Mark XIIA IFF

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chapter公司金融概论PPT课件

企业所得税、个人所得税无限分离强容易
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二、公司的金融活动
1.投资决策 2.融资决策 3.营运资本管理
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三、代理问题与公司控制
（一）公司目标与委托—代理问题 “委托代理问题（principal and agent problem)的文
献涉及一个人即委托人如何设计一个补偿系统（一个契约）来驱动另一个人（代理人）为了委托人的利益行动。” “委托代理问题这个名词最早来自罗斯（Ross,1973），其他早期对这个文献作出贡献的包括米利斯（Mirrlees,1974年 ,1976年）和斯蒂格利茨（Stiglitz,1974年，1975年）” ——《新帕尔格雷夫货币金融大辞典》第三卷第175 页。
中国中国人民大学出版社
推荐阅读的教材：
马亚明、田存志主编：《现代公司金融学》，中国金融出版社
朱叶编著：《公司金融》，北京大学出版社斯蒂芬.罗斯：《公司理财》，机械工业出版社
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第一章公司金融导论
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第一节什么是公司金融
一.什么是现代金融学 Stephen .Ross在《新帕尔格雷夫货币金融大辞典》
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第二节公司金融的目标
一、利润最大化缺陷
没有考虑利润获取与资本投入之间的关系没有考虑资金的时间价值没有考虑风险
二、每股收益最大化（EPS）
每股当前价值最大化没有考虑资金的时间价值没有考虑风险
三、公司价值最大化使现有股票的每股当前价值最大化。
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更一般的表述：使现有所有者权益的市场价值最大化。
（三）公司（corporation)
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企业不同组织形式的比较
组织形式法律地位承担责任
个人独资制自然人企业无限责任

markov random field (mrf)原理及公式

markov random field (mrf)原理及公式1. 引言1.1 概述引言部分旨在介绍本文将要讨论的主题——Markov Random Field（MRF）以及其原理和公式。

MRF是一种概率图模型，被广泛应用于图像处理、计算机视觉和模式识别等领域。

通过建立随机变量之间的关联关系，MRF可以更好地描述数据的空间结构特征。

1.2 文章结构文章将按照以下顺序进行叙述：首先在第二节中介绍MRF的基本概念，包括马尔可夫性质、随机场与马尔可夫随机场的定义以及MRF图模型的构建和表示方法。

接下来，在第三节中详细讲解MRF的原理和公式，涵盖条件概率分布与联合概率分布的关系、MRF势函数的定义和作用以及MRF能量函数与最大熵原理之间的关系。

第四节将探讨MRF在图像处理中的应用领域，包括图像分割、图像去噪以及图像恢复等方面。

最后，在第五节中对全文进行总结，并展望未来发展方向。

1.3 目的本文旨在深入探究MRF这一重要概率图模型的原理和公式，并介绍其在图像处理领域中的应用。

通过阐述MRF的基本概念、原理和公式，使读者可以全面理解MRF的工作机制，并了解它对于图像分割、去噪和恢复等任务中所起到的作用。

同时，也旨在激发读者对于未来在该领域进一步研究和应用的兴趣。

2. Markov Random Field (MRF)的基本概念2.1 马尔可夫性质：马尔可夫性质是指在给定当前状态下，一个系统的未来状态只与其当前状态有关，而与过去状态无关。

简言之，即“未来不依赖于过去”。

在数学中，这种性质可以用条件独立性定义。

2.2 随机场和马尔可夫随机场的定义：随机场（Random Field）是指由一组随机变量构成的结构化随机模型。

它可以描述在空间或时间上相关联的一系列随机事件。

马尔可夫随机场（Markov Random Field，MRF）是一种特殊类型的随机场，它满足马尔可夫性质。

即给定一个特定节点值，该节点与其它非直接相邻节点之间的依赖关系可以通过邻接节点来表示。

SSAT考试真题示例

SSAT考试真题示例Writing SampleQuestions: 1 (essay response)Time: 25 minutesWhat is measured? Your essay will be used by admission officers to assess your writing skills. The exercise is not scored by SSAT, but a copy of your essay is forwarded to each school you request as a score recipient.Directions: Read the following topic carefully. Take a few minutes to think about the topic and organize your thoughts before you begin writing. Use the scratch paper and pen provided. Be sure that your handwriting is legible and that you stay within the lines and margins.Sample Topic: It is better to be safe than sorry.Assignment: Do you agree or disagree with the topic statement? Support your position with one or two specific examples from personal experience, the experience of others, current events, history, or literature.Multiple-choice TestEach question is followed by five answer choices. After you haveselected your answer, find the row on the answer sheet numbered the same as the question, and fill in the circle with the same letter as your answer. Each question has only one correct answer.Reading ComprehensionQuestions: 40 (multiple-choice), based on 6-7 reading passages Time: 40 minutesWhat is measured? Your ability to read quickly and to understand what you read.Directions: Read the passage carefully and then answer the questions (1-3) about it. For each question, decide on the basis of the passage which one of the choices best answers the question. We had had a consuming desire to see a pony rider, but somehow or other all that passed us streaked by in the night, and so we heard only a whiz and a hail, and the swift phantom was gone.But now the driver exclaims, "Here he comes!" Every neck is stretched and every eye strained.Away across the endless dead level of the prairie a black speck appears against the sky. Soon it becomes a horse and rider, rising and falling, sweeping nearer and nearer, and the flutter of hoofs comes faintly to the ear. Another instant a whoop and hurrah from our upper deck, a wave of the rider's hand, but no reply, andman and horse burst past our excited faces and go winging away like a belated fragment of a storm!1. At the driver's call, the people became moredisappointedeagerfrightenedpuzzledhysterical2. The people waiting to see the pony rider were most probablyat a hotelon a grandstandon a stagecoachat a farmin a theater3. The land where the people were watching wasflat and treelesshilly and rockydesert-likefarmlandcut by deep crevassesQuantitative (MATH)Questions: 50 (multiple-choice), in two sectionsTime: 30 minutes per section (60 minutes total)What is measured? Your knowledge of algebra and quantitative concepts.Directions: Following each problem in this section, there are five suggested answers. Work each problem in your head or in the space provided (there will be space for scratchwork in your test booklet). Then look at the five suggested answers and decide which is best.4. According to the graph, who owns the most CD's?Bob Cheryl Linda Marion Mike5. If 5 + 9 + __ = 6 + 8 + 1, then __ =1 5 6 8 96. If 3/4 of a number is 48, then 1/4 of the same number is12 16 24 144 1927. What is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle if one side of the triangle has the same length as the side of a square with an area of 25?30 20 15 10 5VerbalQuestions: 60 (30 Synonym, 30 Analogy)Time: 30 minutesWhat is measured? The synonym questions test your vocabulary, and the analogy questions measure your ability to relate ideas to each other logically.Directions: Each of the following questions (16-20) consists of one word followed by five words or phrases. You are to select the one word or phrase whose meaning is closest to the word in capital letters.8.flingrotate hurl arouse pound defy9. rountinelegal directed unnecessary usual informative10. prologuepretense extension introductionhumorous play nonessential part11. manipulaterelease handle stretch make worse keep apart12.adroitclever retentive cooperative unhindered aridDirections: The following questions (21-25) ask you to find relationships between words. For each question, select the answer choice that best completes the meaning of the sentence.13. Sapling is to tree as cub is tomoose pine goat cedar bear14. Frame is to building ashair is to head skull is to jaw skeleton is to body finger is to hand bone is to marrow15. Meandering is to river aswinding is to road wandering is to wave scudding is to cloudchugging is to train rolling is to shipSample Test QuestionsFollowing are sample questions which might appear on both Upper and Lower Level tests. We suggest that you review these questions in order to familiarize yourself with the SSAT format and types of questions you will find on the actual test.Writing Sample25 minutes, one essay response. Your essay will be used by admission officers to assess your writing skills. The exercise is not scored by SSAT, but a copy of your essay is forwarded to each school you request as a score recipient.Directions: Read the following topic carefully. Take a few minutesto think about the topic and organize your thoughts before you begin writing. Use the scratch paper and pen provided. Be sure that your handwriting is legible and that you stay within the lines and margins.Sample Topic: It is better to be safe than sorry.Assignment: Do you agree or disagree with the topic statement? Support your position with one or two specific examples from personal experience, the experience of others, current events, history, or literature.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Multiple Choice TestEach question is followed by five answer choices. After you have selected your answer, find the row on the answer sheet numbered the same as the question, and fill in the circle with the same letter as your answer. Each question has only one correct answer.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Reading Comprehension40 minutes, 40 multiple-choice questions based on 6-7 readingpassagesThis section measures your ability to read and to understand what you read.Directions: Read the passage carefully and then answer the questions (1-3) about it. For each question, decide on the basis of the passage which one of the choices best answers the question. We had had a consuming desire to see a pony rider, but somehow or other all that passed us streaked by in the night, and so we heard only a whiz and a hail, and the swift phantom was gone.But now the driver exclaims, "Here he comes!" Every neck is stretched and every eye strained.Away across the endless dead level of the prairie a black speck appears against the sky. Soon it becomes a horse and rider, rising and falling, sweeping nearer and nearer, and the flutter of hoofs comes faintly to the ear. Another instant a whoop and hurrah from our upper deck, a wave of the rider's hand, but no reply, and man and horse burst past our excited faces and go winging away like a belated fragment of a storm!1. At the driver's call, the people became moredisappointed eagerfrighten edpuzzledhysteric al2. The people waiting to see the pony rider were most probablyat a hotelon a grandstandon a stagecoachat afarmin a theater3. The land where the people were watching wasflat and treelesshilly and rockydesert-like farmland cut by deepcrevasses++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++QuantitativeTwo sections, 30 minutes each, 50 questions totalThese sections measure your knowledge of algebra and quantitative concepts.Directions: Following each problem in this section, there are five suggested answers. Work each problem in your head or in the space provided (there will be space for scratchwork in your test booklet). Then look at the five suggested answers and decide which is best.4. According to the graph, who owns the most CD's?BobCherylL indaMarionMike5. If 5 + 9 + __ = 6 + 8 + 1, then __ =156896. If 3/4 of a number is 48, then 1/4 of the same number is1216241441927. What is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle if one side of the triangle has the same length as the side of a square with an area of 25?3020151058. It costs n dollars to manufacture 1 dozen stuffed animals. At the same rate, how many dollars will it cost to manufacture 30 stuffed animals?30n360/n2n/52/5n5n/29. 2 1/4 % =0.00250.02250.2252.0252.2510. Which of the following is NOT equal to a whole number?8 + 41/8 x 4 8/4 8 x 1/4 8/ 1/811. 8 x 3 x 7 x 2 is equal to the product of 24 and56 21 16 14 612. The number of people now employed by a certain company is 240, which is 3/5 the number employed five years ago. How many more employees did it have then than it has now?160 360 480 720 96013. A recipe for salad dressing calls for a ratio of 3 tablespoons of olive oil for 1 tablespoon of vinegar, but Melanie used 3 tablespoons of vinegar and 1 of olive oil. How many moretablespoons must she add in order to have the correct proportion? 2 6 8 9 1014. In the figure, if x/2 = 30, then y =153********15. If Kristina sees y movies, Elliott sees five times as many movies as Kristina, and Cheryl sees 2 fewer movies than Kristina, how many movies did the three children see altogether?3y + 35y - 27y - 28y - 28y++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Verbal30 minutes, 60 questions (30 synonym, 30 analogy)The synonym questions test your vocabulary, and the analogy questions measure your ability to relate ideas to each other logically.Directions: Each of the following questions (16-20) consists of one word followed by five words or phrases. You are to select the one word or phrase whose meaning is closest to the word in capital letters.16. FLING:rotate hurl arouse p ound d efy 17. ROUTINE:legaldirectedunnecessaryusualinformative18. PROLOGUE:pretense extensionintroductionhumorousplaynonessential part19. MANIPULATE:releasehandlestretchmakeworsekeepapart20. ADROIT:cleverretentivecooperativeunhinderedaridDirections: The following questions (21-25) ask you to findrelationships between words. For each question, select the answer choice that best completes the meaning of the sentence.21. Sapling is to tree as cub is tomoosepinegoatcedarbear22. Frame is to building ashair is to headskull is tojawskeleton is to bodyfinger is to handbone is tomarrow23. Meandering is to river aswinding is to roadwandering is to wavescudding isto cloudchugging is to trainrolling is toship24. Clear is to printing as articulate is topaintin gdrivinglisteningspeakingwalking25. Tactful is to diplomat asurbane is to educatorrational is to logiciansurgical is to physicianneurotic is to psychoanalystpedantic is to intellectual。

机器学习——马尔可夫随机场（Ma...

机器学习——马尔可夫随机场（Ma...最近刚好在调研马尔可夫随机场，发现可以参考的资料少之⼜少，中⽂外⽂⽂献资料都相对较少。

按照仅有的知识稍作稍作整理⾃留以免之后⽤到再作查询。

有需要的也可以简单参考，但。

根据已有资料确实不太好理解，有简单明了易理解的还望推荐。

马尔可夫随机场（MRF）：是关于⼀组有马尔可夫性质的随机变量X的全联合概率分布模型。

换句话说，若⼀组随机变量是马尔可夫随机场，那么其⼀定满⾜马尔可夫性质。

马尔可夫⽹络或是MRF在依赖性的表⽰上类似于贝叶斯⽹络。

两者的区别在于：贝叶斯⽹络是有向⽆环的，⽽马尔可夫⽹络是⽆向可以有环的。

因此，马尔可夫是可以表⽰某些贝叶斯⽹络⽆法表述的依赖关系，⽐如循环依赖。

另⼀⽅⾯，它也不能表⽰贝叶斯⽹络可以表述的依赖，⽐如诱发依赖。

马尔可夫随机场的底图可以是有限的也可以是⽆限的。

1.定义给定⼀个⽆向图G=（V,E）,其中每个顶点v∈V表⽰⼀组随机变量X=(Xv)，每条边{u，v}∈E表⽰随机变量u和v之间的⼀种依赖关系。

（1）成对马尔可夫性质：任意两个不相邻的变量相对给定的其他全部变量都是条件独⽴的。

（2）局部马尔可夫性质：所有其他变量的邻居变量都是条件独⽴的。

（3）全局马尔可夫性质：对于给定⼀个分离⼦集，任何两组变量都是条件独⽴的以上三个马尔可夫性质并不等价：全局马尔可夫性质强于局部马尔可夫性质，同样的，局部马尔可夫性质也强于成对马尔可夫性质。

Markov⽹Markov⽹也称 Markov 随机场(Markov random field,简称 MRF),是⼀个变量集合 X=(X1,X2,…,X n)∈χ的联合分布模型.它由⼀个⽆向图 G 和定义于 G 上的⼀组势函数φk组成.其中,⽆向图的每个节点都代表⼀个随机变量,⽽ G 中的每⼀个“团(clique)”都对应着⼀个势函数(为⾮负实函数),表⽰团的⼀个状态.Markov ⽹所代表的变量集的联合分布表⽰为P ( X = x ) =1/ Z ∏kφk(X{k}) (1)其中，X{k}表⽰Markov⽹中第k团的状态，即对应于第k个团中所有变量的取值状态。

MarkXIIAMode5系统中的MSK技术应用_关春健

图 4 MSK 解调原理框
图4中积分器的积分间隔为 2Tc ，该种接收方式的误码率与BPSK相同，所以在高斯白噪声环境下， MSK的误码率为： Es 2 Es 1 。（5） Pe erfc Q N 2 0 N0 由图 5 所示的 MSK 信噪比-误码率曲线图可知，
t t
图1 MSK信号的波形
图 3 MSK 信号时域波形
图 3 所示为 MSK 信号的时域波形图，MSK 调制信号的形成可以看成正交载波 cos(2 πf c t ) 和 π sin(2πf c t ) 分别被 cos( n ) cos( t ) 和 an cos( n ) 2Tc
1 Mode 5 中的 MSK 技术
Mark XIIA Mode 5 融合了数字化、大吞吐量的特
收稿日期：2012-03-14。作者简介：关春健（1987-），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为通信对抗；杨建波（1962-），男，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为通信对抗；刘鹏（1982-），男，硕士，助教，主要研究方向为通信对抗。 34
点。该系统不但能完成基本的敌我识别功能，同时具有态势感知、选址询问和数据传输等功能[2]。它工作在 L 波段，询问/应答异频，分别为 1 030 MHz、 1 090 MHz。区别于 Mode 4 采用的 BPSK 调制，新系统在询问、应答、数传中均使用 MSK 调制技术。 1.1 信号原理最小频移键控(MSK，Minimum Shift Keying)，是指调制指数为 0.5 的连续相位频率键控（CPFSK， Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying)。MSK 调制信号具有包络恒定、相位连续、频率间隔最小的特点[3]，信号没有相位突变。它的时域信号数学表达式可写为： S (t ) A cos 2 πf c t (t )

投资组合理论马克维茨均值方差模型CAPMppt课件

可编辑ppt
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8.1 资产组合理论
8.1.1资产组合理论的基本假设 8.1.2资产组合的风险与收益 8.1.3资产组合的可行集和有效集 8.1.4最优风险资产组合的决定
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8.1.1资产组合理论的基本假设
1.现代证券组合理论（Modern Portfolio Theory）是关于在收益不确定条件下投资行为的理论，
➢ 1976年，Stephen Ross提出了替代CAPM的套利定价模型（Arbitrage pricing theory，APT）。
➢ 上述的几个理论均假设市场是有效的。人们对市场
能够地按照定价理论的问题也发生了兴趣，1965年， Eugene Fama在其博士论文中提出了有效市场假说（Efficient market hypothesis，EMH）
➢ 1964、1965、1966年林特纳（John Lintner）、布莱克（Fischer Black）和摩森（Jan Mossin）三人分别独立提出资本资产定价模型。1962年，Willian Sharpe对资产组合模型进行简化，提出了资本资产定价模型（Capital asset pricing model，CAPM）
作的理论突破和技术创新工作。
（Harry M. Markowitz）
(1927年8月24日-)
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1952年在学术论文《资产选择：有效的多样化》
中，首次应用资产组合报酬的均值和方差这两个数学
概念，从数学上明确地定义了投资者偏好。第一次将
边际分析原理运用于资产组合的分析研究。这一研究
成果主要用来帮助家庭和公司如何合理运用、组合其资金，以在风险一定时取得最大收益。

MARK XIIA IFF系统及其信号消息格式

分析，出了系统工作原理框图；给最后，述了ＭｒＩｄ叙ａｋＸＩＭｏｅＡ５的信号消息格式及处理流程，分析了
其抗干扰性能。
关键词：敌我识别；ｒＩ；ｏｅ５信号格式；息格式ＭａＸＩＭｄ；ｋＡ消中图分类号：Ｎ５．６Ｔ９８９文献标识码：Ａｄｉ１．９９ｊｉｎ１０ —８３．０００．０ｏ：０３６／．ｓ．０１９ｘ２１．６Ｏ４ｓ
第５０卷第６期２１００年６月
电讯技术
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Ｖｏ．０Ｎｏ．１５６
Ｊｎ．２ｌｕ００
文章编号：０１９Ｘ２１）６０６５１０ —８３（０００ —０１ —０
ＡＣ（载预警和控制系统）Ｅ一２ＷＡＳ机、Ｃ预警机、
１引言
ＭａＩｒＸＩ我识别（ｄｎｆａｏｏｒｒｎ，ｋＡ敌ＩｔｃｔｎＦｅｏＦｅｄｅｉｉｉｉＩＦ系统是ＭａＩ的升级版本，原有基础上增Ｆ）ｒＸＩｋ在
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Ｋｅｏｄ：ｅｔｃｔｎｆｒｒｎ（ｒ）ａｋＸＩＭｏｅ；ｓａｆｍｔｅｓｅｆｍｔｙｗｒｓｉｎｉａｏｅｏｅｄｉｒ；ＭｒＩｄｆｉｏｆｉｉＡ；ｄｉｌｏａ；ｍｓｇｒａ５ｇｒｎａｏ

马尔可夫预测法在国际服装流行色预测中的应用

ＡｐｙｎｇＭａｋｖｍｏｌｔｒｄｃｒｎｆｆｓｉｎｃｌｒｐｌｉｒｏｄｅｏｐｅｉｔｔｅｄｏａｈｏｏｏｓ
ＣＨＡＧＮｉｘａ一，ＧＡＯｅ — ｏ，ＺＨＡＮＧａｑｉ，ＭＡｏ１，ＷＵｎｂｏＬ－ｉＷｉｄｎｇＷｎ．ｎＢａ．ｉｎＺｅｇ．ａ
（．ｃｏｌｆｅｔｅａｄＣｏｉｇＪｎｎｎＵｉｒｉ，ｘ２４２，ｈｎ；．ＨｎｎＩｓｔｔｏ１ＳｈｏｏＴｘｌｎｌｈｎ，ｉｇａｎｖｓｙＷｕｉ１１２Ｃｉａ２ｅａｎｔｕｅｆｉｔａｅｔｉ
毛纺科技
一
第４Ｏ卷
第７期
４一４
ＷｏｌｅｔｅＪｕｎｌｏｘｉｏｒａＴｌ
２１０２年７月
马尔可夫预测法在国际服装流行色预测中的应用
常丽霞，高卫东，张万琴马宝林，，吴增宝。
ａｔｏｉｔｅａｅｃ，ａｕｊｃｓａｄｐｏｅｓｄｔｅｆｒｃｓｉｇｔｒｕｈＭａｋｖｓｔｔｎｉｏｒｂｂｌｙｕｈｒａｉｇｎｙｓｓｂｅｔｎｒｃｓｅｈｏｅａｔｈｏｇｒｏｔｅｒｓｔｎｐｏａｉｔｔｖｎａａｉｉ
（．南大学纺织服装学院，苏无锡１江江２４２；２１１２．河南科技学院，南新乡河４３０３四川大学，川成都５０３；．四６０６）１０４

MARK Ⅻ IFF信号一体化处理技术

第５卷第６期１
２１年６月０１

电讯技术
ＴｌｏｍｎａｏｎｎｅｎｅｃｍｕｉｔｎＥ￣ｅｆｇｅｃｉｉ
Ｖ０．Ｎｏ．１５１６
Ｊｎ．２１ｕ０１
文章编号：０１９Ｘ（０１０１０ —８３２１）６—０３ —００８４
ＡｓａｔＡｃｒｉｇｔｔｑｉｍｎｆｈｅｏｎｉａｃｆｄｎｆａｏｒｎｒＦｅＩＦｉａ，ｔｉｂｔｃ：ｃｏｄｅｒｕｒｅｔｅｒｎａｓｎｅｏｅｔｃｔｎＦｅｄｏｏ（Ｆ）ｓｎｌｈｓｒｎｏｈｅｅｏｔｃｓＩｉｉｉｉｇ
有效关联。仿真实验验证了方法的有效性和可行性，关联识别率达９％以上。Ｏ关键词：敌我识别；电子侦察；信号处理
中图分类号：Ｎ７Ｔ９１文献标识码：Ａｄｉ１．９９ｊｉｎ１０ —８３．０１０．０ｏ：０３６／．ｓ．０１９ｘ２１．６０９ｓ
２ＭＡＲＩＩＦ信号简介ＫＸＦ
ｔｅｖｌｉｎａｉｉｔｏｅｐｐｓｄｍｅｈｄ．ＴｅＳＣｅＳｌｌｓｅｔｉｍｏｈｎ９％．ｈａｉｔａｄｆｓｌｙｆｈｒｏｅｔｏｄｙｅｂｉｔｏｈｔＣＳ￣ｕｔｒｒｅＳｒｔａ０ｌＵｃａｅ
ＭＲＦＡＫＩＩＦ信号一体化处理技术Ｘ
董海
（中国西南电子技术研究所，成都６０３）１０６
摘
要：对敌我识别信号侦察的需求，绍了ＭＫＸＦ针介ＡＲＩＩＦ信号的格式和基本特征，出了一种对提

deLoecker_markups_and_firm_level_export_status

2438
THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REin total revenue when price equals marginal cost of production. Under any form of imperfect competition, however, the relevant markup drives a wedge between the input’s revenue share and its output elasticity. Markup estimates are obtained using production data where we observe output, total expenditures on variable inputs, and revenue at the plant level, a condition that is satisfied in most plant-level datasets. In principle the approach relies on estimating output elasticities and we therefore require a measure of output that does not pick up price differences across firms. Ideally, we directly observe physical output and in fact those types of datasets are becoming increasingly available to empirical researchers, making our approach very much suitable to these data. For instance, US census data collects physical output for a set of industries as documented in Foster, Haltiwanger, and Syverson (2008) and Goldberg et al. (2010) and Kugler and Verhoogen (2008), who observe output in Indian and Colombian manufacturing firms, respectively. Alternatively, we need to convert revenues to physical output using price indices. When only (deflated) revenue is observed in the data, however, our approach is still informative about the correlation between markups and firm-level characteristics, such as export status in our application. We discuss the additional assumptions we need to use revenue data, but want to stress that the main approach to get at markups is not affected. We show that when relying on revenue data, only the level of the markup is potentially affected but not the estimate of the correlation between markups and firm-level characteristics or how markups change over time, which is after all the main focus of our application. By modeling firm-specific productivity we can relax a few important assumptions maintained in previous empirical work. First, we do not need to impose constant returns to scale, and second, our method does not require observing or measuring the user cost of capital. We show that this approach leads to a flexible methodology and reliable estimates. We then use our empirical model to verify whether exporters, on average, charge higher markups than their domestic counterparts in the same industry, and how markups change upon export entry. Our framework is well suited to relate markups to any observed firm-level activity, such as research and development, foreign direct investment, import status, etc., that are potentially correlated with firm-level productivity. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. We briefly put our paper in the context of the literature in Section I. In particular, we contrast our methodology to current approaches and preview our empirical application and main results. Section II introduces our empirical framework and our estimation routine. Section III provides a short discussion on the relationship between markups and firm-level export status. In Section IV, we turn to the data, and in Section V we discuss our main results. Section VI provides a few robustness checks and we discuss remaining caveats. The final section concludes.

克雷数学研究所宣布首个千僖年大奖得主

ｉｈｏｏｎｏｉｅｒｄｆｅｅｔａｑａｉｎｓｗｉｈｏｔｎｏｆｉｉｎｓＴｈｅｎｍｇｅｅｕｓｌｎａｉｆｒｎｉｌｅｕｔｏｔｃｎｓａｔｃｅｆｃｅｔ．ｎ，ｂｈｅｏｆｙｔｅｍｔｄｏｈｃｒｃｅｉｔｃｏｏｈｇｈｅｏｒｅｈｏｏｇｎｏｌｎｅｒｈａａｔｒｓｉｒｏｔｆｉｒｄｒｍｅｅｕｓｉａｄｉｆｒｎｔａｅｕｔｏｗｉｈｃｎｔｎｔｆｅｅｉｌｑａｉｎｔｏｓａ
神秘莫测的素数，包含我们在现代计算机中存储、输和获下了不可磨灭的印记．也传 ”
国际数学联盟与陈省身基金会将颁发首个陈省身奖
国际数学联盟（ＭＵ）与陈省身基金会（ＭＦＩＣ）将颁发陈
年３月１８日宣布．个千僖年大奖将由于“ 加莱猜想 ” 一了数学家一个多世纪的一个难题．关庞加莱猜想及其被破首庞这有
世纪难题的解决，授予俄罗斯圣彼德堡数学家Ｇｅｅｍａ解，以参看本刊２０年第４５。０７第ｌ “ 而．Ｐｒｌｎ可０６，期２０年期视点综述 ”
ｃｆｉｉｎａｄｈｅｏｅｆｃｅｔｎｔｍｅｈｏｏｕｅｅｍｉｄｏｆｉｉｎｏｆｉｅｏｄｅｉｈｏｔｄｆｎｄｔｒｎｅｃｅｆｃｅｔｈｇｈｒｒｒｎｍｏｇｎｏｌｎａｅｅｕｓｉｅｒ

顾客需求在可撒布雷研制过程中的权重确定方法优化

于９个）应进一步分解出子准则层。
ｃ，：
３５７
９６
８
（３）
式（３）中，Ａ是矩阵Ａ的最大特征值。
１．５查找相应的平均随机一致性指标脚
⑥
２０１３Ｓｃｉ．Ｔｅｃｈ．Ｅｎｇｒｇ．
兵工技术
顾客需求在可撒布雷研制过程中的权重确定方法优化
亢晓丹扈延光
（北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院，北京１００１９１）
摘
要
顾客需求重要度对于产品规划质量屋的建立和优化决策，以及下一阶段的配置决策有着重要的作用。在分析已有
用潜力和灵活性受到很大限制。这是由于：一、地
度的确定由顾客调查所获得的基本重要度和根据
市场竞争性评估分析获得的基本重要度的修正合成Ｊ。但是，在真实环境下，企业不可能完全满足所有的顾客需求，而且对于顾客需求的改进，也不能保证顾客满意度的提高；因此在确定顾客需求重要度时也需要考虑成本、顾客满意度等问题。本文将结合质量功能展开中的相关理论，研究可撒布雷的新型特性的顾客需求重要度，以便为设
考验。因此，地雷本身的结构需要发生很大变化。
质量功能展开是一种在设计阶段应用的系统方法，它采用一定的方法保证将来自顾客或市场的需求精确无误地转移到产品寿命循环每个阶段的

马氏规则_精品文档

马氏规则马氏规则简介及适用范围马氏规则（Markov's rule）是一种用于描述有状态转移的随机过程的数学模型。

它在20世纪初由俄国数学家Andrey Markov提出，并被广泛运用于各种领域，如物理学、生物学、计算机科学等。

马氏规则能够预测未来状态的概率，只依赖于当前状态，而不受之前状态的影响。

一个随机过程可以看作是一系列的事件，每个事件都有可能发生。

这些事件可以具有不同的状态，而马氏规则描述了这些状态之间的转移概率。

举个例子，我们可以考虑一个赌博游戏，其中玩家可以投掷一个公平的硬币。

硬币的两个面分别标记为“正”和“反”。

当硬币被投掷后，它的状态会从“正”转变到“反”或者从“反”转变到“正”。

马氏规则告诉我们，在给定当前状态的情况下，硬币下一次的状态是“正”的概率和“反”的概率分别是多少。

马氏规则的适用范围非常广泛。

在物理学中，马氏规则被用于描述微观粒子的运动行为。

根据粒子的当前状态，我们可以预测它在未来时刻的位置和动量。

在生物学中，马氏规则可以帮助我们理解遗传变异和进化过程。

通过分析DNA序列的转变概率，我们可以研究基因的演化和物种的分化。

在计算机科学中，马氏规则被广泛应用于机器学习和自然语言处理领域。

通过分析文字序列的状态转移概率，我们可以建立语言模型并实现自动文本生成和语音识别。

马氏规则的基本假设是马氏性质（Markov property），即未来的状态只依赖于当前的状态，而不受过去状态的影响。

这种假设在实际问题中并不总是成立。

例如，在天气预报中，未来天气的状态可能受到过去天气的影响。

此时可以通过引入更高阶的马氏规则（如二阶马氏规则）来解决。

为了描述一个随机过程的马氏规则，我们需要定义转移概率矩阵。

该矩阵的每个元素表示从一个状态转移到另一个状态的概率。

假设状态空间有n个状态，我们可以构建一个n*n的转移概率矩阵。

矩阵的第i行第j列的元素表示从状态i转移到状态j的概率。

在实际应用中，马氏规则可以通过数学建模和数据分析来实现。

亚当斯密文档资料

Contents
introduction background theory works influence
1
One, introduction
Adam Smith: the main founder of economics, is also the originator of economics.
Monetary
Capital accumula
tion
5.the expansion of the
division of labor and
the improvement of
distribution
production efficiency is proportional to the
Taxation 4. Labor wage,
2
Main fields: political philosophy, ethics, economics.
Famous thought: classical economics, modern free market, division of labor.
Influenced by: Aristotle, Hobbes, Rock, Hutcheson, Hume, Montesquieu.
•settle in Edinburgh
• was elected honorary president of the
University of Glasgow, was appointed as
Scotland Commissioner of customs and tax
•died, before his death his manuscript

一种mark xiia模式5信号的分选方法

第 59 卷第 11 期 2019 年 11 月
电讯技术 Telecommunication Engineering
Vol. 59,No. 11 November,2019
doi:10. 3969 / j. issn. 1001-893x. 2019. 11. 014
引用格式:吕敏. 一种 Mark XIIA 模式 5 信号的分选方法[ J] . 电讯技术,2019,59 (11 ) :1325 - 1331. [ LYU Min. A sorting method of Mark XIIA Mode 5 signals[ J] . Telecommunication Engineering,2019,59(11) :1325-1331. ]
( Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology,Chengdu 610036,China)
Abstract:In complex electromagnetic environment,it is difficult to sort NATO's new Mark XIIA Mode 5 signals. For this problem,a new signal sorting method based on spatial and temporal characteristics is pro鄄 posed. In this method,the pulse sequence is clustered by direction of arrival( DOA) ,the generating rules of preamble pulse offset are studied,and a framework recognition algorithm based on communication security ( COMSEC) validity interval( CVI) and stagger index is proposed. Finally,the periodic estimation of sig鄄 nals is carried out by improved pulse repetition interval( PRI) transform to achieve the separation of co-di鄄 rectional staggered signals. The simulation results show that the framework recognition algorithm has a good recognition effect on the dynamic offset pulse signal,and the recognition accuracy can reach 90% under the condition of lower signal-to-noise ratio. In addition,the estimated error of the improved PRI transform for periodic signals with 10% jitter range is less than 2% . Key words:identification friend or foe ( IFF) ;Mode 5;signal sorting;dynamic clustering;frame recogni鄄 tion;period estimation

脉压信号识别的时域方法

脉压信号识别的时域方法
谭营
【期刊名称】《电子对抗》
【年(卷),期】1991(000)002
【总页数】6页(P27-32)
【作者】谭营
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TN957.51
【相关文献】
1.基于时域损伤识别的单一类型信号传感器布置优化方法 [J], 裴元义;毕枫桐;朱峰林
2.基于时域和编码特征的Mark XIIA IFF信号识别方法 [J], 李维科;
3.基于时域和编码特征的Mark XIIA IFF信号识别方法 [J], 李维科
4.一种由粗到细的脉压雷达信号调制类型识别方法 [J], 李利;纪凯;柴娟芳
5.复杂调制形式脉压雷达信号的识别方法 [J], 李建;张国毅;王长宇
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统。以其为研究对象，提出了ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＭｏｄｅ５系统中频数字应答接收机的框架结构，并利用Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｎｋ软件设计了
一
种最佳的状态接收机仿真模型，对结果进行了分析，验证了方案的可行性，为具体方案的实现奠定了基础。关键词：敌我识别，Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｎｋ，仿真，中频数字接收机
ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｌａａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｂａｔｔｌｅｉｅｆｌｄ．ＴｈｅｐａｐｅｒｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｓｔｈｅｒａｆｍｅｗｏｒｋｏｆＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡｄｉｇｉｔａｌａｎｓｗｅｒｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍＩＦｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｒ，ａｎｄｕｓｅｓＳｉｍｕｌｉｎｋｓｏｔｗａｆｒｅｔｏｄｅｓｉｇｎａｎｏｐｔｉｍａｌｓｔａｔｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｒｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅ１．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓａｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｔｏｖｅｒｉｆｙｔｈｅｆｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｏｇｒａｍ，ＳＯａｓｔｏｌａｙａｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅ
中图分类号：ＴＮ９５７．５文献标识码：Ａ
ＤｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄＳｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＩＦＤｉｇｉｔａｌＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｒｉｎＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＦＦＳｙｓｔｅｍ
０引言
ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＭｏｄｅ５敌我识￣（ＩｄｅｎｔｉｉｆｃａｔｉｏｎＦｏｅｏｒ
Ｆｒｉｅｎｄ，ＩＦＦ）系统是对ＭａｒｋＸＩＩ版本的升级，它的开发在敌我识别的发展进程中具有里程碑的意义。首先，ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＭｏｄｅ５较ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＭｏｄｅ４系统安全
ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＦＦ系统中频数字接收机设计与仿真
赵峙岳，蒲红平２，刘小铃
（１．广州海格通信集团股份有限公司，广州５１０６６３；２．电子科技大学，成都６１００５４）
摘
要：ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＦＦ是一种由美军与北约盟军共同研制的为了提高战场态势感知能力的新型敌我识别系
Ｖｏ１．４０．Ｎｏ．２Ｆｅｂ．２０１５
火力与指挥控制
ＦｉｒｅＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ＆ＣｏｍｍａｎｄＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ
第４０卷
第２期
２０１５年２月
文章编号：１００２ — ０６４０（２０１５）０２ — ０１４８ — ０４
２．ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＣｈｉｎａ，Ｃｈｅｎｇｄｕ６１００５４，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
询问，同时提供各武器平台间高容量、高速率的数据传输与交换，提高了各武器平台之间协同合作能力。此外，它采用更低的询问频率和更为复杂的应答延迟技术，减少了 “ 窜扰” 和“ 混扰 ” 对系统性能的影响；同时运用了同步脉冲间隔参差技术，增大了信号被 “ 复制 ” 难度，提高了系统抗欺骗式干扰的能力ｌ１］。ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＩＦＭｏｄｅ５功能强大、性能优越，符合ＳＴＡＮＡＧ４１９３新标准，所以吸引了诸如英国ＢＡＥ系统公司，美国Ｒａｙｔｈｅｏｎ公司等研发与其相关的产品。随着航空电子设备向新的ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＩＦＭｏｄｅ５敌我识别系统过渡，它将在未来的１Ｏ年对美国以及北约盟军的军事产生巨大的影响。本文针对ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＦＦ系统中频数字应答接收机进行研究，介绍了ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＦＦ系统中频数字
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＭａｒｋＸＩＩＡＩＦＦｉＳａＵＳａｎｄＮＡＴＯａｒｍｉｅｓｉｏｉｎｔｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄＩＦＦｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏ
ＺＨＡＯＺｈｉ —ｙｕｅ，ＰＵＨｏｎｇ —ｐｉｎｇａ，ＬＩＵＸｉａｏ－ｌｉｎｇ
（１．ＧｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕＨｏ￣ｇｅＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓＧｒｏｕｐＩｎｃｏｒｐｏｒｔａｅｄＣｏｍｐａｎｙ，Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６６３，Ｃｈｉｎａ；
ｉｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ０ ±ｓｐｅｃｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｆｏｅｏｒｒｉｆｅｎｄ，ｓｉｍｕｌｉｎｋ，ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，ＩＦＤｉｇｉｔａｌＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｒ