高分子专业外语整理

Polyethylene[,pɔli:‘eθə,li:n] 聚乙烯

polyester[,pɔli‘estə] 聚酯

polystyrene [,pɔli'staiəri:n, -'stiərin]聚苯乙烯

chemical reactivity化学反应性

oligomers低聚物

polymerization processes聚合过程；聚合法；聚合方法

entanglement [in'tæŋɡlmənt] 缠结

amorphous[ə'mɔ:fəs]adj. 无定形的；无组织的；非晶形的

fringed micelle model [frindʒd] [mi'sel, mai-] 缨状胶束模型

spherulite ['sferjulait, 'sfiə-] 球粒

polycarbonate[,pɔli'kɑ:bə,neit, -nit]聚碳酸酯

pendant groups['pendənt]侧基

crystallinity [,kristə'linəti]结晶度

Differential scanning calorimetry [,difə'renʃəl][,kælə'rimitri]差示扫描量热法

Infrared spectroscopy [,infrə'red][spek'trɔskəupi]红外光谱法

Tensile strength 抗张强度.拉伸强度

intermolecular attractions 分子间作用力

impact toughness 冲击韧性

decomposition [,di:kɔmpə'ziʃən]n. 分解

Vicat softening temperature 维卡温度软化点

melting point熔点

thermogravimetric ana lysis ['θə:məu,ɡrævi'metrik]热重量分析

injection molding注射成型

processing aids加工助剂

twin-screw extruders双螺杆挤出机

number average molecular weight 数均分子量

annealing 热处理.退火

Melt strength 熔体强度

velocity gradient [vi'lɔsəti] ['ɡreidiənt]速度梯度

shear-thickening ['ʃiə,θikəniŋ]剪切增稠

pseudoplastic[,psju:dəu'plæstik]假塑性

long-range movements远程运动

1.Because of the close connection between the terms resins, plastics, and polymers, they are sometimes used interchangeably（可交换的）, although correctly used there are differences. To summarize, polymers are any material made up of molecular chains; plastics are synthetic, long-chain polymers that can be or have been shaped; and resins are solids or liquids that are subsequently（['sʌbsikwəntli]adv. 随后）shaped into a plastic part.

因为树脂、塑料和聚合物之间密切联系,它们有时可以互换使用,尽管正确地使用有差别。总的来说,聚合物是指任何由高分子链结合而成的；塑料是合成的长链聚合物,可以或者已经成型,树脂是固体或液体,随后形成塑料部件。

2.The complexity in polymers arises because solid polymeric materials can exist, in two very distinct （[dis'tiŋkt]独特的，有区别的）types of structure. In one type, the polymer molecules are randomly（['rændəmli] 任意地）coiled （[kɔild]卷，盘绕）about each other with

entanglemen .This structure type is called amorphous. In the second type, the polymer molecules can pack together into regular, repeating structural patterns. These regularly packed regions are called crystals or crystalline regions.

聚合物的复杂性,是因为固体高分子材料可以存在两个非常不同的结构类型。在一个类型中聚合物分子对彼此的随机与缠绕，该结构类型叫做无定形结构。第二种类型中聚合物分子结构单元能有规律的重复堆积，这种有规律的堆积结构叫做结晶或者叫做结晶区。

3.The most important (but not the only) feature of a polymer that determines whether it will be amorphous or crystalline is the shape of the polymer repeat unit. If the repeat unit is complex, especially with large pendant groups, the polymer cannot pack tightly together and will be amorphous. Some of the most common amorphous polymers are polystyrene, acrylic, polycarbonate, and most copolymers.

聚合物重复单位的形状是决定聚合物是非晶态还是晶体最重要的(但不是唯一的)的特点。如果重复单位是复杂的,尤其是具有大型侧基,使得聚合物不能装紧密结合在一起,将成为不定形的。一些最常见的非晶态聚合物像聚苯乙烯、丙烯酸、聚碳酸脂和大多数共聚物

4.In addition to these structural factors, the crystallinity of polymers also depends upon molding or processing conditions. Crystallization in polymers takes time to occur. Therefore, factors such as cooling rate can have strong influences on the amount of the material that crystallizes, since below certain temperatures there is not sufficient molecular motion to allow the molecules to rearrange （[,ri:ə'reindʒ] 重新排列）into a close packing configuration.

除了这些结构性的因素结晶度也取决于聚合物成型和加工条件。聚合物结晶需要时间实现。因此,冷却速度等因素对其有重要影响，因为在低于适合的温度分子运动尚不充分，不能让分子重排成一个紧密堆积的构型。

5.Most polymer materials have some characteristics that are similar to viscous liquids and some that are similar to elastic solids. These materials are therefore known as viscoelastic. Viscoelastic materials can be either liquid or solid, although the distinction between liquids and solids in these materials is not a clear one. The time dependence of viscoelastic materials is an important consideration that significantly affects their behavior. Most polymer viscoelastic liquids exhibit shear-thinning, and many are thixotropic（[,θiksə'trɔpik]触变性）

大多数高分子材料有与黏流体相似的性质，并且有些还具有与弹性固体相似的性质。这些材料是因此被称为粘弹体。粘弹性材料可以是液体或固体,虽然液体和固体的区别在这些资料是不清楚。时间依赖的粘弹性材料是一个重要的表现,显著地影响他们的行为。大多数高分子粘弹性液体表现出剪切变稀并且很多是触变性的。

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6.The viscous nature of a polymer solid can be associated with long-range movements. The viscous material will move more freely than an elastic solid when a force is imposed, and all the energy input into the material may not be returned because of permanent deformations or the creation of internal heating. The long-range movements require more energy to activate than do the short-range movements. Hence, above a certain level of internal energy, the behavior of the material will more likely be dominated（['dɔmineit] vt. 支配；控制；占优势；在…中占主要地位）by long-range movements, and below this characteristic energy level, the material will exhibit only short-range movements.

粘性的本质与高分子固体的远程运动有关。当施加一个力是粘性材料将比弹性固体更加自由的运动,并且所有施加在材料上的能量将被吸收，因为永久变形或创造内部热量。远程运动