approaches_to_heuristics_a_historical_review
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METHODS OF HEURISTICS
Edited by
Rudolf Groner, Marina Groner
and
Walter F. Bischof
University of Bern, Switzerland
LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS
Hillsdale, New Jersey; London
Copyright © 1983 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers 365 Broadway Hillsdale, New Jersey 07642
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title: Methods of heuristics.
"Proceedings of an interdisciplinary symposium . . . held at the University of Bern, Switzerland, from September 15 to 19, 1980"-P.
Bibliography: p.
1. Heuristic-Congresses. I. Groner, Rudolf.
II. Groner, Marina. III. Bischof, Walter F.
BF441.M48 1983 153.41 83-1621
ISBN 0-89859-251-8
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Dedicated to George Polya
Contents
Preface xi
1. Approaches to Heuristics: A Historical Review 1
Marina Groner, Rudolf Groner, and Walter F. Bischof
First Methods: Analysis and Synthesis 1
The Search for Algorithms 5
Intelligence 15
Artificial
2. An Evolutionary Approach to Cognitive Processes
and Creativity in Human Being 19
F. Klix
Mechanisms of Evolution and the Origin of
Learning Processes 19
The Origin of the Mental Performances and Linguistic
Forms Between the Beginning and the End of the
Transition Period From Animal to Man 22
Some Mental and Cognitive Traits of Archaic
Thinking 24
Numbers and Numeric Systems as Expressions of
Cognitive Dispositions 27
The Origin of Meta-Levels of Human Thinking and
the Discovery of Logical Forms 31
On Conditions of Creative Achievements in Thinking Processes 32
viii CONTENTS
3. An Evolutionary Approach to Hypothesis and
Concept Formation 37 Manfred Kochen
Introduction 37
Historical Brief 38
Explication 41
Algorithm for Learning 51
A Systemic Asynchronous Process 57
Conclusion 63
4. Inspiration and Thinking in Mathematics 69
B. L. van der Waerden
5. Heuristics and the Axiomatic Method 79
Patrick Suppes
The Place of the Axiomatic Method 79
Heuristic Versus Nonheuristic Axioms 81
Axiomatic Analysis of Qualitative Derivations 85
Concluding Remark on the Distinction Between
Heuristics and Axiomatics 86
6. Heuristics and Cognition in Complex Systems 89
Dietrich Dörner
The Characteristics of Complex Problems 89
The Requirements of Goal Discovery 93
Planning Action 102
Final Remarks 107
7. Heuristics, Mental Programs, and Intelligence 109
Adriaan D. de Groot
Introduction 109
Back to Otto Selz 114
Intelligence as A Person Attribute 119
8. On Generating Procedures and Structuring
Knowledge 131 Bärbel Inhelder
9. Guidance of Action by Knowledge 141
G. Cellérie