Co-Multiplication and Suspension

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计算机常见英文缩写

计算机常见英文缩写Virtue carries wealth. On the morning of November 2, 2022计算机常用英文缩写3DPA—3D Positional Audio—3D定位音频3DS—Three Dimension Studio—三维摄影室AAT—Average Access Time—平均存取时间ABS—Auto Balance System—自动平衡系统AC—Alternating Current—交流电ACOPS—Automatic CPU Overheat Prevention System—自动CPU过热预防系统ACPI—Advanced Configuration And Power Interface—高级配置与电源接口ADC—Analog To Digital Convent—模数转换器ADIMM—Advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules—高级双重内嵌式内存模块ADO—ActiveX Data Object—ActiveX数据对象ADSL—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line—非对称数字用户路线AE—Atmospheric Effect—雾化效果AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port—加速图形接口AGU—Address Generation Unit—地址产生单元AHA—Accelerated Hub Architecture—加速中心架构AH—Authentication Header—鉴定头文件AI—Artificial Intelligence—人工智能AL—Artificial Life—人工生命ALU—Arithmetic Logic Unit—算术逻辑单元ANSI—American National Standard Institute—美国国家标准协会AOL—American Online—美国在线APIC—Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller—高级程序中断控制器APM—Advanced Power Management—高级电源管理APP—Accelerated Parallel Processing—AMD加速并行处理技术APPE—Advanced Packet Parsing Engine—高级数据包解析引擎ARP—Address Resolution Protocol—地址解析协议ASC—Anti Static Coating—防静电涂层ASCII—American Standard Code For Information Interchange—美国信息交换标准代码ASIC—Application Specific Integrated Circuit—特殊应用集成电路AST—Average Seek Time—平均寻道时间ATAPI—Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface—高级技术附加数据包接口ATL—ActiveX Template Library—ActiveX模版库ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode—异步传输模式AV—Analog Video—模拟视频AVI—Audio Video Interleave—音频视频插入B2C—Business To Custom—商家对客户BASIC—Beginner—All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code—初学者通用符号指令代码BBS—Bulletin Board System—公告牌系统BCF—Boot Catalog File—启动目录文件BGA—Ball Grid Array—球栅阵列BIF—Boot Image File—启动映像文件BIOS—Basic Input Output System—基本输入输出系统BIS—Boot Integrity Service—启动整体服务BMS—Black Matrix Screen—超黑矩阵屏幕BOPS—Billion Operation Per Second—十亿次计算每秒BPT—Branch Prediction Table—分支预测表BTB—Branch Target Buffer—分支目标缓冲CAD—Computer Aided Design—计算机辅助设计CAE—Computer Aided Engineering—计算机辅助工程CAI—Computer Aided Instruction—计算机辅助教学CAM—Common Access Mode—公共存取模型CAM—Computer Aided Manufacturing—计算机辅助制造CBIC—Cell based Integrated Circuit—基于单元的集成电路CC—Companion Chip—同伴芯片CCD—Charge Coupled Dvice—电流连接设备CCM—Call Control Management—拨号控制管理CC-NUMA—Cache Coherent Non Uniform Memory Access—连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址CCT—Clock Cycle Time—时钟周期CDMA—Code Division Multiple Access—码分多址CDR—Compact Disc Recordable—可刻录光盘CD-ROM—Compact Disc Read Only Memory—光驱CD-RW—Compact Disc Rewriter—刻录机CDSL—Consumer Digital Subscriber Line—消费者数字订阅线路CE—Consumer Electronic—消费电子CEM—Cube Environment Mapping—立方环境映射CEO—Chief Executive Officer—首席执行官CG—Computer Graphic—计算机生成图像CGI—Common Gateway Interface—通用网关界面CHRP—Common Hardware Reference Platform—公用硬件平台CIEA—Commercial Internet Exchange Association—商业英特网交易协会CIR—Committed Information Rate—约定信息速率CISC—Complex Instruction Set Computing—复杂指令集计算机CLV—Constant Linear Velocity—恒定线速度CMOS—Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor—互补金属氧化物半导体存储器COB—Cache On Board—板上集成缓存COD—Chip On Board—芯片内集成缓存COM—Component Object Model—组件对象模型COO—Chief Organization Officer—首席管理官CPGA—Ceramic Pin Grid Array—陶瓷针形栅格阵列CPLD—Complex Programmable Logic Device—复杂可编程逻辑器件CPS—Characters Per Second—每秒字符数CPU—Central Processing Unit—中央处理器CRC—Cyclical Redundancy Check—循环冗余检查CRM—Custom Relationship Management—客户关系管理CRT—cathode Ray Tube—阴极射线管CSE—Configuration Space Enable—可分配空间CSS—Cascading Style Sheets—层叠样式表CTO—Chief Technology Officer—首席技术官CTS—Carpal Tunnel Syndrome—腕管综合症CUDA—Computer Unified Device Architecture—计算机统一装置结构CVS—Computer Visual Syndrome—计算机视觉综合症DAC—Dual Address Cycle—双重地址周期DAE—Digital Audio Extraction—数字音频抓取DB—Deep Buffer—深度缓冲DCD—Dynamic Content Delivery—动态内容推送DC—Domain Controller—域控制器DCE—Data Communication Equipment—数据通信设备DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model—分布式组件对象模型DCT—Display Compression Technology—显示压缩技术DDC—Display Data Chanel—显示数据通道DDN—Digital Data Network—数字数据网DDR—Double Data Rate—双倍速率DDSS—Double Dynamic Suspension System—双层动力悬吊系统DEC—Direct Etching coating—表面蚀刻涂层DES—Data Encryption Standard—数据加密标准DFP—Dynamic Feedback Protocol—动态反馈协议DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol—动态主机配置协议DIB—Dual Independent Bus—双独立总线DIC—Digital Image Controller—数字图像控制DIMM—Dual Inline Memory Module—双列直插内存模块DIP—Double In-line Package—双列直插式封装DIR—Direct Infrastructure rendering—基层直接渲染DLL—Dynamic Link Library—动态数据链接库DLP—Digital Light Process—数字光处理DME—Direct Memory Execute—直接内存执行DMI—Desktop Management Interface—桌面管理界面DMI—Dynamic Method Invocation—动态方法调用DNS—Digital Nervous System—数字神经系统DNS—Domain Name System—域名系统DOS—Disk Operating System—磁盘操作系统DP—Dual Processor—双处理器DPI—Dots Per Inch—每英寸点数DPMS—Display Power Management Signal—显示能源管理信号DQL—Dynamic Quadrapole Lens—动态四极镜DRC—Design Rule Check—设计规则检查DSD—Direct Stream Digital—直接比特流数字DSL—Digital Subscriber Line—数字用户专线DSP—Digital Signal Processing—数字信号处理DST—Drive Self Test—驱动自检程序DTD—Document Type Definition—文件类型定义DTE—Digital Terminal Equipment—数据终端设备DVD—Digital Versatile Disc—数字多功能光DVD—Digital Video Disc—数字视频光盘DVD-RAM—Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory—DVD随机存储器DVI—Digital Video Interface—数字视频接口E3—Electronic Entertainment Expo—美国E3大展EAX—Environment Audio Extension—环境音效扩展EB—Expansion Bus—扩展总线EBR—Excess Burst Rate—超频突发速率ECC—Elliptical Curve Crypto—椭圆曲线加密EC—Embedded Controller—嵌入式控制ECP—Extended Capabilities Port—扩展并行口ECTS—European Computer Trade Show—欧洲计算机商贸展示会EDIF—Electronic Design Interchange Format—电子设计交换格式EEPROM—Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory—电擦可编程只读存储器EFEAL—Extension Field Elliptically Aperture Lens—可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头EIDE—Enhanced Integrated Driver Electronic—增强电子集成驱动器EISA—Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture—增强工业标准架构EMI—Electromagnetic Interference—电磁干扰EMP—Emergency Management Port—紧急事情管理端口EPP—Enhanced Parallel Port—增强并行口EPU—Energy Processing Unit—能耗调控单元ERC—Electronic Rule Check—电气规则检查ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning—企业资源计划ERP—Estimated Retail Place—估计零售价ESCD—Extended System Configuration Data—扩展系统配置数据FADD—Floating Addition—浮点加FAT—File Allocation Table—文件分配表FBC—Frame Buffer Cache—帧缓冲缓存FCPGA—Flip Chip Pin Grid Array—反转芯片针脚栅格阵列FDBM—Fluid Dynamic Bearing Motor—液态轴承马达FDC—Floppy Disk Controller—软盘控制装置FDD—Floppy Disk Drive—软盘FDIV—Floating Divided—浮点除FDM—Frequency Division Multiplexing—频分多路复用FIR—Finite Impulse Response—有限推进响应FMUL—Floating Multiplication—浮点乘FMV—Full Motion Video—全动态影像FPGA—Filed Programmable Grate Array—现场可编程门阵列FPS—First Person Shooting—第一人称射击FPU—Floating Processing Unit—浮点运算单元—Frames Per Second—每秒传输帧数FRICC—Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee—联邦调查因特网协调委员会FSAA—Full Scene Anti—aliasing—全景抗锯齿FSE—Frequency Shifter Effect—频率转换效果FSM—Finite Status Machine—有限状态机FSUB—Floating Subtraction—浮点减FTP—File Transfer Protocol—文件传输协议FWH—Firmware Hub—固件中心GDI—Graphic Device Interface—图形设备接口GIF—Generalized Timing Formula—一般程序时间GMCH—Graphic Memory Control Hub—图形内存控制中心GMR—Giant Magneto Resistive—巨型磁阻GPF—Generation Protection Fault—一般保护性错误GPS—Global Positioning System—全球定位系统GPU—Graphic Processing Unit—图形处理器GSM—Global System For Mobile Communication—全球移动通讯系统GUI—Graphical User Interface—图形用户界面GVPP—Generic Visual Perception Processor—常规视觉处理器HAL—Hardware Abstraction Layer—硬件抽象化层HCI—Host Control Interface—主机控制接口HCT—Hardware Compatibility Test—硬件兼容性测试HDA—Head Disk Assembly—磁头集合HDCP—High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection—高带宽数字内容保护HDD—Hard Disk Drive—硬盘HDL—Hardware Description Language—硬件描述语言HDMI—High Definition Multimedia Interface—高清晰度多媒体接口HDSL—High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line—高速率数字用户路线HDTV—High Definition TV—高清电视HEL—Hardware Emulation Layer—硬件模拟层HiFDA—High_Capacity Floppy Disk—高容量软盘HMOS—High Performance Metal Oxide Semiconductor—高性能金属氧化物半导体HPA—High Power Amplifier—高功率放大器HPS—High Performance Server—高性能服务器HPW—High Performance Workstation —高性能工作站HRIF—Head Related Transfer Function—头部关联传输功能HTML—Hyper Text Markup Language—超文本标志语言HTPC—Home Theater Personal Computer—家庭影院电脑HTTP—Hyper Text Transmission Protocol—超文本传输协议HUD—Head Up Display—平视显示器IA—Intel Architecture—英特尔架构ICD—Installable Client Drive—可安装客户端驱动程序ICMP—Intel Control Message Protocol—英特尔控制报文协议ICU—Instruction Control Unit—指令控制单元IDCT—Inverse Discrete Cosine Transfer—非连续反余弦变换IDF—Intel Developer Forum—因特尔开发者论坛IEEE—The Institute Electrical And Electronic Engineerings—美国电气和电子工程师协会IETF—Intel Engineer Task Force—因特网工程任务组IEU—Integer Excute Unit—整数执行单元IID—Interaural Intensity Difference—两侧声音强度差别IIR—Infinite Impulse Response—无限推进响应IIS—Internet Information Service—互联网信息服务IKE—Intel Key Exchange—因特网密钥交换协议IMM—Intel Mobil Module—因特尔移动模块IP—Internet Protocol—互联网协议IPPR—Image Processing And Pattern Recognition—图像处理和模式识别IPS—In Plane Switching—平面转换IRC—Internet Relay Chat—互联网接力聊天IRQ—Interrupt Request—中断请求IRST—Intel Rapid Storage Technology—英特尔快速存储技术ISA—Industry Standard Architecture—工业标准结构ISA—Instruction Set Architecture—指令集架构ISDN—Integrated Service Digital Network—综合服务数字网络IS—Internal Stake—内置堆栈ISO—International Standard Organization—国际标准化组织ISP—Intel Service Provider—因特网服务供应商JIT—Just In Time—准时制生产JVM—Java Virtual Machine—Java虚拟机KBC—Keyboard Controller—键盘控制器LBA—Logical Block Addressing—逻辑块寻址LCD—Liquid Crystal Display—液晶显示屏LCM—LCD Module—LCD显示模组LCOS—Liquid Crystal On Silicon—硅上液晶LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol—轻权目录访问协议LDT—Lighting Data Transport—闪电数据传输LED—Light Emitting Diode—发光二极管LF—Linear Filtering—线性过滤LMDS—Local Multipoint Distributed System—局域多点分布式系统LPM—Library Parameterized Module—参数化模块库LTE—Long Term Evolution—长期演进LVDS—Low Voltage Differential Single—低压差分信号LVS—Layout Versus Schematic—版图原理图对比MAC—Media Access Controller—介质访问控制MALS—Multi Astigmatism Lens System—多重散光聚焦系统MB—Motherboard—主机板MDC—Mobile Daughter Card—移动式子卡MFC—Microsoft Foundation Classes—微软基础库MFD—Multi Function Device—多功能设备MIDI—Musical Instrument Digital Interface—乐器数字接口MIME—Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension—多用途因特网邮件扩展协议MIOC—Memory And I/O Bridge Controller—内存和I/O桥控制器MiPad—Multimodal Interactive Notepad—多语态互动式记事本MIS—Management Information System—管理信息系统MMVF—Multi-Media Video File—多媒体视频文件MPEG—Moving Picture Expert Group—运动图像专家组MPP—Massive Parallel Processing—巨量平行处理MPS—Multi Processor Specification—多重处理器规范MRP—Manufacturing Resource Planning—制造资源计划MRW—Midrange Workstation—中型工作站MSI—Microsoft Installer—微软安装程序MS—Magnetic Sensor—磁场感应器MSN—Microsoft Network—微软网络MSP—Media Stream Processor—媒体流处理器MTBF—Mean Time Before Failure—平均故障时间MTH—Memory Transfer Hub—内存转换中心MUD—Multiple User Dungeon—多用户地牢NAOC—No-Account Overclock—无效超频NAS—Network Attached Storage—网络连接式存储NAT—Network Area Translation—网络地址转换NBC—North Bridge Chip—北桥芯片NDIS—Network Driver Interface specification—网络驱动接口规范NDS—Novell Directory Service—网威目录服务NE—Netlist Extract—网表提取NIC—Network Interface Card—网络接口卡NNTP—Network News Transport Protocol—网络新闻传输协议NPC—Non Player Character—非玩着人物NT—New Technology—新技术OCR—Optical Character Recognition—光学字符识别OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer—原始设备制造商OLGA—Organic Land Grid Array—基板栅格阵列OOP—Object Oriented Programming—面向对象的程序设计OPT—Optimized Production Technology—优化生产技术OS—Operating System—操作系统PCAV—Part Constant Angular Velocity—部分恒定角速度PCB—Printed Circuit Board—印刷电路板PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect—外围装置连接端口PC—Personal Computer—个人计算机PC—Perspective Correction—透视纠正PDA—Personal Digital Assistant—个人数字助理PDS—Public Directory Support—公众目录支持PE—Parameter Extract—参数提取PGC—Parallel Graphic Configuration—并行图像设置PIB—Processor In a Box—盒装处理器PIC—Programmable Interrupt Controller—可编程中断控制器PICS—Platform For Internet Content Selection—英特网内容选择平台PIM—Personal Information Management—个人信息管理系统PLCC—Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier—塑料无引脚芯片载体PLD—Programmable Logic Device—可编程逻辑器件PLL—Phase Locked Loop—锁相环PNP—Plug And Play—即插即用POF—Polymer Optical Fiber—聚合体光纤POST—Power On Self Test—开机自检PPM—Pages Per Minute—每分钟打印页数PPTP—Point To Point Tunneling Protocol—点对点通道协议PQFP—Plastic Quad Flat Package—塑料方型扁平式封装PRML—Partial Response Maximum Likelihood—最大可能部分反应PSK—Pre-Shared Key—预共享密钥PSN—Processor Serial Numbers—处理器序列号PSU—Power Supply Unit—计算机电源PSW—Program Status Word—程序状态字PXE—Per-boot Execution Environment—预启动运行环境QBM—Quad Band Memory—四倍边带内存QOS—Quality Of Service—服务质量QPA—Quad Port Acceleration—四倍接口加速RADSL—Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line—速率自适应数字用户路线RAM—Random Access Memory—内存随机存储器RARP—Reverse Address Resolution Protocol—反相地址解析协议RDF—Resource Description Framework—资源描述框架RISC—Reduced Instruction Ser Computing—精简指令集计算机RMA—Real Media Architecture—实媒体架构RNG—Random Number Generator—随即数字发生器ROB—Reorder Buffer—重新排列缓存区RPG—Role Playing Game—角色扮演游戏RPM—Revolution Per Minute—每分钟转数RRVP—Resource Reser Vation Protocol—资源保留协议RSD—Removable Storage Device—移动式存储设备RSDS—Reduced Swing Differential Single—小幅度摆动差动信号RTC—Real Time Clock—实时时钟RTL—Register Transmit Level—寄存器传输级RTSP—Real Time Streaming Protocol—实时流协议RTS—Real Time Strategy—即时战略RTS—Request To Send—需求发送SAM—Sales Available Market—可发售市场SAP—Sideband Address Port—边带寻址端口SATA—Serial Advanced Technology Attachment—串行高级技术附件SBC—South Bridge Chip—南桥芯片SBFS—Sample Boot Flag Specification—简单引导标记规范SCSI—Small Computer System Interface—小型计算机系统接口SC—Static Core—静态内核SCT—Software Compatibility Test—软件兼容性测试SDK—Software Development Kit—软件开发工具包SDRAM—Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory—同步动态随机存储器SDTV—Standard Definition Television—标准清晰度电视SEC—Single Edge Connector—单边连接器SEM—Spherical Environment Mapping—球形环境映射SET—Secure Electronic Transaction—安全电子交易SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language—标准通用标记语言SIMD—SIngle Instruction Multi Data—单指令多数据SIV—System Information Viewer—系统信息观察SLI—Scanline Interleave—扫描线间插SMART—Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology—自动检测、分析和报告技术SMB—System Management Bus—系统管理总线SMD—Surface Mount Device—表面安装设备SMIL—Synchronous Multimedia Integrated Language—同步多媒体集成语言SMIP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol—简单邮件传输协议SMI—System Management Interrupt—系统管理中断SMM—System Management Mode—系统管理模式SMP—Symmetric Multi-Processing—对称式多重处理器架构SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol—简单网络管理协议SNR—Single To Noise Rate—信噪比SOAC—System ON A Chip—系统集成多功能芯片SOC—System On Chip—片上系统SOI—Silicon On Insulator—绝缘体硅片SOS—Server Operating Systems—服务器操作系统SPD—Serial Presense Detect—串行存在检查SPEC—System Performance Evaluation Check—系统性能评估测试SPS—Shock Protection System—震动保护系统SP—Stack Pointing—堆栈指针SQRC—Square Root Calculation—平方根计算SRA—Symmetric Rendering Architecture—对称渲染架构SRR—Segment Register Rewrite—区段寄存器重写SRS—Sound Retrieval System—声音修复系统SSB—Super South Bridge—超级南桥芯片SSD—Solid State Disk—固态硬盘SSE—Streaming SIMD Extensions—单一指令多数据流扩展SSI—Small Scall Integration—小规模集成STB—Set Top Boxes—电视顶置盒STD—Suspend To Disk—磁盘唤醒STR—Suspend To RAM—内存唤醒STS—Switched Internet working Service—交换式网络互联服务SUA—Single User Account—单用户账号SVR—Switching Voltage Regulator—交换式电压调节TCA—Twin Cache Architecture—双缓冲结构TCO—Total Cost Of Ownership—拥有总成本TCP—Transmission Control Protocol—传输控制协议TCP—Transmission Control Protocol—传输控制协议TDP—Thermal Design Power—散热设计功耗TFT—Thin Film Transistor—薄膜晶体管TLB—Translate Look Side Buffers—翻译旁视缓冲器TOP—The Olympic Partner—奥林匹克全球合作伙伴TPS—Transactions Per Second—每秒处理事项数TQM—Total Quality Management—全面质量管理UART—Universal Asynchronous Receive/Transmitter—通用异步收发器UCC—Ultra Clear Coating—超清晰涂层UDMA—Ultra Direct Memory Access—高级直接内存访问UDP—User Datagram protocol—用户数据报协议UDP—User Datagram Protocol—用户数据报协议ULS—User Location Service—用户定位服务UPA—Ultra Port Architecture—超级端口结构UPS—Uninterrupted Power Supply—不间断电源USB—Universal Serial Bus—通用串行总线USDM—Unified System Diagnostic Manager—统一系统检测管理USWC—Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination—无缓冲随即联合写操作VALU—Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit—向量算术逻辑单元VBI—Vertical Blanking Interval—垂直空白间隙VCMA—Virtual Channel Memory Architecture—虚拟通道内存结构VDM—Windows Driver Model—视窗驱动程序模块VDSL—Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Loop—甚高速数字用户环路VDT—Video Display Terminal—视频显示终端VESA—Video Electronic Standard Association—视频电子标准协会VFAT—Virtual File Allocation Table—虚拟文件分配表VFM—Wired For Management—有线管理VGA—Video Graphics Array—视频图形阵列VID—Voltage Identification Definition—电压识别认证VIP—Video Interface Port—视频接口VLIW—Very Long Instruction Word—超长指令集VLSI—Very Large Scale Integrated—超大规模集成电路VOD—Video On Demand—视频点播VPN—Virtual Private Network—虚拟局域网VPU—Vector Permutate Unit—向量排列单元VQTC—Vector-Quantization Texture Compression—向量纹理单元VRE—Voltage Reduction Enhance—增强型电压调节VRML—Virtual Reality Makeup Language—虚拟现实结构化语言VRM—Voltage Regulator Module—电压调整模块VSA—Virtual System Architecture—虚拟系统架构VSIS—Video Single Standard—视频信号标准VXML—Voice Extensible Markup Language—语音扩展标记语言WAIS—Wide Area Information Service—广义信息服务器WAN—Web Area Network—广域网WG—Wave Guide—波导合成Wi—Fi—Wireless Fidelity—无线保真WLAN—Wireless Local Area Network—无线局域网络WMI—Wired For Management Initiative—主动式管理线路WOL—Wake On Lan—局域网唤醒WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network—无线个域网WSH—Windows Scripting Host—视窗脚本程序—World Wide Web—万维网XSL—Extensible Style Sheet Language—可扩展设计语言ZAM—Zero Administration For Windows—零管理视窗系统ECL—Emitter Couple Logic—射极耦合逻辑CAM—Content Addressable Memory—内容寻址存储器MIPS—Million Instruction Per Second—每秒处理百万级指令。

碳酸锂在水中的溶解度和超溶解度的测定及热力学分析

化工进展CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2016年第35卷第8期·2350·碳酸锂在水中的溶解度和超溶解度的测定及热力学分析宋昌斌1，李润超2（1青海盐湖镁业有限公司，青海格尔木 816099；2北京四中高三（5）班，北京 100088）摘要：固体溶质在溶剂中的溶解度和超溶解度数值决定了结晶介稳区的宽度，而溶质结晶分离过程又是在介稳区中进行操作，因此固体溶质的溶解度和超溶解度在工业结晶中是很重要的基础数据。

本文以碳酸锂为溶质，在标准压力条件和283.15～318.15K温度条件下，用重量分析法测定其在水中的溶解度；用激光动态法测定其在一定温度条件下在水中的超溶解度，从而得到碳酸锂在水溶液中的介稳区；结果显示，碳酸锂在水中的溶解度和超溶解度均随温度的升高而减小，介稳区宽度随温度的升高而变窄；其溶解度数据用Van’t Hoff方程和修正的Apelblat方程进行了热力学关联计算，结果表明，两种热力学模型对碳酸锂在水中溶解度的关联效果都很好，其中Van’t Hoff方程和修正的Apelblat方程的计算值与实验值的平均相对偏差分别为0.54%和0.20%。

通过溶解热力学计算，得到碳酸锂在水中的溶解焓∆H d、熔解熵ΔS d和溶液标准吉布斯自由能变∆G d，结果表明该溶解过程为放热熵减小的非自发过程，并且溶解熵变对溶解过程的影响较大。

关键词：碳酸锂；水；溶解度；超溶解度；介稳区；热力学计算中图分类号：TQ 013.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2016）08–2350–05DOI：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2016.08.07Measurement and thermodynamic analysis of the solubility andsupersolubility of lithium carbonate in waterSONG Changbin1，LI Runchao2（1Qinghai Salt Lake Magnesium Industry Co.，Ltd.，Geermu 816099，Qinghai，China；2Beijing No.4 Middle School，High Senior Three Class 5，Beijing 100088，China）Abstract：The solubility and supersolubility determines the width of the metastable state and the crystallization process is operated in the metastable zone. Therefore，the solubility and supersolubility are an important basic data in industrial crystallization process. In this study，lithium carbonate was used as solute and the solubility of lithium carbonate in water was measured at (283.15 to 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure by using a gravimetric method. The supersolubility was measured by using a laser dynamic method. It was obviously showed that the solubility and supersolubility of lithium carbonate in water and the width of the metastable zone decreased with increasing temperature. The solubility data was correlated by Van’t Hoff equation and modified Apelblat equation. The results indicated that the solubility of calculated values was in good agreement with the experimental values.The average relative deviation of the Van’t Hoff equation and the modified Apelblat equation were0.54% and 0.20%，respectively. The changes of enthalpy（ΔH d），entropy（ΔS d）and Gibbs free energy（ΔG d）of the dissolving process were obtained by the thermodynamic calculation. The dissolving process was a non-spontaneous process of exothermic and Entropy. The entropy change was the main influencing factor in the dissolution process.152****************。

共沉淀法英语

共沉淀法英语Coprecipitation: A Versatile Technique in Chemical Analysis and SeparationCoprecipitation is a widely used technique in various fields of chemistry, from analytical chemistry to materials science. This process involves the simultaneous precipitation of two or more compounds from a solution, where one compound (the carrier) serves to carry the other compound(s) (the coprecipitate) out of the solution. The coprecipitate is typically a substance that is difficult to precipitate on its own but can be effectively removed from the solution by being incorporated into the carrier's precipitate.The principle behind coprecipitation is the ability of the carrier to interact with the coprecipitate, either through physical adsorption, chemical interaction, or the formation of a mixed crystal structure. The choice of the carrier compound is crucial, as it must be able to efficiently trap the coprecipitate and ensure its complete removal from the solution.One of the primary applications of coprecipitation is in analytical chemistry, where it is used for the separation and preconcentrationof trace elements. In this context, the coprecipitate is often a metalor a metal complex that needs to be separated from the matrix for accurate analysis. The carrier compound, such as a hydroxide or a phosphate, can effectively remove the trace element from the solution, allowing for its subsequent determination by techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Another important application of coprecipitation is in the synthesisof materials, particularly in the field of nanomaterials. By carefully selecting the carrier and coprecipitate compounds, researchers can produce a wide range of nanostructured materials with unique properties. For example, the coprecipitation of metal ions with organic ligands can lead to the formation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which have applications in areas like gas storage, catalysis, and drug delivery.Coprecipitation is also used in water treatment processes, where it is employed to remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and other contaminants from wastewater. In this case, the carrier compound, such as a metal hydroxide or a ferric hydroxide, can effectively trap the target pollutants and facilitate their removal from the water.The success of coprecipitation in various applications relies on several factors, including the solubility of the carrier andcoprecipitate compounds, the pH of the solution, the presence of competing ions, and the kinetics of the precipitation process. Careful optimization of these parameters is crucial to ensure the efficient and selective removal of the target species.In addition to the practical applications, coprecipitation also plays a significant role in the study of chemical equilibria and the thermodynamics of precipitation reactions. By understanding the factors that govern the coprecipitation process, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms and develop more accurate models for predicting the behavior of complex chemical systems.In conclusion, coprecipitation is a versatile and powerful technique that finds numerous applications in various fields of chemistry. Its ability to selectively remove and concentrate target compounds from complex matrices makes it an indispensable tool in analytical chemistry, materials science, and environmental remediation. As research in this area continues to evolve, we can expect to see further advancements in the understanding and utilization of coprecipitation for the development of innovative solutions to complex chemical problems.。

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GFR肾小管和集合管重吸收reabsorption of renal tubule and collecting duct 肾小管和集合管分泌 secretion of renal tubule and collecting duct渗透性利尿 osmotic diuresis渗透压 osmotic pressure生理盲点 blind spot生理无效腔 physiological dead space生理学 physiology生物节律 biorhythm生长激素介质 somatomedin, SM时间肺活量 timed vital capacity时间总和 temporal summation食物的热价thermal equivalent of food食物的特殊动力作用specific dynamic actionof food视觉 vision视力 visual acuity视敏度visual acuity视野 visual field视紫红质 rhodopsin适宜刺激 adequate stimulus适应 adaptation收缩末期容积end-systolic volume收缩能力 contractility收缩压 systolic pressure受精 fertilization舒张末期容积end-diastolic volume舒张末期压力end-diastolic pressure舒张期 diastole舒张压 diastolic pressure水利尿 water diuresis水通道 water channel顺应性 complianceST段 ST segment双眼视觉 binocular visionT弹性贮器血管 Windkessel vessel特异投射系统 specific projection system体温 body temperature体温调节 thermoregulation体液调节 humoral regulation条件反射 conditioned reflex调定点 set point跳跃式传导 salutatory conduction听阈 hearing threshold通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio同向转运 symport瞳孔调节反射pupillary accommodationreflex瞳孔对光反射 pupillary light reflex瞳孔近反射 near reflex of pupil突触 synapse突触小体 synaptic knob突触传递 synaptic transmission突触后电位 postsynaptic potential, PSP突触后抑制 postsynaptic inhibition突触后易化 postsynaptic facilitation突触前抑制 presynaptic inhibition突触前易化 presynaptic facilitation突触延搁 synaptic delay吞噬 phagocytosis吞饮 pinocytosisW外源性凝血途径 extrinsic pathway外向电流 outward current外周化学感受器 peripheral chemoreceptor外周静脉压 peripheral venous pressure外周阻力 peripheral resistance完全性强直收缩 complete tetanus网状结构上行激动系统ascending reticular activating system, ARAS 微循环 microcirculation微音器电位 microphonic potential微终板电位 miniature endplate potential,MEPP胃肠激素 gastrointestinal hormones胃排空 gastric emptying胃蠕动 gastric peristalsis稳态 homeostasisX吸气 inspiration吸收 absorption细胞内液 intracellular fluid细胞外液 extracellular fluid下丘脑调节肽 hypothalamic regulatory peptide, HRP纤维蛋白溶解 fibrinolysis相对不应期 relative refractory period消化 digestion心电图 electrocardiogram, ECG心动周期 cardiac cycle心房钠尿肽 atrial natriuretic peptide, ANP心肺感受性反射 cardiopulmonary receptor reflex心肌绝对不应期 absolute refractory period 心肌有效不应期 effective refractory period 心肌相对不应期 relative refractory period 心肌超长期 supranormal period心肌收缩能力 myocardial contractility心力贮备 cardiac reserve心率 heart rate心室功能曲线 ventricular function curve心室顺应性 compliance心输出量 cardiac output心血管交感紧张cardiovascular sympathetic tone心音 heart sound心指数 cardiac index心脏的效率 cardiac efficiency兴奋 excitation兴奋-收缩耦联 excitation-contraction coupling兴奋性 excitability兴奋性突触后电位excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP行波 traveling wave胸膜腔内压 intrapleural pressure胸式呼吸 thoracic breathing悬浮稳定性 suspension stability血浆胶体渗透压 plasma colloid osmotic pressure血浆晶体渗透压plasma crystal osmotic pressure血浆清除率 plasma clearance血量 blood volume血流动力学 hemodynamics血流量 blood flow血流速度 velocity of blood flow血流阻力 resistance to blood flow血-脑脊液屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier血-脑屏障 blood-brain barrier血清 serum血细胞比容 hematocrit血小板聚集 platelet aggregation血小板粘附 platelet adhesion血小板释放 platelet release血型 blood group血压 blood pressure血压的长期调节long-term regulation of blood pressure血压的短期调节short-term regulation of blood pressure血液凝固 blood coagulation血液循环 blood circulation血液粘滞度blood viscosity循环系统平均充盈压mean circulatory filling pressureY压力感受性反射 baroreceptor reflex压力感受器 baroreceptor氧饱和度 oxygen saturation氧含量 oxygen content氧解离曲线 oxygen dissociation curve氧热价 thermal equivalent ofoxygen氧容量 oxygen capacity夜盲症 nyctalopia颜色视觉 color vision液态镶嵌模型 fluid mosaic model一侧优势 laterality of cerebral dominance移行性复合运动migrating motility complex, MMC异长调节 heterometric regulation异位起搏点 ectopic pacemaker遗忘 loss of memory异相睡眠 paradoxical sleep, PS抑制性突触后电位inhibitory postsynapticpotential, IPSP易化 facilitation易化扩散 facilitated diffusion应激 stress应激反应 stress response应急反应 emergency reaction营养性作用 trophic action用力肺活量 forced vital capacity用力呼气量 forced expiratory volume用力呼吸 forced breathing优势半球 dominant hemisphere有效不应期 effective refractory period 有效滤过压 effective filtration pressure 诱发电位 evoked potential阈刺激 threshold stimulus阈下刺激 subthreshold stimulus阈电位 threshold potential阈值 threshold原发性主动转运primary active transport 远点 far point of vision远视 hyperopia远距分泌 telecrine允许作用 permissive action运动单位 motor unitZ载体 carrier震颤麻痹 paralysis agitans蒸发散热 evaporation整合 integration正常起搏点 normal pacemaker正反馈 positive feedback正后电位 positive after-potential直立性低血压 orthostatic hypotension止血 hemostasis中枢化学感受器 central chemoreceptor中枢延搁 central delay中枢抑制 central inhibition中枢易化 central facilitation中心静脉压 central venous pressure终板电位 endplate membrane轴浆运输 axoplasmic transport轴突 axon轴突反射 axon reflex主动转运 active transport自动节律性 autorhythmicity自动去极化 spontaneous depolarization自发脑电活动spontaneous electric activity of the brain自分泌 autocrine自律细胞 rhythmic cell自身调节 autoregulation总和 summation总外周阻力 total peripheral resistance阻力血管 resistance vessel组织液 interstitial fluid组织液生成 formation of interstitial fluid 最大复极电位 maximal repolarization potential最大随意通气量maximal voluntaryventilation最后公路 final common path最适初长度 optimal initial length最适前负荷 optimal preload。

生理学中英文名词对照

生生理理学学中中英英文文名名词词对对照照 Aabdominal breathing 腹式呼吸 accessory sexual organ 附属性器官* absolute refractory period 绝对不应期 absorption 吸收 accommdotion 调节 acetylcholine,Ach 乙酰胆碱 muscarine －like action 毒覃碱样作用（M 样作用）* nicotine －like action 烟碱样作用（N 样作用）* tropic action 营养样作用* acromegaly 肢端肥大症 acrosin 顶体素* acrosom action 顶体样反应* actin 肌纤蛋白（肌动蛋白） action potential 动作电位 activation 激活 active force 主动张力* active transport 主动转运 active zone 激活区 addition 成瘾 adaptation 适应（感觉器） adenosine 腺苷* adenosine diphosphate, ADP 二磷酸腺苷 adenosine triphosphate, ATP 三磷酸腺苷 adenylate cyclase, AC 腺苷酸环化酶 adequate stimulus 适宜刺激 adrenal cortex 肾上腺皮质 Adrenal medulla 肾上腺髓质 adrenaline, Adr 肾上腺素 adrenergic fiber 肾上腺素能纤维 adrenocorticotropin, ACTH 促肾上腺皮质激素 afferent arteriole 入球小动脉 after discharge 后放 afterdepolarization 后去极化 afterload 后负荷 afterpotential 后电位 agglutinin 凝集素 agglutinogen 凝集原 agonist 激动剂 air condution 气传导 airway resistance 气道阻力 aldosterone 醛固酮aldosteronebinding globulin 醛固酮结合蛋白* aldosteroneinduced protein 醛固酮诱导蛋白*all or none phenomenon“全或无”现象alveolar dead space 肺泡无效腔alveolar pressure 肺泡压alveolar surfactant 肺泡表面活性物质alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气量　－aminobutyric acid　－氨基丁酸 amnesia 记忆障碍anterograde ameesia 顺行性遗忘症* reterograde ameesia 逆行性遗忘症* anatomical dead space 解剖无效腔androgen 雄激素angiotensin 血管紧张素antagonist 拮抗剂anticoagulative system 抗凝系统antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素antiport 逆向转运anxiety 焦虑aphasia 失语症motor aphasia 运动失语症sensory aphasia 感觉失语症apical membrane 顶端膜*apnea 呼吸暂停apoptosis 凋亡appetite 欲望*arrestin 阻抑蛋白*arterial blood pressure 动脉血压arterial pulse 动脉脉搏ascending reticular activating system网状结构上行激动系统 ascenging inhibitory system上行抑制系统astigmatism 散光*atrial natriuretic peptide心房利尿钠肽atrial systole 心房收缩期atrioventricular delay 房室延搁atropine 阿托品autocrine 自分泌autoinhibitory funtion 自抑作用autologous transfusion 自体输血 autoregulation 自身调节autorhythmicity自动节律性（自律性）avoidance system 回避系统axial flow 轴流axon 轴突axon hillock 轴丘axon telodendria 轴突终端axon reflex轴突反射axoplaxmic flow 轴浆流动axoplasmic transport, 轴浆运输antrograde，顺向轴浆运输fast，快速轴浆运输retrograde，逆向轴浆运输slow, 慢速轴浆运输BBabinski’s sign巴彬斯基征backleak回漏baroreceptor压力感受器baroreflex压力感受性反射basal body temperature,BBT基础体温basal metabolic rate，BMR基础代谢率basic electrical rhythm基本电节律basal membrane 基底侧膜basophils 嗜碱性粒细胞bile 胆汁bile salt 胆盐binocular vision 双眼视觉*biologic clock 生物钟biorhythm生物节律biot breathing 比奥呼吸*bleeding time 出血时间blind spot 盲点　－block　波阻断blood 血液blood－brain barrier 血脑屏障blood－cerebrospinal barrier 血脑脊液屏障blood clotting factor凝血因子blood coagulation 血液凝固blood group 血型blood flow 血流量blood pressure 血压blood transfusion 输血blood volume 血量body surface area 体表面积body temperature 体温bohr effect 波尔效应bone condution 骨传导bradykinin 缓激肽brain gut peptide 脑肠肽brain－derived neurotrophic factor，bdnf 脑源型神经生长因子* bulbogestrone 球抑胃素burst promoting activator 爆式促进活性物质*Ccalcitonin,CT降钙素calcitonin gene－related peptide 降钙素基因相关肽 calcium 钙calcium－induced calcium release 钙触发钙释放calcium pump 钙泵calcium－sodium channel 钙钠通道calcium transient 钙瞬变*calmodulin，CaM 钙调蛋白calmodulin－dependent protein kinase, 依赖钙调蛋白的蛋白激酶 calorigenic effect 生热效应*capacitance vessel容量血管capacitation 精子获能capillary 毛细血管carbaminohemoglobin 氨基甲酸血红蛋白*carbon dioxide dissociation curve 二氧化碳解离曲线carbon monoxide, CO 一氧化碳carbonic anhydrase 碳酸酐酶cardiac conduction system 心脏传导系统cardiac cycle 心动周期cardiac efficiency 心脏的效率cardiac index心指数cardiac output心输出量cardiac reserve 心力贮备cardiopulmonary receptor 心肺感受器 cardiopulmonary receptor reflex 心肺感受器反射 cardiovascular center心血管中枢cardiovascular reflex心血管反射carrier载体catecholamine， CA 儿茶酚胺cell 细胞cell membrane 细胞膜center 中枢feeding，摄食中枢satiety 饱中枢central chemoreceptor中枢化学感受器central delay 中枢延搁central nervous system 中枢神经系统central temperature receptor 中枢温度感受器central venous pressure 中心静脉压cerebellum 小脑cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液channel通道characteristic frequency 特征频率chemoreceptor化学感受器chemically gated ion channel化学门控通道chemoreflex化学感受器性反射cheyne－stokes respiration 陈施活呼吸*chloride shift 氯转移cholecystokinin(CCK)胆囊收缩素cholesterol 胆固醇cholinergic fiber 胆碱能纤维chronotropic action 变时作用chylomicron 乳糜微粒circadian rhythm 日节律cold receptor 冷感受器coldsensitive neuron 冷敏神经元collecting duct 集合管colloid osmotic pression 胶体渗透压colony－forming unit， CFU 集落形成单位colony stimulating factor, CSF集落刺激因子color vision 颜色视觉committed progenitor定向祖细胞*compensatory pause 代偿性间歇competitive inhibition 竞争抑制complement 补体complete tetanus完全强直收缩compliance 顺应性conditioned reflex条件反射conduction传导conduction block传导阻滞conductivity传导性cone 视锥细胞contractility 收缩能力（肌）convection对流convergence 会聚convergence reflex辐辏反射core temperature 体核温度coronary circulation 冠脉循环cortical association area 皮层联络区corticotropinreleasing hormone,CRH 促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素 cortisol皮质醇cotransport 同向转运countercurrent multiplication 逆流倍增*creatine phosphate 磷酸肌酸creatinine 肌苷cross bridge 横桥cross bridge cycling 横桥周期crossmatch test交叉配血试验cross－talk 交互对话crystal osmotic pressure 晶体渗透压cyanosis 发绀cyclic AMP,cAMP环一磷腺苷Cyclic GMP,cGMP环一磷鸟苷Cytokine 细胞因子Cytoskeleton 细胞骨架DDale’s principle 戴尔原则dark adaptation暗适应deactivation 去激活decapacitation 精子去能defecation reaction 排便反射defense reaction 防御反应defense zone 防御反应区deglutition 吞咽dendrite 树突dendritic spine 树突棘dense area 致密区dense body 致密体deoxyhemoglobin 去氧血红蛋白 dendrodendrtic inhibition树突树突型抑制depolarzation 去极化（除极）depolariting afterpotential去极化后电位depressor reflex 降压反射(减压反射) desensitization 脱敏diacylglycerol，DG二酰甘油diapedesis 血细胞渗出*diastole 舒张（心舒）期diastolic pressure 舒张压dicrotic nothch 降中峡differential sensitivity 特异敏感性diffusion 扩散diffusion rate 扩散速率digestion消化1，25－dihydroxycholecalciferol 1，25－双羟维生素 D3* direct calorimetry 直接测热法distribution vessel 分配血管*diuresis 利尿dominant cerebral hemisphere 优势半球* dopamine， DA 多巴胺down regulation 减量调节dromtropic action变传导作用dynamic compliance 动态顺应性dynamic lung volume 动态肺活量Eearly pregnancy factor 早孕因子ectopic pacemaker 异位起博点effective filtration pressure 有效滤过压effective refractory period 有效不应期ejection fraction 射血分数ejection period(phase)射血期（相）elastic resistance 弹性阻力electric synapse 电突触electrocardiogram心电图electrochemical potential电化学势 electroencephalogram,EEG脑电图electrotonic propagation 电紧张性扩布emergency reaction 应急反应emotion 情绪emotion reaction 情绪反应emmetropia 正视眼*encoding编码（作用）endocrine 内分泌endocytosis 入胞endothelin 内皮素endothelium－derived relaxing factor，EDRF内皮舒张因子 endplate potential终板电位energy metabolism rate 能量代谢率energy metabolism能量代谢enteric nervous system 肠神经系统 enterogastric reflex肠胃反射enterogastrone 肠抑胃素*enterokinase 肠致活酶*eosnophils 嗜酸性粒细胞epidermal growth factor 表皮生长因子 epinephrine,E 肾上腺素erection 勃起erythrocyte 红细胞erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率erythrocyte suspension stability 红细胞悬浮稳定性 erythropoiesis 红细胞生成*erythropoietin,EPO 促红细胞生成素Estradiol,E2 雌二醇estriol雌三醇estrone 雌酮*eupn(o)ea (quiet breathing)平静呼吸evaporation 蒸发evoked potential诱发电位exchange vessel交换血管excitability 兴奋性excitable cell可兴奋细胞excitation 兴奋excitationcontraction coupling 兴奋收缩耦联excitatory postsynaptic potential兴奋性突触后电位 exocrine 腔分泌*exocytosis 出胞expiration 呼气expiratory reserve volume 补呼气量external respiration 外呼吸extinction 消退*extracellular fluid 细胞外液extracellular matrix， ECM 细胞外基质* extrafuxla fiber梭外肌纤维*extrapyramidal system锥体外系extrasystole 期外收缩*extrinsic route 外源性激活途径*Ffacilitated diffusion 易化扩散facilitated diffusion through ion channel经通道的易化扩散 facilitated diffusion via carrier经载体的易化扩散 facilitation易化postsynaptic，突触后易化 presynaptic，突触前易化facilitatory region 易化区fast pain快痛feedback反馈negative，负反馈positive，正反馈feedback control反馈控制feedforward 前馈ferritin 铁蛋白*fibrinogen 纤维蛋白原fibrinolytic system纤维蛋白溶解系统filling period(phase) 充盈期（相）filtration 滤过filtration coefficient 滤过系数filtration pressure equilibrium滤过压平衡firing level 燃点*fluid massaic model液态镶嵌模型folic acid 叶酸*folliclestimulating hormone,FSH 卵泡刺激素*food specific dynamic effect 食物特殊动力效应 force velocity relation curve 张力速度关系曲线forced expiratory volume 用力呼气量forced vital capacity 用力肺活量forced breathing 用力呼吸frequency range of hearing 听域*functional residual volume 功能余气量GG protein G蛋白G protein effector G蛋白效应器G protein－linked receptor G蛋白偶联受体gap junction 缝隙连接gas eschange 气体交换gastric empty 胃排空gastric inhibitory polypeptide(GIP) 抑胃肽*gastrin 胃泌素*gastrointestinal hormone 胃肠激素gated theory 闸门学说*generator potential 发生器电位*glomerular filtration 肾小球滤过glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率 glomerulotubular balance 球管平衡*glucagon 胰高血糖素*glucocorticoids 糖皮质激素*glutamate 谷氨酸glycine 甘氨酸gonadotropinreleasing hormone,GnRH 促性腺激素释放激素 gonads 性腺*granulocyte 粒细胞growth hormone releaseinhibiting hormone 生长抑素 growth hormone releasing hormone,GHRH 生长素释放激素 growth hormone,GH 生长素guanine nucleotidebinding protein(Gprotein)鸟苷酸结合蛋白（G蛋白）*Hhabituation 习惯化*hearing threshold 听域*heart sound 心音hematocrit 血细胞比容*hematopoietic growth factor,HGF造血生长因子 hemoglobin，Hb血红蛋白hemopoiesis 造血hemopoiesis microenvironment 造血微环境*hemopoitric stem cells 造血干细胞*hemostasis 止血*heparin 肝素histamine 组胺homeostasis 稳态hormone 激素human chorionic gonadotropin,HCG人绒毛膜促性腺激素* human leukocyte antigen,HLA人白细胞抗原*Humoral regulation 体液调节hydrochloric acid 盐酸*5－hydroxytryptamine，5－HT 5－羟色胺 hyperalgesia 痛觉过敏 hyperpolarization 超极化hypophyseal portal system 垂体门脉系统* hypothalamus regulatory peptide,HRP下丘脑调节肽Iimmediateearly gene 快速（即早）基因inactivation失活incomplete tetanus 不完全强直收缩inhibin抑制素inhibitory postsynaptic potential抑制性突触后电位initial length 初长度initial segment 始段inositol triphosphate 三磷酸肌醇inotropic action变力作用insensible evaporation 不感蒸发（不显汗）inspiration 吸气inspiratory capacity 深吸气量inspiratory offswitch mechanism吸气切断机制* inspiratory reserve volume 补吸气量insulin 胰岛素insulin like growth factor，IGFI 胰岛素样生长因子 I* internal environment 内环境interstitial fluid 组织液intrafusal fiber梭内肌纤维*intrapulmonary pressure 肺内压intrapulmonary pressure 胸膜腔内压intrinsic factor内因子intrinsic route 内源性激活途径inulin 菊粉*ion channel 离子通道ion pump 离子泵isometric contraction 等长收缩isotonic contraction等张收缩isotonic solution 等张溶液isovolumic diastole 等容舒张期isovolumic systole 等容收缩期Jjunctional cleft 接头间隙*juxtaglomerular apparatus 近球小体*KK＋ equilibrium potential K＋平衡电位 kallikreinkinin system激肽释放酶激肽系统kinocilium动毛*Llactation 授乳*laminar flow 层流*laterality cerebral dominance 一侧优势lengthtension curve 长度张力曲线learning 学习leukocyte 白细胞ligand 配体light adaptation明适应limbic system 边缘系统*lipase 胰脂肪酶*local circuit neuron 局部回路神经元*local excitation局部兴奋local neuronal circuit 局部神经元回路*long term depression，LTD 长时性抑制*longterm potentiation，LTP长时程增强lung compliance 肺顺应性lung volume 肺容积luteinizing hormone,LH 黄体生成素*lymph 淋巴液lymphocyte 淋巴细胞Mmacular densa 致密斑*mastication 咀嚼mass peristalsis 集团蠕动*maximal repolarization potential最大复极电位*mean circulatory filling pressure 循环系统平均充盈压 mechanoreceptor 机械感受器* megakaryocytes 巨核细胞*melanocyte－stimulating hormone，MSH 促黑细胞激素* melatonin 褪黑素*menstruation 月经mental sweating 精神性发汗*metabolism新陈代谢microcirculation 微循环microphonic potential微音器电位microvilli 微绒毛micturition 排尿micturition desire 排尿欲*migrating motility complex(MMC)移动性运动综合波milk－ejection reflex 射乳反射*minute ventilation volume 每分通气量minute volume(heart) 每分输出量minute work(heart) 每分功（心脏）modulator调质monocyte 单核细胞motilin 胃动素*motor column 运动柱mucus 粘液mucusbicarbonate barrier粘液碳酸氢盐屏障multiunit smooth muscle 多单位平滑肌*muscarinic receptor毒蕈碱受体muscle spindle 肌梭muscle tonus 肌紧张myocardial contractility 心肌收缩能力myofilament sliding theory 肌丝滑行理论myofibril肌原纤维*myosin 肌凝蛋白（肌球蛋白）Nnerve 神经nervous regulation 神经调节 neurocrine 神经分泌*neuroendocrine system 神经内分泌系统 neuroglia 神经胶质细胞 neurohormone 神经激素neuromodulator 神经调质*neuron 神经元afferent neuron 传入神经元efferent neuron 传出神经元 neurotransmitter神经递质neurotrophin，NT 神经营养因子* neutrophil中性粒细胞nitric oxide， NO 一氧化氮* nicotinic receptor菸碱型受体nonassociative learning 非联合型学习nonprotein respiratory quotient,NPRQ非蛋白呼吸商 nonrhythmic cell非自律细胞nonspecific projection system非特异投射系统nonsynaptic chemical transmission 非突触性化学传递 norepinephrine,NE 去甲肾上腺素Ooperate conditioned reflex操作条件反射*opsin 视蛋白*optimal length 最适初长度optimal preload 最适前负荷osmotic diuresis 渗透性利尿osmotic fragility 渗透脆性osmotic pressure of plasma 血浆渗透压overdrive suppression 超速驱动压抑ovulation 排卵oxygen capacity 氧容量oxygen content氧含量oxygen dissociation curve 氧离曲线oxygen saturation 氧饱和度oxytocin,OXT催产素Ppacemaker起搏点pain 痛觉paracrine 旁分泌paradoxical sleep 异相睡眠paralysis 麻痹paralysis agitans 震颤麻痹*parapyramidal system旁锥体系*parasympathetic nerve 副交感神经parathyroid hormone,PTH 甲状旁腺激素*passive transport 被动转运patch clamp 膜片钳pencreatic amylase 胰淀粉酶*pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原*periodic breathing 周期性呼吸peripheral chemoreceptor外周化学感受器peripheral resistance 外周阻力peripheral venous pressure 外周静脉压peristalsis 蠕动permeability 通透性permissive action允许作用phonocardiogram心音图*phospholipid 磷脂photopic vision昼视觉physiological dead space 生理无效腔physiology 生理学pinocytosis 吞饮*plasma 血浆plasma cell浆细胞plasma membrane 质膜plasmin 纤维蛋白溶解酶原*plasticity 可塑性platelets,thrombocyte 血小板pleural cavity 胸膜腔pneumotaxic center呼吸调节中枢*pneumothorax气胸poiseuilli’s law 泊隶叶定律*polarization 极化postcapillary resistance 毛细血管后阻力postsynaptic inhibition突触后抑制postural refelex姿势反射potential 电位precapillary resistance 毛细血管前阻力precapillary sphincter毛细血管前括约肌* preferential channel通血毛细血管*preferential pathway优势传导通路preload 前负荷premature systole(extrasystole) 期前收缩（期外收缩） presynaptic inhibition突触前抑制presynaptic receptor突触前受体progesterone,P孕酮*prolactin,PRL催乳素*proopiomelanocrtin,POMC 促阿片黑素细胞皮质素原* prostaglandin,PG前列腺素*protein kinase C,PKC 蛋白激酶 Cprotooncogene 原癌基因pulmonary circulation 肺循环pulmonary diffusion capacity肺扩散容量*pulmonary stretch reflex肺牵张反射pulmonary surfactant 肺表面活性物质pulmonary ventilation 肺通气pulse pressure 脉搏压*purkinje cell 浦肯野细胞pyramidal system锥体系Qquantal release 量子式释放Rradiation 辐射rapid ejection period(phase)快速射血期（相）reabsorption 重吸收receptive relaxation 容受性舒张receptor 感受器，受体receptor－mediated endocytosis 受体介导的入胞receptor potential 感受器电位reflex arc 反射弧reflex 反射conditioned，条件反射crossed extensor，对侧屈肌反射*operant conditioning，操作式条件反射*stretch，牵张反射*tendon，腱反射*unconditioned，非条件反射reactivation复活reciprocal synapse 交互性突触recurrent inhibition回返性抑制reduced eye 简化眼referred pain牵涉痛relative refractory period 相对不应期renal blood flow 肾血流量renal clearence 肾清除率renal plasma flow 肾血浆流量reninangiotensinaldosterone system肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统 reninangiotensin sysem肾素血管紧张素系统reninangiotensinaldosterone system肾小球滤过率Renshaw cell闰绍细胞*repolarization 复极化reproduction生殖*residual volume 余气量resistance vessel阻力血管respiration 呼吸respiratory movement 呼吸运动respiratory quotient呼吸商resting potential 静息电位resting cardiac index静息心指数resting tension静息张力retinal视黄醛*retrograde amnesia 逆行性遗忘症*rh blood group system rh 血型系统rhodopsin 视紫红质*rigidity 僵直decerebrate，去大脑僵直decorticate，去皮层僵直rhythmic cell自律细胞righting reflex翻正反射*rod 视杆细胞*Ssaltatory conduction跳跃式传导sarcomere 肌小节*scotopic vision暗视觉second messenger第二信使secondary active transport 继发性主动转运secretin 促胰液素*secretion 分泌segmentation contraction 分节运动sensible perspiration 可感蒸发sensory area 感觉区sensory column 感觉柱sensory projection system感觉投射系统serum血清set point调定点sex hormonebinding globulin,SHBG性激素结合球蛋白* sham rage 假怒shamfeeding 假饲short term memory 短时性记忆*shivering 寒颤signal transduction信号转导simple diffusion 单纯扩散single twitch 单收缩singleunit smooth muscle 单位平滑肌单位*sinus rhythm 窦性节律skin temperature 皮肤温度slow pain 慢痛slow wave sleep 慢波睡眠sodium pump 钠泵somatomedin,SM生长介素*specific compliance 比顺应性specific dynamic action 食物的特殊动力作用specific projection system特异投射系统spike potential锋电位spinal shock脊休克spatial summation 空间性总和split brain 裂脑*spontaneous depolarization 自动去极化stereocilia 静毛*stimulus 刺激stress 应激stretch reflex牵张反射stroke volume 每搏输出量stroke work搏功subliminal(subthreshold)stimulus 阈下刺激subnormal period 低常期supplementary motor area 运动辅助区*suppressor region 抑制区*supranormal period 超常期swallowing 吞咽sweating(perspiration) 发汗sympathetic nerve 交感神经synaptic knob,synaptic bouton突触小体systole 收缩（心缩期）systolic pressure 收缩压Ttempoal summation 时间性总和testosterone,T睾酮*tetanus 强直收缩tetraethylammonium四乙基铵*tetrodotoxin 河豚毒*theory of traveling wave 行波理论thermal equivalent 热价thermal equivalent of oxygen 氧热价thoracic breathing胸式呼吸threshold 阈值threshold potential阈电位thrombin 凝血酶*thymosin 胸腺素*thyroglobulin,TG甲状腺球蛋白*thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH 促甲状腺激素thyrotropinreleaxing hormone,TRH 促甲状腺激素释放激素3,5,3’triiodothyronine,T3 三碘甲腺原氨酸thyroxin,3,5,3’,5’tetraiodlthyronine,T4 甲状腺素（四碘甲腺原氨酸）* thyroxinebinding globulin,TBG甲状腺素结合球蛋白*tidal volume 潮气量timed vital capacity时间肺活量total lung capacity肺总量transducin 传递蛋白*transmembrane resting potential跨膜静息电位 transmembrane signal transduction跨膜信号转换 transmembrane signaling 跨膜信号传递trophic action营养性作用tropnin 肌钙蛋白（原宁蛋白）*tropomyosin 原肌凝蛋白*trypsinogen 胰蛋白酶原*tubuloglomerular feedback管球反馈turbulence 湍流tyrosine kinase receptor酪氨酸蛋白激酶受体*Uup regulation 上调upper motorneuron paralysis 上行运动神经元麻痹* Vvagus nerve 迷走神经varicosity 曲张体vasoconstrictor fiber缩血管神经纤维vasodilator fiber舒血管纤维vasopressin,vp升压素velocity of blood flow 血流速度venous return 静脉回心血量venrticular diastole 心室舒张期ventilationperfusion ratio 通气/血流比值ventral respiratory group 腹侧呼吸组*ventricular function curve 心室功能曲线 ventricular systole 心室收缩期visceral pain内脏痛viscosity 粘滞度visual acuity 视敏度*visual field 视野vital capacity肺活量voltage clamp 电压钳voltagegated channel电压门控通道volume receptor容量感受器vomiting 呕吐vullus 绒毛Wwarmsensitive neuron 热敏神经元water diuresis 水利尿working(cardiac)cell工作（心肌）细胞αboockα波阻断αmotor neruon α运动神经元γmotor neuron γ运动神经元注：带*者为七年制本硕班应额外掌握的单词。

汽车发动机专业英语单词

abrasive 磨料accessory 附属品albeit 虽然aldehyde 乙醛allowance 公差alternator 交流发动机alternator 交流发电机amendment修正amperage 电流强度amplify 增强anchor 抛锚armature 电枢as such 照这样assembly 总成、装配assembly 装配atomization 雾化automatic transmission 自动变速器ballast 镇流电子barometric 气压的batch 成批bauxite 铅土矿bearing 轴承benzene 苯bevel gear 锥齿轮binding 结合bleed 通气孔blow-by 渗漏bolt 螺栓bond 结合booster 助力器bore 孔brakeshoe 制动蹄cage 保持架caliper 制动钳cam 凸轮camshaft 凸轮轴canister 碳罐capacitor 电容器carbonmonoxide 一氧化物carburetor 化油器cargo 货物caster主销后倾catalyst 催化剂catalytic 催化的category 种类、类型cater 适合centrifugal 真空提前centrifugal 离心的centrifugal 离心的CFC 氯碳氟化合物chassis 底盘chock 阻风门circulate 循环clutch 离合器coincide 与一致collapse 倒塌、故障combat 反对commitment 保证compartment 室compensate 补偿compensation 补偿、修正compression 压缩computerise 计算机化conductor 导体connectingrod 连杆contact breaker points 断电器触点contemporary 当代的coolant 冷却剂coolant 冷却剂counterpart 副本countershaft 中间轴couple 连接器、配合crankshaft 曲轴culminate 达到极点cylinder 气缸degradatiou 降低depot 仓库depression 降低、衰减derive 获得detonation 爆燃differential 差速器dioxide 二氧化物disaphragm膜片disc 圆盘disc brake 盘式制动器discharge 放电disconnect 拆开dismantle 拆除dispense 废除distributor 分配器、配电盘divert转移double-hinged joint 双铰链式万向节driveability 操纵性能drum 鼓drum brake 鼓制动器dwell 开启时间、停顿electrode 电极electromagnet 电磁electromechanical 机电的electron 电子elevate 抬高enact 颁布engage 啮合entail 需求equalizer 平衡装置evolve 开展exhaust 排出expertise 专长fade 衰退fangled 流行的far-sighted 有眼光feedback 反馈final drive 主减速器flexible joint 万向节flux 磁通量fore 前面forthcoming 未来的frustration 挫败furnish 供给gearwheel 齿轮groove 凸槽gummy 粘性的Halleffect 霍尔效应harmony 和谐hazardous 危险的hinge 铰链hire purchase 分期付款买hood 罩horn 喇叭hydraulic 液压hydraulic system 液压系统hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物idle 怠速ignition 点燃ignition coil 点火线圈impact 碰撞影响impedance 电阻impetus 动力incorporate 结合induce 诱发induction 引入injection 喷射inlet valve 进气阀intermediate 媒介物jet 喷嘴latch 只动销legacy 遗产lining 衬片lubricant 润滑油lubrication 润滑magnitude 幅度mandatory 强制性的manifold 歧管manoeuvre 机动master cylinder 主缸mentor 教练mesh 啮合modulator 调节器momocoquebody 无骨架式车身monocoque硬壳式结构monoxide 一氧化物motorize 使机动化multiplication 增大nozzle 喷油器occupant 占有者、乘员oil filter 机油滤清器oilpump 机油泵opt 选择outsrip 优于oxide 氧化物oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物pad 垫片pan 盘。

蝴蝶兰组培快繁技术的研究进展

收稿１３期：２００７－０８—２２
主要是利用各种类型的外植体诱导类原球茎，进而诱导分生苗实现快繁，不用通过诱导愈伤组织而直接分
化丛生芽。近年来也有通过诱导愈伤组织途径进行蝴
蝶兰植株再生ＩＨ以及花葶培养、试管苗分株等方法进行繁殖。本文概述了近年来蝴蝶兰的组织培养与快繁技术的研究进展。包括外植体、基本培养基、激素及其他添加物的选择．外植体褐变的防治措施以及生根壮苗培养方法等，以期为蝴蝶兰的生产发展提供参考。
２外植体褐变的防治措施
蝴蝶兰外植体在组织培养过程中容易褐变死亡，褐化问题是影响其成活率的关键因素。褐化是由于植物组织中含有的ＰＰＯ作用于酚类物质形成醌而引起的。培养基的ｐＨ值、矿质元素含量以及培养期间的光照、温度等都能影响植物组织的ＰＰＯ活性，从而对植物组织的褐变产生重要影响。印芳等［２３１研究了蝴蝶兰外植体初代培养过程中不同浓度Ｆｅ、Ｋ、ｃａ、ｚｎ、ｃｕ等矿质元素对其褐变的影响．结果表明，培养基中Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ浓度越高．褐变情况越严重；培养基中Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｚｎ浓度越高．褐化越轻。赵伶俐等［２ａ－２０研究表明，对外植体进行遮光处理町减缓植物组织中酚类物质的合成，从而抑制褐变的发生，且不同光照强度对褐化的影响不同，其中１０００ｌｘ和３０００ｌｘ光强培养可降低褐化率；培养前的黑暗预处理能减轻外植体的褐化，其中以黑暗预处理１０ｄ的褐化程度最轻：此外．当培养基ｐＨ值为６．５或培养温度为２０℃时外植体的褐化率最低。有关研究表明，活性炭对蝴蝶兰原球茎和幼苗的生长均具有积极作用，在每升基本培养基中添加活性炭１—２ｇ．适时切除培养物的褐化部分并及时更换新鲜培养基，能有效抑制外植体的褐变死亡嘞。
万方数据
蝶兰小苗的生根有明显抑制作用。低浓度的６一ＢＡ能促进生根；ＮＡＡ对生根有促进作用；添加苹果汁、香蕉汁、椰子汁和活性炭等也可明显促进壮苗的培养和生根，提高移栽成活率。鲁雪华等”研究认为．ＧＡ，０．１

WST-1细胞增殖检测试剂盒（定量）说明书

Product datasheetWST-1 Assay Kit (Cell Proliferation) ab6547339 ReferencesOverviewProduct name WST-1 Assay Kit (Cell Proliferation)Detection method ColorimetricSample type Adherent cells, Suspension cellsAssay type QuantitativeAssay time4h 00mProduct overview WST-1 Cell Proliferation Assay Kit (ab65473) provides by far the easiest and most sensitivemeans for performing a quantitative cell proliferation assay, cell viability assay, or cytotoxicityassay in mammalian cells. It is also available in a ready-to-use reagent format: ab155902.The WST-1 assay protocol is based on the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt to formazan by cellularmitochondrial dehydrogenase. The amount of the dye generated by activity of dehydrogenase isdirectly proportional to the number of living cells. The formazan dye produced by viable cells canbe quantified by microplate reader by measuring the absorbance of the dye solution at 440 nm.The WST-1 assay is just add-and-read, requiring no washing, no harvesting, and no solubilizationsteps. It is faster, stable, and more sensitive than MTT, XTT, MTS based assays. The assaycorrelates well with the [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay.The WST-1 assay protocol is very simple:- add the WST-1 assay reagent to the cell culture media and incubate for between 0.5 and 4 hrs- shake the plate to mix the contents- analyze the amount of formazan dye produced by measuring the absorbance at 440 nmNotes This product is manufactured by BioVision, an Abcam company and was previously called K301Quick Cell Proliferation Colorimetric Assay Kit. K301-500 is the same size as the 500 test size ofab65473.Review our cell health assays guide to learn more about our other cell viability, cytotoxicityand cell proliferation assay kits.Platform Microplate readerPropertiesStorage instructions Store at -20°C. Please refer to protocols.Components500 tests2500 testsElectro Coupling Solution (ECS) 1 x 5ml 1 x 25mlWST-1 Reagent (lyophilized) 1 vial 1 vialRelevance Cell proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of cells, as a result of cell growth and celldivision, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.Please note: A ll products are "FOR RESEA RCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIA GNOSTIC PROCEDURES"Our Abpromise to you: Quality guaranteed and expert technical supportReplacement or refund for products not performing as stated on the datasheetValid for 12 months from date of deliveryResponse to your inquiry within 24 hoursWe provide support in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and SpanishExtensive multi-media technical resources to help youWe investigate all quality concerns to ensure our products perform to the highest standardsIf the product does not perform as described on this datasheet, we will offer a refund or replacement. For full details of the Abpromise, please visit https:///abpromise or contact our technical team.Terms and conditionsGuarantee only valid for products bought direct from Abcam or one of our authorized distributors。

《2024年多功能微纳米过渡金属羰基CO释放分子(CORMs)复合体系的构建与性能研究》范文

《多功能微纳米过渡金属羰基CO释放分子（CORMs）复合体系的构建与性能研究》篇一一、引言随着科技的发展和纳米科技的兴起，对于材料的多功能性及高效性需求愈发显著。

微纳米材料中的多功能过渡金属羰基CO 释放分子（CORMs）因其独特的光学、电子和催化性质在许多领域如医药、环保和能源领域都有重要的应用。

因此，本篇论文着重探讨了多功能微纳米过渡金属羰基CO释放分子（CORMs）复合体系的构建以及其性能研究。

二、CORMs及其复合体系的构建2.1 CORMs的介绍CORMs是一种以过渡金属为基础的有机化合物，它们可以控制地释放CO气体，这使得它们在多个领域具有独特的应用。

其核心结构包括过渡金属原子与CO的键合。

2.2 微纳米过渡金属CORMs的构建微纳米尺寸的CORMs，因其更小的尺寸和更大的比表面积，使得它们在反应中具有更高的活性和效率。

我们通过特定的合成方法，成功构建了微纳米过渡金属CORMs。

2.3 复合体系的构建为了进一步增强CORMs的性能，我们通过与其他材料进行复合，构建了多功能微纳米过渡金属CORMs复合体系。

这些复合体系不仅可以增强CORMs的稳定性，同时也能提升其反应活性和选择性。

三、性能研究3.1 光学性能研究通过紫外-可见光谱分析，我们发现微纳米CORMs在特定波长下具有明显的吸收峰，这表明它们具有独特的光学性质。

同时，复合体系的光学性能也得到了显著提升。

3.2 电子性能研究利用电子显微镜和电子能谱分析，我们发现微纳米CORMs 具有较高的电子传输效率。

同时，复合体系中的电子传输速度也得到了显著提升。

3.3 催化性能研究我们通过一系列的催化实验发现，微纳米CORMs复合体系在多种反应中表现出良好的催化活性。

特别是在某些有机合成反应中，其催化效率远高于传统的催化剂。

四、结论本论文研究了多功能微纳米过渡金属羰基CO释放分子（CORMs）复合体系的构建与性能。

通过实验和理论分析，我们发现这种复合体系在光学、电子和催化性能上均表现出良好的表现。

汽车英语

NEW WORDS component [kəm'pəunənt]n.成分，组成，部件，零件成分，成分组成，部件， chassis ['∫æsi]n.底盘 ∫ 底盘 transmission [trænz'mi∫ən]n.变速器，传动传动系统，变速器， ∫ 变速器传动, 传动系统，传送，传送，发射 lubrication [ֽlu:bri'kei∫ən]n.润滑 ∫ 润滑 Ignition [ig'ni∫ən]n.点火点燃点火, ∫ 点火 Ignite [ig'nait]v.点火点燃点火, 点火 boost [bu:st]v.升压，推进，增加，增压，提高升压，升压推进，增加，增压， filter ['filtə]n. 滤清器，滤波器过滤器滤清器，滤波器, carburetor ['kɑ:bjuretə]n.化油器 ɑ 化油器 combustible [kəm'bʌstəbl]a.易燃的 ʌ 易燃的
radiator ['reidieitə]n.散热器冷却器，辐射体散热器, 散热器冷却器， hollow ['hɔləu]a.空心的虚伪的；n.洞, 窟窿山谷； ɔ 空心的, 空心的虚伪的；洞窟窿, 山谷； circulate ['sə:kjuleit]v. (使)循环 (使)流通循环, 使循环使流通 defroster [ֽdi:'frɔstə]n.除冰或霜装置除冰(或霜 ɔ 除冰或霜)装置 sludge [slʌʤ 软泥淤泥 ʌʤ]n.软泥 ʌʤ 软泥, hood [hud]n.发动机罩发动机罩 styling ['stailiŋ]n.花[式]样花式样 streamlined ['stri:mlaind]a.流线型的现代化的流线型的, 流线型的 sedan [si'dæn]n.轿车轿子轿车, 轿车 enclosed [in'klouzd]a.封闭的密闭的封闭的, 封闭的 pick-up ['pikʌp]n.拾波器，皮卡（轻型货车），传感器拾波器，），传感器 ʌ 拾波器皮卡（轻型货车），

数字信号处理英语词汇

AAbsolutely integrable绝对可积Absolutely integrable impulse response绝对可积冲激响应Absolutely summable绝对可和Absolutely summable impulse response绝对可和冲激响应Accumulator累加器Acoustic 声学Adder加法器Additivity property可加性Aliasing混叠现象All-pass systems全通系统AM (Amplitude modulation )幅度调制Amplifier放大器Amplitude modulation (AM)幅度调制Amplitude-scaling factor幅度放大因子Analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter模数转换器Analysis equation分析公式（方程）Angel (phase) of complex number复数的角度（相位）Angle criterion角判据Angle modulation角度调制Anticausality反因果Aperiodic非周期Aperiodic convolution非周期卷积Aperiodic signal非周期信号Asynchronous异步的Audio systems音频（声音）系统Autocorrelation functions自相关函数Automobile suspension system汽车减震系统Averaging system平滑系统BBand-limited带（宽）限的Band-limited input signals带限输入信号Band-limited interpolation带限内插Bandpass filters带通滤波器Bandpass signal带通信号Bandpass-sampling techniques带通采样技术Bandwidth带宽Bartlett (triangular) window巴特利特（三角形）窗Bilateral Laplace transform双边拉普拉斯变换Bilinear双线性的Bilinear transformation双线性变换Bit（二进制）位，比特Block diagrams方框图Bode plots波特图Bounded有界限的Break frequency折转频率Butterworth filters巴特沃斯滤波器C“Chirp” transform algorithm“鸟声”变换算法Capacitor电容器Carrier载波Carrier frequency载波频率Carrier signal载波信号Cartesian (rectangular) form 直角坐标形式Cascade (series) interconnection串联，级联Cascade-form串联形式Causal LTI system因果的线性时不变系统Channel信道，频道Channel equalization信道均衡Chopper amplifier斩波器放大器Closed-loop闭环Closed-loop poles闭环极点Closed-loop system闭环系统Closed-loop system function闭环系统函数Coefficient multiplier系数乘法器Coefficients系数Communications systems通信系统Commutative property交换性（交换律）Compensation for nonideal elements非理想元件的补偿Complex conjugate复数共轭Complex exponential carrier复指数载波Complex exponential signals复指数信号Complex exponential(s)复指数Complex numbers 复数Conditionally stable systems条件稳定系统Conjugate symmetry共轭对称Conjugation property共轭性质Continuous-time delay连续时间延迟Continuous-time filter连续时间滤波器Continuous-time Fourier series连续时间傅立叶级数Continuous-time Fourier transform连续时间傅立叶变换Continuous-time signals连续时间信号Continuous-time systems连续时间系统Continuous-to-discrete-time conversion连续时间到离散时间转换Convergence 收敛Convolution卷积Convolution integral卷积积分Convolution property卷积性质Convolution sum卷积和Correlation function相关函数Critically damped systems临界阻尼系统Crosss-correlation functions互相关函数Cutoff frequencies截至频率DDamped sinusoids阻尼正弦振荡Damping ratio阻尼系数Dc offset直流偏移Dc sequence直流序列Deadbeat feedback systems临界阻尼反馈系统Decibels (dB) 分贝Decimation抽取Decimation and interpolation抽取和内插Degenerative (negative) feedback负反馈Delay延迟Delay time延迟时间Demodulation解调Difference equations差分方程Differencing property差分性质Differential equations微分方程Differentiating filters微分滤波器Differentiation property微分性质Differentiator微分器Digital-to-analog (D-to-A) converter数模转换器Direct Form I realization直接I型实现Direct form II realization直接II型实现Direct-form直接型Dirichlet conditions狄里赫利条件Dirichlet, P.L.狄里赫利Discontinuities间断点，不连续Discrete-time filters 离散时间滤波器Discrete-time Fourier series离散时间傅立叶级数Discrete-time Fourier series pair离散时间傅立叶级数对Discrete-time Fourier transform （DFT）离散时间傅立叶变换Discrete-time LTI filters离散时间线性时不变滤波器Discrete-time modulation离散时间调制Discrete-time nonrecursive filters离散时间非递归滤波器Discrete-time signals离散时间信号Discrete-time systems离散时间系统Discrete-time to continuous-time conversion离散时间到连续时间转换Dispersion弥撒（现象）Distortion扭曲，失真Distribution theory（property）分配律Dominant time constant主时间常数Double-sideband modulation (DSB)双边带调制Downsampling减采样Duality对偶性EEcho回波Eigenfunctions特征函数Eigenvalue特征值Elliptic filters椭圆滤波器Encirclement property围线性质End points终点Energy of signals信号的能量Energy-density spectrum能量密度谱Envelope detector包络检波器Envelope function包络函数Equalization均衡化Equalizer circuits均衡器电路Equation for closed-loop poles闭环极点方程Euler, L.欧拉Euler’s relation欧拉关系（公式）Even signals偶信号Exponential signals指数信号Exponentials指数FFast Fourier transform (FFT)快速傅立叶变换Feedback反馈Feedback interconnection反馈联结Feedback path反馈路径Filter(s)滤波器Final-value theorem终值定理Finite impulse response (FIR)有限长脉冲响应Finite impulse response (FIR) filters有限长脉冲响应滤波器Finite sum formula有限项和公式Finite-duration signals有限长信号First difference一阶差分First harmonic components基波分量（一次谐波分量）First-order continuous-time systems一阶连续时间系统First-order discrete-time systems一阶离散时间系统First-order recursive discrete-time filters一阶递归离散时间滤波器First-order systems一阶系统Forced response受迫响应Forward path正向通路Fourier series傅立叶级数Fourier transform傅立叶变换Fourier transform pairs傅立叶变换对Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph傅立叶（法国数学家，物理学家）Frequency response频率响应Frequency response of LTI systems线性时不变系统的频率响应Frequency scaling of continuous-time Fourier transform 连续时间傅立叶变化的频率尺度（变换性质）Frequency shift keying (FSK)频移键控Frequency shifting property频移性质Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)频分多路复用Frequency-domain characterization频域特征Frequency-selective filter频率选择滤波器Frequency-shaping filters频率成型滤波器Fundamental components基波分量Fundamental frequency基波频率Fundamental period基波周期GGain增益Gain and phase margin增益和相位裕度General complex exponentials一般复指数信号Generalized functions广义函数Gibbs phenomenon吉伯斯现象Group delay群延迟HHalf-sample delay半采样间隔时延Hanning window汉宁窗Harmonic analyzer谐波分析议Harmonic components谐波分量Harmonically related谐波关系Heat propagation and diffusion热传播和扩散现象Higher order holds高阶保持Highpass filter高通滤波器Highpass-to-lowpass transformations高通到低通变换Hilbert transform希尔波特滤波器Homogeneity (scaling) property齐次性（比例性）IIdeal理想的Ideal bandstop characteristic理想带阻特征Ideal frequency-selective filter理想频率选择滤波器Idealization理想化Identity system恒等系统Imaginary part虚部Impulse response 冲激响应Impulse train冲激串Incrementally linear systems增量线性系统Independent variable独立变量Infinite impulse response (IIR)无限长脉冲响应Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters无限长脉冲响应滤波器Infinite sum formula无限项和公式Infinite taylor series无限项泰勒级数Initial-value theorem初值定理Inpulse-train sampling冲激串采样Instantaneous瞬时的Instantaneous frequency瞬时频率Integration in time-domain时域积分Integration property积分性质Integrator积分器Interconnection互联Intermediate-frequency (IF) stage中频级Intersymbol interference (ISI)码间干扰Inverse Fourier transform傅立叶反变换Inverse Laplace transform拉普拉斯反变换Inverse LTI system逆线性时不变系统Inverse system design逆系统设计Inverse z-transform z反变换Inverted pendulum倒立摆Invertibility of LTI systems线性时不变系统的可逆性Invertible systems逆系统LLag network滞后网络Lagrange, J.L.拉格朗日（法国数学家，力学家）Laplace transform拉普拉斯变换Laplace, P.S. de拉普拉斯（法国天文学家，数学家）lead network超前网络left-half plane左半平面left-sided signal左边信号Linear线性Linear constant-coefficient difference线性常系数差分方程equationsLinear constant-coefficient differential线性常系数微分方程equationsLinear feedback systems线性反馈系统Linear interpolation线性插值Linearity线性性Log magnitude-phase diagram对数幅－相图Log-magnitude plots对数模图Lossless coding无损失码Lowpass filters低通滤波器Lowpass-to-highpass transformation低通到高通的转换LTI system response线性时不变系统响应LTI systems analysis线性时不变系统分析MMagnitude and phase幅度和相位Matched filter匹配滤波器Measuring devices测量仪器Memory记忆Memoryless systems无记忆系统Modulating signal调制信号Modulation调制Modulation index调制指数Modulation property调制性质Moving-average filters移动平均滤波器Multiplexing多路技术Multiplication property相乘性质Multiplicities多样性NNarrowband窄带Narrowband frequency modulation窄带频率调制Natural frequency自然响应频率Natural response自然响应Negative (degenerative) feedback负反馈Nonanticipatibe system不超前系统Noncausal averaging system非因果平滑系统Nonideal非理想的Nonideal filters非理想滤波器Nonmalized functions归一化函数Nonrecursive非递归Nonrecursive filters非递归滤波器Nonrecursive linear constant-coefficient非递归线性常系数差分方程difference equationsNyquist frequency奈奎斯特频率Nyquist rate奈奎斯特率Nyquist stability criterion奈奎斯特稳定性判据OOdd harmonic 奇次谐波Odd signal奇信号Open-loop开环Open-loop frequency response开环频率响应Open-loop system开环系统Operational amplifier运算放大器Orthogonal functions正交函数Orthogonal signals正交信号Oscilloscope示波器Overdamped system过阻尼系统Oversampling过采样Overshoot超量PParallel interconnection并联Parallel-form block diagrams并联型框图Parity check奇偶校验检查Parseval’s relation帕斯伐尔关系（定理）Partial-fraction expansion部分分式展开Particular and homogeneous solution特解和齐次解Passband通频带Passband edge通带边缘Passband frequency通带频率Passband ripple通带起伏（或波纹）Pendulum钟摆Percent modulation调制百分数Periodic周期的Periodic complex exponentials周期复指数Periodic convolution周期卷积Periodic signals周期信号Periodic square wave周期方波Periodic square-wave modulating signal周期方波调制信号Periodic train of impulses周期冲激串Phase (angle) of complex number复数相位（角度）Phase lag相位滞后Phase lead相位超前Phase margin相位裕度Phase shift相移Phase-reversal相位倒置Phase modulation相位调制Plant工厂Polar form极坐标形式Poles极点Pole-zero plot(s)零极点图Polynomials 多项式Positive (regenerative) feedback正（再生）反馈Power of signals信号功率Power-series expansion method幂级数展开的方法Principal-phase function主值相位函数Proportional (P) control比例控制Proportional feedback system比例反馈系统Proportional-plus-derivative比例加积分Proportional-plus-derivative feedback比例加积分反馈Proportional-plus-integral-plus-different比例－积分－微分控制ial (PID) controlPulse-amplitude modulation脉冲幅度调制Pulse-code modulation脉冲编码调制Pulse-train carrier冲激串载波QQuadrature distortion正交失真Quadrature multiplexing正交多路复用Quality of circuit电路品质（因数）RRaised consine frequency response升余弦频率响应Rational frequency responses有理型频率响应Rational transform有理变换RC highpass filter RC 高阶滤波器RC lowpass filter RC 低阶滤波器Real实数Real exponential signals实指数信号Real part实部Rectangular (Cartesian) form 直角（卡笛儿）坐标形式Rectangular pulse矩形脉冲Rectangular pulse signal矩形脉冲信号Rectangular window矩形窗口Recursive (infinite impulse response)递归（无时限脉冲响应）滤波器filtersRecursive linear constant-coefficient 递归的线性常系数差分方程difference equationsRegenerative (positive) feedback再生（正）反馈Region of comvergence收敛域right-sided signal右边信号Rise time上升时间Root-locus analysis根轨迹分析（方法）Running sum动求和SS domain S域Sampled-data feedback systems采样数据反馈系统Sampled-data systems采样数据系统Sampling采样Sampling frequency采样频率Sampling function采样函数Sampling oscilloscope采样示波器Sampling period采样周期Sampling theorem采样定理Scaling (homogeneity) property比例性（齐次性）性质Scaling in z domain z域尺度变换Scrambler扰频器Second harmonic components二次谐波分量Second-order二阶Second-order continuous-time system二阶连续时间系统Second-order discrete-time system二阶离散时间系统Second-order systems二阶系统sequence序列Series (cascade) interconnection级联（串联）Sifting property筛选性质Sinc functions sinc函数Single-sideband单边带Single-sideband sinusoidal amplitude单边带正弦幅度调制modulationSingularity functions奇异函数Sinusoidal正弦（信号）Sinusoidal amplitude modulation正弦幅度调制Sinusoidal carrier正弦载波Sinusoidal frequency modulation正弦频率调制Sliding滑动Spectral coefficient频谱系数Spectrum频谱Speech scrambler语音加密器S-plane S平面Square wave方波Stability稳定性Stabilization of unstable systems不稳定系统的稳定性（度）Step response阶跃响应Step-invariant transformation阶跃响应不定的变换Stopband阻带Stopband edge阻带边缘Stopband frequency阻带频率Stopband ripple 阻带起伏（或波纹）Stroboscopic effect频闪响应Summer加法器Superposition integral叠加积分Superposition property叠加性质Superposition sum叠加和Suspension system减震系统Symmetric periodic 周期对称Symmetry对称性Synchronous同步的Synthesis equation综合方程System function(s)系统方程TTable of properties 性质列表Taylor series泰勒级数Time时间，时域Time advance property of unilateral单边z变换的时间超前性质z-transformTime constants时间常数Time delay property of unilateral单边z变换的时间延迟性质z-transformTime expansion property时间扩展性质Time invariance时间变量Time reversal property时间反转（反褶）性Time scaling property时间尺度变换性Time shifting property时移性质Time window时间窗口Time-division multiplexing (TDM)时分复用Time-domain时域Time-domain properties时域性质Tracking system (s)跟踪系统Transfer function转移函数transform pairs变换对Transformation变换（变形）Transition band过渡带Transmodulation (transmultiplexing) 交叉调制Triangular (Barlett) window三角型（巴特利特）窗口Trigonometric series三角级数Two-sided signal双边信号Type l feedback system l 型反馈系统UUint impulse response单位冲激响应Uint ramp function单位斜坡函数Undamped natural frequency无阻尼自然相应Undamped system无阻尼系统Underdamped systems欠阻尼系统Undersampling欠采样Unilateral单边的Unilateral Laplace transform单边拉普拉斯变换Unilateral z-transform单边z变换Unit circle单位圆Unit delay单位延迟Unit doublets单位冲激偶Unit impulse单位冲激Unit step functions单位阶跃函数Unit step response 单位阶跃响应Unstable systems不稳定系统Unwrapped phase展开的相位特性Upsampling增采样VVariable变量WWalsh functions沃尔什函数Wave波形Wavelengths波长Weighted average加权平均Wideband宽带Wideband frequency modulation宽带频率调制Windowing加窗zZ domain z域Zero force equalizer置零均衡器Zero-Input response零输入响应Zero-Order hold零阶保持Zeros of Laplace transform拉普拉斯变换的零点Zero-state response零状态响应z-transform z变换z-transform pairs z变换对。

CaP_壳聚糖复合膜层的电化学共沉积研究

Vol.23高等学校化学学报　No.11　2002年11月 C HE M IC AL JOURNAL OF CHINE SE UNIVE RSIT IES 2142～2146　CaP/壳聚糖复合膜层的电化学共沉积研究胡　仁,胡皓冰,林昌健(厦门大学固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室,材料科学与工程系,化学系,厦门361005)摘要　用电化学共沉积方法在医用钛合金表面成功制备了CaP/壳聚糖复合膜层,并用XRD,SEM,FT IR 漫反射光谱和XP S等对复合膜层化学组成及结构进行表征.结果表明,加入壳聚糖可使钙磷沉积层结构发生显著变化,将壳聚糖掺入钙磷沉积层,形成CaP/壳聚糖复合物和杂化物.力学实验表明,在钛基底表面未进行表面预处理条件下,CaP/壳聚糖复合膜层与钛基底的结合力高达2.6M P a,比单一CaP电化学沉积层与基底的结合力提高约4倍.文中还对壳聚糖参与表面电沉积反应机理进行了讨论.关键词　CaP膜层;壳聚糖;电化学共沉积;生物材料中图分类号　O646 文献标识码　A 文章编号　0251-0790(2002)11-2142-05用电沉积法制备及经低温碱液后处理的HAP生物陶瓷涂层的生物活性远高于等离子喷涂法制备的陶瓷涂层[1～3].研究具有“结构仿生”的硬组织材料是当今生物医学材料发展的重要方向[4,5].甲壳素增强矿物相的作用类似于骨中的主要有机成分胶原,其固有的生物可降解性及良好的交联特性使之可能成为重要的硬组织改性材料[6,7].壳聚糖即脱乙酰甲壳素,能溶于低酸度水溶液中,它是天然多糖中唯一存在的碱性氨基多糖,能够生物降解,无免疫反应,对人体无毒,是理想的医用生物材料[8].壳聚糖与钙磷化合物的降解机理不同,酶解型壳聚糖与水解型钙磷化合物的复合可改变单纯无机相的降解性质,并有可能进一步改进植入材料的生物性能.由于壳聚糖生物性能优良,人们已开始探索用于人造骨材料的改性.Leroux等[9]对包括壳聚糖在内的多种有机佐药对磷酸钙骨水泥的可注射性的影响进行了研究.Viala等[10,11]探讨了壳聚糖对溶液中磷酸八钙晶体生成的影响,并用饱和溶液共析法制备羟基磷灰石与壳聚糖的复合物[11].Ito等[8]直接将羟基磷灰石粉加入壳聚糖溶胶中制备复合膜层.最近Muzzarelli等[12]用壳聚糖膜来修饰钛合金表面等离子喷涂的羟基磷灰石,以期改善膜层的生物性能.本文采用电化学共沉积法在钛合金基底表面制备钙磷陶瓷/壳聚糖复合膜层,旨在实现壳聚糖在微观尺寸上(或分子水平)的杂化复合,获得具有优良生物和力学等综合性能的新型生物医学材料.1　实验部分基底材料为医用钛合金(Ti6Al4V),表面经机械打磨并清洗干净.电沉积溶液为200mL含0.042 mol/L Ca(NO3)2和0.025mol/L NH4H2PO4的电解液,pH=3.90～4.50,其中添加少量(～3mL)壳聚糖溶液(2%CTS/1%HAc).控制一定的电压(3～12V)或电流(3～4mA),进行阴极电沉积,于室温反应1～6.5h,可在钛合金表面获得钙磷陶瓷/壳聚糖复合沉积层.XRD实验用日本理学Rigaku公司的D/M AX-RC转靶X射线粉末衍射仪,采用铜靶,管电压40 kV,管电流30m A,狭缝系统1°DS—1°SS-0.15m m RS,以石墨单色器滤波,扫描范围5°～45°,扫描速度6°/min.SEM实验用日本日立Hitachi公司的S-520扫描电子显微镜.FT IR漫反射实验用美国Nicolet公司的740傅里叶光谱仪.XPS实验用英国VG公司ESCA LAB M arkⅡ能谱仪,激发源为Mg K A X射线(1253.6eV),能量分析器通过能为20eV,以C1s284.7eV作为能量校正标准.金属基底/沉积层的结合力实验是用微型实验仪器厂生产的LJ500型拉力实验机,固定样品的粘合剂为KC302A型超强快固环氧树脂胶.收稿日期:2001-06-12.基金项目:国家自然科学基金(批准号:29873039)资助.联系人简介:林昌健(1951年出生),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,从事电化学研究.E-mail:cjlin@2　结果与讨论2.1　电沉积层组成的XRD 分析从图1扣除基底的XRD 衍射峰可观察到加入壳聚糖溶液前后钙磷化合物(CaP )电沉积层结构的变化.从未加壳聚糖的电沉积层衍射峰的位置和强度可指认主要成分为含两个结晶水的磷酸氢钙(DCPD).峰强与标准粉末衍射数据相比存在差异,说明电沉积的CaP 陶瓷晶面发生一定的择优取向.加入壳聚糖后的电沉积层的衍射峰的位置基本不变,但衍射峰的相对强度却有很大变化,尤其是在2H =11.7°处峰极强,说明由于壳聚糖在表面的位阻和诱导作用使DCPD 在(020)晶面上有明显的择优取向.从图2可知,当壳聚糖的含量不同,DCPD 择优取向的晶面和择优程度也不同.Fig .1　X -ray dif f ract ion pattern of the electrodepositedcoatingsa .CaP coating ;b .CaP coating +2mL CT S solution.Fig .2　X -ray diff raction pattern of samples obtained un -der diff erent conditions a .CaP coating;b .CaP coatin g+1mL CT S solution;c .CaP coating+2mL CTS solution.在电场作用下,钙磷化合物在阴极表面的电沉积过程是极其复杂的[13],其电沉积过程大致可分如下步骤:(1)在金属基底(阴极)表面,溶液中H +,H 2O 和NO -3等被还原:2H ++2e H 2↑2H 2O+2e H 2↑+2OH -NO -3+H 2O +2e NO -2+2OH-(2)吸附在阴极上的氢氧根离子在电极表面与溶液中H 2PO -4发生反应:OH -+H 2PO -4HPO 2-4+H 2O若电极表面吸附的氢氧根离子浓度较大时,还可以进一步反应:HPO 2-4+OH -PO 3-4+H 2O (3)当电极附近存在钙离子时,在电极表面可能发生下列几种反应:Ca 2++HPO 2-4+2H 2O CaHPO 4・2H 2O(DCPD)8Ca 2++6HPO 2-4+5H 2O Ca 8H 2(PO 4)6・5H 2O (OCP )+4H +3Ca 2++2PO 3-4+n H 2O Ca 3(PO 4)2・n H 2O (TCP )10Ca 2++6PO 3-4+2OH -Ca 10(PO 4)6(OH )2(HAP )在水溶液中,钙离子和磷酸根离子形成的沉淀主要有下列四种形式:二水磷酸氢钙(CaHPO 4・2H 2O,DCPD),磷酸八钙[Ca 8H 2(PO 4)6・5H 2O,OCP],磷酸三钙[Ca 3(PO 4)2・n H 2O,TCP],羟基磷灰石[Ca 10(PO 4)6(OH)2,HAP].在本实验条件下,由于电极/溶液界面pH 值较低,XRD 实验表明电沉积层主要是DCPD ,DCPD 是HAP 的前驱体,在一定的条件下DCPD 可以转化成为HAP 晶体.2.2　电沉积层的表面形貌从图3可以看到,加入壳聚糖后可观察到沉积层表面呈枝脉状形貌,沉积层的结晶度很高,其晶体呈多层片状,层与层之间结构紧密.通过阴极电沉积可得到晶体结构良好的多孔状沉积层,这与电化学沉积过程复杂的界面物理化学条件密切有关.比较加入壳聚糖前后DCPD 沉积层结构形貌2143N o.11胡　仁等:CaP /壳聚糖复合膜层的电化学共沉积研究 Fig .3　SEM micrographs of DCPD coatings with CTS(A)×100;(B)×1000;(C )×3000.Fig .4　SEM micrographs of DCPD coatings (A)On l y DCPD;(B)DCPD w ith chitosan.(图4),可看到单纯的DCPD 钙磷陶瓷沉积层的晶体呈鳞片状无规则堆砌,结构松散;加入壳聚糖后DCPD 钙磷陶瓷沉积层晶体结构呈多片重叠有序排列,晶体成长取向性强,结构明显致密.从生物医学的角度来看,这种晶体结构良好的多孔状形貌对提高钙磷陶瓷的生物活性和生物相容性比较有利,因为沉积层具有较大的反应表面积和微晶结构,有利于作为植入材料与人体组织形成大面积的骨结合界面和强的化学作用[14].表面良好的晶体结构还有利于促进界面成骨诱导作用.2.3　电沉积层成分的红外(FTIR )漫反射分析根据图5不同条件下获得的电化学沉积层FTIR 谱图的比较,并参照纯DCPD红外光谱和壳聚糖Fig .5　FTIR spectra of el ectrodeposited coatings (A )only DCPD ;(B )DCPD with CTS ;(C )DCPD standard spectrum ;(D )CT S standard spectrum .2144 高等学校化学学报V ol.23标准FTIR 谱,表明沉积层在加入壳聚糖后红外漫反射谱在官能团区没有出现明显新峰,但发现在指纹区FTIR 谱峰发生明显位移.这可能是由于壳聚糖与钙磷化合物产生部分化学键合,生成相应的CaP-壳聚糖杂化物,导致指纹区谱峰的位移,或引起壳聚糖自身的吸收峰信号的减弱.此外,实验还观测到加入壳聚糖的CaP 沉积层均可在898cm -1处检测到一弱峰,该谱峰属壳聚糖环伸缩振动峰.由此证明,CaP 电沉积层中存在壳聚糖特征官能团,CaP -壳聚糖可发生部分化学键合,并生成相应的杂化物.由于谱峰交盖重叠,变化复杂,在CaP 沉积层表面吸附的壳聚糖量极少,尚难以对每个谱峰的归属加以确认.2.4　电沉积层XPS 分析为了进一步证明复合沉积层中壳聚糖的存在,利用XPS 表面能谱检测引入壳聚糖前后CaP 沉积层表面氮浓度的变化.图6是在相同实验条件下,单纯CaP 沉积层和加有壳聚糖的CaP 沉积层表面XPS 谱图的比较.可以看出,加入壳聚糖后,在398.3eV 处N 1s 的谱峰明显增强,这是主要来自壳聚糖中—NH 2的贡献.由于空气中N 2对两种样品的影响是等同的,可以忽略不计.从而证实复合CaP 沉积层中确实存在壳聚糖,壳聚糖可与钙磷化合物形成有机/无机杂化物或复合沉积层.Fig .6　N 1s photoel ectron spectrum for the el ectrode -posited coatingsa .CaP coating w ith CTS addition ;b .CaP coating.Fig .7　Experimental setup for coating shear strength testing2.5　金属基底/钙磷陶瓷涂层结合力实验结合力实验装置见图7,实验用的A-B 快固环氧树脂胶粘结试样表面和金属拉伸块完全固化后,用拉伸机测量沉积层与基底的剪切拉力.实验的结果表明,钙磷陶瓷涂层加入壳聚糖后,沉积层与基底的结合力达到2.60M Pa ,比单纯钙磷陶瓷涂层(0.66MPa )增加了约4倍.壳聚糖参与表面反应的可能机理如下:溶液中天然高分子壳聚糖(CT S)的—NH 2在一定的pH 条件下发生质子化,从而使壳聚糖分子荷正电,在外加电场的作用下,质子化的壳聚糖向阴极迁移,并在电极界面较高pH 下脱去质子氢,即质子化的壳聚糖在电极/溶液界面去质子化,形成非水溶性的壳聚糖.与此同时,在电化学条件控制下,电极/溶液界面合适的化学环境[3]促使钙磷化合物与壳聚糖发生共沉积,形成CaP-壳聚糖复合物.此外,质子化的壳聚糖还可与磷酸氢根等发生键合作用,并在阴极表面沉积生成有机-无机杂化物.由于2145N o.11胡　仁等:CaP /壳聚糖复合膜层的电化学共沉积研究壳聚糖大分子在电极表面的位阻和诱导作用,对钙磷化合物的结晶过程及结晶形态有显著影响.可见,壳聚糖参与电极界面化学沉积反应,并趋向与CaP 形成杂化物和复合物的结合形式,有机-无机沉积层相互结合交联在一起,使得沉积层相内及沉积层与金属基底的结合力明显增强.参　考　文　献[1]　Ji Huaxia,Ponton C.B.,M arquis P.M..J.M ater.S ci.:M ater.M ed.[J],1992,3:283—287[2]　M anso M.,J imenez C.,M orant C.et al ..Biomaterials[J],2000,21:1755—1761[3]　ZHANG Jian-M ing.Doctoral Dissertation[D],Xiamen Un i versity,1998[4]　GU O Qing -L i n g (郭庆玲).Clinic Orthopaedics (临床骨科学)[M ],Beijing :People ′s Sanitation Press ,1989[5]　CHENG Ling-M ei(程玲妹),YUAN Nan-Xi(袁楠希),XUE Qing(薛　晴)et al ..Bi ological and Environmental M aterials(生物及环境材料)[M ],Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,1997:239—242[6]　JIANG Ting-Da(蒋挺大).Ch itin(甲壳素)[M ],Beijing:Ch inese Environ mental Science Press,1995[7]　Wan Andrew C. A.,Eugene Khor,Garth W.Hasting.Biomaterials[J],1998,19:1309—1316[8]　Ito M .,Hidak a Y .,Nakajima M .et al ..J .Biomed .M ater Res .[J ],1998,45(3):204—208[9]　Leroux L.,Hatim Z.,Freche M.et al ..Bone[J ],1999,25(2):31S —34S[10]　Viala S.,Freche M.,Lacout J.L..Carbohydrate Polym ers[J],1996,29(3):197—201[11]　Viala S.,Freche M.,Lacout J.L..Ann.Chim.Sci.M at.[J],1998,23:69—72[12]　M uzzarelli R.A. A.,Biagini G.,DeBenedittis A.et al ..Carboh ydrate Polymers[J],2001,45:35—41[13]　ZHANG Jian -M in (张建民),L IN Chang -J ian (林昌健),FENG Zu -De (冯祖德)et al ..Chem .J .Chinese U niversities (高等学校化学学报)[J],1997,18(6):961—962[14]　Redepenning J.,S chlessinger T.,Burnham S.et al ..J.Biomed.M ater.Res.[J],1996,30:287Preparation and Characterization for a Co -deposited Hybrid Coatingof Calcium Phosphate /Chitosan on Ti Alloy S urfaceHU Ren ,HU Hao -Bing ,LIN Chang -Jian *(State K ey L abor atory f or P hy sical Chemistr y of Solid Sur f aces ,D ep artment of M ater ials Scienceand Engineering ,D ep ar tment of Chemistr y ,X iamen Univer sity ,X iamen 361005,China )Abstract In this w ork,a novel electrodeposition has been developed to prepare a hybrid coating of calcium phosphate /chitosan on the surface of Ti alloy .The surface morphologies ,chemical com positions and crys-talline structures of the hybrid coatings are characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques ,such as SEM ,XPS,FT IR and XRD etc..The results indicate that a hybrid coating of calcium phosphate/chi-tosan is formed on the metal surface when adding minor of chitosan to the electrolyte of calcium phosphate under the electrodeposition condition .The morphology of the hybrid coating is significantly different with that of the pure calcium phosphate.It is also show n that the bonding strength of the hy brid coating to the metal substrate has been increased as high as 2.6M Pa because of the incorporation of chitosan in the coat-ing .M eanw hile ,the chitosan is a natural polym er compound w ith good biolog ical -properties ,it is proposed to be of a high biocompatibility and an ex cellent biocompatibility w hen forming a hybrid coating of calcium phosphate/chitosan on a metal substrate.It means that the electrodeposited hybrid coating of calcium phos-phate/chitosan dev eloped in our lab may becom e a new promising implant biolog ical material.Keywords CaP film coating ;Chitosan ;Electrochemical co -deposition ;Biolog ical material(Ed.:F,X)2146 高等学校化学学报V ol.23。

胆木愈伤组织与悬浮细胞培养研究

胆木（Nauclea officinalis ），别名又叫乌檀、黄杨木等，属茜草科（Ｒｕｂｉａｃｅａｅ）乌檀属植物，是一种被国家林业部门确认为重点保护的稀珍野生植物树种之一［１－３］。

在海南岛主要分布于保亭、琼中等市县的山区。

该树种适生于热带半落叶季雨林中，种群数量少。

胆木原为民间药，始载于《常用中草药手册》和《全国中草药汇编》等书籍，后《中国药典》也收载。

胆木其性味苦、寒，其全株含有黄酮苷、酚类等化学物质，具有清热泻火之功效。

目前以胆木为原料已经生产出相关一系列药物，国内目前临床应用比较广泛的有胆木针、胆木浸膏片等中成药。

临床用于治疗外感发热、急性扁桃体炎、咽喉炎、支气管炎、肺炎、肠炎、痢疾、急性黄疸、胃痛等，具有非常广泛的药用开发价值［４－６］。

国内外广大学者广泛深入研究胆木的药用价值，主要集中于生物碱、三萜类、黄酮类、酚类、甾醇类等化合物的研究和提取，先后从皮、枝干、花、果实中分离得到了５０余种生物碱［７－１２］。

胆木植物碳水化合物营养也齐全，１７种氨基酸中只有胱氨酸未检出，人体必需的氨基酸含量为４．７２％，占氨基酸总量的胆木愈伤组织与悬浮细胞培养研究①王和飞１）②梁柳１）张燕１）刘进平２）③（1琼州学院生物科学与技术学院海南五指山572200；2海南大学农学院海南儋州571737）摘要通过组织培养技术，利用胆木（Nauclea officinalis ）种子无菌实生苗的茎段、叶片、叶柄等进行愈伤组织的诱导及悬浮细胞的培养。

结果如下：（１）以ＷＰＭ为基本培养基，获得愈伤组织高诱导率的激素种类及浓度为①０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ、②０．５～１．５ｍｇ／ＬＩＢＡ＋（０．０，０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）６－ＢＡ，诱导率达到１００％；（２）在外植体的差异上，茎段和叶片出现愈伤组织的时间较早、增殖系数最大，可达１５倍；（３）在培养基１／２ＷＰＭ＋０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ＋３０ｇ／Ｌ蔗糖中，继代周期为１４～１７ｄ，胆木细胞悬浮培养增殖率可达３０．１６％。

栽培部分专业术语

栽培部分专业词汇metabolism: 代谢1.macronutrient: 大量元素include: calcium (Ca),magnesium(Mg),potassium(K), sulphur(S),phosphorus(P)micronutrient: 微量元素include: copper(Cu), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), zine(Zn)2.nutrient:nutrient deficiency 营养不足nutrient enrichment 营养物富集nutrient distribution 养分分配dry matter distribution 干物质分配4. concentration : content 含量protein concentrationnutrient concentration5. an experiment…..was performed (carried out) under field conditions6. spike: 穗spikelet: 小穗apical spikelet 顶小穗7. cultivar: variety, 品种genotype: 基因型8. hexaploid: 六倍体（本文指硬粒小麦与节节麦杂交而获得的）9. sowing date: sowing time: 播种期sowing rate: 播量sowing width: 播幅10. dynamic: 动态11. grain filling period/stage: 籽粒灌浆期Seedling stage 幼苗期wintering (winter-surviving) period/stage 越冬期re-growth stage 返青期jointing 拔节booting 孕穗heading 抽穗anthesis post-anthesis /pro-anthesisstage of full bloom 盛花期maturity (ripeness) 成熟stage of maturity 成熟期stage of ripeness 成熟阶段stage of milky ripeness 乳熟期stage of waxy ripeness 蜡熟期stage of complete (dead)ripeness 完熟期winter habit 冬性winter hardiness 抗寒性,耐寒性winter resistancewinter survival (植物)越冬性,越冬存活率12. rachis: 花序轴, 穗轴13. reduction: decrease, drop,decline下降Increase, enhance, improve,add14. malnutrition: 营养缺乏15. staple: 主要作物, 主要成分staple crop: 主要作物staple vegetables: 主要蔬菜, 大宗蔬菜staple food: 主要食物16. bioavailability: 生物利用率, 生物有效度17. calorie: 能量calorieintake18. biomass:生物量19. dilution: 稀释20. distal: 远端的,末稍的proximal: 近端的21. impact(on): 影响influence (on)affect(on)effect (on)22. dwarf: 矮秆semidwarf 半矮秆23. isogenic: 同基因的isogenic line: 同(等)基因品系24. floret: 小花25. association: 关系be associated with26. release: 释放, 发布27. linear relationship between..and …线性相关be closely relatedwit h………与…密切相关28. partition: subdivide,distribute29. T. aestivum: 普通小麦T. durum: 硬粒小麦,杜伦小麦T. tauschii: 节节麦30. factorial combination: 因子结合的(复因子)31. phenology: 物侯学32. split-plot design: 裂区设计main plot: 主区subplot: 副区33. replication: 重复34. powdery mildew: 白粉病35. aphid: 蚜虫36. main-shoot spike: 主茎穗37. tag: 挂牌label38. analyses of variance: 方差分析39. fertile spikelet: 可孕小穗abortive spikelet 败孕小穗40. interaction: 互作41. symmetrical: balanced, even,uniform 均匀的42. magnitude: 大小,数量43. kinetics: 动力学44. deposition: 沉积45. unload: 卸载46. crop cycle: growing period作物生长期47. criteria: 判断标准48. vertical, horizontal49. rachilla: 小穗轴, 小花轴50. two-rowed barley: 二棱大麦51. high yielding wheatcultivars: 高产小麦品种52. phloem: 韧皮部53. xylem: 木质部54. implication: 暗示55. grain set: 结实状况, fruit1set 座果56. inherent: 内在的, 固有的57. Consequence: consequence is the result of something you do.For example: Everything good and bad has consequence.58. positive, negative 正/负Positive /negative association (correlation) between … and ………be positively/negatively correlated with…..Influence of Genotype, Environment, and Nitrogen Management on Spring Wheat Quality基因型,环境及氮素管理对春小麦品质的影响Ⅰ. Words, Phrases and Their Expressions1. influence (on): 影响affect(on):impact(on):effect (n.)2. genotype: 基因型,品种cultivar: 品种variety: 品种3. nitrogen: 氮nitrogen application: 氮肥施用nitrogen fertilizer: 氮素肥料nitrogen status: 氮素状况nitrogen excess: 氮(素)过量nitrogen deficiency: 缺氮,氮缺乏4. quality: 品质,quality traits/characteristics 品质性状Include: grain/flour protein concentrationgluten strength: 面筋强度flour ash: 面粉灰份test weight: 容重hardness: 硬度loaf volume: 面包体积noodle color: 面条颜色water absorption: 吸水率viscosity: 粘度peakviscosity, final viscosity,breakdown, setbackstarchamyloseamylopectin5. spring wheat, winter wheat:春小麦.冬小麦hard (spring) wheat: :硬粒小麦soft (spring) wheat: 软小麦6. end-use: include bread,Chinese bread, pan, cake,noodle, et al7. gluten: 面筋gluten strength: 面筋强度strong-gluten wheat cultivars:强筋小麦品种moderate gluten wheatcultivars: 中筋小麦品种weak-gluten wheat cultivars:弱筋小麦品种8. semiarid: 半(干)旱的arid region /area: area withless rainfall expectationarid farming: 旱作farmed without any irrigationarid land: 旱地9. diversification: with differentkinds of10. starch granule: 淀粉粒11. deployment: spread out12. pigment: pigmentation 着色13. manipulate: 管理manage, handle, operatesuperior noodle traits14. be negatively/positivelycorrelated/associated withbe negatively/positivelyassociated withbe related to15. be attributed to:16. assess: evaluate17. null: 无效的, 等于零的18. allele 等位基因19. locus: 地点, 所在地20. amylase: 直链淀粉21. split-plotdesign/arrangement: 裂区设计main-plotsubplotrandomizedcomplete-block design 完全随机区组设计22. analysis of variance: 方差分析correlation analysis: 相关分析independent variable: 独立变量（自变量）dependent variable：依变量regression analysis：回归分析linear correlationcoefficient：线性相关系数linear regressioncoefficient ：线性回归系数statistical analysis：统计分析test of significance：显著性检验mill optimal: 最佳的23. row spacing: 行距between-row spacingseeding rate: 种植密度24. subsample:25. determine: measure,calculate26. near-infrared analyzer: 近红外分析仪27. calibrate: 校准28. combustion: burning29. protocol: method,agreement 草约,调查书30. mixograph: [miksou] 面粉调混性自动记录仪31. texture profile：结构特征noodle texture characteristics :2such as springiness(弹性), cohesiveness(粘结性), adhesiveness(粘附性), hardness(硬度), and chewiness(咀嚼性)32. suspension: 悬浮33. gelatinzation: 凝胶34. rain-fed: moisture limited, no irrigated,35. be pronounced: be significant1. row spacingdistance between rows 行距, 垄宽seed spacing: average distance between rows within a row 株距2. seeding rate 种植密度seed rate 播种率seed sowing 播种seed spacing 株距3. kernel 籽粒part of seed, inner part of a nut of fruit-stonegrain spike4. tillering tiller 分蘖,新芽tillering ability 分蘖力tillering node 分蘖节tillering stage 分蘖期文中: to stimulate fall and spring tillering5. additional index words:key words6. yield components产量构成因素, include grain number per spike, spike number and 1000-grain wt7. plant densityplanting density 种植密度seeding density8. interplant v. 实行套种,在…间套种interplanting n. 间作9. review1)consider or examineagain, go over again inthe mind2)inspect formally3)write an account of …for …为…写评论10. rectangularity矩形,长方形11. uniform 均匀的12. planting pattern 种植方式planting area 种植面积planting bed 种植床/带planting depth 播种深度planting in narrow andwide rows alternately 宽窄行种植planting scheme 种植计划planting season 种植期planting system 种植制度13. root zone root region根区,根系分布区root extension 根系伸展root hair 根毛root absorption 根系吸收root crop 块根作物root system 根系root tip 根尖root-top ratio 根冠比primary root 初生根secondary root 次生根14. overlappartly cover by extendingbeyond one edge15. morphologicalmorphologyphysiology/physiological16. mutual shared,exchanged eaually17. upright-leaf 上举叶upright-leaved 叶片上举的18. lax-leaf 披垂叶19. plasticity 可塑性, 适应性20. erraticuncertain in movement,irrigular21. aggregation 集合体,聚合22. multi-culm 多秆uniculm 空心秆23. check 对照check cultivar checkplantcheck plot checksamplecheck experiment24. mask25. silt 淤泥,淤沙silty adj.26. sod 草地27. mesic28. disc,disk29. preceding oat 前茬30. drill n. 播种机v. 条播31. top-dress 表施32. factorial 因子的,阶乘的333. randomized complete-block design完全随机区组设计34. advanced breeding line35 versuserect versus spreading habit 36. thresh 打麦beat the grain out of wheat37. trim38. seedling/plant establishment39. pool …into the error40. cloddy41. multi-floret42. at the 0.05 probability: 0.05的水平上43. tiller survival44. optimum45. be detrimentalto46. progeny1. heat stress 热胁迫,高温胁迫high-temperature stressheat shock2. maize 玉米corn3. endosperm 胚乳embryo 胚, 子房4. be detrimental to/for 对…有害,不利于…5. dry matter accumulation 干物质积累6. cell division 细胞分裂disruption of cell division 破坏细胞分裂cell wall 细胞壁, cell nucleus 细胞核cell membrane 细胞膜cell multiplication 细胞增殖7. metabolism 代谢sugar metabolism 糖代谢8. starch biosynthesis 淀粉生物合成9. mechanism 机制10. alter 改变11. maize ear 玉米12.pollination 受精,受粉5 d after pollination 受粉(精) 5天之后13. solubility 溶液, 溶解性14. zein 玉米醇溶蛋白,玉米蛋白Glutelin 谷蛋白Albumin清蛋白Globulin球蛋白Prolamin醇溶蛋白15. methionine 蛋氨酸,甲硫氨酸16. degradation 降解synthesis 合成17. fluctuation 波动18. lag phase 滞留期,停滞期lag phase of growth 延迟生长期19. cytokinin 玉米素,细胞分裂素20. ADPG glucosepyrophosphorylaseADPG 葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶21. soluble starch synthase可溶性淀粉合成酶22. at later developmental stage发育后期at early developmental stage发育早期23 enzyme 酶24. be susceptible to 易受影响的,易得病的be susceptible to damage 易受伤害She is susceptible to cold.她易感冒.He is susceptible tosuggestions. 他没有主见be sensitive to 25.cereal 谷类include wheat, maize, rice,barley et al.26. desiccation 干燥27. category 种类, 类别28. molecular 分子molecular weight 分子量kDa 千道尔顿(Dalton)29. amino acid 氨基酸30. extract 提取31. aleurone layer 糊粉层32. scutellum 盾片,角质鳞片33. incorporation 结合Materials and methods34. silt loam soil 淤积肥土35. inbred 近交(自交)系hybrid 杂交种36. amenable 顺从的,服从的,可接受的, 可处理的,可解决的37. in vitro culture/ in vitro:体外的,人工的study)in vivo:体内的, 自然的38. regime 体制temperature regime 温度模式irrigation regimes 灌溉模式/制度39. photoperiod 光周期40. ear shoot 41. silkemergence 吐丝期42. self-pollination 自交sib-pollination 近亲杂交43. three- to four-leaf stage 3到4叶期44. pericarp 果皮45. pedicel花梗, 茎46. pulverize 研磨成粉47.meal 粗粉48. defatted 脱脂的49 acetone 丙酮ethanol 乙醇50. solvent 溶剂51. microcentrifuge 微量（型）离心机4centrifugation 离心过滤52. buffer 缓冲液53. radiolabeled 放射标记的，用…示踪的radioactivity 放射强度/活性54. equilibration 平衡55. analogous 类似的, 相似的, 可比拟的56. growth chamber-grown 生长箱(室)种植的57. maternal 似母亲的,母亲的58. fraction 片段,小部分59. protein composition 蛋白质组分60. encode 编码encoded by one or severalgenes 由一个或多个基因所编码61. assay 化验62.vitro assay63. radioactivity 放射能/活性64. phenotype 显型65.ovary 子房66. cavity 腔,穴67.transcript 转录68. localization 定位69. proteinase 蛋白酶proteinase inhibitor 蛋白酶抑制剂70. proteolytic 蛋白质水解的, 解蛋白71. messager RNAs 信息RNA72. cysteine 半胱氨酸73. predispose 预先安排,使倾向于74. concomitant 伴随的75. exacerbate 恶化,增剧5。

替加环素与泰能比较治疗鲍曼

ARTICLEEfficacy of tigecycline vs.imipenem in the treatmentof experimental Acinetobacter baumannii murine pneumoniaC.Pichardo &M.E.Pachón-Ibañez &F.Docobo-Perez &R.López-Rojas &M.E.Jiménez-Mejías &A.Garcia-Curiel &J.PachonReceived:31July 2009/Accepted:1February 2010/Published online:25February 2010#Springer-Verlag 2010Abstract The in vivo activity of tigecycline was evaluated in an experimental pneumonia model (C57BL/6mice)by Acinetobacter baumannii .Two clinical strains were used:minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs)of imipenem and tigecycline 1and 2µg/mL (imipenem-susceptible,IPM-S),and 8and 2µg/mL (imipenem-intermediate,IPM-I),respectively.For imipenem (30mg/Kg),∆T/CMI (h)were 1.04and 0.51for IPM-S and IPM-I,respectively.For tigecycline (5mg/Kg),the area under the concentration –time curve (AUC)/MIC 0–24h (serum and lung)were 9.24and 4.37(for the two strains),respectively.In the efficacy experiments with the IPM-S,imipenem (log CFU/g 3.59±0.78,p =0.006)and tigecycline (2.82±1.2,p =0.054)decreased the bacterial counts in lungs with respect to its controls;with the IPM-I,both imipenem (1.21±0.52,p =0.002)and tigecycline (3.21±0.28,p =0.035)decreased the bacterial counts with respect to the controls.In the survival experiments,with the IPM-S,the mortality was the same in the control (67%)and in the tigecycline (77%)groups,and imipenem reduced it (21%,p =0.025);with the IPM-I,the mortality was the same in the control (87%)and in thetigecycline (85%)groups,and imipenem (0%)reduced it (p <0.001).In summary,the present study shows that tigecycline is less efficacious than imipenem in the treatment of experimental A.baumannii pneumonia caused by IPM-S and IPM-I strains.IntroductionAcinetobacter baumannii is a common nosocomial patho-gen,especially in intensive care units,causing a great number of clinical conditions,being pneumonia or bacter-emia the more frequent infections [1,2].In the last several years,multi-resistant strains are frequent [1,3]and,with the recent reports of outbreaks of colistin-resistant A.baumannii isolates[4],new antimicrobial agents have been searched.Recent studies have shown that tigecycline exhibits potent activity against organisms isolated from hospitalized patients,including multidrug-resistant nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli,among others [5,6].Specifically,tigecycline was in vitro-active against A.baumannii strains,including those resistant to imipenem,being bacteriostatic in the time –kill studies [7].In the treatment of multi-resistant A.baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP),three patients were cured with tigecycline in monotherapy and 15out of 19patients (78.9%)were cured when treated with tigecycline plus imipenem and/or colistin [8].Data from more studies are needed before tigecycline can be recommended for the treatment of Acinetobacter infections.The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of tigecycline and imipenem in a murine pneumonia model caused by A.baumannii strains susceptible and intermedi-ate to imipenem.C.Pichardo (*):M.E.Pachón-Ibañez :F.Docobo-Perez :R.López-Rojas :M.E.Jiménez-Mejías :A.Garcia-Curiel :J.PachonInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla,Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla,Avda.Manuel Siurot s/n,41013Seville,Spaine-mail:cristina.pichardo.exts@juntadeandalucia.esC.Pichardo :M.E.Pachón-Ibañez :F.Docobo-Perez :R.López-Rojas :M.E.Jiménez-Mejías :A.Garcia-Curiel :J.PachonSpanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases(REIPI —ISCIII —RD06/0008),Instituto de Salud Carlos III,Madrid,SpainEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2010)29:527–531DOI 10.1007/s10096-010-0890-6Materials and methodsWe used two A.baumannii strains collected from blood cultures,corresponding to the more prevalent clones isolated in our hospital:imipenem-susceptible strain (IPM-S,953,minimum inhibitory concentration[MIC] imipenem=1mg/L,tigecycline=2mg/L),and imipenem-intermediate strain(IPM-I,1514,MIC imipenem=8mg/L, tigecycline=2mg/L).Imipenem(laboratory standard powder)and imipenem plus cilastatin(IPM)were obtained from Merck Sharp& Dohme(Madrid,Spain)for the in vitro and the in vivo experiments,respectively,and tigecycline(TGC)from Wyeth-Ayerst(Pearl River,NY,USA).The animals used were immunocompetent C57BL/6 female mice weighing14–16g(University of Seville’s facility)and had a sanitary status of murine pathogen-free (MPF).Drug pharmacokineticsThe plasma levels of imipenem were determined after the administration of a single intramuscular(im)dose of 30mg/Kg.The plasma and lung(homogenate)levels of tigecycline were determined after the administration of a single subcutaneal(sc)dose of5mg/Kg.Blood and lungs were extracted from three anesthetized mice per time-point. The total plasmatic drug concentrations and the total drug concentrations in the lung were measured for triplicate by the bioassay method,using Micrococcus luteus ATCC9341 for imipenem and Bacillus cereus ATCC9634for tigecy-cline as the indicator strains.The intraday and interday variation of the assays were2.6%±2.4%and3.2%±1.9% for imipenem,and 3.5%±2.6%and 4.5%±1.1%for tigecycline;the linearity(r2)of the assay was0.91±0.02 and0.92±0.32,respectively,and the lower limits of detection were0.01and0.1mg/L.The maximum plasma concentration(C max,mg/L)and terminal half-life(t1/2,h) were calculated.The time during which the plasma concentration remained above the MIC(ΔT/MIC,h)was estimated by extrapolation from the regression line of plasma elimination.Experimental pneumonia model in miceA modification of the Esposito and Pennington model performed by our group[9]was used to produce pneumo-nia.The animals were inoculated with50μl of the A. baumannii bacterial suspension,with a final inoculum size of approximately108CFU/mL.The treatment was commenced at4h after the inoculation,grouping the mice in each of the following treatment groups over a period of 72h:(a)controls,no treatment;(b)tigecycline,10mg/Kg/d/sc,b.i.d.;and(c)imipenem,120mg/Kg/d/im,t.i.d.(a quarter of the total dose at8:00and14:00h,and the half of the total dose at20:00h).Two types of experiments were performed:survival and bacterial clearance from lung studies.Survival experimentsBecause in this model the mortality in the control group is near100%at72h,the influence on the mortality of the different treatments was evaluated in this period,in groups of15mice.Efficacy experimentsTo evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobials in the clearance of bacteria from lungs,efficacy experiments were per-formed.Groups of five mice were sacrificed at4h after the infection,before the beginning of treatments(control groups),and groups of five mice were sacrificed every 24h,4h after the last dose in the case of IPM and12h after the last dose in the case of tigecycline(treatment groups).At these time-points,the surviving mice were sacrificed and thoracotomy was carried out;the lungs were removed,weighed,and processed for quantitative cultures. The results were expressed as the log10CFU/g of tissue.In order to confirm that imipenem and tigecycline were not toxic to the animals,groups of ten non-infected mice were each given the antibiotics for72h.The use of the experimental pneumonia model was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla,Spain.Statistical analysisThe numbers of surviving animals were evaluated with Fisher’s exact test.The CFU/g of lung tissue was analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test.The SPSS v13.0statistical package(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)was used.A p-value<0.05was considered to be significant.Results and discussionThe pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters of each antimicrobial drug(C max,t1/2,AUC,∆T/MIC,and AUC0–24h/ MIC)are shown in Table1.In the survival experiments(Table2),with both strains IPM-I and IPM-S,only imipenem reduces the mortality with respect to the control groups(0and21%in the imipenem groups and87and67%in the controls, respectively,p≤0.025);imipenem was better than tigecy-cline in both groups(p≤0.007).In the bacterial clearance from the lungs experiments (Fig.1),with the IPM-I strain,for the imipenem-treated group,there was a decrease of the bacterial counts from controls(p=0.002).In the tigecycline-treated group,the treatment cleared the lungs compared to the control group (p=0.035).With the IPM-S strain,in the imipenem-treated group,there was a decrease of the bacterial counts(p= 0.006)and in the tigecycline-treated group,the bacterial lung concentration decreased to2.82log CFU/g(p=0.054).These results show that,in general,imipenem is more active than tigecycline in this experimental pneumonia model caused by A.baumannii with the doses examined. Tigecycline decreased the bacterial count in the lung for the strain intermediate to imipenem with respect to the controls. However,in the in vivo experiments performed with the strains susceptible and intermediate to imipenem,imipenem was better than tigecycline regarding the mortality and clearance of bacteria from the lungs.Different studies in experimental A.baumannii pneumo-nia models had shown that imipenem was the most active antimicrobial,including infections caused by susceptible and intermediate strains[9,10].Different works showed the high in vitro activity of tigecycline from multi-resistant pathogens,including A.baumannii[5,6],which is of particular importance because of the high frequency of multi-resistant strains[1,3],with a high number of strains only susceptible to colistin[1,11,12]or the appearance of pan-resistant A.baumannii isolates[13,14].In a previous in vitro study on the activity of imipenem and tigecycline against49isolates of A.baumannii,the MIC90values were 128and2mg/L,respectively;however,in the time–kill studies,tigecycline was bacteriostatic[7].The limited efficacy of tigecycline in the experimental pneumonia model may be explained by the in vitro bacteriostatic instead of bactericidal activity against A.baumannii.Tigecycline has high penetration in tissues[15,16];thus, we found a serum and lung C max of1.92mg/L and8.29μg/ g,respectively.These figures are higher than those found in humans after doses of50and100mg,which show serum C max values of0.38and0.91mg/L[15,17],respectively, and the mean and median concentration values of tigecy-cline in the lungs after100mg were0.50and0.31μg/g (range:0.11–1.89μg/g)[18].There are no definitive data regarding the pharmacodynamic variables predicting the in vivo efficacy of tigecycline.Several studies had addressed this issue,both in clinical trials and in experimental models of infection[15,16].Some authors suggest that,although tetracyclines do not exhibit concentration-dependent kill-ing,if the antimicrobial agent has a moderate to prolonged postantibiotic effect(PAE),the time of exposure is less important and the AUC/MIC ratio is the best pharmacoki-netic/pharmacodynamic parameter correlating with the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs[19].Data obtained in animal models[17,20]suggest that tigecycline activityTable1Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parametersC max t1/2(h)AUC(mg.h/L)AUC/MIC0–24h∆T/MIC(h)Strain1514IPM-I Strain953IPM-S Strain1514IPM-IStrain953IPM-STigecycline(serum)5mg/Kg 1.92mg/L 2.339.249.249.24 1.70 1.70 Tigecycline(lung)5mg/Kg8.29μg/g0.23 4.37 4.37 4.370.970.97 Imipenem(serum)30mg/Kg16.9mg/L0.158.25 4.12330.51 1.04C max:maximal drug concentration;t1/2:half-life;AUC:area under the concentration–time curve;AUC/MIC0–24h:area under the concentration–time curve at24h to the MIC;∆T/MIC:the time that a drug concentration remains above the MICTable2Survival study using three strains with different susceptibilities to imipenemStrain1514(IPM-I)Strain953(IPM-S)n n died%n n died% Controls151387151067 Imipenem,120mg/Kg/d/im1500a14321b Tigecycline,10mg/Kg/d/sc131185131077 IPM:imipenem,I:intermediate,S:susceptiblea p<0.001compared to the controls and tigecycline.b p=0.025and p=0.007compared to the controls and tigecycline,respectivelydepends on the time above the MIC and on the AUC/MIC.On the other hand,the relationship between the AUC,MIC,and the microbiologic results in clinical trials in complicat-ed skin and soft tissue infections were revised recently [21,22],showing that an AUC/MIC ratio between 6.96and 12.3was necessary for a good clinical and microbiological response,with the predominant pathogens being Staphylo-coccus aureus and Streptococcus spp.However,although in our experiments the serum AUC/MIC of tigecycline was 9.24,we did not obtain the same favorable results in the pneumonia by A.baumannii .The clinical information on the relevance of tigecycline as an antimicrobial agent against A.baumannii is scarce.A clinical case of septic shock due to a multidrug-resistant A.baumannii strain in a patient with intra-abdominal abscess after acute pancreatitis,with failure during treatment with colistin plus meropenem,cured after the addition of tigecycline [23].In the treatment of multi-resistant A.baumannii V AP in a recent study [8],three patients were cured with tigecycline in monotherapy and 15out of 19patients (78.9%)cured when treated with tigecycline plus imipenem and/or colistin.In other study,only two out of five patients with A.baumannii V AP were cured with tigecycline in monotherapy or in combination [24].Peleg et al.[25]show the first clinical description of bloodstream infection caused by tigecycline-non-susceptible A.baumannii .In their work,two patients developed breakthrough A.baumannii bacteraemia while receiving tigecycline for other indications.The MICs oftigecycline for these strains were 4and 16mg/L,respectively,and the resistance appears to be at least partly attributable to an efflux pump mechanism,since the exposure to an efflux pump inhibitor diminished the MIC of tigecycline 4to 1mg/L and from 16to 4mg/L,respectively.The authors conclude that,given the facility of A.baumannii to acquire resistance to other antimicrobials,exposure to sub-therapeutic levels of tigecycline for even short periods of time may promote the rapid emergence of tigecycline resistance.In this sense,a recent multicenter Spanish study obtained an MIC 90of tigecycline for A.baumannii of 8mg/L [26],which is higher than that found previously by us [7].The results of the present experimental study and those from the clinical experience pointed to the necessity of evaluating tigecycline combined with other antimicrobials when treating severe A.baumannii infections.Thus,in a model of A.baumannii experimental murine pneumonia caused by imipenem-susceptible strains [9],the treatment with other tetracyclines,such as doxycycline plus amikacin,was as efficacious as imipenem in reducing the mortality and the clearance of bacteria from the lungs,this combina-tion being synergic in vitro.However,in an in vitro study using time –kill curves [27],the possible synergy of tigecycline plus amikacin,meropenem,imipenem,ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin,ampicillin-sulbactam,and rifampin has been evaluated against A.baumannii strains intermediate or resistant to carbapenems (MIC 90of tigecycline of 2mg/L),showing indifference for tigecycline in combination with these antimicrobials.Also,concentration escalation studies dem-onstrate that tigecycline may need to approach serum concentrations higher than those currently achieved to treat multidrug-resistant A.baumannii .In the same way,using checkerboard testing,tigecycline synergy was observed in only 1of 5strains when combined with cefepime or amikacin,and no synergy was shown with the combination of tigecycline with amoxicillin/cavulanate,piperacillin/tazobactam,ceftriaxone,ceftazidime,imipenem,merope-nem,aztreonam,trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole,or cipro-floxacin [28].In summary,the present study,taking into account the limitations of the small size of the groups in the efficacy experiments,shows that tigecycline in monotherapy is less efficacious than imipenem in the treatment of experimental A.baumannii pneumonia caused by susceptible or inter-mediate to imipenem strains.However,due to its in vitro activity against multi-resistant A.baumannii ,the high mortality of severe infections caused by this bacterium,such as V AP and bacteremia,and the paucity of therapeutic alternatives for these severe infections,new in vivo studies are needed to evaluate its efficacy in combination with otherantimicrobials.Fig.1Bacterial clearance from lung tissue using two strains with different susceptibilities to imipenem (treatment during a period of 72h).Values are expressed as mean ±standard deviation (SD)(log CFU/g).*p <0.05,#p =0.054Acknowledgments This work was partly supported by a grant fromthe Wyeth-Ayerst Research(Pearl River,NY,USA).The authorsdeclare no conflict of interest with respect to this article. 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CELL SUSPENSION AND USE THEREOF

专利名称：CELL SUSPENSION AND USE THEREOF 发明人：Andrew QUICK申请号：US16592117申请日：20191003公开号：US20200093952A1公开日：20200326专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：The present invention provides for methods and devices suitable for producing a transplantable cellular suspension of living tissue suitable for promoting tissue regeneration in an epithelium-related procedure, as well as compositions produced therefrom. The cellular suspension can include viable and functioning cells at various stages of differentiation, including undifferentiated/progenitor cells and differentiated cells, as well as those in between. In certain embodiments, the cellular suspension can be subjected to a stress to induce a heat shock response therein, or be exposed to an exogenously supplied agent such as heat shock protein or a fragment thereof, hyaluronic acid, platelet-enriched plasma, and/or growth factors. The cellular suspension can be applied directly to a patient's recipient site for in vivo regeneration, or be cultured or seeded to a matrix for in vitro growth/regeneration.申请人：Avita Medical Ltd地址：Valencia CA US国籍：US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

中英文--西医重症医学科术语英文翻译

西医重症医学科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医重症医学科术语英文翻译：1. 重症医学科：Intensive Care Unit (ICU)2. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征：Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)3. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病：Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)4. 心力衰竭：Heart Failure (HF)5. 急性心肌梗死：Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)6. 休克：Shock7. 重症感染：Severe Infections8. 多器官功能衰竭：Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)9. 脓毒症：Sepsis10. 深静脉血栓形成：Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)11. 重症哮喘：Severe Asthma12. 急性肾损伤：Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)13. 重症胰腺炎：Severe Pancreatitis14. 重症肝炎：Severe Hepatitis15. 严重烧伤：Major Burns16. 大出血：Massive Bleeding17. 危重病营养支持：Critical Care Nutrition Support18. 机械通气：Mechanical Ventilation19. 血液净化治疗：Blood Purification Therapies20. 心肺复苏术：Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)21. 体外膜氧合技术：Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)22. 重症监测技术：Critical Care Monitoring Techniques23. 血管活性药物：Vasoactive Drugs24. 镇静镇痛治疗：Sedation and Analgesia Therapies25. 重症患者的转运：Transport of Critically Ill Patients26. 重症护理记录：Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Notes and Progress Notes27. 脓毒症管理：Sepsis Management28. 多学科团队协作：Multidisciplinary Team Collaborations in the ICU29. 重症患者的心理护理：Psychological Care for the Critically Ill30. 人工气道管理：Artificial Airway Management in the ICU31. 高血压危象管理：Management of Hypertensive Crises in the ICU32. 心律失常处理：Treatment of Arrhythmias in the ICU33. 急性呼吸衰竭处理：Treatment of Acute Respiratory Failure in the ICU34. 血液保护和输血治疗：Blood Conservation and Transfusion Therapies in the ICU35. 水、电解质平衡和酸碱平衡紊乱的处理：Management of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in the ICU36. 重症患者的血糖管理：Glycemic Control in the ICU37. 中性粒细胞减少症的处理：Management of Neutropenia in the ICU38. 重症患者的营养支持原则与实践：Principles and Practice of Nutrition Support in the ICU39. 重症患者的疼痛管理：Pain Management in the ICU40. 镇静和镇痛的伦理问题与考虑因素：Ethical Issues and Considerations in Sedation andAnalgesia in the ICU41. 多器官功能衰竭的预防与管理：Prevention and Management of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) in the ICU42. 重症患者的机械通气管理策略与实践：Strategies and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation Management in the ICU43. 重症患者的人工气道管理原则与实践：Principles and Practice of Artificial Airway Management in the ICU44. 高血压危象的诊断与治疗策略：Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Hypertensive Crises in the ICU45. 心律失常的评估与处理原则：Assessment and Management Principles for Arrhythmias in the ICU46. 急性呼吸衰竭的诊断与治疗策略：Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies for Acute Respiratory Failure in the ICU47. 水、电解质平衡和酸碱平衡紊乱的诊断与处理原则：Diagnostic and Management Principles for Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in the ICU48. 重症患者的血糖监测与管理策略：Monitoring and Management Strategies for Glycemia in the ICU49. 重症患者的心理护理与精神支持原则与实践：Principles and Practice of Psychological Care and Mental Support for the Critically Ill。

小学上册第15次英语第1单元测验卷

小学上册英语第1单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I have a plant that thrives in _____ sunlight.2.The ________ (国际合作) addresses global issues.3.n Ocean is located to the ________ (东边) of Africa. The Indu4.I admire __________ (科学家) for their discoveries.5. A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than solvent is called a ______ solution.6.The process of converting a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state is called _______.7.Chemical energy is stored in the ______ of molecules.8.I put on sunscreen when it’s __________ outside. (阳光明媚的)9.How many days are there in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. EightC10.We bake _____ (饼干) for the party.11. A _____ (盆栽) can add charm to any room.12.__________ are used to measure the amount of a substance.13.What is the capital of Switzerland?A. BernB. ZurichC. GenevaD. LucerneA14.In winter, it gets very ______ (冷) and sometimes it snows. I love to make a ______ (雪人) and ______ (打雪仗) with my friends.15.I have a _____ of toys at home. (collection)16.I go to the ______ (图书馆) to borrow books.17.Which animal is known for its ability to fly?A. DogB. ElephantC. BirdD. Fish18.The country known for its spices is ________ (印度).19.What is the main gas we breathe?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. HeliumA20.The capital of Bangladesh is _____.21.My friend's family has a _______ (动物). 它的名字是 _______ (名字).22.I enjoy visiting the ________ (科技中心) to experiment.23.What is the capital of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. LuxorD. GizaA24.My brother is a great ________.25.I enjoy playing games with my __________. (家人)26.My grandmother makes the best __________. (沙拉)27.What is the result of 100 - 50?A. 40B. 50C. 60D. 7028.An animal that can live in water and on land is an ______.29. A _______ (小海龟) lays eggs on the beach.30.What do we call the process of a liquid turning into a solid?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporatingD. CondensingB31. A _____ (植物探索) can lead to new discoveries in botany.32.My dad loves __________ (健身).33.The _______ (蜜蜂) makes honey.34.What do we call the act of putting two or more numbers together?A. SubtractionB. DivisionC. AdditionD. MultiplicationC35.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. HanoiC. Kuala LumpurD. ManilaA36.The first person to fly around the world was _______.37.My town is located near a __________ (湖).38.He is a _____ (作曲家) who creates wonderful music.39.What do we call a scientist who studies rocks?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. PhysicistA Geologist40.n Horse was used in the _____ War. The U.S.41.My grandma enjoys knitting ____ (socks).42.I enjoy reading ______ (小说) before bedtime. It helps me relax.43.The chemical formula for iron (II) sulfate is _______.44.I enjoy _______ (reading) adventure stories.45.What is the name of the famous landmark in Paris?A. Big BenB. ColosseumC. Eiffel TowerD. Statue of Liberty46. A suspension is a type of mixture where particles are _____.47.I draw _____ (图画) with crayons.48. A ______ (森林) is full of diverse trees and plants.49.I like to watch the clouds ______ (移动).50.The game is ___. (exciting)51.The _______ of a pendulum can be illustrated using a clock mechanism.52. A __________ (阳台花园) can be both beautiful and useful.53. A ________ is often seen in fairy tales.54.My teacher is __________, and she/ he helps us __________.55. A _______ is often used in cooking.56. A __________ is a natural barrier that separates two areas.57.What do we call the part of the plant that absorbs water?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. FlowerC Root58.ts can ______ (激励) creativity and art. Some pla59.What is the currency used in Japan?A. YenB. RupeeC. PesoD. Dollar60.The condor is one of the largest ________________ (鸟类).61.The chemical symbol for barium is __________.62.What is 10 - 2?A. 7B. 8C. 9D. 1063.Certain plants can ______ (为动物提供) food and shelter.64. A catalyst is used to increase the rate of a ______.65.My sister and I have a toy ____ collection. (玩具名称)66.What do you call a collection of poems?A. AnthologyB. NovelC. StorybookD. JournalA67.My uncle is a wonderful __________ (演讲者).68. A _______ is a chart that organizes elements by their properties.69.My neighborhood is very ________ (安静) and friendly. Everyone knows each other.70.小猫) stretches in the sun. The ___71.The city of Rome is known for its ________ (古代遗址).72.What is the name of the largest known star?A. BetelgeuseB. UY ScutiC. VY Canis MajorisD. Antares73.What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. JupiterC. EarthD. Venus74.The __________ (历史的印记) is indelible.75.How many players are there in a football (soccer.team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 12C76. A squirrel has a fluffy _______ that helps it balance.77.What is the main color of the sun?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. RedB78. A ______ can be found in many colors.79.The _____ (青蛙) has smooth skin and long legs.80.What do we call the season when flowers bloom?A. AutumnB. WinterC. SpringD. Summer81.We have a ______ (丰富的) calendar of events.82.What do we call the place where animals live in the wild?A. ZooB. HabitatC. FarmD. CircusB Habitat83.What is the name of the popular animated series about a group of superheroes?A. Justice LeagueB. The AvengersC. Teen TitansD. X-MenA84.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)85.What do you call the largest country in the world?A. CanadaB. United StatesC. RussiaD. ChinaC86.ers bloom only at ______ (夜晚). Some flo87.My dad has a big _______ (我爸爸有一个大_______).88.The rabbit has soft _______ (兔子有柔软的_______).89.What is the capital city of Nigeria?A. AbujaB. LagosC. KanoD. Port HarcourtA90.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. ParisD. Rome91.My favorite season is ________ (夏天).92.This girl, ______ (这个女孩), loves to read.93.I love to ______ (与朋友聊天) about books.94.The Sahara Desert is located in _______.95.The capital of Italy is _____.96.What do we call a person who helps students learn?A. TeacherB. TutorC. EducatorD. All of the above97.What is the term for a person who studies the weather?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. BiologistD. AstronomerA98.Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyze the ______ of stars.99. A ____ is a fascinating creature that can change color.100.I love _______ (去海滩).。

消化病学常见英文词汇

消化病学常见英文词汇1．digestive endoscope消化内镜2. digest 消化3.Gastric mucosa 胃粘膜4.Helicopbacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌5.gastric pits 胃小凹6.gullet 食管7.Castroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD) 胃食管反流病8.Barrett’s esophagus，Barrett食管9.lower esophageal sphincter 食管下括约肌10.reflux esophagitis 反流性食管炎11.lower esophageal sphincter LES 下食管括约肌12.non-erosive reflux disease（NERD）非糜烂性反流病13.oesophagoscopy 食管镜检查14.Hiatal Hernia, 食管裂孔疝15.oesophagoscope 食管镜,食道镜16.transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxatio n 一过性食管下括约肌松弛17.leiomyoma of esophagus.食管平滑肌瘤18.Esophageal Cancer 食管癌19..corrosive burn of esophagus腐蚀性食管灼伤20.achalasia of cardia 贲门失驰症21.stomach 胃.22.gastritis胃炎23.pangastritis 全胃炎24.acute hemorrhagic gastritis 急性出血性胃炎25 Chronic gastritis慢性胃炎26.Chronic atrophic gastritis 慢性萎缩性胃炎27.27.autoimmune gastritis 自身免疫性胃炎28.Chronic superficial gastritis 慢性浅表性胃炎29.29.superficial gastirtis 弥漫性胃窦炎30.Functional gastrointestinal disorder 功能性胃肠病30.31.functional dyspepsia 功能性消化不良32.multi-focal atrophic gastritis多灶萎缩性胃炎33.dysplasia 异型增生34.parietal cell autoantibody 壁细胞自体抗体35.intrinsic factor antibody,IFA 内因子抗体36.intestinal metaplasia of gastric epithelium 胃粘膜肠上皮化生37.Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD), 消化性溃疡病38.ZollingerEllison syndrome 胃泌素瘤.39.kissing ulcer 对吻溃疡40.acute stress ulcer 急性应激性溃疡41.Gastrointestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma 胃粘膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤42.Stomach cancer 胃癌43.gastric bleeding 胃出血44.gastric canal 胃管45.gastric juice 胃液46.gaseous distention 胃胀气47.hematemesis 呕血48.gastralgia 胃痛49.gastroenteritis 胃肠炎50.Gastric Acid胃酸51.achlorhydria胃酸缺乏症52.gastrospasm 胃痉挛53.intestine肠54.tuberculose intestinale 肠结核55.Appendicitis 大腸炎56.tuberculated peritonitis结核性腹膜炎57.Intussusception 肠套叠58.Volvulus 盲腸炎59.intestinal cancer肠癌60 ileus.肠闭塞61.Enterovirus肠病毒62.intestinal hemorrhage肠出血63.63．intestinal perforation肠穿孔64.64.intestinal obstruction肠梗阻65.65.intestinal colic 肠绞痛66.66.inflammatory bowel disease 炎症性肠病67.67.Regional Enteritis (Crohn)克隆氏病68.68.Ulceratie Colitis, 溃疡性结肠炎69.69.Dierticular Disease, 肠憩室疾病70.70.carcinoid of large intestine 大肠类癌71.71.colorectal lymphoma 大肠恶性淋巴瘤72.72.Polyposis 息肉病73.family polyposis coli 家族性结肠息肉病74.irritable bowel syndrome 肠易激综合征75.肠道细菌移位76.enteral nutrition肠道营养，77.arteriovenous malformation of bowel肠动静脉畸形78.肠囊肿79.radiation injury of intestine肠放射性损伤80.end-to-side intestinal anastomosis 肠端侧吻合术81.肠扭转82.end-to-肠端端吻合术82.肠紊乱，83.intestinal lymphangiectasia肠淋巴管扩张84 intestinal bypass肠旁路术85.肠内引流式胰腺移植enteric drainage pancreas transplantation86肠袢淤滞综合征stagnant loop syndrome87.肠切除术88.肠切开术89.肠缺血90.肠缺血综合征91.肠外瘘enterocutan92.肠外营养93.肠外置术94.肠吻合术95.肠系膜动脉闭mesenteric arterial occlusion96.肠系膜动脉栓塞术97.肠系膜动脉血栓形成98.肠系膜静脉血栓形99.肠系膜囊肿100.肠系膜疝101.肠系膜上动脉综合征102肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征103.肠狭窄104.104肠旋转不良malr105.肠血管病vascular disease of bowel106.106.肠血管发育异107.107.肠血管异常108.108.肠易激综合征109.109.肠源性感染110.110.肠造口术111.肠胀气112.112.肠重复畸形duplication of intestine113.肠子宫内膜异位114.乙状结肠膀胱sigmoid conduit114.乙状结肠膀胱扩大sigmoid augmentation cystoplasty116.乙状结肠结核117.乙状结肠镜检查［术］118.回肠膀胱扩大术ileum augmentation cystoplasty119.回肠膀胱尿流改道术120.回肠膀胱术121.回肠肛管吻合术ileoanal anastomosis 122.回肠横结肠吻合术123.回肠憩室124.回肠造口术125.回盲部结核ileocecal tuberculos126.直肠膀胱一结肠腹壁造口术rectal bladder and abdominal colostomy 127.直肠固定术proctopexy，128.直肠后脓肿129.直肠后拖也吻合巨结肠根治术duhamel 130.直肠环钳吻合术ring clamp anastomosis of rectum131.直肠肌鞘拖出吻合巨结肠根治术132直肠镜检查［术］133.直肠瘘134.直肠膨出135.直肠切除术136.直肠烧灼137.直肠损伤138.直肠脱垂139.直肠狭窄140,直肠炎141.直肠乙状结肠镜检查［术］p142.直肠阴道瘘143.直肠指检144.直肠周围脓肿145.直视下活检［术］145.肛管癌146.肛裂anal fissure，147.肛门闭锁会阴瘘148.肛门闭锁尿道瘘anal atresia149.肛门闭锁前庭瘘150.肛门闭锁阴道瘘151.肛门镜152.肛门镜检查［术］153.肛门溃疡154.肛门瘙痒［症］155.肛门狭窄an156.肛门直肠瘘157.肛门直肠脓肿158.肛乳头炎anal papillitis 159.肛周脓肿，160.肝脏liver 161肝癌liver cancer 162.阑尾Appendicitis, 163.肝性脑病Hepatic encephalopathy 164.肝昏迷hepatic coma165.原发性肝癌primary carcinoma of the liver.166.病毒性肝炎virus hepatitis 167.传染性肝炎infectious hepatitis 168.急性病毒性肝炎acute viral hepatitis 169.慢性腹泻chronic diarrhea 170.酒精性肝病alcoholic lier171.自身免疫性肝炎autoimmune hepatitis 172.肝硬化cirrhosis of lier 173.腹膜炎Peritonitis, 174.干呕175.肝［性］昏迷前期176.肝被膜下出血subcapsular177.肝病性口臭178.肝肠联合移植combined liver and intestin179.肝大180肝淀粉样变性181.肝动脉造影［术］182.肝梗死183.肝结核184.肝静脉梗阻185.肝慢性阻性充血chronic passiveconge186.肝毛细线虫病capillariasis hepatica187.肝门肠吻合术portoenterostomy 188.肝内胆管结石189.肝内胆管结石病190.肝内胆汁淤积191.肝脓肿liver absces 192.肝脾大hepatosp193.肝片吸虫病194.肝肾联合移植combined liver and kidney195.肝肾综合征196.肝素辅因子heparin co-197.肝细胞移植198.肝下垂hepatoptosis 199.上消化道出血upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage200.壁细胞parietal cell 201.质子泵proton pump 202, 痔疮Hemorrhoids203.gall bladder 胆囊.pancreas 胰腺204.内镜逆行胰胆管造影endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ,ERCP 205.胆石症/胆囊炎Cholelithiasis/Cholecystitis 206.急性胰腺炎Acute Pancreatitis, 207.胰腺癌carcinoma of the Pancreatitis208.胰空肠吻合术pancreaticojejunostomy 209.胰瘘pancreatic fistula210.胰肾联合移植combined pancreas and renal transplantation211.胰十二指肠切除术pancreaticoduodenectomy212.胰十二指肠移植术pancreas-duodenal transplantation213.胰石pancreatolith，pancreatic calculus214.胰石病pancreatolithiasis215.胰腺创伤pancreatic trauma216.胰腺分裂pancreas divisum217.胰腺钙化calcification of pancreas218.胰腺假囊肿 pancreatic pseudocyst 219.胰腺囊肿 pancreatic cyst220.胰腺脓肿 abscess of pancreas 221.胰腺外瘘 external fistula of pancreas222.胰腺炎 pancreatitis 223.胰腺移植 pancreas transplantation224.胰腺异位 heterotopic pancreas 225.胰腺周围脓肿 peripancreatic abscess226.胰源性腹水 pancreatic ascites 227.移动性盲肠 mobile caecum228.移植胰假性囊肿 graft pancreatic pseudocyst 229.移植胰胰瘘 graft pancreatic fistula230.移植胰胰腺炎 graft pancreatitis 231.胆道闭锁232.胆道测压［术］ 233.胆道出血234.胆道感染 235胆道梗阻236.胆道蛔虫病 237.胆道贾第虫病238.胆道减压术 decompression of biliary tra 239.胆道闪烁显像［术］240.胆道运动障碍 241.胆固醇结石242胆管癌 243.胆管测压造影［术］244.胆管肝炎 245.胆管空肠吻合术246.胆管扩张 cholangiec 247.胆管内置管扩张［术］248.胆管腺瘤 249.胆管炎250.胆管造影［术］ 251.胆管周围炎252.胆红素脑病 bilirubin encephalopathy ， 253.胆红素尿254.胆绞痛 biliary colic 255.胆瘘 256.胆囊癌257.胆囊肠瘘258.胆囊超声显像［术］259.胆囊穿孔 260.胆囊钙化261.胆囊积脓 262.胆囊积气 pneu-263.胆囊积水 264.胆囊积血265.胆囊镜检查［术］ 266.胆囊空肠吻合术267.胆囊扭转 268.胆囊切除术269.胆囊切除术后综合征 postcholecystectomy syndrome 270,胆囊十二指肠吻合术ch 271.胆囊收缩素 272.胆囊炎273.胆囊造口术 274胆囊造影术275.胆囊周围脓肿 276.胆石性肠梗阻277.胆总管结石 calculus of common bile duct 278.胆小管炎 cholangiolitis279.胆血症 280.胆总管梗阻 281.胆汁反流性胃炎 282.胆总管端端吻合术283.胆汁浓缩综合征 284.胆汁性腹膜炎 biliary peritonitis ，285.胆汁性肝硬化 286.胆总管十二指肠吻合术choledochoduodenostomy 287.胆汁引流 288.胆汁淤积289.胆汁粘稠综合征290.［内镜］操纵部, ［endoscopic ］291.［内镜］插入管, ［endoscopic ］292.［内镜］充气/水阀, ［endoscopic ］293.［内镜］导光连接部, ［endoscopic ］light guide connector section 294.［内镜］导光束, ［endoscopic ］295.［内镜］导像束, ［endoscopic ］296.［内镜］光导纤维, ［endoscopic ］optical fibers297.［内镜］活检管道开口, ［endoscopic ］biopsy channel opening298.［内镜］角度锁钮, ［endoscopic］locking299.［内镜］角度旋钮, ［endoscopic］300.［内镜］冷光源, ［endoscopic］cold light source301.［内镜］弯曲部, ［endoscopic］302.［内镜］吸引阀, ［endoscopic］---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------消化学名词［内镜］操纵部, ［endoscopic］control section［内镜］插入管, ［endoscopic］insertion tube［内镜］充气/水阀, ［endoscopic］air/water valve［内镜］导光连接部, ［endoscopic］light guide connector section［内镜］导光束, ［endoscopic］light guide bundles［内镜］导像束, ［endoscopic］image guide bundles［内镜］光导纤维, ［endoscopic］optical fibers［内镜］活检管道开口, ［endoscopic］biopsy channel opening［内镜］角度锁钮, ［endoscopic］locking knob［内镜］角度旋钮, ［endoscopic］angulation knob［内镜］冷光源, ［endoscopic］cold light source［内镜］弯曲部, ［endoscopic］bending section［内镜］吸引阀, ［endoscopic］suction valve阿米巴［性］肝脓肿, amebic liver abscessEhlers-Danlos综合征, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome嗳气, belch凹陷性病变, excavated lesion, depressed lesionOddi括约肌成形术, plastic repair of Oddi sphincterOddi括约肌切开术, sphincterotomy of OddiOddi括约肌狭窄, stenosis of Oddi sphincterOsler-Weber-Rendu病, Osler-Weber-Rendu diseaseBudd-Chiari综合征, Budd-Chiari syndromeBarrett's食管, Barrett's esophagus板状强直, board-like rigidity半成形便, semiformed stool半乳糖耐量, galactose tolerance伴有先天性综合征的毛细管扩张, telangiectasia associated with congenital syndrome 贝尔西食管裂孔疝修补术, Belsey hiatal hernia repair背驮式肝移植, piggyback liver transplantation贲门成形术, cardioplasty贲门肌切开术, cardiomyotomy鼻胆管引流［术］, nasobiliary drainageBillroth II式吻合［术］, Billroth II anastomosisBillroth I式吻合［术］, Billroth I anastomosis闭袢性肠梗阻, closed loop intestinal obstruction闭塞性肝静脉内膜炎, endophlebitis hepatica obliterans壁外性压迫, extrinsic compression of wall壁细胞迷走神经切断术, parietal cell vagotomy便血, hematochezia变应性直肠炎, allergic proctitis丙型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type C病毒性腹泻, viral diarrhea病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis病毒性胃肠炎, viral gastroenteritisPeutz-Jegher's综合征, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome剥脱活检, strip biopsy博尔德莫尔食管吻合术, Beordmore anastomosis of esophagus Braun’s吻合［术］, Braun anastomosis部分肠梗阻, partial intestinal obstruction擦拭法细胞学检查［术］, abrasive cytologic examination残留结石, residual stone, retained stone残胃, gastric remnant藏毛病, pilonidal disease侧侧吻合［术］, side-to-side anastomosis侧视内镜, side-viewing endoscope产毒性腹泻, toxigenic diarrhea肠闭锁, intestinal atresia肠壁囊样积气, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis肠壁囊样积气［症］, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis肠侧侧吻合［术］, side-to-side intestinal anastomosis肠穿孔, perforation of intestine肠道细菌内毒素移位, endotoxin translocation from intestine肠道细菌移位, bacterial translocation from intestine肠道营养, enteral nutrition肠动静脉畸形, arteriovenous malformation of bowel肠端侧吻合［术］, end-to-side intestinal anastomosis肠端端吻合［术］, end-to-end intestinal anastomosis肠放射性损伤, radiation injury of intestine肠梗阻, intestinal obstruction, ileus肠结核, tuberculosis of intestine肠淋巴管扩张, intestinal lymphangiectasia肠内引流式胰腺移植, enteric drainage pancreas transplantation肠囊肿, enteric cyst肠扭转, volvulus肠袢淤滞综合征, stagnant loop syndrome肠旁路术, intestinal bypass肠切除术, intestinal resection肠切开术, enterotomy肠缺血, ischemia of intestine肠缺血综合征, intestinal ischemic syndrome肠套叠, intussusception肠外瘘, enterocutaneous fistula肠外营养, parenteral nutrition肠外置术, intestinal exteriorization肠吻合［术］, intestinal anastomosis肠紊乱, bowel disturbance肠系膜动脉闭塞, mesenteric arterial occlusion肠系膜动脉栓塞术, mesenteric artery embolization肠系膜动脉血栓形成, mesenteric artery thrombosis肠系膜静脉血栓形成, mesenteric venous thrombosis肠系膜囊肿, mesenteric cyst肠系膜疝, mesenteric hernia肠系膜上动脉综合征, superior mesenteric artery syndrome肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征, superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome 肠狭窄, intestinal stenosis肠旋转不良, malrotation of intestine肠血管病, vascular disease of bowel肠血管发育异常, angiodysplasia of bowel肠血管异常, vascular abnormality of intestine肠易激综合征, irritable bowel syndrome肠源性感染, enterogenic infection肠造口术, enterostomy肠胀气, intestinal tympanites肠重复畸形, duplication of intestine肠子宫内膜异位, endometriosis in bowel超声腹腔镜, ultrasonic laparoscope超声内镜, ultrasonic endoscope成形便, formed stool冲洗法细胞学检查［术］, lavage cytologic examination虫蚀样边缘, eroded edge出血性胃炎, hemorrhagic gastritis出血性胰腺炎, hemorrhagic pancreatitis穿孔, perforation穿孔性阑尾炎, perforating appendicitis穿透, penetration穿透性溃疡, penetrating ulcer大便失禁, fecal incontinence大肠梗阻, large bowel obstruction, colonic obstruction大网膜及肠系膜囊肿, omental cyst and mesenteric cyst单纯性集群性憩室病, simple massed diverticulosis单极电凝［术］, monopolar electrocoagulation胆［结］石, gallstone胆道闭锁, biliary atresia胆道测压［术］, manometry of biliary tract胆道出血, hemobilia胆道感染, infection of biliary tract胆道梗阻, obstruction of biliary tract胆道蛔虫病, biliary ascariasis胆道贾第虫病, giardiasis of biliary tract胆道减压术, decompression of biliary tract胆道闪烁显像［术］, cholescintigraphy胆道运动障碍, biliary dyskinesia胆固醇结石, cholesterol calculus胆管癌, carcinoma of bile duct胆管测压造影［术］, manometric cholangiography胆管肝炎, cholangiohepatitis胆管空肠吻合术, cholangiojejunostomy胆管扩张, cholangiectasis胆管内置管扩张［术］, biliary stent dilatation胆管腺瘤, cholangioadenoma胆管炎, cholangitis胆管造影［术］, cholangiography胆管周围炎, pericholangitis胆红素脑病, bilirubin encephalopathy, kernicterus胆红素尿, bilirubinuria胆绞痛, biliary colic胆瘘, biliary fistula胆囊癌, carcinoma of gallbladder胆囊肠瘘, cholecystoenteric fistula胆囊超声显像［术］, cholecystosonography胆囊穿孔, perforation of gallbladder胆囊钙化, calcification of gallbladder胆囊积脓, empyema of gallbladder胆囊积气, pneu-gallbladder胆囊积水, hydrops of gallbladder胆囊积血, hemocholecyst胆囊镜检查［术］, cholecystoscopy胆囊空肠吻合术, cholecystojejunostomy胆囊扭转, torsion of gallbladder胆囊切除术, cholecystectomy胆囊切除术后综合征, postcholecystectomy syndrome胆囊十二指肠吻合术, cholecystoduodenostomy胆囊收缩素, cholecystokinin胆囊炎, cholecystitis胆囊造口术, cholecystostomy胆囊造影术, cholecystography胆囊周围脓肿, pericholecystic abscess胆石性肠梗阻, gallstone ileus胆石症, cholelithiasis胆小管炎, cholangiolitis胆血症, cholemia胆胰管汇合异常, choledochopancreatic junction anomaly胆汁反流性胃炎, bile reflux gastritis胆汁尿, choleuria, choluria胆汁浓缩综合征, inspissated bile syndrome胆汁性腹膜炎, biliary peritonitis, choleperitoneum胆汁性肝硬化, biliary cirrhosis胆汁胸, cholothorax胆汁引流, biliary drainage胆汁淤积, cholestasis胆汁粘稠综合征, biliary hyperviscosity syndrome胆总管端端吻合术, choledochocholedochostomy胆总管梗阻, obstruction of common bile duct胆总管结石, calculus of common bile duct, choledocholith胆总管结石病, choledocholithiasis胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y形吻合术, choledochojejunostomy Roux-en-Y胆总管扩张, choledochectasia胆总管囊肿, choledochal cyst胆总管囊肿切除术, choledochocystectomy胆总管切开术, choledochotomy胆总管十二指肠吻合术, choledochoduodenostomy胆总管狭窄, stricture of common bile duct胆总管炎, choledochitis胆总管造口术, choledochostomy弹性假黄色瘤, pseudoxanthoma elasticum蛋白丢失性肠病, protein-losing enteropathyDevine结肠造口术, Devine colostomy电子内镜检查［术］, electronic endoscopy, videoendoscopy淀粉酶-肌酸酐清除率之比, amylase-creatinine clearance ratio淀粉酶清除率, clearance of amylase丁型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type D，delta hepatitis动脉胆道瘘, arteriobiliary fistula痘疮样胃炎, gastritis varioliformisDubin-Johnson综合征, Dubin-Johnson syndrome端侧吻合［术］, end-to-side anastomosis端端吻合［术］, end-to-end anastomosis端式结肠造口术, terminal colostomy短肠, short gut短肠综合征, short-bowel syndrone多发性静脉扩张, multiple phlebectasia,多极电凝［术］, multipolar electrocoagulation多囊肝, polycystic liver二期小肠移植, two-stage intestine transplantation翻出型肛门外吻合巨结肠根治术, Swenson procedure翻转法内镜检查［术］, reverse method of endoscopy反流性食管炎, reflux esophagitis反跳痛, rebound tenderness反胃, regurgitation放大腹腔镜检查［术］, magnifying laparoscopy放大内镜检查［术］, magnifying endoscopy放射性结肠炎, radiation colitis放射性小肠炎, radiation enteritis非闭塞性肠梗死, nonocclusive intestinal infarction肥厚性胃炎, hypertrophic gastritis肥厚性幽门狭窄, hypertrophic pylorostenosis肥皂性结肠炎, soap colitis粪便嵌塞, fecal impaction粪瘘, fecal fistula蜂窝织炎性阑尾炎, phlegmonous appendicitis蜂窝织炎性胃炎, phlegmonous gastritis缝线肉芽肿, suture granuloma弗纳-莫里森综合征, Verner-Morrison syndrome辅助性肝移植, auxiliary liver transplantation腐蚀性食管狭窄, caustic stricture of esophagus腐蚀性胃炎, corrosivegastritis复发性胆总管结石病, recurrent choledocholithiasis复发性溃疡, recurrent ulcer复发性阑尾炎, recurrent appendicitis复合性胃和十二指肠溃疡, combined gastric and duodenal ulcers腹部结核, abdominal tuberculosis腹鸣, borborygmus腹膜刺激征, peritoneal irritation sign腹膜炎, peritonitis腹膜粘连, peritoneal adhesion腹腔穿刺［术］, peritoneocentesis, abdominal paracentesis腹腔动脉压迫综合征, celiac artery compression syndrome腹腔灌洗, peritoneal lavage腹腔积血, hemoperitoneum腹腔镜胆囊切除［术］, laparoscopic cholecystectomy腹腔镜检查［术］, laparoscopy腹腔镜治疗［术］, therapeutic laparoscopy腹腔内引流式胰腺移植, free-drainage intraperitoneal pancreas transplantation腹腔脓肿, peritoneal abscess腹水, ascites腹主动脉瘤, abdominal aortic aneurysm改良的黑勒贲门肌切开术, modified Heller operation钙乳胆汁, milk of calcium bile干呕, retch肝［性］昏迷, hepatic coma肝［性］昏迷前期, hepatic precoma肝被膜下出血, subcapsular hemorrhage of liver肝病性口臭, fetor hepaticus肝肠联合移植, combined liver and intestine transplantation肝大, hepatomegaly肝淀粉样变性, amyloidosis of liver肝动脉造影［术］, hepatic arteriography肝梗死, infarction of liver肝结核, tuberculosis of liver肝静脉梗阻, hepatic venous obstruction肝慢性阻性充血, chronic passive congestion of liver肝毛细线虫病, capillariasis hepatica肝门肠吻合术, portoenterostomy, Kasai procedure肝内胆管结石, calculus of intrahepatic duct肝内胆管结石病, hepatolithiasis肝内胆汁淤积, intrahepatic cholestasis肝脓肿, liver abscess肝脾大, hepatosplenomegaly肝片吸虫病, fascioliasis hepatica肝肾联合移植, combined liver and kidney transplantation肝肾综合征, hepatorenal syndrome肝素辅因子, heparin co-factor肝素化, heparinization肝素化逆转, heparinization reversal肝细胞移植, hepatocyte transplantation肝下垂, hepatoptosis肝纤维化, hepatic fibrosis肝心联合移植, combined liver and heart transplantation肝性昏迷, hepatic coma肝性脑病, hepatic encephalopathy肝炎后肝硬化, posthepatitic cirrhosis肝胰联合移植, combined liver and pancreas transplantation肝移植, liver transplantation肝硬化, cirrhosis of liver肝周炎, perihepatitis感染性腹泻, infectious diarrhea感染性胃炎, infectious gastritis肛管癌, cancer of anal canal肛裂, anal fissure,肛门闭锁会阴瘘, anal atresia with perineal fistula肛门闭锁尿道瘘, anal atresia with urethral fistula肛门闭锁前庭瘘, anal atresia with vestibular fistula肛门闭锁阴道瘘, anal atresia with vaginal fistula肛门镜, anoscope肛门镜检查［术］, anoscopy肛门溃疡, anal ulcer肛门瘙痒［症］, pruritus ani肛门狭窄, anal stenosis肛门直肠瘘, anorectal fistula肛门直肠脓肿, anorectal abscess肛乳头炎, anal papillitis肛周脓肿, perianal abscess高胆红素血［症］, hyperbilirubinemia高淀粉酶血［症］, hyperamylasemia高峰酸排出量, peak acid outputGrey Turner征, Grey Turner sign膈膨升, eventration of diaphragm膈疝, diaphragmatic hernia膈下脓肿, subphrenic abscess梗阻性阑尾炎, obstructive appendicitis孤立性非特异性溃疡, isolated nonspecific ulcer骨盆直肠窝脓肿, pelvirectal abscess管探查［术］, exploration of common bile duct光动力学治疗［术］, photodynamic therapy光凝固［术］, photocoagulation果糖不耐受［症］, fructose intolerance黑粪, melena黑勒贲门肌切开术, heller operation,横结肠造口术, transverse colostomy呼气试验breath test糊状便, mushy stool滑动性食管裂孔疝, sliding hiatus hernia滑管, sliding tube化脓性腹膜炎, purulent peritonitis化脓性阑尾炎, suppurative appendicitis化脓性胰腺炎, purulent pancreatitis化生性息肉, metaplastic polyp化学性腹膜炎, chemical peritonitis坏疽性胆囊炎, gangrenous cholecystitis坏疽性阑尾炎, gangrenous appendicitis坏死后肝硬化, postnecrotic cirrhosis坏死性胰腺炎, necrotizing pancreatitis环状胰腺, annular pancreas黄疸, jaundice, icterus黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis磺溴酞钠试验, bromsulphalein test回肠膀胱扩大术, ileum augmentation cystoplasty, ileocystoplasty回肠膀胱尿流改道术, ileal conduit diversion回肠膀胱术, ileal conduit, Bricker operation回肠肛管吻合术, ileoanal anastomosis回肠横结肠吻合术, ileotransversostomy回肠憩室, ileal diverticulum回肠造口术, ileostomy回盲部结核, ileocecal tuberculosisWhipple病, Whipple disease混合性结石, mixed stone, mixed calculus混合性毛细血管-海绵状血管瘤, mixed capillary-cavernous hemangioma活动性肝炎, active hepatitis活体部分肝移植, partial living liver transplantation获得性巨结肠, acquired megacolon机械性肠梗阻, mechanical intestinal obstruction, mechanical ileus基础酸排出量, basal acid outputKillian憩室, Killian diverticulum激光治疗［术］, laser therapy急腹症, acute abdomen急性肠系膜淋巴结炎, acute mesenteric lymphadenitis急性出血性胰腺炎, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis急性腐蚀性食管炎, acute corrosive esophagitis急性肝［功能］衰竭, acute hepatic failure急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎, acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis急性坏死性胰腺炎, acute necrotizing pancreatitis急性间质性胰腺炎, acute interstitial pancreatitis急性卡他性阑尾炎, acute catarrhal appendicitis急性弥漫性腹膜炎, acute diffuse peritonitis,急性水肿性胰腺炎, acute edematous pancreatitis急性胃扩张, acute dilatation of stomach急性胃扩张, acute gastric dilatation急性应激性溃疡, acute stress ulcer急性重型肝炎, acute severe hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis急诊肝移植, emergency liver transplantation继发性巨结肠, secondary megacolon寄生虫性腹泻, parasitic diarrheaGardner综合征, Gardner syndrome家族性肠息肉病, familial intestinal polyposis家族性结肠息肉病, familial polyposis coli甲胎蛋白测定, alpha-fetoprotein detemination甲型病毒性肝炎, viral hepatitis type A假膜性结肠炎, pseudomembranous colitis假膜性小肠结肠炎, pseudomembranous enterocolitis假憩室, pseudodiverticulum假息肉, pseudopolyp假性感染性直肠炎, pseudoinfectious proctitis假性结肠梗阻, false colonic obstruction, Ogilvie syndrome减体积肝移植, reduced-size liver transplantation碱性反流性胃炎, alkaline reflux gastritis浆液性腹膜炎, serous peritonitis胶原性结肠炎, collagenous colitis绞窄性肠梗阻, strangulated intestinal obstruction节段小肠移植, segmental small intestine transplantation节段性肠扩张, segmental dilatation of intestine节段胰腺移植, segmental pancreas transplantation结肠癌, cancer of colon结肠癌Dukes分类法, Dukes classification for colon cancer结肠膀胱瘘, colovesical fistula结肠穿孔, colonic perforation结肠次全切除术, subtotal colectomy结肠非特异性溃疡, nonspecific ulcer of colon结肠孤立性溃疡, colonic solitary ulcer结肠黑色素沉着病, melanosis coli结肠后胃空肠吻合术, retrocolic gastrojejunostomy结肠回肠侧吻合术, Martin procedure结肠结核, tuberculosis of colon结肠镜检查［术］, colonoscopy结肠憩室病, diverticular disease of colon结肠前胃空肠吻合术, antecolic gastrojejunostomy结肠切除术, colectomy结肠切开术, colotomy结肠缺血, colonic ischemia结肠息肉, polyp of colon结肠息肉病, polyposis coli结肠腺瘤, adenoma of colon结肠造口术, colostomy结肠直肠切除术, coloproctectomy结核性腹膜炎, tuberculous peritonitis结石性胰腺炎, calcareus pancreatitis近侧胃迷走神经切断术, proximal gastric vagotomy经腹骶直肠切除术, abdominosacral resection, anterior resection经颈静脉胆管造影［术］, transjugular cholangiography经口胆管镜检查［术］, peroral cholangioscopy经皮经肝胆管镜检查［术］, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy 经皮经肝胆管造影［术］, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography经皮经肝胆囊镜检查［术］, percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy经皮经肝栓塞, percutaneous transhepatic embolization经皮内镜胃造瘘［术］, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy经直肠活检, transrectal biopsy精神性便秘, psychogenic constipation颈部食管胃吻合术, cervical esophagogastrostomy痉挛性肠梗阻, spastic intestinal obstruction痉挛性肛部痛, proctalgia fugax痉挛性结肠憩室病, spastic colon diverticulosis静脉闭塞性病, veno-occlusive disease静脉胆管造影［术］, intravenous cholangiography静脉胆囊造影［术］, intravenous cholecystography静脉切开术, venesection, phlebotomy静脉曲张, varicosis, varix静脉曲张性溃疡, varicose ulcer静脉造影［术］, phlebography酒精性肝炎, alcoholic hepatitis酒精性肝硬化, alcoholic cirrhosis酒精性胰腺炎, alcoholic pancreatitis局限性肠炎, regional enteritis, Crohn disease局限性腹膜炎, localized peritonitis巨大肥厚性胃炎, giant hypertrophy gastritis巨大皱襞, giant folds, giant ruga巨结肠, megacolon巨十二指肠, megaduodenum菌群失调性肠炎, flora imbalance enteritisCullen征, Cullen signCanada-Cronkhite综合征, Canada-Cronkhite syndrome可控性回肠膀胱术, continent ileal reservoirCrigler-Najjar综合征, Crigler-Najjar syndromeCruveilhier-Baumgarten综合征, Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome克罗恩病, Crohn’s disease空肠回肠旁路术, jejunoileal bypass空肠间置代胆道术, choledochoplasty by jejunal interposition空肠移植, jejunum transplantation空肠造口术, jejunostomy口服胆囊造影［术］, oral cholecystographyCourvoisier征, Courvoisier sign溃疡性结肠炎, ulcerative colitis拉埃内克肝硬化, Laennec’s cirrhosis阑尾残端, appendiceal stump阑尾粪石, appendiceal fecalith阑尾切除术, appendectomy阑尾炎, appendicitis阑尾粘液囊肿, appendiceal mucocele阑尾周围脓肿, periappendiceal abscess类癌, carcinoid类癌综合征, carcinoid syndrome里急后重, tenesmus隆起性病变, protrusion lesion鲁氏Y形吻合［术］, Roux-en-Y anastomosisRotor综合征, Rotor syndrome麻痹性肠梗阻, paralytic ileusMallory-Weiss综合征, Mallory-Weiss syndrome慢性非化浓性破坏性胆管炎, chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis 慢性溃疡性结肠炎, chronic ulcerative colitis慢性重型肝炎, chronic severe hepatitis盲肠膀胱扩大术, cecum augmentation cystoplasty盲肠后位阑尾, retrocecal appendix盲肠炎, typhlitis, cecitis盲肠造口术, cecostomy盲袢综合征, blind loop syndrome毛石, trichobezoar毛植物石, trichophytobezoarMeckel憩室, Meckel diverticulumMenetrier病, Menetrier disease门静脉高压, portal hypertension门静脉脓血症, portal pyemia门静脉血栓形成, thrombosis of portal vein门静脉炎, pylephlebitis门脉性肝硬化, portal cirrhosis门体脑病, portosystemic encephalopathy弥漫性腹膜炎, diffuse peritonitis弥漫性食管痉挛, diffuse spasm of esophagus迷走神经干切断术, truncal vagotomy迷走神经切断术, vagotomy糜烂性胃炎, erosive gastritis米库利兹结肠造口术, Mikulicz colostomy面团感, doughy sensationMurphy征, Murphy sign内镜, endoscope内镜超声检查［术］, endoscopic ultrasonography内镜胆管引流［术］, endoscopic biliary drainage内镜复位［术］, endoscopic reduction内镜检查术, endoscopy内镜逆行胰胆管造影［术］, endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography内镜取石［术］, endoscopic stone extraction technique内镜碎石［术］, endoscopic lithotripsy内镜胰管引流［术］, endoscopic drainage of pancreatic duct内镜粘膜下肿瘤切除［术］, endoscopic enucleation of submucosal tumor内镜治疗［术］, therapeutic endoscopy内镜置管［术］, endoprosthesis内镜注射治疗［术］, endoscopic injection therapy逆蠕动吻合［术］, antiperistaltic anastomosis凝结物, concretion诺沃克组病毒性胃肠炎, norwalk agents gastroenteritis呕血, hematemesis袢式结肠造口术, loop colostomy喷射性呕吐, projectile vomiting盆腔内吻合巨结肠根治术, rehbein procedure劈裂式肝移植, split liver transplantation皮革样胃, leather bottle stomach, linitis plastica脾大, splenomegaly脾功能亢进, hypersplenism脾门静脉造影术, splenoportography脾曲综合征, splenic flexure syndrome屁, flatus胼胝性溃疡, callous ulcer, indolent ulcer平坦性病变, flat lesionPlummer-Vinson综合征, Plummer-Vinson syndrome脐肠瘘, omphalo-enteric fistula气腹, pneumoperitoneum气管食管瘘, tracheo-esophageal fistula气囊扩张器, balloon dilator气囊填塞, balloon tamponade气体扩张器, pneumatic dilator气胀, flatulence, gaseous distention气肿性胆囊炎, emphysematous cholecystitis憩室, diverticulum憩室病, diverticulosis憩室前期, prediverticular stage憩室切除术, diverticulectomy憩室炎, diverticulitis迁延性肝炎, persistent hepatitis前视内镜, forward-viewing endoscope钳夹活检［术］, forceps biopsy浅表性胃炎, superficial gastritis腔静脉造影［术］, venacavography桥形皱襞, bridging fold倾倒综合征, dumping syndrome球后十二指肠溃疡, postbulbar duodenal ulcer曲张静脉切除术, varicectomy圈套器, snare圈套烧灼术, snare cautery全部吸收不良, panmalabsorption全结肠切除术, total colectomy全结肠炎, pancolitis全上消化道内镜检查［术］, panendoscopy全小肠移植, whole small intestine transplantation全胰十二指肠切除术, total pancreaticoduodenectomy全胰腺移植, whole pancreas transplantation缺血性结肠炎, ischemic colitis热活检, hot biopsy热探头凝固［术］, heater probe coagulationGillbert综合征, Gillbert syndrome肉芽肿性胃炎, granulomatous gastritis乳糜性腹膜炎, chyle peritonitis乳糖不耐受［症］, lactose intolerance乳糖酶缺乏, lactase deficiency乳头括约肌切开［术］, sphincterotomy, papillotomy乳头切开刀, papillotome乳头上部切开, suprapapillary incision三次肝移植, tertiary liver transplantation色素内镜检查［术］, dye endoscopy, chromoendoscopy色素性结石, pigmented stone,Sengstaken-Blakemore管, Sengstaken-Blakemore tube上腔静脉梗阻, obstruction of superior vena cava上腔静脉综合症, superior vena cava syndrome失弛缓症, achalasia十二指肠闭锁, duodenal atresia十二指肠残端漏, duodenal stump leakage十二指肠梗阻, obstruction of duodenum十二指肠钩虫病, capillariasis hepatica十二指肠假憩室, pseudodiverticulum of duodenum十二指肠镜检查［术］, duodenoscopy十二指肠空肠襻不全旋转, incomplete rotation of duodenojejunal loop 十二指肠溃疡, duodenal ulcer十二指肠旁疝, paraduodenal hernia十二指肠蹼, duodenal web十二指肠胃反流, duodenogastric reflux十二指肠狭窄, duodenal stenosis十二指肠炎, duodenitis食管癌, esophageal carcinoma。

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1 1
suspension if and only if it is a co-A1-space.
We then use our approach to prove a dual version of Segal's delooping result 11]
1.4 Theorem: Let X : 4 ! T op be a co-simplicial space such that X is contractible, X is 2-connected and ( ; : : :; n) : _n X ! Xn is a hok motopy equivalence where k : 1] ! n] maps 0 to i ? 1 and 1 to i. Then there is a weak homotopy equivalence RX ! X , where RX is a functorial,
1 0 2 1 1
2.1
x
y z x
(2)
y y z
(3)
z
x
(1)
(xy)z xyz x(yz) represent all possible non-trivial composite operations 3 ! 1. In G they coincide but for homotopy associative multiplications they only coincide 3
1 =1 1ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2
set topological di culties we work in the category T op of compactly generated spaces in the sense of 14]. Based spaces are assumed to be well-pointed unless stated otherwise.
1
equivalence. Here structure.
M Y is the Moore loop space on Y with its natural monoid
1
Recall that an Ak -homomorphism is a homomorphism up to homotopy satisfying coherence conditions up to (k ? 1)-dimensional homotopies. The purpose of this paper is to prove the following dual result. 1
0 1 1 =1 1
thickened version of the topological realization of X .
1
1
A result of this type has been formulated by Hopkins 7] with the weaker condition that X is only 1-connected, but remarks by Bous eld 3, (4.9)] indicate that additional assumptions are needed. Instead of the maps k ' Hopkins uses the equivalence ( ; : : : ; n) : _n X ?! Xn where k : 1] ! k n] maps 0 to 0 and 1 to k. A cosimplicial space in his sense induces one in our sense by a base change. The approach to desupension which we develop here is motivated by potential applications. A brant variant of the main result of this paper (see 8], 9]) will be used by the rst-named author in a subsequent paper to prove a Hae iger-type embedding theorem in the category of Poincare duality spaces. Such embedding and desuspension results also play a fundamental role in the original Poincare surgery program as formulated by Browder et. al. It is hoped that the results of this paper can be adapted so as to complete the Browder program. Our proofs will make extensive use of homotopy limits and co-limits of cube diagrams and their analysis by Goodwillie 6]. They are in spirit quite di erent from the proofs of Bernstein-Hilton and Ganea. To stay away from point
up to homotopy. To account for this we give each connection (between boxes) a length t 2 I = 0; 1]. Given a tree T the various lengths of its connections make up the points of a cube C (T ) whose dimension is the number of connections of T . ` thus obtain a new category T G with We ob T G = ob G and T G (n; 1) = C (T ), T running through all trees with n ` inputs, T G(n; k) = T G(i ; 1) : : : T G (ik ; 1) with i + : : : + ik = n. Let T be a tree with lengths in T G (k; 1) and let (T ; : : :; Tk ) 2 T G(n; k) be a k-tuple of trees then T (T ; : : :; Tk ) is the tree obtained from T by sticking Ti onto its i-th input and giving the newly created connections the lengths 1. The trivial tree serves as id . We have a continuous pairing : T G T G ! T G de ned by (T ; : : :; Tk ) (Tk ; : : : ; Tk l) = (T ; : : :; Tk l). Composition then is determined by the requirement, that is a bifunctor. It is continuous. Let WG be the quotient category of T G obtained by imposing the relation that a connection of length 0 may be shrunk by amalgamating the two boxes at its ends to a single one. Observe that the trees (2.1.1) and (2.1.3) represent unit intervals in WG (3; 1) which are identi ed at 0 with the tree (2.1.2). Hence the trees of (2.1) codify an associating homotopy. 2.2 De nition: Let Wk G be the full subcategory of WG of objects 0; 1; : : : ; k. An Ak -space is a continuous functor X : Wk G ! T op mapping to (in particular X (n) = X (1)n ) such that the multiplication X ( ) : X (1) ! X (1) admits a homotopy unit. (Note that we do not require any coherence for the homotopy unit.) In abuse of notation we often denote X (1) by X . 2.3 Remark: The map " : WG ! G which maps a tree with n inputs to n is a continuous functor admitting a non-functorial section : G ! WG mapping n to the tree with a single vertex and n inputs if n > 1 and to the trivial tree for n = 1. As maps of morphism spaces " ' id (the homotopy shrinks the lengths of connections by the factor t at time t). It is easy to show that WG(n; 1) is a subdivision of the Stashe cell Kn of 12] into cubes. So our de nition coincides with the one of Stashe with the exception that he makes the stronger requirement that X ( ) admits a strict unit e. But if feg X is a closed co- bration both de nition are equivalent 2, Chapt. I].