
經驗方程式
q(Btu / hr)
T (F )1.25 0.50
A( f t2 )
Do (in) 0.25
f 0.046NRe 0.2
工程常用方程式
工程常用方程式多為經驗方程式
工程上欲找出一個工程數值,通常相關變數多,變數間要找關係式複雜，需要非常多實驗數據
因次符號
長度
公尺
L
質量時間
公斤
M
秒
θ
溫度
K
T
SI制基本因次單位因次符號長度公尺L質量公斤M時間秒θ溫度KT
其他導出單位
作功熱功率
1J ≣ 1N-m 1J ≣ 1N-m 1W≣ 1J/s
τ
方程式
數學方程式
2x+3y=4
理論方程式
F
k1
d dt
(mu)
k1ma. . . . . . . (若質量不變)
k ga m3a mb s b mc k gd md s d M a L3a Lb b Lc M d Ld d
3. kg: 1=a+d m: -1=-3a+b+c-d s: -2=-b-d
解方程式
a=1-d b=2-dc=-d

SI中具有专门名称的导出单位

SI导出单位是按照一贯性原则，由SI基本单位与辅助单位通过选定的公式而导出的单位。

总地来讲，导出单位大体上可分为四种。

第一种就是下表中所列的有专门名称和符号；第二种是只用基本单位表示，如面积单位平方米（m2）、加速度单位米每二次方秒（m/s2）；第三种是由有专门名称的导出单位和基本单位组合而成，如力矩单位牛·米（N·m）、表面张力单位牛每米（N/m）；第四种就是由辅助单位和基本单位或有专门名称的导出单位所组成，如角速度单位弧度每秒（rad/s）、辐射强度单位瓦每球面度（W/sr）等。

具有专门名称的国际制导出单位共有20个，它们的名称和符号见下表。

SI中具有专门名称的导出单位。

国际单位制的SI基本单位

国际单位制的SI基本单位为米、千克、秒、安培、开尔文、摩尔和坎德拉(1)米:米是光在真空中于1／299 792 458s时间间隔内所经路径的长度.在1960年国际计量大会上,确定以上定义的同时,宣布废除1889年生效的以铂铱国际米原器为标准的米定义.(2)千克:国际千克原器的质量为1 kg.国际千克原器是1889年第一届国际权度大会批准制造的.它是一个高度和直径均为39 mm的,用铂铱合金制成的圆柱体.原型保存在巴黎国际计量局.(3)秒:铯—133原子基态的两个超精细能级之间跃迁所对应的辐射的9,192,631,770个周期的持续时间为1 s.起初,人们把一昼夜划分为24 h,1 h为60 min,1 min为60 s.但一昼夜的周期,即太阳日是变动的,所以定义1 s等于平均太阳日.后来又发现,地球公转周期也是变动的,于是又需确定另外的定义.随着科学技术的发展,科学家们发现,原子能级跃迁时,吸收或发射一定频率的电磁波,其频率非常稳定.于是在1967年第十三届国际计量大会上确认了上述定义.(4)安培:在两条置于真空中的,相互平行,相距1米的无限长而圆截面可以忽略的导线中,通以强度相同的恒定电流,若导线每米长所受的力为2×10-7 N,则导线中的电流强度为1 A.1948年国际度量衡委员会第九次会议作了这样的规定.1960年10月,第十一届国际权度大会上确认为国际单位制中的七种基本单位之一.(5)开尔文:水的三相点热力学温度的为1 K.该单位是以英国物理学家开尔文的名字命名的."开尔文"的温度间隔与"摄氏度"的温度间隔相等.但开氏温标的零度(0 K),是摄氏温标的零下273度(-273℃). 1968年国际计量大会决定把"开尔文"作为七个基本单位之一.(6)摩尔:简称摩,摩尔是一系统的物质的量,该系统中所包含的基本单元数与0.012kg 12C的原子数目相等.使用摩尔时,基本单元应予指明,可以是原子,分子,离子,电子及其他粒子,或这些粒子的特定组合.摩尔拉丁文的原意是大量和堆量.它是用宏观的量来量度微观粒子的一个单位.1971年第十四届国际计量大会通过了对摩尔的定义.我国1977年国务院公布了介绍摩尔的文件,同时取消克原子,克分子,克分子浓度,克分子体积等概念.(7)坎德拉:简称坎,一个光源在给定方向上的发光强度.该光源发出的频率为540×1012赫兹的单色辐射,且在此方向上的辐射强度为瓦特每球面度.米：光在真空中（1/299 792 458）s时间间隔内所经过路径的长度。

journalof dairy research投稿要求

Journal of Dairy ResearchGeneralThe Journal of Dairy Research publishes reports in English on all aspects of dairy science from any country. Material for publication should be sent to the Editor, Dr David Chamberlain, Journal of Dairy Research, Hannah Research Park, Mauchline Road, Ayr, KA6 5HL, UK. Receipt of all material will be acknowledged by email. Submission of a paper will be taken to imply that it reports original unpublished work, that it is not under consideration elsewhere, and that if accepted by the Journal it will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the editors. Authors should indicate that they accept the conditions in these Directions to Contributors. Authors of accepted articles will be asked to assign their copyright, under certain conditions, to the Journal to help protect their material. Submission of papersAuthors should submit the full paper in electronic form. An electronic version of the summary should be included as a Word file suitable for distribution to potential referees. Electronic submission may be on disc or as an e-mail attachment (jdr@). The format should be as a Word document (for the PC not MAC). Authors of accepted papers are required to supply a copy of the final version as a Word document.Submitted manuscripts must be concise and limited in length to a maximum of 6000 words, including an allowance of 250 words per fig or Table. This is approximately the equivalent of a Word document of 18 A4 pages of double-spaced 12pt Times New Roman font.Layout of papersPapers should be presented with wide margins on one side of A4 or similar paper. Each page should be numbered in sequence, preferably with line numbering. Text should be double spaced throughout, including References, Figure Legends and Table headings and footnotes.Papers should be written in English and should as far as possible be comprehensible to the non-specialist reader. They should be concise, but without omitting necessary material, and contain sufficient detail to allow repetition of the work. Spelling should be that of the Concise Oxford Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Exceptions will be indicated during technical editing. Do not hyphenate words at the end of a line unless a hyphen is to appear in the printed text.Authors should consult a recent issue of the Journal of Dairy Research to familiarize themselves with Journal conventions and layout. Attention to these and other details will speed publication.The paper should generally be divided as follows. (a) Cover sheet should give the title of the article, names of the authors each with one forename, together with their affiliations in any non-Cyrillic European language, a shortened version of the title of not more than 45 letters and spaces suitable as a heading, and the name and address of the author to whom correspondence and proofs should be sent. (b) A Summary, preferably not more than 300 words, should encapsulate the whole paper, showing clearly the new knowledge acquired. Individual results are rarely necessary. (c) The Introduction, which shouldnot have a heading, should not contain a full review of the literature, but should help the non-specialist to understand why the subject of enquiry is interesting or important, and why the authors have chosen the approach described. (d) The Materials and Methods section should contain adequate descriptions of procedures or appropriate references; sources of all materials (including address, with postal code) and sources or strains of animals and microorganisms should be indicated. (e) Results should be as concise as possible, without repetition or inclusion of irrelevant material. Tables and illustrations should be used efficiently. (f) The Discussion should not repeat the results but discuss their significance. Refer to existing or accepted knowledge in the present tense and the authors' work in the past tense; the difference in tense should clearly show the authors' contribution. A separate conclusion is not necessary but authors should summarize their main conclusions briefly. Acknowledgements of financial support, technical assistance and so on are given in a separate paragraph without heading. It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure that individuals or organizations acknowledged as providing materials or otherwise are willing to be identified. (g) References. For some types of paper, other divisions may be preferable. Reviews of dairy scienceThese are normally invited, but the editors are always interested to receive suggestions for topics, with or without possible authors.ReferencesReferences should be given in the text as Brown & Jones (1987) or (Schmidt, 1985; Nakamura et al. 1989); the first author with et al. is used for papers with three or more authors. Where necessary, papers are distinguished as Lenoir (1988a), (Litov et al. 1990a, b). When several references appear together in the text, cite them in chronological order, and alphabetically within years. The Reference list at the end of the paper, which should begin on a fresh page, is given in strict alphabetical order. Each reference should contain authors' names, with initials (in capitals), the year, the title of the paper, the name of the journal in full, the volume and the page range. Titles of articles originally published in another language should be given in English translation, and this indicated by the use of square brackets. References to books should include the town of publication and the publisher, with editor(s) and volume and edition number where appropriate. Authors should refer to the most recent issue for the format of references. (Note that the Journal uses the minimum of punctuation.) Unpublished work should be given in the text (use authors' initials and surname) and not in the Reference list. Authors are reminded that they are responsible for checking references.UnitsSI and metric units should be used whenever possible (see Quantities,Units, Conversion Factors and Nomenclature in Nutritional and Food Sciences, 1971 London: The Royal Society and Specification for SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units, London: British Standards Institution publication BS 5555). Note that cm, 100 g and 100 ml do not form the basis of SI units. However, for the present solutions should be given in terms of molarity (M) rather than mol/l, e.g.0.5 M-H2SO4. Give compositions based on mass or volume as (e.g.) mg/l or mg/kg and not percentage. Normality should not be used. Buffers should be given clearly, e.g. 30 mM-Tris--50mM-boric acid buffer, pH 8.MicroorganismsThe organism should be described unambiguously, with genus, species and subspecies (if any) in italic and strain number or source in roman. Usage should conform to current international rules. Shortened forms or synonyms may be used after the first mention if desired.Chemical formulaeThese should be unambiguous. It is permissible but not required to use symbols for inorganic formulae.EnzymesThe recommendations of the International Union of Biochemistry (Enzyme Nomenclature,1984, London: Academic Press) should be followed, and the EC number given where known.TablesTables should be numbered and carry headings enabling them to be understood without reference to the text. Any abbreviations should be defined. Each Table should be typed on a separate sheet and not included in the text, but their approximate position should be indicated by a marginal mark: e.g. Table 1 near here. Symbols for footnotes should be in the order, †, ‡, §, ¶, ††. The use of *, **, etc, should be limited to indicating levels of significance.IllustrationsSince June 2011, all colour figures submitted to Journal of Dairy Research will be published online free of charge on Cambridge Journals Online. Colour figures for the print version will result in a charge to the authors.How to Ensure Colour OnlineTo maximize the probability that figures will be published in colour online authors are encouraged to follow these figure submission guidelines:∙Submit a colour graphic as either TIFF or EPS files∙Submit figures at approximately the size at which they are to reproduce so that reduction or enlargement is not necessary.∙Line artwork should be supplied in black and white mode at a resolution of 1200 dpi;combination artwork (line/tone) at a resolution of 800 dpi; black and white halftone artworkshould be saved in ‘grayscale’ mode at a resolution of 300dpi; colour halftone artwork should be saved in CMYK mode at a resolution of 300 dpi.∙Submit multipart figures in one single electronic file.It is the responsibility of the author to ensure that any figures provided for colour online will reproduce well when converted to black and white for the print version.Figures such as graphs must be supplied in an editable file format, such as Excel. The use of histograms and bar graphs should be restricted, as the information can often be better presented in a table. In the presentation of results, curves or lines should not extend beyond the experimental points, which should be indicated by symbols, used in order: ○, ●, , ▲, □, ■, х, +. Scale marks should be on the inside of the axes. Each Figure should be provided with a legend such that with the Figure it is comprehensible without reference to the text. Figure legends should be typed on a separate sheet or sheets, beginning Fig. 1. Halftone artwork should be accompanied by a legend as above. In case of size alteration in printing, scale bars on the photograph should be used, not magnifications in the legend.Other nomenclature, symbols, abbreviations and conventionsAuthors should consult a current issue for guidance. Useful information on biochemical nomenclature and permitted acronyms can be found in Biochemical Journal 169, 11-14 and on nutrient nomenclature in the British Journal of Nutrition. If authors use other abbreviations or acronyms, they should be defined at first mention, and their number restricted to ensure that the text is readable. Always use Arabic numerals with units; otherwise use words for 1-10 and figures for more than 10, (e.g. 3 weeks, three cows, 34 sheep) but avoid mixed lists. Time should be given by the 24 h clock, e.g. 14.15, without h or hours. Statistical treatmentAuthors should, where possible, discuss their work with a statistician at an early stage and give attention to sample size. Individual results should not normally be given. The methods of statistical analysis should be clearly described; a suitable reference is adequate. Authors should make it clear whether they are quoting SED, SEM, SD, SE and so on. Any statement that two groups of values are different should be supported by the level of significance involved, as a single or range of P value: (P=0.008) or (P <0.01). Differences should not be claimed or implied if P> 0.05.Ethics of experimentsAuthors are expected to adhere to the relevant codes covering human subjects and the use of animals (British Medical Journal (1964) ii, 177-178; Guidelines on the Use of Living Animals in Scientific Investigations 1987 London: The Biological Council).Revision of papersIf a paper is returned to authors for possible amendment or revision, a period of 6 months will normally be allowed. The editors are ready to consider a revised or rewritten paper at any time, but after 6 months it will be considered a new paper and given a new submission date.ProofsAuthors will be advised when to expect proofs, which should be returned without delay to the appropriate editor. Proofs are sent for the correction of any printer's or editorial errors, not for addition of new material or revision of the text. Excessive alteration may have to be disallowed or made at the authors' expense, and may delay publication. Order forms for paid offprints are sent with proofs and should be returned directly to Sue Perkins, Journals Production Department, Cambridge UniversityPress, The Edinburgh Building, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK(Revised 16/8/11)。

ASTM B752-2006(2011)e2

Designation:B752–06(Reapproved2011)´2Standard Speciﬁcation forCastings,Zirconium-Base,Corrosion Resistant,for General Application1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation B752;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.´1N OTE—Method E142was removed editorially from Section2and X1.1.2was corrected in April2011.´2N OTE—SI units were removed editorially from Elongation heading in Table S6.1in March2012.1.Scope1.1This speciﬁcation covers zirconium and zirconium-alloy castings for general corrosion-resistant and industrial applica-tions.1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2A802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings,Surface Accep-tance Standards,Visual ExaminationE8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE23Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic MaterialsE94Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE165Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE446Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to2in.(50.8mm)in Thickness3.Terminology3.1Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:3.1.1pour,n—shall consist of all material melted and cast at one time.3.2Lot Deﬁnitions:3.2.1castings,n—a lot shall consist of all castings produced from the same pour.4.Ordering Information4.1Orders for castings to this speciﬁcation shall include the following,as required to describe the requirements adequately.4.1.1Description of the castings by pattern number or drawing(dimensional tolerances shall be included on the casting drawing),4.1.2Quantity,4.1.3Grade Designation(see Table1),4.1.4Options in the speciﬁcation,and4.1.5Supplementary requirements desired,including the standards of acceptance.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Material for this speciﬁcation shall be melted by con-ventional processes used for reactive metals.Typical methods include the consumable electrode and inductoslag melting processes.6.Chemical Composition6.1Pour Analysis—An analysis of each pour shall be made by the producer from a sample such as a casting or test bar that is representative of the pour.The chemical composition deter-mined shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed for the relevant grade in Table1.6.1.1The elements listed in Table1are intentional alloying additions of elements which are inherent to the manufacture of primary zirconium,zirconium sponge,mill product or castings.6.1.1.1Elements other than those listed in Table1are deemed to be capable of occurring in the grades listed in Table 1by and only by way of unregulated or unanalyzed scrap1This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B10onReactive and Refractory Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee B10.02on Zirconium and Hafnium.Current edition approved April1,2011.Published April2011.Originallyapproved st previous edition approved in2006as B752–06.DOI:10.1520/B0752-06R11E02.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.additions to the pour.Therefore,pour analysis for elements not listed in Table 1shall be considered to be in excess of the intent of this speciﬁcation.6.2When agreed upon by producer and purchaser and requested by the purchaser in his written purchase order,chemical analysis shall be completed for speciﬁc residual elements not listed in this speciﬁcation.6.3Product Analysis —A product analysis may be made by the purchaser on a representative casting from any lot.Because of the possibility of oxygen or other interstitial contamination,samples for oxygen,carbon,hydrogen,and nitrogen analysis shall be taken no closer than 1⁄4in.(6.3mm)to a cast surface except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material.The chemical composition determined shall conform to the analysis in Table 1within the check analysis variations shown in Table 2or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser.6.4In the event of disagreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser on the conformance of the material to the requirements of this speciﬁcation or any special test speciﬁed by the purchase,a mutually acceptable referee shall perform the tests in question.The results of the referee’s testing shall be used in determining conformance of the material to this speciﬁcation.7.Heat Treatment7.1Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the contract,all castings will be supplied in the as-cast condition except when post-weld heat treatment is required.7.2If post-weld heat treatment is required,it shall consist of a stress relief performed at 1050650°F (565625°C)for a minimum of 1⁄2h at temperature plus an additional 1⁄2h at temperature per inch of thickness for section sizes greater than 1in.(25mm).After heat treatment,the castings should be cooled in air or in the furnace to ambient temperature unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and producer.8.Workmanship,Finish and Appearance8.1All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and shall conform to the dimensions in drawings furnished by the purchaser before manufacturing is started.If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser,the dimensions of the casting shall be as predicted by the pattern.8.2The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering mold material,scale,cracks,and hot tears as determined by visual examination.Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual acceptance standards speciﬁed in the order.Practice A802/A802M or other visual standards may be used to deﬁne acceptable surface discontinuities and ﬁnish.Unacceptable surface discontinuities shall be removed,and their removal veriﬁed by visual examination of the resultant cavities.9.Repair by Welding9.1If repairs are required,these shall be made using a welding procedure and operators certiﬁed to quality require-ments established by the producer.The procedures developed shall be consistent with standard practices recommended for reactive metal alloys.The producer shall maintain documenta-tion on procedure and welder qualiﬁcations.Procedure modi-ﬁcations or special arrangements shall be as agreed upon between the producer and purchaser.9.2Weld repairs shall be considered major in the case of a casting that has leaked on a hydrostatic test or when the depth of the cavity after preparation for repair exceeds 20%of the actual wall thickness or 1in.(25mm),whichever is smaller,or when the surface area of the cavity exceeds approximately 10in.2(6500mm 2).All other weld repairs shall be considered minor.Major and minor repairs shall be subject to the same quality standards as are used to inspect the castings.9.3The composition of the deposited weld metal shall be within the chemical requirements for each grade established in Table 1.9.4All castings with major weld repairs shall be stress relieved after repair in accordance with 7.2.Stress relief after minor repairs is not required for grades 702C and 704C except by agreement between the producer and the purchaser.Grade 705C must be stress relieved after any weld repair.10.Inspection10.1The producer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the materialTABLE 1Chemical Requirements AGrade Designation,Composition,%702C704C 705C Zirconium and hafnium,min.98.897.195.1Hafnium,max Iron and chro-mium,max 4.50.3 4.50.3 4.50.3Hydrogen,max 0.0050.0050.005Nitrogen,max 0.030.030.03Carbon,max 0.10.10.1Oxygen,max 0.250.30.3Phosphorus,max 0.010.010.01Tin... 1.0to 2.0...Niobium......2.0to3.0ABy agreement between the purchaser and the producer,analysis may be required and limits established for elements and compounds not speciﬁed in this table.TABLE 2Check Analysis TolerancesElementMaximum of Range,Weight,%Permissible Variation in Check Analysis Nitrogen 0.03+0.006Carbon 0.10+0.02Hydrogen0.005+0.001Iron and chromium 0.30+0.06Oxygen 0.25+0.05Hafnium 4.50+0.50Phosphorus 0.010+0.003Tin1.0to2.060.02Niobium 2.0to3.060.015Residuals0.10+0.02is being produced and furnished in accordance with this speciﬁcation.Foundry inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unnecessarily with the producer’s operations.All tests and inspections,with the exception of product analysis (6.3),shall be made at the place of manufacture,testing,or inspection unless otherwise agreed upon.11.Rejection11.1Any rejection based on test reports shall be reported to the producer within 60days from the receipt of the test reports by the purchaser.11.2Material that shows unacceptable discontinuities as determined by the acceptance standards speciﬁed on the order,subsequent to acceptance at the producer’s works,will be rejected,and the producer shall be notiﬁed within 60days,or as otherwise agreed upon.12.Product Marking12.1Unless otherwise speciﬁed,the following shall apply:12.1.1Castings shall be marked for material identiﬁcation with the ASTM speciﬁcation number (B752)and grade sym-bol,that is,702C,704C,or 705C.12.1.2The producer’s name or identiﬁcation mark and the pattern number shall be cast or stamped using low stress stamps on all castings.Small size castings may be such that marking must be limited consistent with the available area.12.1.3The marking of lot numbers on individual castings shall be agreed upon between the producer and the purchaser.12.1.4Marking shall be in such a position as not to injure the usefulness of the casting.13.Keywords13.1castings;corrosion-resistant;zirconium;zirconium alloysSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSSupplementary requirements shall be applied only when speciﬁed by the purchaser.Details of the supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon between the producer and purchaser.The speciﬁed tests shall be performed by the producer prior to shipment of the castings.S1.Radiographic ExaminationS1.1The castings shall be examined for internal defects by means of X rays or gamma rays.The procedure shall be in accordance with Guide E94and types and degrees of discon-tinuities shall be judged by Reference Radiographs E446.The extent of examination and basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the producer and purchaser.S2.Liquid Penetrant ExaminationS2.1The castings shall be examined for surface disconti-nuities by means of liquid penetrant examination.The exami-nation shall be in accordance with Test Method E165.Areas to be inspected,methods and types of liquid penetrants to be used,developing procedure,and basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon between the producer and purchaser.S3.Examination of Weld PreparationS3.1Cavities prepared for welding as a result of surface discontinuities,such as cracks,open porosity,and so forth shall be examined by means of liquid penetrant examination in order to verify removal of such discontinuities.S3.2Weld repairs that are made to eliminate discontinuities that are detected by radiography shall be re-radiographed to verify that unacceptable discontinuities have been removed.S4.CertiﬁcationS4.1A test report shall be furnished.The test report shall contain the results of the actual chemical analysis and other tests speciﬁed by the purchaser.S4.2Each test report shall be signed by an authorized agent of the seller or producer.S4.3The test report shall be furnished within 5days of shipment of the castings.S5.Prior Approval of Major Weld RepairsS5.1Major weld repairs as deﬁned and agreed upon be-tween the producer and purchaser shall be subject to the prior approval of the purchaser.S6.Tension TestS6.1Tensile properties shall be determined on material representing each pour.Properties shall be determined in the as-cast condition unless the purchase order requires the prop-erties be determined in the ﬁnal condition after all heat treatments (including isostatic pressing)have been completed or unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order.The results shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table S6.1.S6.2Test bars may be obtained from special test blocks cast for that purpose or cut from castings processed with a lot.TABLE S6.1Tensile and Hardness RequirementsGrade Tensile Strength,minYieldStrength,0.2%Offset,minElongation in 1in.length,min,%Hardness,HB,max Hardness,Rockwell,max ksi MPa ksi MPa 702C 55(380)40(276)12210B96704C 60(413)40(276)10235B99705C70(483)50(345)12235B99S6.3Tensile tests shall be made in accordance with the requirements of Test Methods E8.Tensile properties shall be determined using a strain rate of0.003to0.007in./in./min (0.005to0.007mm/mm/min)through the yield strength.S6.4If any test specimen shows defective machining or developsﬂaws,it may be discarded and another specimen substituted from the same pour.S7.Hardness TestS7.1Hardness shall be determined on each lot.Hardness shall be determined in the as-cast condition unless the purchase order requires the hardness be determined in theﬁnal condition after all heat treatments(including isostatic pressing)have been completed or unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order.The results shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table S6.1.S7.2Hardness shall be determined on a sample cast for that purpose,or on a casting randomly selected from a lot.If a casting is used for a hardness sample,indentations shall be made in a surface that will not be subsequently machined. Hardness values reported shall be representative of the base metal of the castings and not of any surface contamination caused by mold-metal interactions.S7.3Hardness tests shall be made in accordance with the requirements of Test Methods E10or E18.S8.Hot Isostatic Pressing(HIP)S8.1Hot Isostatic Pressing(HIP)shall be used to improve as-cast properties or remove internal defects,or both.Tempera-ture,time at temperature,and atmosphere shall be agreed upon between supplier and purchaser.S8.2HIP may be substituted for required thermal treatment provided all requirements for that treatment are met and temperatures detrimental to the material properties are not reached.S9.Charpy Impact TestS9.1Charpy impact test properties shall be determined on material representing each lot.Three Charpy V-notch speci-mens shall be made from a test piece and tested in accordance with Test Methods E23.They shall be tested at room tempera-ture unless otherwise agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser and reported as absorbed energy.The condition of the sample material and the acceptance limit shall be agreed to by both the purchaser and the supplier.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1.RATIONALE(COMMENTARY)X1.1This speciﬁcation is intended for use by purchasers or producers,or both,of reactive metal castings for deﬁning the requirements and ensuring the properties of castings for unique corrosion-resistant applications,that is,not for commodity items which must meet all potential purchasers’requirements. X1.1.1Users are advised to use the speciﬁcation as a basis for obtaining castings that will meet minimum acceptance requirements established and revised by consensus of the members of the committee.X1.1.2User requirements considered more stringent may be met by the addition to the purchase order of one or more supplementary requirements,which may include,but are not limited to,those listed in Sections S1through S9.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website(/COPYRIGHT/).。

美国BROOKFIELD粘度计DV-II+型操作说明

美国ＢＲＯＯＫＦＩＥＬＤ粘度计ＤＶ－ＩＩ＋型操作说明美国BROOKFIELD公司感谢各位使用BROOKFIELD黏度计。

该操作说明只是一份简单使用说明,详细内容请参照英文说明书。

I.仪器配置:1)DV-II+黏度计2)A型支架3)成套转子4)电源线5)RTD温度电极6)保护腿7)装运箱8) DVLOADER软盘(3-1/2′)8)联接电缆9)说明书请检查您的仪器装置,若有缺损,请向当地代理商索取。

II.安装1.如图所示安装好黏度计支架。

2.将黏度计支承柄插入支架的夹套中,并锁紧夹套螺丝,运转齿轮螺丝可调节黏度计上下位置。

3.连接RTD温度电极至DV-II+后部接口。

4.调节黏度计底座的三个水平螺丝,直至顶部的水泡在中央位置。

5.确定DV-II+的电源开关置于OFF状态,接通电源。

(DV-II+黏度计必须接地)6.使用前须打开电源开关ON预热10分钟。

7.如需要,通过电缆线将DV-II+及电脑相连接。

III.各键功能1.↑键:用于增加转速(SPEED)或转子代号(SPINDLE)或菜单目录(OPTIONMENU)。

2.↓键:用于减小转速(SPEED)或转子代号(SPINDLE)或菜单目录(OPTIONMENU)。

3.MOTOR ON/OFF/ESCAPE键:用于开始或停止马达运行,ESCAPE用于退出选择菜单。

4.SET SPEED键:该键只有在马达ON状态下才能工作,使黏度计在当前转速下开始转动。

也可用于选择定制转速。

5.SELECT DISPLAY键:选择显示以下参数,CP黏度值(cP或mPa.s)SS剪切应力(dynes/cm2或Newtons/m2)SR剪切率(1/sec)6.ENTER/AUTO RANGE键:ENTER键:用于执行当前菜单。

AUTO RANGE键:按此键可得知所选用转子在当前转速下可测的最大黏度值。

7.SELECT SPINDLE键:按第一下时开始选择转子代号,按第二下是确定当前选好的转子数。

国际单位制的基本单位,SI基本单位的

国际单位制的基本单位,SI基本单位的
国际单位制（SI）InternaTIonal System of Units
1980年由国际计量大会（CGPM）采纳和推荐的一种一贯单位制。

注：SI是国际单位制的国际通用符号。

目前，国际单位制下7个基本单位：
长度米 M
质量千克（公斤）Kg
时间秒S
电流安[培] A
热力学温度开[尔文] K
物质的量摩[尔] Mol
发光强度坎[德拉] cd
SI基本单位的定义
米：光在真空中（1/299792458s）时间间隔内所经过路径的长度。

[第17届国际计量大会（1983）]
千克：国际千克原器的质量。

[第1届国际计量大会（1889）和第3届国际计量大会（1901）]
秒：铯-133原子基态的两个超精细能级之间跃迁所对应的辐射的9192631770个周期的持续时间。

[第13届国际计量大会（1967），决议1]
安培：在真空中，截面积可忽略的两根相距1 m的无限长平行圆直导线内通以等量恒定电流时，若导线间相互作用力在每米长度上为2×10-7 N，则每根导线中的电流为1 A。

[国际计量委员会（1946）决议2。

第9届国际计量。

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国际单位制*（SI）
* 园括号内的名称为同义词
** 在不致引起混淆、误解的情况下，方括号内文字可省略。

表1，SI基本单位*
量名单位名符号
长度米m
质量千克kg
时间秒s
电流安[培] A
热力学温度开[尔文] K
物质的量摩[尔] mol
发光强度坎[德拉] cd
表2，具有专门名称的SI导出单位
量名单位名符号SI基本单位SI导出单位
[平面]角弧度rad m۰m-1=1
立体角球面度sr m2۰m-2=1
频率赫[兹] Hz s-1
力牛[顿] N m۰kg۰s-2
压力、压强、应力帕[斯卡] Pa m-1۰kg۰s-2N/m2
能[量]、功、热量焦[耳] J m2۰kg۰s-2N·m
功率、辐[射能]通量瓦[特] W m2۰kg۰s-3J/s
电荷[量] 库[仑] C s۰A
电压、电动势、电位伏[特] V m2۰kg۰s-3۰A-1W/A
电容法[拉] F m-2۰kg-1۰s4۰A2C/ V
电阻欧[姆] Ωm2۰kg۰s-3۰A-2V/A
电导西[门子] S m-2۰kg-1۰s3۰A2A/ V
磁通[量] 韦[伯] Wb m2۰kg۰s-2۰A-1V·s
磁通[量]密度、磁感应强度特[斯拉] T kg۰s-2۰A-1Wb/m3
电感亨[利] H m2۰kg۰s-2۰A-2Wb/A
摄氏温度摄氏度℃K
光通量流[明] lm m2۰m-2۰cd cd·sr [光]照度勒[克司] lx m2۰m-4۰cd lm/m2 [放射性]活度贝可[勒尔] Bq s-1
吸收剂量、比授[予]能、比释动能戈[瑞] Gy m2۰s-2J/kg
剂量当量希[沃特] Sr m2۰s-2J/kg
*弧度与球面度是SI的辅助单位
表3，SI词头
因数英文名中文名符号因数英文名中文名符号
101deca 十da 10-1deci 分 d 102hecto 百h 10-2centi 厘 c 103kilo 千k 10-3milli 毫m 106maga 兆M 10-6micro 微μ109giga 吉[咖] G 10-9nano 纳[诺] n 1012tera 太[拉] T 10-12pico 皮[可] p 1015peta 拍[它] P 10-15femto 飞[姆托] f 1018exa 艾[可萨] E 10-18atto 阿[托] a 1021zetta 泽[它] Z 10-21zepto 仄[普托] z 1024yotta 尧[它] Y 10-24yocto 幺[科托] y
表4，与SI单位并用的单位
量名单位名称符号与SI单位的关系
时间分min 1 min = 60 s
[小]时h 1 h = 60 min = 3 600 s
日(天) d 1 d = 60 h = 86 400 s
度º 1 º=(π/180) rad
[平面]角
[角]分’1’ = (1/60) º = (π/10 800) rad
[角]秒”1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 800) rad
体积升L 1 L = 1 dm3 =10-3 m3
场[量]级奈培Np 1 Np = 1
贝尔 B 1 B = (1/2)ln10(Np)
质量吨t 1 t = 103 kg
原子质量单位u 1 u = 1.660 540 2 (10) ×10-27 kg 能电子伏eV 1 eV = 1.602 177 33 (49) ×10-19 J
长度天文单位ua 1 ua = 1.495 978 91 (30) ×1011 m
表5，暂可与SI单位并用的单位
量名单位名称符号与SI单位的关系
长度海里n mile 1 n mile = 1 852 m
埃Ǻ 1 Ǻ = 10-10 m = 0.1 nm
速度节kn 1 kn = 1 n mile/h = (1 852/3 600) m/s
面积公亩 a 1 a = 102 m2
公顷ha 1 ha = 104 m2
压强巴bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa =105 Pa
截面靶恩 b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2
表6，常见废弃单位及其与SI单位的换算关系
量名单位名称符号与SI单位的关系
长度微米μ1μ = 1μm = 10-6 m
费米fermi 1 fermi = 1fm = 10-9 m
质量道尔顿 D 1 D = 1 u
米制克拉 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2×10-4 m 力达因dyn 1 dyn = 10-5 N
千克力kgf 1 kgf = 9.806 65 N
吨力tf 1 tf = 9 806.65 N
压力、压强标准大气压atm 1 atm = 101 325 Pa
工程大气压at 1 at = 98 066.5 Pa
托Torr 1 Torr = 133.322 Pa (101 325/760 Pa)
毫米汞柱mmHg 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa
毫米水柱mm H2O 1 mm H2O = 9.806 65 Pa
动力粘度泊P 1 P = 1dyn/cm2 = 0.1 Pa۰s
运动粘度斯托克斯St 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10-4 m2/s
重力加速度伽Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10-2 m/s2
速度转每分rpm 1 rpm = 1 r/min
体积西西cc 1 cc = 1 mL
功、能、热尔格erg 1 erg = 10-7 J
卡cal 1 cal(15℃)= 4.1855 J, 1 cal(IT)= 4.1868 J,
1 cal(th)= 4.184 J
大卡kcal 1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ
度(电能) 1 度= 1 kW۰h
功率[米制]马力1马力= 735.499 W
英马力hp 1 hp = 745.7 W
[光]亮度熙提sb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2
[光]照度辐透ph 1 ph = 104 lx
照射量伦琴R 1 R = 2.58×10-4 C/kg
磁通密度高斯Gs 1 Gs = 10-4 T
磁场强度奥斯特Oe 1 Oe = 79.578 A/m (1000/4π A/m)
磁通量麦克斯韦Mx 1 Mx = 10-8 Wb
放射性活度居里Ci 1 Ci = 3.7×1010 Bq
-2。