小妇人中的超验主义思想

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理想与现实的碰撞与融合——透过《小妇人》评作者路易沙·梅·奥尔科特及其父亲

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个就是她的父亲阿莫斯・布朗森・奥尔科特。奥尔科特父女在美国文学史上是一对不同寻常的父女。
父女二人在同一天也就是１１月２９日出生，父亲出生于１７９９年，女儿出生于１８３２年。父女二人故去的时间仅仅相隔两天，父亲逝世于１８８８年３月４日，女儿在１８８８年３月６日逝世。
理想与现实的碰撞与融合作家评论＿３： … … … … ～
透过《小妇人》评作者路易沙・梅・奥尔科特及其父亲
吴宾凤姚永晶
的学校都因为教育理念和教育方式的革新，没能被大众所接受，均以失败而告终。但在路易莎・梅・奥尔科特的《小妇人》中马奇家的二女儿乔和丈夫巴尔教授在马奇婶婆遗赠的梅园中建立了一所学校，孩子们在梅园放松自由地学习，学习之余一起快乐地嬉戏和劳动，一起分享自己的劳动果实，接触大自然、亲近大自然。乔和巴尔教授在孩子们身上实践着苏格拉底的教育思想，学校办得有声有色，非常成功。乔和巴尔教授在教育和施与中收获着快乐，同样，孩子们在自由地学习和劳作中也收获着快乐，这才是教育的真谛。路易莎在小说最后一章作这样的安排是她的精神寄托，她无限惋惜父亲在现实生活中在教育改革和创新中的屡次失败，因此在《小妇人》的创作中用这样一个圆满的结局来了却父亲现实生活中的遗憾，同时也是对父亲这种勇于尝试、不惧失败精神的一种致敬。在当初由于坦普尔学校的被迫关闭，父亲不得不忍痛拍卖自己收藏的图书来清偿债务时，当时只有六岁的路易莎就在她幼小的心灵深处暗暗发誓：一定要通过自己的努力，让父亲快乐。这一愿望在三十年后的《小妇人》的创作中得以满足，也在《小妇人》出版大获成功后，用赚来的钱还清了由于父亲的办学失败家中所欠下的所有债务，这一愿望得到彻底实现。路易莎・梅・奥尔科特的独特的写作气质也得益于父亲独到的教育理念、教育方法以及父亲与众多哲学家、思想家们频繁的交往所营造出来的文化氛围。父亲阿莫斯没有接受过正规的学校教育，那是因为家境贫寒。同样路易莎也没有接受过正统的学校教育，但不是因为经济原因，而是父亲对于儿童教育有着自己独特的理念与方法。父亲阿莫斯主张儿童应该更多地亲近自然，因此在１８４０年奥尔科特举家从费城搬到康科德萨德贝利河畔两英亩的一间小屋中居住时，八岁的路易莎经常在乡间玩耍嬉戏。她后来在回忆录中说： “自然赋予了我任何书本都无法学到的东西”。父亲开办坦普尔学校时，路易莎在坦普尔学校接受父亲的教育。后来学校被迫关闭，路易莎便和三个姐妹在家中接受父亲的教育。父亲认为教育应该激发孩子的想象力，尊重孩子的个性和差异；教师的作用是用最有裨益的方法帮助他们打开隐藏于心底的那扇门。路易莎在回忆录中写道 “ 我父亲用一种智慧的教育方法，帮助孩子们发现他们性格深处的东西，就像一朵花儿的自然盛开，而不是拼命像给鹅喂食物那样，给他们填塞的多得他们远远消化不了 ” 。父亲还将女儿送到梭罗兄弟开办的学校。在那里梭罗时常带领孩子们参加野营、漂流等活动，让孩子们在实践中了解真正的生活。父亲鼓励孩子们多多看书，路易莎回忆道：在父亲书房中度过的时光，留在了她童年最早的记忆中。还是一个小孩子时，她便以书为友，书籍是她最大的慰藉。她喜欢父母用一种有趣的方式读故事给她听，这样最乏味的故事也妙趣横生起来。每逢周日，全家都会读圣经故事、赞美诗，并作道德上的自省，这种家庭教育给路易莎留下了终生无法磨灭的印记。在这种教育方法指引下，路易莎的文学天赋得到了正确的引导与发展。路易莎在《小妇人》中所折射出来的自尊、自立、自律、自省的《小妇人》出版于１８６８年，是路易莎・梅・奥尔科特的代表作，也是她的成名作。在美国文学史上堪称一部经典作品，白问世１４０多年以来已被译成了１００多种文字，并三次被搬上好莱坞的银幕。小说中的主人公乔就是根据路易莎本人原型塑造出来的，小说以作者本人的家庭生活为素材，描写了马奇一家四姐妹从少女成长为小妇人的经历，为读者勾画出了一幅温馨感人的家庭生活图景。小说虽没有轰轰烈烈的情感故事、跌宕起伏的悬念情节，但四姐妹无私、友爱、乐观、自立、忠诚等至真、至善、至美的道德品质却打动了一代又一代的读者，尤其是女性读者，因此小说至今仍然保持着稳定的销量。《小妇人》的巨大成功与两个人息息相关，同时也改变了这两个人的命运。一个当然是《小妇人》的作者路易莎・梅・奥尔科 Nhomakorabea ，另

英语毕业论文：超验主义视角重解小说《小妇人》

摘要：美国著名女作家露易莎·梅·奥尔科特的长篇小说<小妇人>充分体现了超验主义思想.这部以美国南北战争为背景的小说包含着复杂的文化情境，可以从多重视角来解读。

本文试图从超验主义视角解读这篇小说，并尽力挖掘该小说中体现的超验主义思想，以拓宽人们阅读该小说的视野。

超验主义宣扬人、神、自然的精神统一，强调精神、自我和自助。

这些思想都在马奇姐妹的性格和成长过程中有所体现。

马奇姐妹具有不同的性格和才华，但都注重自己的精神提高和完善，并极力保持自助和自我独立的精神。

超验主义赋予了马奇姐妹人格魅力，使小说赢得了读者的喜爱。

此外奥尔科特在小说中把超验主义延伸到女性现实，这也增加了小说的可读性。

关键词：《小妇人》；超验主义；个人主义；自助Abstract: American famous writer, Louisa May Alcott’s novel Little Women fully reflects the transcendental ideas. This novel based on the American Civil War contains complex cultural contexts and thus, can be read from many perspectives. This thesis attempts to read this novel from the perspective of Transcendentalism, and try to tap the Transcendentalism embodied in thought, in order to broaden people's perspective of reading the novel. Transcendentalism promotes the unity of people, God, the spirit of natural, to emphasize the spirit of self and self-reliance. These ideas are reflected in the March sisters’ growing up and character. March sisters have different personalities and talents, but they focus on their own spirit improvement and strongly maintain the self-reliance and self-independent spirit. Transcendentalism gave the charisma to the March sisters and made the novel won the reader's favorite. In addition, Alcott extended Transcendentalism to women reality in Little Women, and it increases the readability of the novel.Keywords: Little Women; Transcendentalism; Individualism; Self-relianceThesis Statement: This paper discusses the importance of the Transcendentalism in Little Women and its influence on the minds of the four March daughters. Outline:Ⅰ.The Development of TranscendentalismA. The Connotation of TranscendentalismB. Some Important Comments on TranscendentalismⅠ.Transcendentalism in Little WomenA. A Brief Look at the Plot of the Little WomenB. The Reflection of Transcendentalism through the Characters in LittleWomen1. Tomboyish Jo2. Beautiful Meg3. Fragile Beth4. Romantic Amy5. John Brooke6. Laurence boyⅠ.The Influence of Transcendentalism in Little Women on the Future LiteratureⅠ.ConclusionA Transcendental Reading of Little WomenIntroductionLouisa May Alcott, the second daughter of Amos Bronson Alcott and Abigail “Abba” May was born in Germantown, Pennsy1vania on November 29, 1832. Her famous work, Little Women i s a novel written and set in the Alcott family home, Orchard House, in Concord, Massachusetts. It was published in two parts in 1868 and 1869. The novel follows the lives of four sisters—Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March—and is loosely based on the author's childhood experiences with her three sisters. The first part of the book was an immediate commercial and critical success, prompting the composition of the book's second part titled Good Wives, also a huge success. Both parts were first published as a single volume in 1880. Alcott followed Little Women with two sequels reprising the March sisters, Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Little Women has been adapted to play, musical, opera, film, and animated feature.Some scholars have studied about images in Little Women. They lay particular emphasis on self-dependence and self-discipline in Little Women (许绮，2004：122). From the studies, we can find out that different personalities reflect different outlooks on value and life. The studies only describe what the female images in Little Women, while this thesis is to attempts to read this novel from the perspective of Transcendentalism, and try to tap the Transcendentalism embodied in thought, in order to broaden people's perspective of reading the novel.Little Women totally reflects the spirits of transcendentalism. The March sisters in this novel were the classic reflections of self-reliance, individualism and feminism. Ⅰ.The Development of TranscendentalismA. The Connotation of TranscendentalismTranscendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Amongtranscendentalists' core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Orestes Brownson, William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, Christopher Pearse Cranch, John Sullivan Dwight, Convers Francis, Margaret Fuller, William Henry Furness, Frederick Henry Hedge, Sylvester Judd, Theodore Parker, Elizabeth Peabody, George Ripley, Amos Bronson Alcott, and Jones Very. Others included Amos Bronson Alcott and A.E. Waite.The publication of Ralph Waldo Emerson's 1836 essay Nature is usually taken to be the watershed moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement. Emerson wrote in his speech "The American Scholar": "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; Divine Soul which also inspires all men." Emerson closed the essay by calling for a revolution in human consciousness to emerge from the new idealist philosophyIn the same year, transcendentalism became a coherent movement with the founding of the Transcendental Club in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on September 8, 1836, by prominent New England intellectuals including George Putnam, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Frederick Henry Hedge. From 1840, the group published frequently in their journal The Dial, along with other venues. The movement was originally termed "Transcendentalists" as a pejorative term, suggesting their position was beyond sanity and reason.The practical aims of the transcendentalists were varied; some among the group linked it with utopian social change and, in the case of Brownson, it joined explicitly with early socialism, while others found it an exclusively individual and idealist project. Emerson believed the latter. In his 1842 lecture "The Transcendentalist", Emerson suggested that the goal of a purely transcendental outlook on life was impossible to attain in practice.By the late 1840s, Emerson believed the movement was dying out, especially after the death of Margaret Fuller in 1850. "All that can be said", Emerson wrote, "is that she represents an interesting hour & group in American cultivation".1Transcendentalism was rooted in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant (and of German Idealism more generally), which the New England intellectuals of the early 19th century embraced as an alternative to the Lockean "sensualism" of their fathers and of the Unitarian church, finding the alternative in Vedic thought, German idealism, and English Romanticism.The transcendentalists desired to ground their religion and philosophy in transcendental principles: principles not based on or falsifiable by, sensuous experience, but deriving from the inner, spiritual or mental essence of the human. Immanuel Kant had called "all knowledge transcendental which is concerned not with objects but with our mode of knowing objects." The transcendentalists were largely unacquainted with German philosophy in the original, and relied primarily on the writings of Thomas Carlyle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Victor Cousin, Germaine de Stael, and other English and French commentators for their knowledge of it. In contrast, they were intimately familiar with the English Romantics, and the transcendental movement may be partially described as a slightly later, American outgrowth of Romanticism. Another major influence was the mystical spiritualism of Emanuel Swedenborg. Thoreau in Walden spoke of the debt to the Vedic thought directly, as did other members of the movement.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a novel, The Blithedale Romaine (1852), satirizing the movement, and based it on his experiences at Brook Farm, a short-lived utopian community founded on transcendental principles. Edgar Allan Poe had a deep dislike for transcendentalism, calling its followers "Frogpondians" after the pond on Boston Common. He ridiculed their writings in particular by calling them "metaphor-run," lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake." One of his short stories, "Never Bet the Devil Your Head", is a clear attack on transcendentalism, which the narrator calls a "disease". The story specifically mentions the movement and its flagship journal The Dial, though Poe denied that he had any specific targets. Transcendentalists were strong believers in the power of the individual and divine messages. Their beliefs are closely linked with those of the Romantics.The movement directly influenced the growing movement of Mental Sciences of the mid 1800s which would later become known as the New Thought movement. New Thought draws directly from the transcendentalists, particularly Emerson. NewThought considers Emerson its intellectual father. Emma Curtis Hopkins "the teacher of teachers", Ernest Holmes, founder of Religious Science, The Fillmores, founders of Unity, and Malinda Cramer and Nona L. Brooks, the founders of Divine Science, were all greatly influenced by Transcendentalism.B. Some Important Comments on TranscendentalismTranscendentalism is an idealistic philosophy that in general emphasizes the spiritual over the material. By its very nature, the movement is hard to describe and its body of beliefs hard to define. Its most important practitioner and spokesman in the New England manifestation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, called it "the saturnalia or excess of faith." which is "popularly called transcendentalism among us," he wrote, "is idealism; idealism as it appears in 1842."2 That description mentions two of the very elements, an emphasis upon heightened spiritual awareness and an interest in various types of philosophical idealism, that make transcendentalism so difficult to describe.In actuality, we cannot speak of a well organized and clearly delineated transcendentalist movement as such. Instead, we find a loosely knit group of authors, preachers, and lecturers bound together by a mutual loathing of Unitarian orthodoxy, a mutual desire to see American cultural and spiritual life freed from bondage to the past, and a mutual faith in the unbounded potential of American democratic life. Located in the Concord, Massachusetts, area in the years between 1835 and 1860, the transcendentalists formed not a tight group but, rather, a loose federation.Though a movement such as transcendentalism cannot be said to have had one distinct leader, Emerson was clearly its central figure. The publication of his Nature in 1836 is generally considered to mark the beginning of an identifiable movement. The next two decades were to see numerous new works from Emerson and poems, essays, and books from other transcendentalist figures, such as Henry David Thoreau, Orestes Bronson, Amos Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, George Ripley, and Theodore Parker. Never forming an official affiliation, these figures and others associated with them banded together for the formation of an informal discussion group called the Transcendental Club; the publication of the transcendentalist literary and philosophical journal, The Dial and the establishment of an experiment in utopian communal living, Brook Farm.One thing almost all those associated with the movement did share, however, was a common heritage of Unitarianism. Perhaps more than anything else, this fact helps to explain the development of transcendentalism and its later and larger significance for American culture. The transcendentalists broke with Unitarianism for two reasons. First, they objected to the Unitarian desire to cling to certain particulars of Christian history and dogma. Emerson called this clinging a "noxious" exaggeration of "the personal, the positive, the ritual," and he asked instead for a direct access to God, unmediated by any elements of Scripture and tradition. And second, the transcendentalists lamented the sterility of belief and practice they found in the Unitarian faith.According to Thoreau, it is not man's sin but his boredom and weariness that are "as old as Adam." The American Adam needs to exchange his bondage to tradition for a freedom to experiment: "old deeds for old people, and new deeds for new."In some ways transcendentalism attempted to recapture for the American spirit the fervor of the original Puritan enterprise. That zeal, with its attendant bliss and agony, had been suppressed or exiled to the wilderness of the American religious experience by the end of the eighteenth century. Transcendentalism was one of the first and most dramatic protests against civil religion in America. Though it did not live up to the expectations of its adherents, many of them expected nothing less than a total regeneration of social and spiritual life through the application of the principles of idealism in America, transcendentalism has had a lasting impact. In the years immediately preceding the American Civil War, several of the transcendentalists were important participants in the abolitionist movement, and in the decades to follow, widely divergent individuals and movements would find inspiration in the transcendental protest against society.For example, Henry Ford, who once said that history is bunk and declared Emerson's essays to be his favorite reading, dwelt upon the transcendentalists' disdain for convention and their exaltation of self reliant power, while both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King drew deeply upon the resources of Thoreau's famous essay, Civil Disobedience.Perhaps even more significantly, transcendentalism marked the first substantial attempt in American history to retain the spiritual experience and potential of theChristian faith without any of the substance of its belief. By claiming an essential innocence for man, by substituting a direct intuition of God or truth for any form of revelation, and by foreseeing a future of ill defined but certain glory for humankind, transcendentalism paved the way for the many romantic notions about human nature and destiny that have become such a central part of the American experience in the last hundred yearsⅡ.Transcendentalism in Little WomenA. A Brief Look at the Plot of the Little WomenAlcott begins Little Women by invoking John Bunyan’s 17th century text The Pilgrim’s Progress. Alcott’s except sets the stage for the tone and theme of the events to come in her novel. In fact, the first chapter of Little Women is entitled Playing Pilgrim. It is no coincidence that Alcott would choose The Pilgrim's Progress as the work which would influence the minds of the four March daughters. Little Women is partly autobiographical, since Alcott herself grew up in a family of four girls. Moreover, Alcott's father was friends with both Emerson and Thoreau, which undoubtedly impacted young Louisa May. Her exposure to such works as The Pilgrim's Progress was a result of her upbringing, close to the heart of New England transcendentalism and to the values it espoused.In their old-fashioned New England home the little women lived with Mrs. March, their brisk and cheery mother, who always had a "can-I-help-you" look about her, and whom her four girls lovingly called "Maumee."Father March was an army chaplain in the Civil War, and in his absence Jo declared her-self to be the man of the family. To add to their slender income, she went every day to read to Aunt March, a peppery old lady; and Meg, too, earned a small salary as daily nursery governess to neighbor's children.In the big house next door to the Marches lived a rich old gentleman, Mr. Laurence, and his grandson, a jolly, chummy boy called Laurie. Though awe-inspiring at first, Mr. Laurence proved both kindly and generous, and even timid Beth mustered up courage to go over to the "Palace Beautiful" at twilight and play softly on the grand piano there. But, as she confessed to her mother, when she began she was so frightened her feet chattered on the floor.The night Laurie took the two older girls to the theater, Amy, though not invited, in- sited on going too. Jo crossly declared she wouldn't go if Amy did, and, furiously scolding her little sister, she slammed the door and went off, as Amy called out: "You'll be sorry for this, Jo March! See if you aren’t!"3 The child made good her threat by burning up the manuscript of a precious book which Jo had written and on which she had spent three years of hard work. There was a terrible fracas, and, though at her mother's bidding Amy made contrite apology, Jo re-fused to be pacified. It was only when poor little Amy was nearly drowned by falling through the ice that conscience-stricken Jo forgave her sister and learned a much-needed lesson of self-control.B. The Reflection of Transcendentalism through the Characters in Little WomenThe characters all in the Little Women can reflect the spirits of transcendentalism well especially Jo.1. Tomboyish JoJo was the best one to show the truth of universe and reflect the spirit of self and self—reliance. Jo was interested in writing and success in her writing career.In Chapter 15 “A Telegram”, they got a letter from their father which said that their father had got a pain. They were so sad and wanted to do something for their father. Meg gave all her quarterly salary toward the rent. But Jo thought that she only got some cloths with hers, so she felt wicked and was bound to have some money, if she sold the nose off her face to get it. So she sold her hair, her beautiful hair. We know that what the hair means for girls, but Jo said, “It doesn’t affect the fate of the nation, so don’t wail. It will be good for my vanity; I was getting too proud of my wig.”( Little Women, 168). We can infer that Jo was very great for her sacrifices and this reflects that Jo had great spiritual over the material. So there’s no body to blame her. In Chapter 18, because of Beth’s scarlet fever, Jo blamed herself continuously, “My poor dear, how dreadful for you! I ought to have gone,” said Jo, taking her sister in her arms as she sat down in her mother’s big chair, with a remorseful face. We know that this is the truth reflection. She loved her sisters and all the good persons in the world, because she was always good honest and mercy. In this point, we know that Jo was very sad for the death of Mrs. Hummel’s baby but she controlled her mood as possible as could to comfort Beth. What’s worse, Beth did have the fever and was much sicker than anyone. How dark thedays seemed now, hoes sad and lonely the house, and how heavy were the hearts of the sisters as they worked and waited while the shadow of death covered the once happy home! Then it was that Jo, living in the darkened room, with that suffering little sister always before her eyes and that pathetic voice. Sounding in her ears, learned to see the beauty and the sweetness of Beth’s nature, to feel how deep and tender a place. She filled in all hearts, and to acknowledge the worth of Beth’s unselfish ambition to live for others, and make home happy by the exercise of those simple virtues which all may possess, and which all should love and value more than talent, wealth, or beauty. Jo laid her wearied head dorm on Beth in case Beth left her. She loved her Beth so much that she hoped the dying person was her. But at the same time, their neighbor, Laurie seemed to fall in love with Jo. When Laurie found that Jo was recovering from Beth’s fever while Mrs. March was coming back, he kissed Jo bashfully. But Jo found it difficult to accept his love at that time. So she put him gently away, saying breathlessly “oh, don’t!I didn’t mean to, it was dreadful of me.”Writ to here, it was believed that all people who have read this book like this girl because Jo showed the true things: the love for families, the love to her friends and the great heart and her sincere whole heartedness.So pose to a funny point in Chapter 23. Meg and Mr. Brooke felled in love with each other, and Meg decided to marry to him. To tell the truth, Mr. Brooke was a good gentleman. Mr. and Mrs. March liked this man and agreed their marriage. On the contrary, Jo felt that it was adding insult to injury-it was altogether too much-and making some wild demonstration with her hands. Jo cried and scolded tempestuously as she told the awful news to Beth and Amy. The little girls, however, considered it a most agreeable and interesting event. Jo found it very hard to see Meg absorbed in a stranger before her, for Jo loved her sisters very dearly and dreaded to have their affection lost or lessened in anyway. As the front door banged Jo said:” Here comes Laurie. How we shall have a little sensible conversation.”( Little Women, 205). But Jo was mistaken. “I’ll come if I’m at the ends of the earth, for the sight of Jo’s face alone on that occasion would be worth along journey. You don’t look festive, what’s the matter?” asked Laurie. Jo said she didn’t approve of the match. We know that how hard it was for Jo to give up Meg. But we also know that she would never lose her dearestfriend. According to Laurie’s comfort, Jo seemed to understand what Laurie had said. Her eyes went slowly round the room, brightening as they looked, for the prospect was a pleasant one.Although Amy married to Laurie, Jo was glad to bless them. It was easy to promise self-abnegation when self was wrapped up in another and heart and soul were purified by a sweet example, but when the helpful voice was silent, the daily lesson over, the beloved presence gone, and nothing remained but loneliness and grief, then Jo found her promise very hard to keep. How could she comfort Father and mother when her own heart ached with a ceaseless longing for her Beth, how could she make the house cheerful when all its light and warmth and beauty seemed to have deserted it when Beth left the old home for the new, and where in all the world could she find some useful, happy work to do, that would take the place of the loving service which had been its own reward? She tried in a blind, hopeless way to do her duty; secretly rebelling against it all the while, for it seemed unjust that her few joys should be lessened her burdens made heavier, and life get harder and harder as she toiled along. Some people seemed to get all sunshine, and some all shadow, it was not fair, for she tried more than Amy to be good, but never got any reward, only disappointment, trouble, and hard work.If she had been the heroine of a moral storybook, she ought at this period of her life to have become quite saintly, renounced the world, and gone about doing well in a mortified bonnet, with tracts in her pocket. But, you see, Jo wasn’t a heroine, she was only a struggling human girl like hundreds of others and she just acted out her nature, being sad, corns, listless, or energetic, as the mood suggested. It’s highly virtuous to say we’ll be good, but we can’t do it all at once, and it takes a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull all together before some of us even get our feet set in the right way. Jo had to get so far, she was learning to do her duty, and to feel unhappy if she did not; but to do it cheerfully-that was another thing! She had often said she wanted to do something splendid, no matter how hard; and now she had her wish, for what could be more beautiful than to devote her life to father and mother, trying to make home as happy to them as they had to her? And if difficulties were necessary to increase the splendor of the effort, what could be harder for a restless, ambitious girl than to give up her own hopes, plans, and desires, and cheerfully live for others?The spirit of Individualism and self-reliance are totally reflected on Jo and she is the central person in Little Women who we admire. Simone de Beauvoir had written that "the first time we see a woman take up her pen in defense of her sex".4 Jo was the person who took up her pen in defense of women’s right and aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. What’s more, there is another character who also can reflect the transcendentalism well. She was Meg who was also concerned with issues of gender difference and campaigned for women's rights and interests.2.Beautiful MegPretty Meg, the oldest, was sixteen, and already showed domestic tastes and talents, though she detested the drudgery of house-hold work; and, a little vain of her white hands, longed at heart to be a fine lady.In her childhood, she hoped she could live sumptuous life. So she was so willing to go to Vanity Fair. And there was a chance to learn through party. Meg departed in style for a fortnight of novelty and pleasure. Mrs. March had consented to the visit rather reluctantly, fearing that Margaret would come back more discontented than she went. So Mrs. March agreed Meg to take her first taste of fashionable life. When Meg came back home she had told her adventures gaily and said over what a charming time she had had, but something still seemed to weigh upon her spirits, and sat thoughtfully staring at the fire, saying little and looking worried. Meg suddenly left her chair and taking Beth’s stool, leaned her elbows on her mother’s knee, saying bravely “Maumee, I want to ‘ferns’.”“I thought so, what is it, dear?”(Little Women, 256)Then she told the various bits of gossip she had heard at the Moffat’ Margaret sat thinking a moment while Jo stood with her hands behind her, looking both interested and a little perplexed, for it was a few thing to see Meg blushing and talking about admiration, lovers, and things of that sort; and Jo felt as if during that fortnight her sister had grown up amazingly, and was drifting away from her into a world where she could not follow.As Mrs. March said, “I want my daughters to be beautiful, accomplished, and good; to be admired, loved, and respected; to have a happy youth, to be well and wisely married, and to lead useful, pleasant lives, with as little care and sorrow to try them asGod sees fit to send. To be loved and chosen by a good man is the best and sweetest thing which can happen to a woman, and I sincerely hope my girls may know this beautiful experience. It is natural to think of it, Meg, right to hope and wait for it, and wise to prepare for it, so that when the happy time comes, you may feel ready for the duties and worthy of the joy. My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world—marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting. Money is a needful and precious thing and when well used, a noble thing, but I never want you to think it is the first or only prize to strive for. I’d rather see you poor men’s wives, if you were happy, be loved, than queens on thrones, without self-respect and peace.” (Little Women, 289) Yes, I can’t agree more. Though these words are common, they are very classical. Better be happy old maids than unhappy wives, or unmaidenly girls, running about to find husbands. So don’t be troubled, girls, poverty seldom daunt a sincere lover. Some of the best and most honored women were poor girls, but so love worthy that they were not allowed being old maids. This is the Great Spirit as the transcendentalism promote.In fact, what did Meg want was a cheerful home which a splendid, wise, good husband and some angelic little children were around her. This is Meg’s castle in the air or favorite dream. Nature was the great source of inspiration.Meg, too, learned a salutary lesson when she went to visit some fashionable friends and had her first taste of “Vanity Fair.” Her sisters gladly lent her all their best things, and, as she said to Jo: “You're a dear to lend me your gloves! I feel so rich and elegant with two new pairs and the old ones cleaned up for common!” ( Little Women, 315). Yet she soon saw that her wardrobe was sadly inadequate to the environment in which she found herself. Whereupon the rich friends lent her some of their own finery; and, after laughingly applying paint and powder, they laced her into a sky-blue silk dress, so low that modest Meg blushed at herself in the mirror, and Laurie, who was at the party, openly expressed his surprised disapproval. Chagrin and remorse followed, and it was not until after full confession to Maumee that Meg realized the trumpery value of fashionable rivalry and the real worth of simplicity and contentment.So Meg shows the self-reliance and self-independent spirits well and great spirit fighting for women’s right. Although it strongly maintains the self-reliance and self-。

超验主义自然观在_小妇人_中的体现_罗敏

世上，本来是一件触犯社会的罪恶 ”，但她不顾教规，自己给孩子行了洗礼，并要求牧师在孩子死后照教徒的礼节埋葬他。当她向克莱讲述自己的遭遇时，认为自己的罪并不比克莱的大。克莱突然归来，苔丝为自己的境况深感耻辱和愤怒，认为自己的一切苦难皆由亚雷而来。怨恨最终爆发，她终于杀了亚雷，表白了自己对爱情的忠贞，并为自己被玷污的爱情报仇雪耻。
定了基调。而苔丝悲剧的根源是当时的资本主义社会，不公平的社会制度使她的悲剧无可避免。苔丝的富有魅力又令人钦佩的性格，以及其身上无法避免的维多利亚时代女性的特征又使得她的悲剧显得更浓重、更深沉。这三个原因交织作用在一起，使得苔丝的悲剧凄美惨烈，令人扼腕叹息，难以忘怀，并使之成为英国文学史上最动人的女性角色。
一、超验主义诞生的时代背景超验主义是指十九世纪上半叶形成于美国新英格兰地区的一种文学和哲学思想运动，创始人是著名思想家和诗人爱默生。十九世纪初期，资本主义在经济上迎来了发展的鼎盛时期，金钱至上被奉为社会主流价值观，为了满足对物质的贪欲，人类对大自然过度开发，人类以前所未有的强者姿态凌驾于自然之上。虽然生产力的不断提高给人类的生活质量带来了显著提升，但是随之而来的各种社会问题和环境问题越来越严重，对物质的高度重视所导致的副作用正日益显现，
的邀请参加社交舞会,行装的窘迫与莫法特姐妹的时髦
形成的鲜明对比一时之间让梅格感到很不自在,隐藏于
内心深处的虚荣心突然爆发,在莫法特姐妹的“精心”打
扮之下,梅格被装点成一个 “洋娃娃 ”,在舞会中遭受好
友劳里的直率批评之后幡然醒悟,回到家之后,母亲的
一番话让梅格深刻认识到幸福生活的真谛:“我希望我

从超验主义视角重新解读《小妇人》的开题报告

从超验主义视角重新解读《小妇人》的开题报告开题报告：从超验主义视角重新解读《小妇人》一、研究背景与意义“小妇人”是美国作家路易莎·梅·奥尔科特的代表性作品之一，通过四个姐妹的成长历程，展示了19世纪末美国的社会风貌和女性的处境。

该小说自出版以来深受读者欢迎，也被改编成了多个版本的电影、剧本和音乐剧。

然而，小说中存在一些超验主义的元素，这些元素在传统研究中未被充分探讨。

超验主义在文学界的影响十分广泛，它强调的是人类灵魂的神性和超越常识世界的体验，与小说中描绘的人物的内在世界有着紧密的联系。

因此，本文旨在通过从超验主义视角对小说的重新解读，探究小说中超乎常规的情感体验、梦境和幻想等元素，以及这些元素所传达的人性与实践意义。

二、研究目的1.梳理小说中存在的超验主义元素，并进行分析和解读。

2.探究这些超验主义元素的背景和文化来源，揭示小说在当时的社会背景下的思想品质和价值取向。

3.研究小说中的超验主义元素对人性与社会实践的意义，以及对当代社会的启示与拓展。

三、研究方法本文主要采用文学理论研究方法，特别是超验主义理论，结合小说的情节、人物和文化背景等方面，对小说中的超验主义元素进行深入分析。

同时，还将运用一些传统的文学分析方法，如人物心理分析和形式主义等，以辅助理解和解读。

四、论文内容和组织结构本文主要分为四个部分：第一部分为绪论，主要介绍研究背景、研究意义和研究方法。

第二部分为小说中超验主义元素的分析和解读，包括情感体验、梦境和幻想等方面。

第三部分为小说中超验主义元素的背景和文化来源分析，探究小说在当时的社会背景下的思想品质和价值取向。

第四部分为小说中超验主义元素的意义和影响分析，包括对人性与社会实践的意义，以及对当代社会的启示与拓展。

最后，本文将进行总结和展望，对研究中遇到的问题进行回顾，展望未来可能存在的研究方向。

小妇人_中马奇姐妹所体现出的超验主义色彩

2008年第7期(总第55期)边疆经济与文化T H E BORDER ECONO M Y AND CULTURENo 7 2008G ene ral N o 55B I A N JI ANG文化论坛成长中的精神之旅!!!试析∀小妇人#中马奇姐妹所体现出的超验主义色彩王瑞雪(哈尔滨商业大学外语学院,哈尔滨150028)摘要:美国著名女作家露易莎∃梅∃奥尔科特的长篇小说∀小妇人#充分体现了超验主义思想。

超验主义宣扬人、神(超灵)、自然的精神统一,强调精神、自我和自助。

这些思想都在马奇姐妹的性格和成长过程中有所体现。

关键词:∀小妇人#;超验主义;自我;自助中图分类号:I 106 4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1672 5409(2008)07 0083 02收稿日期:2008 03 19作者简介:王瑞雪(1979),女,黑龙江大庆人,助教,硕士,从事英美文学研究。

一、∀小妇人#和超验主义超验主义是19世纪30年代出现的一种哲学思潮,宣扬人、神(超灵)、自然的精神统一,强调精神、自我和自助。

人应当克服物质世界的诱惑去完善精神,自然是精神的象征,所以人应当回归自然。

超验主义认为人是宇宙的精神中心,强调人的重要性并主张人要自助、自立。

露易莎∃梅∃奥尔科特,是一位在超验主义者圈子中长大的美国著名女作家。

代表作∀小妇人#是一部具有广泛影响和深受读者喜爱的长篇小说,主要讲述了马奇姐妹(梅格、乔、艾米和贝思)在艰苦环境中磨炼成长的故事。

马奇姐妹勤劳善良,但也有各自缺点。

父亲来信鼓励她们克服缺点,提高精神修养。

作者奥尔科特以∀天路历程#中的事件来命名部分章节,暗示姐妹们会像在旅程中的朝圣者一样,经历困苦,最终到达圣地。

父亲的信吹响了姐妹们精神之旅的号角,超验主义思想贯穿其中,体现在马奇姐妹的性格和成长过程中。

马奇姐妹虽具有不同的性格和才华,但都注重自己的精神提高和完善,并极力保持自助和自我独立的精神。

超验主义赋予了马奇姐妹人格魅力,帮助小说赢得了读者的喜爱。

《小妇人》：带你了解19世纪美国女性的真实地位和婚恋观

《小妇人》：带你了解19世纪美国女性的真实地位和婚恋观19世纪的美国文坛名家倍出，欧文、梭罗、霍桑、爱默生、马克·吐温等等你方唱罢我登场，呈现出星光璀璨的局面，在这种氛围下，女士们也纷纷拿起笔，开始从事文学创作。

其间有苏珊·沃纳的《辽阔大世界》，哈莉叶·毕策·司都的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，夏洛特·杨的《立克利夫的继承人》等。

这些通俗小说让那些本来名不见经转的女作者一夜成名，带给男性作家们始料不及的冲击，文豪霍桑更是妒忌地把她们称为“一群该死的乱写乱划的女人”。

一百多年过去了，女作家们的作品逐渐被人遗忘，但有一本却由始至终光芒四射，那就是路易莎·梅·奥尔科特的《小妇人》。

《小妇人》不是虚构的小说，而是带有自传性质的家庭日记《小妇人》是一本类似于家庭日记的小说，充满了感伤的情调。

小说的情节并不复杂，前半部分叙述了马奇一家在内战时期的家庭生活，后半部分叙述了马奇家四姐妹通过寻求独立来找到幸福归宿的经过。

作者路易莎·梅·奥尔科特，是19世纪美国著名的女作家。

1832年，她出生在宾夕法尼亚州日耳曼镇一个平民知识分子家庭，她的父亲布朗逊·奥尔科特是一位自学成才的哲学家和乌托邦主义者。

受父亲影响，奥尔科特从小就酷爱狄更斯、莎士比亚和歌德的作品。

虽然生活拮据，但奥尔科特精神富足，当时的一些文学界的名人，比如爱默生和梭罗，都是她父亲的好朋友，15岁那年，奥尔科特还到爱默生的书房去借书看，看过之后，就写出了情景剧《花儿寓言》。

21岁那年，她根据在内战期间做护士经历写成了《医院随笔》一书。

紧接着，又写出了《波林的激情与惩罚》等戏剧作品，名噪一时。

1865年，美国罗伯特兄弟出版局的编辑汤姆斯·奈尔斯邀请奥尔科特写一部关于女孩子的书，于是她根据自己儿时的回忆写出了《小妇人》。

书中的大部分故事都取材于现实生活，女主人公乔·马奇就是奥尔科特自己，而她的姐妹安娜、亚碧和伊丽莎白分别是小说里的梅格、艾美和贝思。

《小妇人》中的超验主义自然观

《小妇人》中的超验主义自然观一、超验主义诞生的时代背景超验主义是指19世纪上半叶形成于美国新英格兰地区的一种文学和哲学思想运动，创始人是著名思想家和诗人爱默生。

19世纪初期，资本主义在经济上迎来了发展的鼎盛时期。

金钱至上被奉为社会主流价值观，为了满足对物质的贪欲，人类对大自然过度开发，人类以前所未有的强者姿态凌驾于自然之上。

虽然生产力的不断提高使人类的生活质量显著提升，但是随之而来的各种社会问题和环境问题越来越严重。

对物质的高度重视所导致的负作用正日益显现，引起了社会上一些有识之士的关注。

在政治上，19世纪初已取得独立的美国正积极寻求摆脱英国控制的道路，希望不仅从经济而且从政治、文化层面树立独立的历史地位。

这一时代需要不断激励着人们在思想领域展开新的探索。

而超验主义正是在这样的社会大背景之下应运而生。

并引导和树立了今天广为人知的美国传统——独立精神。

二、超验主义自然观在《小妇人》中的体现《小妇人》这部作品创作于19世纪后半叶，描写了美国南北战争期间，四姐妹在母亲的带领下互敬互爱、自立自强，逐渐从稚嫩走向成熟的故事。

作者路易莎·梅·奥尔科特的父亲是爱默生的朋友，也是超验主义的忠实拥护者。

路易莎·梅·奥尔科特自小便在父亲的教导之下逐渐成长为一位坚韧、独立的女性。

贫寒的出身让奥尔科特自小便开始担负家庭的重担，先后从事过教师、护士等职业，并终身未嫁。

她开朗独立的个性与《小妇人》中乔十分相似，主张自强自立，关注个性发展的思想也始终贯穿于整部作品之中。

作品处处体现着一股积极乐观、奋发有为的美国精神，而这种精神正是超验主义的思想实质。

对迷人的自然风光的描写在《小妇人》中随处可见，这既是故事情节展开的需要，也深刻揭示了作者的超验主义自然观。

如在第十三章“空中楼阁”中，描写了一个热烘烘的9月下午，劳里尾随马奇姐妹来到位于屋子与小河之间的一座小山丘。

文中对优美的自然风光和美丽活泼的姐妹进行了生动的描写：“这果然是一幅漂亮的小图画，只见四姐妹一起坐在树荫一角，斑驳的日影在她们身上摇曳不定，清风撩起她们的发梢，吹凉她们炽热的脸颊，林子里的几个小孩子全都继续忙着自己的事情，似乎她们是老朋友而不是陌生人。

读书心得——从父亲形象缺失的视角解读《小妇人》中的女性意识

读书心得——从父亲形象缺失的视角解读《小妇人》中的女性意识路易莎·梅·奥尔科特的《小妇人》以美国南北战争为背景，生动地描写了一个美国家庭——马奇家四个小姐妹的成长过程。

奥尔科特写就了父亲常年随军在外、家中只有母亲的陪伴和教导的特殊家庭教育背景下，四个小姐妹如何在生活的历练中长大成人，如何成为具有个人独立价值观念并对生活有所取舍的成长经历。

这部文学名著尽管情节简单,但是内容却极为丰富，构思非常巧妙，每一章节都反映出作者深邃的思想内涵以及对于女性的深刻认识。

自从此部作品1869年问世以来，众多学者从不同的视角和主题思想探讨了其具有的文学价值，普遍观点是认同这部著作从女性的角度讨论女人的角色和地位，其中Nina Auerbach就极力主张这本小说是有关于女人集体自立的问题，并认为小说颠覆了传统家庭妇女的形象。

经过多方查找，笔者发现以往赏析《小妇人》的文章大多是从美学或者超验主义哲学的角度来探讨和分析其写作艺术和文学价值。

本文则另辟蹊径，从父亲角色的缺失来分析当时男权社会对弱势女性群体的影响与压迫，揭露女性生存地位之卑微以及挖掘作品中女性形象渴望平等生活的诉求。

一、作品的时代背景19世纪60年代，美国社会的生活图景和精神状况不同于现在，那时，美国社会严重受到传统的维多利亚时代思想的束缚和道德观念的支配，认可那种“男主外、女主内”的传统生活方式和价值观念，社会规约女性不能步入社会的主流生活，她们的适当位置应该在家庭，婚姻是唯一被认可的女性生存的形态，她们应当始终保持贤妻良母的形象。

这种使女性处于卑微、从属地位的道德观毫无疑问是一道无形的枷锁，阻碍了女性的个性发展和解放。

社会风尚极力倡导男孩子可以拥有自由和特权、雄心壮志和主动性，而女孩子则只能遵循温顺和被动的行为准则。

女人要生存就必须取悦男性，要遵循男权社会为她制定的价值取向。

因此，女性完全丧失了作为人所具有的独立性和自主性，当女儿时要听从父亲的教导，做妻子时又要听从丈夫的管制。

从超验主义看小妇人

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Alcott's lifeLouisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, the second daughter of Amos Bronson and Abigail Abba May Alcott. She was raised in Concord, Massachusetts, a small town to the north of Boston that was home to many great writers of the day.Her father, Amos Bronson Alcott was not a particularly responsible father or husband, although he was an enthusiastic transcendentalist philosopher, abolitionist, and teacher. He failed to provide enough money to support his family, and their poverty was so dire that in twenty years, they moved twenty times. Her mother, Abigail May Alcott, was a loving lady from a prominent family in Boston, who was active in the moral elevation and improvement of her society. Her mother acted as head of the household, and when Alcott grew older, she also took on much of the burden. From her, Alcott inherited the tall and dark appearance and energetic temperament. Like the mother in Little Women，she was the matriarch of the Alcott family and exerted a profound influence on Louisa May Alcott. It was her encouragement that initiated the young Alcott's determination to be writer.Alcott had an older sister, Anna, and two younger sisters, Lizzie and Abba May. These names are noticeably similar to the names Alcott gives the characters in Little Women (Meg, Beth and Amy).Though she never married or had a family of her own, Alcott was devoted to her parents and her sisters. She understood that for women, having a family meant professional loss, and having a profession meant personal loss. Alcott’s mother Abigail had died in 1877 and in 1878 her sister May married and had a daughter named after her, Louisa `Lulu’ May. May died a year later.Alcott caught pneumonia while working as nurse in Civil War. Amos Bronson Alcott died in 1888 and just two days later, on 6 March 1888 Louisa Alcott died in Boston, Massachusetts. She lies buried on Authors Ridge of the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts near her family and friends Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry David Thoreau.1.2 Alcott's writing careerAlcott was educated at home by her father. She loved to read and write and enjoyed borrowing books from Emerson's larger library. As a child, Alcott struggled with the ladylike behavior that was expected of girls in the nineteenth century. Though she was required to be calm and stay at home, Alcott was a tomboy whose favorite childhood activity was running wild through the field of Concords. She had an unladylike temper that she struggle to control.When she was young, Alcott was encouraged by her parents to write diaries. She read Charles Dickens's novel in newspaper serializations. As she grew up, her talent for writing became evident. She tried her ink-stained hand at various genres: poetry, fairy tales, short stories, plays and journal entries. Her first book was Flower Fables which was published in1854, tales originally written for Ellen Emerson, daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Hospital Sketches (1863), an account of Louisa May Alcott's experiences as a nurse in Georgetown hospital established her reputation as a serious author. Alcott became involved with the same reform movements her mother was active in including abolition of slavery and women’s rights. She was also an accomplished writer now achieving wide acclaim and supporting the family financially. Her Works include:A Fairy Tale (1864), Moods (1865), and the potboiler A Long Fatal Love Chase (1866). Her publisher Thomas Niles requested `a girl’s story’ from her and the result was Little Women, followed by further development of the March sisters’ lives in Good Wives (1869). An Old-fashioned Girl (1870) was one of her next publications followed by Little Men (1871), Eight Cousins (1875). Other Alcott works include A Modern Mephistopheles (1877), Under the Lilacs (1879), and Jack and Jill (1880).1.3 The plot of Little WomenThe story concerns the lives and loves of four sisters growing up during the American Civil War. It was based on Alcott's own experiences as a child in Concord, Massachusetts with her three sisters, Anna, May, and Elizabeth.Little Women is the story of the Marches, a family used to hard toil and suffering. Although Father March is away with the Union armies, the sisters Meg, Jo, Amy and Beth keep in high spirits with their mother, affectionately named Marmee. Their friendly gift of a Christmas holiday breakfast to a neighboring family is an act of generosity rewarded with wealthy Mr. Laurence's gift of a surprise Christmas feast. However, despite their efforts to be good, the girls show faults: the pretty Meg becomes discontented with the children she teaches; boyish Jo losesher temper regularly; while the golden-haired schoolgirl Amy is inclined towards affectation. However, Beth, who keeps the house, is always kind and gentle. After certain happy times winning over the Laurence, dark times arrive as Marmee finds out about her husband's illness.The novel tells of their progress into young womanhood with the additional strains of romance, Beth's terminal illness, the pressures of marriage and the outside world. It is a story of their growing maturity and wisdom and the search for the contentedness of family life. It begins with an excerpt from John Bunyan's seventeenth-century work The Pilgrim's Progress, an allegorical novel about leading a Christian life. Alcott's story begins with the four March girls-Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy-sitting in their living room, lamenting their poverty. The girls decide that they will each buy themselves a present in order to brighten their Christmas. Soon, however, they change their minds and decide that instead of buying presents for themselves, they will buy presents for their mother, Marmee. Marmee comes home with a letter from Mr. March, the girls' father, who is serving as a Union chaplain in the Civil War. The letter inspires the girls to bear their burdens more cheerfully and not to complain about their poverty. The novel ends with the family happily gathered together, each sister thankful for her blessings and for each other.1.4 Literature reviewThe stories from real life reflect themselves in fiction. A tale embodying the simple facts with the persons of the family as main characters was successfully produced. In the eyes of many readers and critics, Louisa May Alcott's Little Women is “the American female myth”, and Alcott's heroine Jo has become the most influential figure of the independent and creative American woman (Madelon1983:26).A reviewer for the Hartford Daily Courant gave such comment, “She is brilliant, witty, has remarkable descriptive powers, and is as eminently successful in collating the sympathies of the reader as almost any writer that we have now” (Clark 2004:12).In Little Women,Alcott avoided the heavy-handed preaching, but mingled the lessons in games. The March girls are imaginative, energetic and realistic children with flaws. Some critics considered it as “a hymn in praise of family life” and grouped it into domestic novels (Stern1984:88).In 1989, when American governors were asked to name their favorite childhood books, two of the three women governors, Rose Mofford of Alabama and Kay Orr of Nebraska , chose little women (Cynthia 1982:24).While it has influenced the works of scores of American women writers, in male literature, such as the stories of Hemingway and Fitzgerald, Little Women stands as a code term for female piety and sentimentality, although it is highly unlike what either Hemingway or Fitzgerald had read it. Indeed, there can be few other books in American literary history, which have had so enormous an impact on the imagination of the reading population.Several Americanists, including Ann Douglas, Sarah Elbert have discussed the novel as an important feminist critique of the Transcendentalist movement. Judith Fetterley regards it as Alcott's personal “Civil War”，a novel split by conflicting impulses about femininity and creativity (Judith1979:368-383).Criticisms and praises always go hand by hand. Some reviewers were unsatisfied with Alcott's use of ungrammatical language. Some criticized the oversimplification of the novel and thought that the story lacked plot and glossed over the hardship of life.Whatever the praise and criticism are, Little Women has always been one of the most popular novels in the American Literary history and loved by people of any age, any class and any country.Chapter 2 Transcendentalism2.1 Origin and development of transcendentalismTranscendentalism was intimately connected with Concord, which was the first rural artist's colony, and the first place to offer a spiritual and cultural alternative to American materialism. It was a place of high-minded conversation and simple living.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Ralph Waldo Emerson, an advocate of Transcendental Movement, published his essay “Nature” in 1836 which represented a new way of intellec tual thinking in America. This new voice led American Romanticism to a new and mature period, the period of New England Transcendentalism. This was the most significant development of American literature in the mid-19 century. It was a system of thought that originated from three sources. First, William Ellery Channing (1780-1842) was an American Unitarian clergyman. His Unitarianism represented a thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism. Unitarianism believed God as one being, rejecting the doctrine of trinity, stressing the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority. It laid the foundation for the central doctrines of transcendentalism. Secondly, the idealistic philosophy from France and Germany exerted enormous impact on American intellectuals. Thirdly, oriental mysticism reached America in English translations. As a result, New England Transcendentalism blended native American tradition with foreign influences.2.2 Major ideas and significanceTranscendentalism has been defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge by transcending the reach of the five senses, of knowing truth intuitively. The major ideas that accompanied transcendentalism can be summarized in the following six points. (1)It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. (2)As romantic idealism, it placed spirit first and matter second. It believed that both spirit and matter were real but that the reality of spirit was greater than that of matter. Spirit transcended matter, and the permanent reality was the spiritual one. (3)It took nature as symbolic of spirit of God. All things in naturewere symbols of the spiritual, of God's presence. Nature was alive, filled with God's overwhelming presence. Nature was God's enlightenment toward human beings. Therefore, it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. (4)It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the individual was the moat important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. (5)Emerson envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Over-Soul”. The Over-Soul referred to spirit of God as the most important thing in the universe.(6)It held that commerce was degrading and that a life spent in business was a wasted life. Humanity could be much better off if people paid less attention to the material world in which they lived.Transcendentalism can be best understood as a somewhat late and localized manifestation of Romantic Movement in literature and philosophy. The triumph of intuition over the five senses, the exaltation of the individual over society, the critical attitude toward formalized religion, the rejection of any kind of restraint or bondage to custom, the new and thrilling delight in nature - all these were in some measure characteristic of transcendentalism.As formulated by Emerson, transcendentalism became a clarion call to action , exhorting young people to cast off their deadening enslavement to past, to follow God within, and to live moment of life with strenuousness , to regard nature as the great object lesson proving God's presence everywhere in His creation. Transcendentalism was also an ethical guide to life for a young nation of America. It preached the positive life and appealed to the best side of human nature. Therefore, it stressed the tolerance of difference in religious opinion and the free control of his affairs by each congregation, and called to throw off shackles of custom and tradition, and to go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture. As a social force, it contributed to the movement such as the antislavery, education reform, and even helped the establishment of the utopian community.2.3 Influence on American literatureIn the literary aspect, the influence of transcendentalism was great and everlasting. Some literary transcendentalists insisted on "natural form" and established genres such as sermon, essay and a travel excursion. Emerson and Thoreau's works paved the way for American literature and have maintained the position of classics. They emphasized the positive role of nature in man's spiritual world and preached the harmony between nature and man. Inspired bythem, many writers applied transcendental ideas in their works. The admiration of nature became the popular themes in many works. Hawthorne, Melville and Whitman are among them. Transcendentalism mainly has influence on the two respects: symbolism and self-reliance.2.3.1 Symbolism in the novelIn Little Women, umbrella symbolizes the protection a man offers a woman. Before Meg and John Brooke get married, Jo gets angry at Mr. Brooke's umbrella. It seems Jo is angry that Mr. Brooke is going to take care of her sister. At end of the novel, Professor Bhaer extends his umbrella over Jo, and her acceptance of its coverage symbolizes that she is ready to accept not only his love and protection, but also the ideas that men are supposed to offer women love and protection.In addition, Little Women is filled with images of burning that simultaneously represent writing, genius and anger. At a party, Jo wears a dress with burned mark on the back, which symbolizes her resistance to play a conventional female role. In anger, Amy burns Jo's manuscript. Whenever Jo writes, her family describes her inspiration as genius burning. At the end of the novel, Jo burns her sensationalist story after Bhaer criticizes that style of writing. This fire seems to destroy her earlier self as well.2.3.2 Self-reliance in the novelIn Little Women, the oldest March sister, Meg battles her girlish weakness for luxury and money and ends up marrying a poor man. Jo didn't want to be a conventional adult woman. She persists in her writing career and earns money to support the family. Beth overcomes her fears and shyness in order to pursue her musical hobby. She is rewarded for her effort with a piano. Amy fully shows self-reliance in her pursuit and turns down Fred Vaughn's offer of marriage, although he is rich. She demonstrates that she has overcome her own weakness for luxury and riches and finally marries the man she really loves.2.4 Alcott's transcendental tendency2.4.1 Alcott and transcendentalistsAlcott's family moved to ‘Hillside’ in Concord, Massachusetts. Alcott had become friends with fellow transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose vast library she regularly frequented, and Henry David Thoreau, whom she accompanied on walks in the countryside. Margaret Fuller and Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family were also amongst the Alcott’s varied and intellectual social circle of New England. All of these men were part of the transcendentalistmovement during the New English Renaissance. Emerson influenced her greatly. He liked her and served as an early and important teacher to her, which helped her have a solid foundation in various philosophers and poets, particularly Shakespeare and Goethe. She took lessons in Emerson's house and consulted with him about her studies. Emerson supported her efforts at scholarship, teaching and writing. As a result, she strove to put into practice the philosophies taught by Emerson, and this is clearly reflected in her works. Her father, Bronson Alcott was an enthusiastic transcendentalist philosopher, abolitionist, and teacher. He was also an important person who tries to teach Alcott and her sisters all his transcendental doctrines. Alcott didn’t agree with some of his too idealistic thoughts and once satirized the life in her Transcendental Wild Oats. Alcott was a student of transcendentalists and was under great influence of transcendentalism. In her whole life, she maintained the posture of self-reliance and individualism, the core of transcendentalism.2.4.2 Self-reliance and individualism in Alcott's lifeAlcott's stressed the importance of the individualism. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Alcott had an urge to go and fight it. But she could not get over her disappointment in not being a boy and join the military. She made up her mind and signed up to be a Union nurse and was station in Washington. She practiced the transcendentalist ideas and followed her true intuition and keeps her individualism. Later in life, Alcott became active in the women's suffrage movement in the United State, whose supporters sought to extend the right to vote to women.Alcott caught pneumonia while working as a nurse in the Civil War. She was treated with calomel, a mercury compound, and this treatment gave her mercury poisoning. Although Alcott was weak, suffered intense pain and was plagued by hallucinations that could only be controlled with opium, she learned how to write with her left hand because her right hand hurt so badly. She struggled to keep her individualism in her writing pursuit and tries to improve her spirit and her soul in the process.Little Women is a good embodiment of Alcott's self-reliance and individualism. Meg and Amy constantly struggle with vanity, and eventually overcome it. Amy turns down Fred Vaughn's offer of marriage, even though he is rich, because she doesn’t love him. Beth does the domestic work to help her mother .The March girls all learn to be happy with their respective lots in life and not to yearn for meaningless riches.Chapter 3 Transcendentalism in Little Women3.1 Meg's spiritual journey against materialismSpiritual welfare was gradually neglected. “The soul is subject to dollars”(Emerson 1990:83). Transcendentalism placed emphasis on spirit over matter. It was a reaction against increasingly prevailing materialism and spiritual poverty.In Little Women, Meg is the oldest March sister. At the beginning of the novel, she has a small weakness for luxury and leisure, but later she awakens and overcomes it.3.1.1 Meg’s awakeningWhen she is invited to the party by Mrs. Gadiner, Meg worries about her dress for it is poplin but not silk. To have a better appearance, she borrows a little pearl pin from Matinee and attempts to curl her hair. What she cares are the material things. Meg seems to have a long way to go in her spiritual journey. She cares about the physical appearance but not the spiritual improvement. It seems to her that all the happiness comes from the material satisfaction. But she soon learns the lesson.When reprimanded by Laurie because she dresses like a fashionable girl in her friend Annie Moffat's party. After that her mother says to her “money is a needful and precious thing, - and, when well used, a noble thing, - but l never want you to think it is the first or only prize to strive for. I'd rather see you poor men's wives, if you were happy, beloved, contented, than queens on thrones without self-respect and peace” (Alcott 1868:90). Her mother hopes that she understands that appearances are shallow and that true love is built on something deep than money. At the moment in history when women's futures hinged solely on their choice of a husband, Marmee's statement is very compassionate and unusual. Instructed by her mother, Meg begins to have a new understanding about material things that they do not mean a happy life, self-respect and spiritual peace. Meg is on free from the material seduction. The transcendentalists cried for spiritual pursuit. Mother helps Meg have a good understanding about marriage and wealth, and reminds her of the importance of spirit. So when love falls on her, she follows her intuition and finds her true love.3.1.2 Meg's rebellion against materialismAunt March lectures Meg, telling her she should marry someone who is wealthy. Aunt March’s tirade makes Meg defend her right to live and marry Brooke. She is no longer that young girl who loved luxury and leisure. John is not a rich man, and he will not provide Meg the glamorous lifestyle she once coveted, but she loves him nonetheless. Transcendentalists emphasized the importance of paying more attention to the inner spiritual self than to earthly conditions like wealth and impressive appearance. Alcott underlines Meg's triumphant victory over materialism by having Aunt March object to Mr. Brooke’s poverty, and then letting us hear Meg's passionate defense of him and her insistence that his poverty does not matter because he is a good man and they love each other. Meg has grown up from a girl eager for luxury and riches to a happy woman who believes spiritual satisfaction and perfection is the most important thing.3.2 Transcendentalism in Jo’s spiritual journeyJo is the second oldest March sister who wants to be a writer. She is tomboy and reacts with impatience to the many limitations placed on women and girls.3.2.1 Jo’s rebellion against custom and traditionJo does not want to live in the world the way it is, with women forced to conform to social convention of female behavior. Besides, Jo hates her given name, Josephine, because she thinks it too feminine and "sentimental”. Jo and Meg are invited to the party at the home of Meg's friend. Meg is very excited, but does not know what to wear. Unlike Meg, Jo is not particularly excited. At the party, Jo wears a dress that is burned on the back, and she holds her gloves haled up in her hand in order to hide the lemonade stains that cover them. Jo hangs back, not knowing anyone at the party. Finally, fearing that a boy is going to ask her dance, Jo slips behind a curtain. Jo is a girl who dreads the thought of being made to grow up and behavior primly and properly. She longs to fight in the Civil War. Additionally, Jo wears a burned dress to the New Year's Eve ball. The dress, a symbol of traditional femininity, is marred by the burns, which symbolize Jo's own objection to traditional femininity. Jo writes in the attic, apart from the rest of the family, as though she is trying to leave society. In her quest to flout society's rules for women, Jo must be spiritually alone, as symbolized by her physical isolation in the attic.When the family faces the difficulties, she is always the one who encourages sisters that they can settle the problem by themselves. Marmee receives a telegram saying that Mr. March is ill and that she needs money to take care of their seriously ill father in the army. Jo has earnedtwenty-five dollars by selling her hair. Pretty Amy is horrified that Jo has lost her “only beauty”. Jo, however, is not sad until late at night, when she cries a little for her lost hair. Jo cuts off her hair, erasing her own femininity, in order to fulfill the stereotypically male role of providing money for the family.3.2.2 Jo’s insistence on self -relianceAfter breaking the fetters of tradition and custom in her unique way, Jo reaches her self-reliance and achieves her divinity. The transcendentalists emphasized the divinity of man, the possibility of the self-perfection of the individual, being in the full conviction that the individual could develop himself to the maximum of his potentiality. If man depends on himself, cultivates himself, he can transcend the limits of the individual and bring out the divine in himself, and finally achieve his self - perfection.Jo shies away from stereotypically feminine activity in favor of stereotypically masculine ones. She becomes independent through her work, both in terms of her income and creativity. She leaves the protective shelter of the house and ventures out into the male world of newspaper.Jo wins the prize for the best sensationalist story. With the money, she sends Marmee and Beth to the seashore for several weeks to improve Beth's health. Jo keeps writing. She makes more money, providing for herself and the family. Writing adds Jo's confidence to keep self-reliant and independent. She feels the great comfort that “she can supply her own wants, and need ask no one for a penny” (Alcott 1868:248). She followed her intuiti on and keeps self-reliant on the way of pursuing her dream.However, Jo’s spiritual journey is not easy. When she prepares to publish her novel, the publisher demands her to cut down on third of the novel. Her father urges her to wait for her book to ripen. But the unsavory truth of the matter is that the family desperately needs money. After long consideration, Jo decides to sacrifice artistic ideals in order to provide for her family. Later, she suffers the lesson of losing her self-reliance and realizes the importance of it. She once tells her mother that “I wish I'd printed it whole or not at all” (Alcott 1868:248). When Mr.Bhaer finds out that she writes sensationalist fiction, she is even more ashamed, and quits writing the tales. Jo realizes that it is silly to write such things for money and then continues to follow her intuition and keep self-reliant for spiritual perfection.3.3 Transcendentalism in Amy's spiritual journeyThe youngest March girl, Amy is an artist who adores visual beauty and has a weakness for pretty possessions. She acts as a perfect lady because it pleases her and those around her.3.3.1 Amy’s spiritual perfectionEmerson once contended that the individual was the world and people could only depend on themselves for their spiritual perfection if they cared to make such efforts.Amy is too concerned with the humiliation and unfairness of her punishment. She is preoccupied with appearance when her mother chides her for being arrogant. Amy is more vain and difficult than her other sisters. Amy absorbs the lecture and understands it. As she says, “It’s nice to have accomplishments, and elegant but not show off.” Her mother hopes her place on the mind and soul-people's interiors -reflects transcendental values. Amy matures by leaps and bounds at Aunt March's house. She confronted her selfishness, realizing with shame that she is more worried about getting her hands on the turquoise ring than she is about her ill sister. She learns that a place for quiet reflection is often necessary. She even thinks seriously about death, demonstrating that she can overcome material concerns. However, she does not lose her aesthetic values; after all, her chapel is beautiful and dramatic. Amy continues to desire a more luxurious life, and she spends time and money attempting to impress the rich girls from her art class with a fancy party. When she goes out to buy lobster, she runs into a friend of Laurie's. He sees the lobster, which was considered low-class food at the time, and she is very embarrassed although she manages to recover and charm him. As usual, the failure of her party provides the opportunity for Amy to learn a lesson about pretending to be something she is not.After Amy experienced these, she develops in to a woman, learning to balance virtue and luxury. She adores being apart of wealthy society, but realizes that she does not want to lose the lesson she has learned from Marmee. She depends on herself for spiritual perfection.3.3.2 Amy's rebellion against materialismTranscendentalism placed spirit first and matter second. It believed that both spirit and matter were real but that the reality of spirit was greater than that of matter. Spirit transcended matter, and the permanent reality was the spiritual one. It stressed essence behind appearance.Laurie meets up Amy in Nice on Christmas. They each find that the other has changed quite a bit. Laurie notes that Amy has grown into a sophisticated and lovely young woman. To his surprise, she merrily and honestly confesses to the little tricks she employs to make herself pretty。

超验主义自然观在《小妇人》中的体现

谢谢观看
内容摘要
最后，小说结构单纯而寓意深远。路易莎·梅·奥尔科特通过平实的语言和细腻的描绘，将四姐妹的生活故事娓娓道来。这种简单而富有感染力的叙述方式，使得读者能够深入感受到女性的力量和价值。
内容摘要
综上所述，《小妇人》中的女性意识解读展现了19世纪美国新英格兰地区女性的自立自律、家庭价值观、社会地位和作用等方面。这部小说以其独特的女性视角和感染力，影响了读者对女性的认知和理解。《小妇人》中的四姐妹形象，成为了女性意识觉醒的代表，对后世产生了深远的影响。
超验主义自然观在《小妇人》中的主题呈现
最后，情感表达方面，《小妇人》中的超验主义自然观强调人类对自然的热爱和感激之情。小说中的人物通过与自然的互动表达自己的情感。例如，乔在自然中寻求安慰和力量时，感受到大自然的美丽和神奇；梅格在照顾家庭和花园时，表现出对生活的热爱和对自然的敬畏之情。这些情感表达都展现了超验主义自然观所强调的人与自然之间的亲密关系。
超验主义自然观在《小妇人》中的体现
目录
01 超验主义自然观在《小妇人》中的影响
02 参考内容
内容摘要
《小妇人》是美国作家路易莎·梅·奥尔科特所著的一部以美国南北战争为背景的半自传体小说，讲述了一个普通家庭中四位姐妹的成长故事。超验主义自然观在小说中得到了充分体现，对故事情节和人物塑造产生了深远影响。本次演示将从超验主义自然观的角度出发，探讨其在《小妇人》中的体现。
首先，超验主义自然观强化了小说的主题和意义。《小妇人》通过讲述一个普通家庭的故事，强调了人类对自然的敬畏和对精神追求的重要性。这种对自然和精神的与超验主义自然观的核心理念相吻合。通过对大自然的描绘和对人物形象的塑造，小说呈现了一个充满希望、勇气和爱的世界。这种世界观的呈现方式不仅深化了小说的主题内涵，更为读者提供了思考和启示的空间。

小妇人中的超验主义思想

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面（ 2017 届）论文（设计）题目作者学院、专业班级指导教师（职称）论文字数论文完成时间大学教务处制2018英语原创毕业论文参考选题(100个)1 论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻选择的经济动因2 认知角度下的隐喻翻译3 论红字的文学技巧4 英汉诗歌中“月”意象的认知解读5 浅析太阳照常升起中勃莱特的新女性形象6 从跨文化角度分析中国菜名的英译7 从成长小说角度解读夏洛的网8 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》9 从数字看中西方文化差异10 关于高中生英语阅读策略运用情况的调查11 浅析中西饮食隐含的文化差异及其中式菜肴名称翻译策略12 从唯美主义角度分析《莎乐美》中邪恶的灵魂13 从话语权力的角度看电影《换子疑云》14 改写理论视角下的红高粱家族英译研究15 从《篡夺》中看辛西娅奥兹克作品中的反偶像崇拜精神16 A Study of AP’s News Reports from the Angle of Cooperative Principle17 如何培养初中生开口说英语的习惯18 从功能翻译理论看记者招待会口译—以“两会”记者招待会口译为例19 罗伯特.弗罗斯特与陶渊明田园诗歌对比研究20 新闻与新闻翻译中超文本的研究21 英语课堂教学—教师主宰还是学生为中心22 《远大前程》中皮普成长的心路历程23 论《简.爱》中伯莎.梅森的疯癫24 论罗伯特弗罗斯特诗歌的黑色基调－－-在美国梦里挣扎2526 从思维方式差异看英语复杂句汉译27 对《傲慢与偏见》中女主人公伊丽莎白的尝试性分析28 An Analysis of Shelley's Prometheus Unbound29 The Comparison of Table Manners between China and Western Countries30 对《看得见风景的房间》的象征主义解读31 冲突性话语回应策略--以国王的演讲为例32 《倾城之恋》和《飘》的女性主义解读33 从里奇的礼貌原则角度分析《老友记》中的言语幽默34 英语阅读有效教学活动设计研究35 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中奶妈与《西厢记》中红娘的人物形象对比36 广告翻译中的语用失误研究37 意识流小说到灯塔去中的女权主义解读38 浅析模糊语在商务谈判中的应用39 The Joy Luck Club－A Bittersweet Picture of Chinese-Americans across Two Generations40 浅析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女权主义41 网络时代背景下影视字幕翻译的新变化42 Feasibility of Popularizing Bilingual Teaching43 谈英汉文学作品中数字的模糊性及其翻译44 从文化角度看品牌名称翻译45 论“孔雀东南飞”英译本的译者主体性46 亨利.詹姆斯的《戴茜.米勒》中的文化冲突和文化融合47 文学翻译中的对等48 浅析《宠儿》中三位黑人女性的身份寻求之旅49 浅析《远大前程》中主人公皮普性格发展的形成因素50 归化异化角度下研究麦田里的守望者孙仲旭译本51 合作原则在英语脱口秀翻译中的应用52 论语中反叙修辞格的翻译策略53 中美教育的比较及对比54 归化与异化在文学翻译中的融合应用——评《红楼梦》两英译本中的习语55 功能对等理论在新闻英语翻译中的应用56 从目的论角度论中文电影片名的翻译57 从文化角度探析品牌名称的翻译方法58 丰田如何成为全球第一汽车生产商59 隐转喻名名复合词的语义分析60 解释二语错误样例学习模式对学习者信心度的影响研究61 从“三美”的角度探究唐诗的英译-唐诗三百首许渊冲译本为例62 Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray63 Culture Teaching in College English Listening Classrooms64 英语广告的语言特点65 分析数字“九”极其倍数的英译66 商务英语书面语语言特色的语用分析67 从功能理论角度分析电影《点球成金》字幕翻译68 论远大前程中的哥特元素69 从黑格尔自我意识理论看看得见风景的房间中露西自我意识的觉70 英语词汇教学中联想记忆法之研究71 浅析《雾都孤儿》中的现实主义72 海明威的矛盾性格在其作品中的体现73 哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中体现的男权思维和女性意识74 海明威“冰山原理”在《永别了，武器》中的应用及对写作的指导意义75 浅析哈克贝利的叛逆精神76 从女性主义角度研究紫色77 浅析奥斯卡.王尔德童话作品中的唯美主义思想78 Study on the Basic Principles of Legal English Translation79 初中英语课堂师生互动探究80 华兹华斯的浪漫主义文学在《嘉莉妹妹》中的再现81 论《黄墙纸》中女主人公女性主义思想的局限性（开题报告+论）82 合作原则下幽默的语用分析83 《飘》中斯佳丽的性格特征解读84 《愤怒的葡萄》中的圣经原型85 A Stylistic Analysis of O. Henry’s Short Stories86 网上英语聊天的会话结构特征87 Psychoanalytical Study of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening88 英语商务信函中的礼貌原则及语用策略89 爱伦坡短篇哥特式小说体与干宝《搜神记》90 中国大学生英文求职信的体裁分析91 解读艾丽斯.沃克《紫色》中的家庭92 法律语言浅析93 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克形象的解构与重建94 国际商务交流中的习语翻译95 从功能对等的角度浅谈商标翻译96 试论《武林外传》与《老友记》中的中美文化差异97 唯美主义理论与实践的矛盾——解析王尔德的矛盾性98 基于网络的英语听力学习的优势与局限研究99 如何有效做好交替传译笔记100 元认知策略在大学生英语阅读理解中的应用研究。

论《小妇人》的女性主义思想

论《小妇人》的女性主义思想吉林师范大学博达学院中文系汉语言文学专业2011级5班金鑫摘要：由于过去受到男权主义的影响，女性仍然处于一定的角色中才可以延续发展。

女性本身的态度比男性更为保守，并且为自己是女性而感到悲哀。

正是由于这种心理，女性本身脆弱的天性使她们在男性主宰的世界里处于从属地位。

过去，长期处在男权的社会中，家庭必然是由父权文化为女性划定的生存空间。

为了不受限制，获得更多更自由的生活空间，女性古往今来都在为之奋斗，而这样的文学创作为女性的解放提供了更广泛的道路。

女性主义创作出来的文学作品往往反映了女性心中不同的真实情感。

从路易莎梅奥尔科特（Louisa May AlcoTT，1832年-1888年）的作品中就能看到。

奥尔科特的创作中女性意思的独特性并非是单纯的一种因素，是多种力量促合成的，最重要的是受其个人的成长环境因素造成的。

关键词：《小妇人》、女权主义、路易莎梅奥尔科特一、简说《小妇人》《小妇人》写作背景处于美国南北战争之后，人们渴望出现新的思想和政策来激励他们，并且出现民主和自由的思潮，女权运动也随之发展起来。

小说《小妇人》勾勒出了一个美国新英格兰地区的普通家庭的生活，它以典型的家庭生活为主要的描写对象和原型，构成了这个普通家庭生活里家庭成员的感情关系为线索的故事。

在普通的马奇一家中的四个姐妹为了自己的生活和爱情都付出了自己的努力。

路易莎梅奥尔科特的父亲布朗逊奥尔科特是马萨诸塞州康德一位自学成才的哲学家、学校改革家和乌托邦主义者。

他和他的友人创立了果园公社，一生对理想的追求以至于无力担负家庭生活，维持家庭生计的担子还是落到了妻子的身上。

之后又落到他富有上进心的二女儿奥尔科特身上。

她曾做过临时教师、做过裁缝、护士，当过佣人。

这些经历在路易莎的精神成长方面起到了作用，同时在她的创作中也产生了影响。

她的母亲就是小说中马奇太太的变身，是这几个女儿精神成长上的领袖。

马奇太太的言传身教，对孩子们的成长起着至关重要的作用，教育她们面对困难、挫折和失望的时候要勇敢、乐观、坚强。

读书心得——《小妇人》的精神世界

读书心得——《小妇人》的精神世界《小妇人》没有轰轰烈烈的时代变革，没有海枯石烂的爱情盟约，但是其细腻的文字，温馨的情感却经历了时间的洗礼，打动着一代又一代的读者。

小妇人们有着健康的人格、真挚的信仰和温暖的生活，散发着真善美的气息，这些在当代浮躁社会显得那么美好。

一、马奇太太和她的女儿们(一)小妇人们的人格结构1868年，美国文坛拥有了一部备受读者喜爱的、具自传性质的小说——路易莎·梅·奥尔科特的《小妇人》。

马奇太太和她的女儿们从此走进了读者的心中，帮助人们在喧嚣浮躁的世界里获得宁静平和。

小妇人们童年期的时代背景是美国南北战争，可是在这样一部温馨可人的小说里，几乎感觉不到战争的阴霾。

马奇家的四姐妹快乐地成长着。

大女儿梅格漂亮温婉，是大家公认的“可人儿”。

虽然她曾经受到物质的诱惑，爱慕虚荣、向往奢华的生活，但最终却敢于选择爱情，与丈夫共同承担生活的压力。

二女儿乔是整部作品中最为鲜活的形象。

她喜欢写作，喜欢男孩子的游戏和运动。

她抵触传统定位的女性角色，热衷于追求自由，但同时她也无私地爱着自己的家人。

喜爱音乐的三女儿贝思文静、腼腆，却是最惹人怜爱的女孩子。

她可以像一只小猫咪一样蜷缩在自己的世界里，不需要她时不出来，却也能够鼓起勇气去帮助需要帮助的人。

最小的艾米，有非凡的绘画才能，却也是被家里人宠坏了的孩子：自私且喜欢操纵别人。

不过，当艾米也成为小妇人以后，她却毫不犹豫地以慈善事业为己任，援助为艺术艰苦奋斗的贫苦女孩子们。

四姐妹性格不同，行为各异。

纵观整部作品，即使她们都有着或多或少的缺点，但是其人格结构都是完善的，被人所喜爱的。

而这得归功于马奇太太——她们的母亲良好的家庭教育。

(二)马奇太太的家庭教育四姐妹具有健康的心理和健全的人格，这得益于其成长过程中良好的家庭氛围。

家庭氛围也称为家庭精神环境，相对于家庭物质环境而言。

家庭氛围是家庭成员互动形成的人际关系和心理氛围，包括家庭成员的道德观念、价值取向、审美情趣等，对家庭成员的影响远比家庭物质环境重要得多。

美国文化传统在_小妇人_中的体现

第30卷第7期湖北广播电视大学学报V ol.30, No.7 2010年7月 Journal of HuBei TV University July. 2010, 072～073 美国文化传统在《小妇人》中的体现徐洁（苏州卫生职业技术学院，江苏苏州 215009）[内容提要]长篇小说《小妇人》是在美国文坛上引起巨大反响的大众文学经典作品之一。

本文鉴于文化的重要意义从广义的文化角度对小说进行剖析，以奥尔科特的传记、19世纪维多利亚时代美国新英格兰地区的文化状况、现代和当代文学批评理论等为参考资料，发掘出19世纪中期美国的历史积淀和文化传承在小说中的体现。

[关键词] 《小妇人》；文化视野；奥尔科特；文化传承[中图分类号] I106 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1008-7427（2010）07-0072-02《小妇人》主要讲述了马奇家四姐妹的成长故事。

小说作者露易莎•梅•奥尔科特生活时期的美国正处于一个重要的社会转型期。

保守与激进、怀旧与革新、传统与进步、顺从与个性、控制与张扬等各种理念思潮交织在一起，贯穿这一整个历史时期。

奥尔科特正处在这样一个新旧交替之际，因此其作品创作必然受到当时文化背景的影响。

从她的代表作《小妇人》中，读者不难发现当时美国文化传统留下的种种印记。

一、19世纪美国社会改革运动在社会改革运动方面，小说涉及了美国十九世纪中叶比较有影响力的禁酒运动、移民问题及相关社会福利措施、服饰革新运动和教育改革运动。

美国禁酒运动早在18世纪后期就已萌芽，在小说中通过梅格在自己婚礼上要求劳里发誓戒酒而体现出来。

喝酒成瘾引发诸多不良社会后果，包括经济透支、家庭暴力等。

于是禁酒团体从十九世纪前期开始在美国一些州渐渐成立。

到1835年，美国禁酒组织成员已经超过一百万；到1855年，一些州已经颁布了禁止酒精饮料的法规。

妇女也参与到禁酒运动中，并以独特的方式规劝人们戒酒。

她们邀请人们参加自己组织的社交聚会，而那些不戒酒的人则收不到请柬。

[小妇人,美国,传统文化]《小妇人》与美国传统文化

《小妇人》与美国传统文化摘要：以南北战争为背景的小说《小妇人》以真实质朴的语言描述了马奇一家平凡而感人的生活，故事虽然以战争为时代背景但却不见战争的硝烟与悲伤，取而代之的是积极乐观的生活态度和“如金子般”的道德情操，于是有人不禁要问：为什么内战没有使美国分裂反而使国家更加团结，并实现了统一？本文旨在通过《小妇人》中普通家庭所表现出的生活态度和道德情操来分析美国传统文化对整个美国社会发展所起到的推动和促进作用，并以此来探析文化在国家发展中的重要意义。

关键词：美国内战；基督教文化；美国梦《小妇人》为路易莎?梅?奥尔科特的成名之作，这部小说写于南北战争之后，然而，它并没有像许多战争文学那样描述过多的战争危害和给人们带去的精神创伤，相反，小妇人给人以积极的一面，无论生活有多少的困难，书中始终流露出的是美好的情感，给人以希望，让人读过觉得生活充满了美好，也正是这种精神力量使得《小妇人》一经问世就深受读者喜爱，书中的内容从普通的家庭生活说起，以平凡的小事蕴含伟大的道德情操，这种情操不仅对美国青年有着良好的教育意义而且对美国战后整个社会的精神层面也起到了一定的促进作用，因此，小妇人不仅是战后文学里的一块瑰宝更是美国传统文化的一个完美体现。

1.传统基督教思想《小妇人》中多次描写到爱与宽容，这种伟大的情怀几乎蕴含在马奇一家所有的故事里，如：贝丝为了照顾赫梅尔家生病的孩子自己不幸染上猩红热，几乎丧命，但她从未因此而抱怨，反而因孩子最终没能得救而心存遗憾；梅?切斯特因为妒忌艾米，把艾米已装饰好的展台据为己有，可善良的艾米不计前嫌，大度的将自己的物品留在了梅的展台上，使得原本冲突的关系瞬间化解。

这些生活中的小事无不显示出基督教带给人们爱人如己的思想，这种思想能够使人心怀感恩并回馈他人，以爱相传并和谐永存。

在美国，80%的人信仰基督教，教堂随处可见，很多虔诚的基督徒会定期去做礼拜，这也是美国这个多民族国家能够和谐相处，共同融合的重要的原因之一。