中科院考博真题2015植物学
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
中国科学院历年植物生态学考博试题
中国科学院历年植物生态学考博试题[问答题]问答题集锦2003年 1.简述日照长度对植物开花的影响及其在植物引种驯化上的意义。
(光因子，引种驯化)2.简述高山植物的生态适应特征及原因。
（高山植物）3.生态因子主要分为几类，就目前情况而言哪一类的影响最大？ （生态因子）4.植物群落发育主要经历几个时期？各时期特点是何？ （植物群落发育）2002年 1.试述风对植物的生态作用。
（风因子）2.简述植被分布的地带规律性。
3.试述植物群落原生演替中的水生演替序列。
（原生演替，水生）4.简述亚洲热带雨林和常绿阔叶林的主要区别。
2001年 1.试述欧亚大陆植被由南向北表现出的水平地带，每个带列举1－2种植物组成的科属类群。
2.试述植物引种驯化中应考虑的生态因子。
（引种驯化）3.试述昼夜变温对植物生长发育的影响。
（温度）4.试述植物群落发育的各个时期及其特点。
2000年 1.简述植被分布的地带规律性。
2.试述植物群落的形成过程。
3.试述植物对高温的生态适应。
（温度）4.试述盐碱土对植物生长发育的不利影响。
1999年 1.为什么高山植物都较矮小且通常花色较艳丽？ （高山植物）2.试述亚洲热带雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林的主要区别。
3.简述热带高山的山地垂直带谱。
（垂直带谱）1998年 1.分述植物生态学研究传统的三大学派。
2.简述绿色植物在生态系统中的作用。
3.为何说陆地上生物多样性丰富的区域大多在山区？4.简述植被分布垂直地带性的主要原因。
（垂直地带）5.图示并简述云杉林被采伐后经历的主要演替阶段。
（演替）6.试述植物分泌物对种间组合的影响。
（种间组合）1997年 1.简述群落在裸地的演替过程。
（演替）2.简述热带雨林和亚热带常绿阔叶林在组成上、群落结构和群落外貌上的主要区别。
3.简述高温和低温是怎样限制植物分布的？ （温度）4.谈谈你所认识的植物生态学的研究动态和发展方向。
5.生态系统的研究的对象和研究任务是什么？名词解释2003年 1.优势种 2.旗形树 3.生活型 4.主导因子 5.生态适应 6.季相2002年 1.气候顶极群落 2.10％定律 3.常绿阔叶林 4.生态群 5.气候相似性2001年 1.生活型 2.盖度 3.建群种 4.生态位 5.次生演替2000年 1.生态系统 2.趋异适应 3.常绿阔叶林 4.旗形树 5.生态位1999年 1.物候 2.气候顶极群落 3.食物链 4.种群 5.季相1998年 1.主导因子 2.季相 3.种间竞争 4.气候顶极群落 5.层片6.生态系统7.照叶林8.生态系统9.伴生种 10.密度1997年 1.植物群落 2.物候 3.季风 4.顶极群落 5.生态形态6.夏绿林7.原生演替8.泰加林9.特征种 10.种群中国科学院1999年植物生态学考博试题1.简述松属植物的生活史。
2015中科院生命科学学院考博参考书、真题、报录比、复试分数线、考博大纲、资料笔记、研究生招生专业目录
检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。 考试类型、考试内容及考试结构
本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占 10%）、完形填空（占 15%）、阅读理解（占 40%）、 英译汉（占 15%），写作（占 20%）。试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前 三个部分，共 75 题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个 部分。
05 生物分析
丁永胜
①1001 英语一②2464 分子生 物学③3477 细胞生物学
06 哺乳动物的遗传与发育 袁莉
同上
07 环境与健康 糖尿病
丁文军
①1001 英语一②2181 分子生 为中丹
物学（A）③3250 细胞生物学 学院代
（A）
招,挂
靠生命
科学学
院招生
071300 生态学
01 草地生态学、生物地球 王艳芬
一、词汇 主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。词和
词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。共 20 题。每题为一个留有空白的英 文句子。要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。
二、完形填空 主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。考生
①1001 英语一②2543 生态学
专注中国名校保（考）研考博辅导权威
化学 02 土壤生态学、生理生态
崔骁勇 学
③3558 微生物学
①1001 英语一②2543 生态学 ③3531 土壤学
六、中国科学院大学英语考博大纲
考试对象 报考中国科学院大学各单位（具体指中国科学院所属各研究院、所、中心、园、台、
中科院植物学考研真题
中科院硕士研究生植物学试题（1998-2014年）中国科学院植物所1998年植物学考研试题一、名词解释无限维管束同源器官颈卵器心皮聚合果无融合生殖核型胚乳花程式孢蒴内始式二、蕨类植物比苔藓植物在那些方面更能适应陆生环境。
三、试比较裸子植物与被子植物的主要异同点。
四、何谓木材的三切面它们的概念怎样以双子叶禾本植物为例，写出三切面的特征。
五、以水稻为例，叙述禾本科植物花序及花的详细组成。
六、试述被子植物由小孢子母细胞发育为花粉粒的全过程。
七、写出图中数字所指花序类型和胎座类型的名称。
……（图略）中国科学院植物所1999年植物学考研试题一、名词解释有丝分裂次生结构形成层侵填体花程式和花图解真核生物颈卵器世代交替孢子和种子 C3和C4植物二、试举例说明高等植物根的变态及其主要功能。
三、何谓光合作用，简述提高光合作用的几种途径。
四、试比较单子叶植物与双子叶植物茎的特点。
五、试比较裸子植物与被子植物的生活史中国科学院植物所2000年植物学考研试题一、名词解释管胞凯氏带居间生长合轴分枝孢子、合子与种子平行进化景天酸代谢双名法石松类植物单性结实二、简述植物细胞中各类细胞器的形态特征与主要特征与主要功能。
三、何谓次生生长分别以根和茎为例简要说明之。
四、试说明苔藓植物的主要进化特征。
五、白果（银杏）和苹果两种“果”的用法各指什么，试分辨之。
六、请写出下列植物拉丁文的中文属名及所在的科betula eucalyptus ficus ginkgo mangnolia populus quercus rhododendron salix ulmus 中国科学院植物所2001年植物学考研试题一、名词解释细胞器减数分裂心皮管胞有限花序子实体世代交替地衣楔叶植物通道细胞二、植物有哪些主要的组织，简要说明它们的功能。
三、简述茎尖的结构及其进一把发育形成的结构或组织。
四、简述花在自然演化过程中的主要进化方向。
五、试以海带为例，说明褐藻类植物的生活史。
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学专业《植物生理学与生物化学》真题及答案
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学专业《植物生理学与生物化学》真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、植物生理学 (总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.具有引导花粉管定向生长作用的矿质离子是（分数：1.00）A.Zn2+B.Ca2+ √C.Mn2+D.Cu2+2.将ψ3=-0.8Mpa的植物细胞放入ψw=-0.3Mpa的水溶液中，观察到细胞水分外流，由此可判断在放入水溶液前该细胞的ψp（分数：1.00）A.等于0MpaB.大于0.5 Mpa √C.等于0.5MpaD.小于0.5Mpa3.下列物质中，在植物细胞膜中含量最高的是（分数：1.00）A.硫脂B.磷脂√C.糖脂D.固醇4.引起植物向光性弯曲最有效的光是（分数：1.00）A.蓝光√B.绿光C.黄光D.红光5.若要使我国北方地区菊花提前开花，可对正常生长的菊花植株进行（分数：1.00）A.低温处理B.高温处理C.短日照处理√D.长日照处理二、简答题(总题数：3，分数：24.00)16.应用溶液培养法培养植物时一般应注意哪些事项？（分数：8.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：一、选择合适的培养液。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共1题，10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。
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中科院历年植物学真题汇总
中科院历年植物学真题汇总（乱序归类版）一、名词解释无限维管束：同源器官：颈卵器：心皮：聚合果：无融合生殖：核型胚乳：花程式：孢蒴：内始式：有丝分裂；次生结构；形成层；侵填体；花图式；真核生物；世代交替；孢子和种子；C3和C4植物；伴胞；凯氏带；居间生长；合子；平行进化；景天酸代谢；双名法；石松类植物；单性结实；细胞器；减数分裂；心皮；管胞；有限花序；子实体；楔叶植物；通道细胞；衬质势；初生分生组织；担子；高等植物；基因突变；维管束；有限花序；生物圈；真核细胞；线粒体；韧皮部；中柱鞘；合轴分枝；花被；隐头花序；维官形成层；子叶；髓射线；厚壁组织；托叶；蒴果；植物区系；植物生活型；双名法；模式标本；维管束；Sporophyte；Transfer cell；Epiphyte；Nectary ；Covergent evolution ；Binomial system；Placenta subspecies；Protonema；Asocarp；生物膜；KoK钟；植物激素；必要元素；Emerson 效应；营养薄膜技术；光呼吸；激素敏感性；生长大周期；Viets效应；有丝分裂；原核生殖；假二叉分枝；叶镶嵌；顶芽；同配生殖；雄球花；小穗；试管苗；细胞分化；穗状花序；维管射线；原丝体；孑遗植物；蔷薇果；顶端优势；薄壁细胞；初生结构；叶隙；沼生母胚乳；中生植物；孢子体；荚果；初生壁；组织；细胞分化；幼苗；不定根；增殖分裂；枝迹；初生结构；合模式，并系种群，合蕊柱二、简答题（二）、蕨类植物比苔藓植物在那些方面更能适应陆生环境。
（三）、试比较裸子植物与被子植物的主要异同点。
（四）、何谓木材的三切面？它们的概念怎样？以双子叶禾本植物为例，写出三切面的特征。
（五）、以水稻为例，叙述禾本科植物花序及花的详细组成。
（六）、试述被子植物由小孢子母细胞发育为花粉粒的全过程。
（七）、写出图中数字所指花序类型和胎座类型的名称。
……（图略）试举例说明高等植物根的变态及其主要功能。
(精选)中科院昆明所植物学试题.doc
中科院昆明所植物学试题2000年一、选择填空（20分，每题1分）1.植物细胞的大体结构是（）a.细胞核和细胞膜b.液泡、高尔基体和细胞壁c.原生质体和细胞壁d.微管、细胞壁和叶绿体2.没有单位膜包围的细胞器是（）3.高尔基体的要紧功能是（）4.根冠属于（）组织5.“凯氏带”的功能是（）6.马铃薯是（）7.双子叶植物根的初生木质部的发育顺序是（）8.平常所食的桑葚是（）9.双悬果见于（）10.向日葵的花序是（）11.稻子是（）12.绿藻具有（）13.在生活史中有异形世代交替的藻类是（）14.地衣是一种（）15.合蕊柱是（）植物的特点16.在以下植物中具有荚果的是（）17.哑铃形细胞特指（）18. K(5)C1+2+(2)A(9)+1G是（）的花程式1.简述植物学在生物多样性爱惜中的作用和意义。
2.举例说明植物生活史的3种类型，并说明其演化趋势。
3.简述松科、杉科和柏科的区别。
4.简述小孢子发育和形成进程。
5.比较裸子植物和双子叶植物茎初生结构和次生结构的异同。
1999年 1.简述松属植物的生活史。
2.简述双子叶植物和单子叶植物的区别。
3.简述配子体和孢子体在高等植物各门生活中的演化。
4.简述胚珠的发育和形成进程。
5.简述根次生结构及其形成进程。
6.标注以下三年生木质茎的横切面图。
1998年 1.简述被子植物的双受精进程。
2.简述双子叶植物根的次生生长和次生构造的形成进程。
3.简述被子植物花各部份结构授精后的转变。
4.简述高等植物各门在生活史上的演化特点。
5.简述（或用图解表示）简述割裂在藻类生活史演化中所表现的三种类型。
名词说明1999年 1.倒生胚珠 2.纹孔 3.特立中央胎座 4.叶镶嵌 5.种鳞1998年 1.年轮 2.传递细胞 3.气孔器 4.四强雄蕊 5.原丝体2001年一、选择填空（10分，每题1分）1.植物细胞与动物细胞的要紧区别是植物细胞具（）a.叶绿体和线粒体b.液泡、高尔基体和细胞壁c.质体和细胞壁、液泡d.微管、细胞壁和叶绿体2.石细胞的功能是（）3.纹孔是由（）形成。
中国科学院植物保护研究所考博专业课真题
中国科学院植物保护研究所考博专业课真题1、空塑料瓶在( )情况下最不容易倒。
[单选题] *A.瓶口向下B.瓶底装一些沙(正确答案)C.瓶口向上2、35铁钉生锈速度最快的是( )。
[单选题] *A.铁钉完全浸没在水中B.铁钉一半浸在水中一半暴露在空气中(正确答案)C.铁钉一半浸在油中一半在干燥的空气中3、如果发现小草上有很多蚜虫，比较好的方法是（）。
[单选题] *A.用农药喷，蚜虫、飘狐虫等动物很快死光光B.用除草剂，让蚜虫没有食物而死光光C.如果不是特别严重，就不用管它，保证瓢虫、小鸟的生存(正确答案)4、洋葱表皮是由细胞构成的。
( ) [单选题]对(正确答案)错5、下列选项中，说法正确的是( )。
[单选题] *A.转基因食品对人体都是有害的B.转基因食品对人体都是有益的C.转基因食品可能存在安全问题(正确答案)6、动物和植物都是由细胞构成的，微生物不是由细胞构成的。
[单选题] *A.对B.错(正确答案)7、船的载重量与以下哪种因素无关（）。
[单选题] *A.船的材料B货物放置的位置C.货物的重量(正确答案)8、工程设计里面“制订方案”这一环节并不重要，有没有这一环节都无所谓，因为后面制作改进过程中肯定会对最初的方案进行修改的。
[判断题] *对错(正确答案)9、下列说法正确的是( ) 。
[单选题] *A.种子只有在土壤里才能发芽B.种子发芽一定要有阳光C.种子发芽必须要有水(正确答案)10、用放大镜观察，可发现蝴蝶的翅膀由许多彩色的小鳞片组成，这些小片是扁平的细毛。
( ) [单选题]对(正确答案)错11、菜场里的豆芽黄黄的、嫩嫩的、长长的，原因是（）。
[单选题] *A.水太多B.在黑暗中生长(正确答案)C.空气充足12、藻类植物属于绿色开花植物。
( ) [单选题]对错(正确答案)13、蜡烛燃烧发生的变化属于( )。
[单选题] *A.物理变化B.化学变化C.物理变化和化学变化(正确答案)14、我们制作的小船可以装上风力推动装置或蒸汽推动装置。
2015_生态学植物学真题__中科院
2015生态学真题中科院
一、名解（30分/10个）
权衡、生态系统、胁迫、土壤种子库、分子中性进化理论、冗余假说、B多样性
二、名辨（20分/4个）
生理分布与生态分布、繁殖价值与繁殖代价、能量金字塔与生物富集作用
三、简答（75分/5个）
1•协同进化、协同进化的几种主要方式
2•种群调节6个学说及主要论断
3•生态系统水循环、全球水循环过程、举例、人类对水循环的活动影响及生态后果
4•植物群落组成与群落结构的关系
四、综合分析（25分/6问）
调查濒危动物物种丰度的生态学方法/自然保护区设计遵循的规则/关键种的名解及保护的意义
2015植物学真题中科院
一、名解（32分/8个）
浆果、伞形花序、配子体、异源四倍体、分蘖
二、简答题（8个）
1•被子植物生活史
2•同源多倍体与异源多倍体的异同
3•风媒花与虫媒花的异同
4•繁殖与生殖的区别
5•有丝分裂与减数分裂的异同
6•裸子植物的特征
三、论述（2个）
1.什么是双受精？为什么说双受精是最咼级最进化的?
2•什么叫异花传粉？如何避免植物自花传粉？。
中国林业科学研究院-研究生入学考试试题-2015博士植物生理学
共2 页第1 页
中国林业科学研究院
2015年博士学位研究生入学考试植物生理学试题注：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上无效
一、名词解释（每题3分，共30分）
1.凯氏带，
2.光补偿点，
3.呼吸商，
4.渗透势，
5.代谢库
6.植物激素和生长调节剂，
7.乙烯的三重反应，
8.根压，
9.顶端优势，
10.植物运动
二、简答题（每题8分，共40分）
1.简述气孔开闭的无机离子泵学说。
2.简述IAA的酸生长理论。
3.说明确定植物必需元素的标准。
4.简述内聚力-张力学说（cohesion-tension theory），
5.提高空气中二氧化碳浓度对C3植物和C4植物的短期影响有何不同，为
什么？
三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）
1.试述光合作用与呼吸作用的区别与联系。
(完整版)中科院考博真题2015植物生理学
中国科学院大学
2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称：植物生理学
考生须知：
1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（请选择其中10题作答，多答不加分。
每小题3分，共30分）
1、光补偿点
2、逆境蛋白
3、冻害与冷害
4、春化作用
5、极性运输
6、层积处理
7、根压
8、离子拮抗
9、平衡溶液10、PQ穿梭11、质外体12、生理碱性盐13、反应中心色素
二、简答题（请选择其中4题作答，多答不加分。
每小题10分，共40分）
1、固氮酶有哪些特性？简述生物固氮机理。
2、简述生长、分化与发育三者之间的区别与关系。
3、简述气孔开闭机理的假说。
4、试比较“伤流”与“吐水”的异同。
5、为什么膜脂中不饱和脂肪酸含量高的植物抗寒性强？
三、论述题（每小题15分，共30分）
1、根据光合作用碳素同化途径的不同，可以将高等植物分为哪三个类群？温室效应会分别对这三类群植物施加哪些影响？
2、根据所学的植物生理学知识，论述植物引种驯化中需要注意的主要问题。
科目名称：植物生理学第1页共1页。
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。
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中国科学院大学
2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称：植物学
考生须知：
1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题3分，共30分）
1、细胞全能性
2、细胞周期
3、维管系统
4、凯氏带
5、双受精
6、无融合生殖
7、孢子植物
8、雄性不育
9、次生结构10、胞间连丝
二、简答题（每题5分，共25分）
1、简述植物韧皮部在植物生长发育中的作用。
2、比较禾本科植物根与双子叶植物根的初生结构的区别。
3、简述叶绿体的结构与功能。
4、什么叫传粉？传粉有哪些方式？植物有哪些适应异花传粉的性状？
5、简述叶的形态结构与生态环境的适应性。
三、问答题（每题15分，共45分）
1、比较苔藓植物、蕨类植物和种子植物的主要特征，并以这三者的变化关系说明植物界的演化规律。
2、试述全球气候变化后，植物在形态结构和生理生态功能上可能表现出哪些适应性特征。
3、试述植物解剖学、植物分类学和植物生理学等经典学科在分子生物学和基因组学快速发展过程中面临的机遇和挑战。
科目名称：植物学第1页共1页。