新编英语教程6unit4 A red light for scofflaws
Unit4ARedLightforScofflaws解析
III. Organization and development of the text
Para. 1 introductory paragraph: Millions of Americans are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes. Para. 2 Scofflaws abound in amazing variety. Para. 3 The dangers of scofflawry vary widely. Para. 4 The most flagrant scofflaw is the red-light runner. Para. 5 The flouting of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood. Para. 6 Scofflaws are a symptom of elementary social demoralization. Para. 7 The prospect of the collapse of public manners is not merely a matter of etiquette. Para. 8 Scofflawry at various levels of social life was by no means a less serious menace to the foundation of law of the US than violent crimes. Para. 9 The scofflaw spirit is dangerously infectious; something 11 must be done to check its spread.
(NEW)李观仪《新编英语教程(6)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】
34. cardboard [5kB:dbC:d] n. thick, stiff paper that is used, for example, to make boxes and models 硬纸板
35. bitterly [5bitEli] adj. very; violently 强烈地；非常 bitterly upset 极其难 过
24. perverse [pE(:)5vE:s] adj. Directed away from what is right or good; perverted. (行为)任性的，蛮不讲理的 e.g. She was perversely pleased to be causing trouble. 她制造麻烦，还乐在其中，真是反常。
14. long since—long ago很久以前
15. cease [si:s] v. come or bring (sth.) to an end; stop停止，中止
16. at some length—in some detail详细地
17. melancholy [5melEnkEli] adj. very sad; depressed悲哀的；沮丧的； n. 忧郁；悲哀；愁思(sadness , doldrums)e.g. Melancholy is the preponderant mood of the poem. 忧郁的感情是该诗的基调。
的，专注的；e.g. She looked from one intent face to another. 她看着一张 张专注的面孔。 adj. 坚决的；e.g. The rebels are obviously intent on keeping up the pressure.反叛分子显然决心继续施加压力。 n. 意图，目 的；But it is our intent that they learn something. 但是我们的目的就是让他 们学到东西。
新编英语教程6课文翻译
第1单元避免两词铭记两词在生活中，没有什么比顿悟更令人激动，更有益处了，它可以改变一个人，不仅仅是改变，而且变得更好，当然这种顿悟的时刻很罕见，但仍然会降临到我们所有人身上，它有时来自于一本书，一次不到一句诗歌，有时来自于一个朋友，在曼哈顿一个寒冷的冬季下午，我坐在一个法国小餐馆儿里，倍感失落和压抑，因为我的几次错误估算，一个对我人生至关重要的项目落空了，就连马上要见到一个老朋友（这个老人，我常私下亲切的这样想到他）的念头，都不像以前那样让我兴奋，我坐在桌边，皱起眉头看着色彩多样的桌布，反复咀嚼着自己的失误。
他来了，穿过街道，裹着旧大衣，不成形的毡帽低低的压在光头上，看上去不像是一个有名的精神病医生，倒像是一个精力充沛的小土地神，他的几个办公室就在附近，我知道他看完今天的最后一个病人，他年近80，但仍然拎着装满文件的公文包，工作起来像一个大机构的主管，只要有空，他仍然爱溜去打高尔夫球。
他敏锐的观察力早已不让我感到惊奇，于是我就详细的把烦恼告诉了他，带着一丝忧伤的自豪，我尽量的陈述实情，对自己的失意，我只能怪自己，不怪任何人，我分析了整件事情，所有的错误判断，以及不明智的行动，我讲了约有15分钟，老人默默的喝着啤酒。
老人从纸盒里拿出一盒磁带，放进录音机，然后说，磁带上有到我这里来求助的三个人的简短录音，当然我不告诉你是谁，我想让你听听，看你是否能找出，一个两字短语，是三个案例所共有的。
他笑道，别这么困惑，我有我的理由。
在我看来，磁带上三个人所共有的不是愉快的事，首先讲话的是个男人，他显然做生意遭受了一些损失，或经历了失败，他怪自己工作不够努力，没有远见，第二个说话的是个女人，他一直未婚，因为他要对自己的寡母尽孝心，他痛苦的回忆了被自己放弃的所有嫁人的机会，第三个说话的是位母亲，她十多岁的儿子被警察抓了，她不停的责备自己。
老人关掉录音机，靠在椅子上：“这些录音中有一个充满微妙毒性的短语，反复出现了六次，你听出来了吗？没有，噢，这可能是因为几分钟前在餐馆里，你自己说了三次。
新编英语教程6unit 4
7. flagrant: shameless; notorious （notoriety); particularly bad, shocking and obvious: flagrant breach of justice公然违反公正原则 a flagrant offence 大罪, 重罪 flagrant crime 滔天罪行 a flagrant error明显的错误 a flagrant sinner罪恶昭彰的罪犯
exemption ...the exemption of employer-provided health insurance from taxation. 雇主提供的健康保险免税 ...new exemptions for students and the low-paid. 对学生和低收入者的最新豁免
Why do people break the law?
Can you give some cases of law-breaking?
Paragraph 1
Millions of Americans are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes.
Para. 2
Scofflaws abound in amazing variety
Variety:
The Graffiti-prone: Bicyclist: Litter bugs: Public places of high-decibel portable radios Beer-soaked hooliganism Tobacco addicts Dressed pot smokers The use of cocaine The Jaywalkers Pay attention to sentence structures
新编英语教程6unit 4 A red light for scofflaws
Examples Statistics red-light runner Para. 4 The most flagrant scofflaw is the ________________. Examples Quotation
III. (Para. 5-8) Dangers of scofflaws Para. 5 The flouting of basic rules harms society because respect scofflaws show no ____________ to the social rules and contempt display ______________ for the fundamentals of order. Para. 6 Today scofflawry is pervasive and represents the elementary social demoralization _________________________________________. Example Para. 7 The scofflawry is not only a matter of etiquette. It may violent crimes lead to _____________________________. Examples
P2
abound: v. be plentiful (l. 11) e.g. Rumors abound as to the reason for his resignation. Sarcasm abounds in “Fortress Besieged”. flurry: abundance, great quantity pass around: offer flagrant: notorious What does “hello, Everybody” mean?
新编英语教程6 练习与答案
高级英语（二）教与学指南Practice Testsfor Advanced English(2)主编张华鸿前言编写本书的目的：目前英语专业三年级所使用的由上海外国语大学李观仪教授主编的〈新编英语教程〉第五、六册本书的主要特点：1．紧扣精读课文编写练习，实用性、针对性强。
2．对于同义词辨析的练习配以详尽的解释和相应的例句，旨在帮助学生真正弄懂并掌握这些词的用法。
3．设计了旨在提高学生语言运用熟练程度的系列练习，分别为：一、英语释义二、英语句型转换三、汉译英四、完形填空五、成段改错4．练习均配有参考答案。
本书由张华鸿主编。
高华老师负责编写同义词辨析部分；郑艳丽老师负责编写句型转换部分；张华鸿老师负责编写英语释义、汉译英、完形填空和成段改错四部分，以及全书的编排、设计、整合与审编定稿等工作。
本书承华南师范大学外国语言文化学院领导的大力支持，以及英语系高年级教研室全体同仁的热心帮助，编者在此表示衷心的感谢。
编者2003年1月于华南师范大学外文学院ContentsUnit One: VESUVIUS ERUPTS 3 Unit Two: THE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF16 Unit Three: WALLS AND BARRIERS28 Unit Four: THE LADY，OR THE TIGER？40 Unit Five: THE LADY，OR THE TIGER？53 Unit Six: DULL WORK65 Unit Seven:BEAUTY 74 Unit Eight: APPETITE84 Unit Nine: A RED LIGHT FOR SCOFFLAWS98 Unit Ten: STRAIGHT-A ILLITERACY114131 Unit Eleven: ON CONSIGNING MANUSCRIPTS TOFLOPPY DISCS AND ARCHIVES TO OBLIVIONUnit Twelve: GRANT AND LEE147 Unit Thirteen: EUPHEMISM163 Unit Fourteen: THAT ASTOUNDING CREATOR---NA TURE175 Unit Fifteen: TEACHING AS MOUNTAINEERING191Unit OneTEXT IVESUVIUS ERUPTSI. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:So the letter which you asked me to write on my uncle’s death has made you eager to hear about the terrors and also the hazards I had to face 1when left at Misenum, for I 2broke off at the beginning of this part of my story.I took a bath, dined, and then dozed 3fitfully for a while. For several days past there had been earth 4tremors which were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania: but that night the shocks were so violent that everything fell as if it were not only shaken but overturned.I don’t know whether I sh ould call this courage or 5folly on my part (I was only seventeen at the time) but I 6called for a volume of Livy and went on reading as if I had nothing else to do.Up came a friend of my uncle’s who had just come from Spain to join him. When he saw us sitting there and me actually reading, he scolded us both —me for my 7foolhardiness and my mother for allowing it.By now it was dawn [25 August in the year 79], but the light was still dim and 8faint. The buildings round us were already 9tottering, and the open space we were in was too small for us not to be in real and 10imminent danger if the house collapsed. This finally 11decided us to leave the town. We were followed by a panic- stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else’s decision 12in preference to their own (a point in which fear looks like 13prudence), who 14hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.We also saw the sea sucked away and apparently forced back by the earthquake: at any rate it receded from the shore so that 15quantities of sea creatures were left 16stranded on dry sand. On the landward side a fearful black cloud was 17rent by forked and quivering bursts of flame, and parted to reveal great tongues of fire, like flashes of lightning magnified in size.At t his point my uncle’s friend from Spain 18spoke up still more urgently: “If your brother, if your uncle is still alive, he will want you both to be saved; if he is dead, he would want you to survive him so why put off your escape?”Soon afterwards the cloud sank down to earth and covered the sea; it had already 19blotted out Capri and hidden the promontory of Misenum from sight. Then my mother 20implored, entreated, and commanded me to escape as best I couldI looked round: a dense black cloud was coming up behind us, spreading over the earth like a flood. “Let us leave the road while we can still see,” I said, “or we shall be knocked down and 21trampled underfoot in the dark by the crowd behind.”You could hear the shrieks of women, the 22wailing of infants, and the shouting of men; some were calling their parents, others their children or their wives, trying to recognize them by their voices. People 23bewailed their own fate or that of their relatives, and there were some who 24prayed for death in their terror of dying. Many 25besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined there were no gods left, and that the universe was plunged into eternal darkness forevermore. There were people, too, who 26added to the real perils byinventing 27fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them. A 28gleam of light returned, but we took this to be a warning of the approaching flames rather than daylight.I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear 29escaped me in these perils, 30had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.We returned to Misenum where we 31attended to our physical needs as best we could, and then spent an anxious night alternating between hope and fear.II. Rewrite the followingFor each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.1. We were followed by a panic-stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else’s decision in preference to their own, who hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.Panic-stricken, the mob of people close behind us ___________ _ 2. We replied that we would not think of considering our own safety as long as we were uncertain of his.Unless we were ___________________________________3. There were people, too, who added to the real perils by inventing fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them.By reporting that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, _______ 4. I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils, had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.Because I derived some poor consolation_____________________5. Several hysterical individuals made their own and other people’s calamities seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful predictions.Compared with several individuals’ frightful predictions, the calamities____________ III. Translate the following into English1. 还未等我们坐下来喘息，夜幕已经降临，这黑暗使你觉得不是在无月色或多云的夜晚，而像是在灯火熄灭的紧闭的房间里。
ARedLightforScofflaws中英对照
A Red Light for Scofflaws[1]Law-and-order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent 2 that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. 3 Indeed, there are moments today —amid outlaw litter, tax cheating, illicit noise and motorized anarchy — when it seems as though the scofflaw represents the wave of the future. 4 Harvard Sociologist David Riesman suspects that a majority of Americans have blithely taken to committing supposedly minor derelictions as a matter of course. Already, Riesman says, the ethic of U.S. society is in dan ger of becoming this: “You're a fool if you obeythe rules.”[2]Nothing could be more obvious than the evidence supporting Riesman. Scofflaws abound in amazing variety. 5 The graffiti-prone turn public surfaces into visual rubbish. Bicyclists often ride as though two-wheeled vehicles are exempt from all traffic laws. 6 Litterbugs convert their communities into trash dumps. Widespread flurries of ordinances have failed to clear public places of high-decibel portable radios, just as earlier laws failed to wipe out the beer-soaked hooliganism that plagues many parks. 7 Tobacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say NO SMOKING. Respectably dressed pot smokers no longer bother to duck out of public sight to pass around a joint. The flagrant use of cocaine is a festering scandal in middle and upper-class life. And then there are(hello, everybody! ) 8 the jaywalkers.[3]The dangers of scofflawry vary widely. The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting, but clearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location. The fare beater on the subway presents less threat to life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes. 9 The most immediately and measurably dangerous scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible. The culprit is the American driver, whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance. 10 The hazards range from routine double parking 11 that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills some 25,000 people and injures at least 650,000 others yearly.12 Illegal speeding on open highways? New surveys show that on some interstate highways 83% of all drivers are currently ignoring the federal55 m .p.h. speed limit.[4]The most flagrant scofflaw of them all is the red-light runner. The flouting of stop signals has got so bad in Boston that residents tell an anecdote about a cabby who insists that red lights are “ just fordecoration ” .The power of the stoplight to co ntrol traffic seems to be waning everywhere. In Los Angeles , red-light running has become perhaps the city's most common traffic violation. In New York City , going through an intersection is like Russian roulette. Admits Police Commissioner Robert J. Mc Guire: “ Today it's a 50-50 tossup as to whether people will stop for a red light. ” Meanwhile, his own police largely ignore the lawbreaking.[5]Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in individual instances. 13 When the violation becomes habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. The flouting of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood. Innocent drivers and pedestrians pay a repetitious price in frustration, inconvenience and outrage, not to mention a justified sense of mortal peril. The significance ofred-light running is magnified by its high visibility. If hypocrisy is the tribute that vice pays to virtue, then furtiveness is the true outlaw's salute to the force of law-and-order. The red-light runner, however, shows no respect whatever for the social rules, and society cannot help being harmed by any repetitious and brazen display of contempt for the fundamentals of order.玩忽法令之风不可长 ![1] 法律和秩序，可以说是美国历史上历时最久、或许还是人们最爱谈论的政治问题。
A Red Light for Scofflaws
a lifelong career in journalism. He has served as a writer and editor at such national publications as Look and Newsweek.
5. Respectably dressed pot smokers no longer bother to duck out of public sight to pass around a joint. (para2) duck out of: avoid doing, esp. by making an excuse
【Paraphrase】 Decently dressed Marijuana smokers no longer trouble themselves avoiding people’s notice when they distribute a marijuana cigerette among them.
Scofflaw is a noun coined during the Prohibition era meaning a person who drinks illegally. It is a compound of the words scoff and law, meaning one who mocks or ridicules the law. The meaning has since been extended to describe one who flouts any law, especially those which are difficult to enforce, and particularly traffic laws.
U4ARedLightforScofflaws中英对照
A Red Light for ScofflawsLaw-and-order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent 2 that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. 3 Indeed, there are moments today —amid outlaw litter, tax cheating, illicit noise and motorized anarchy — when it seems as though the scofflaw represents the wave of the future. 4 Harvard Sociologist David Riesman suspects that a majority of Americans have blithely taken to committing supposedly minor derelictions as a matter of course. Already, Riesman says, the ethic of U.S. society is in danger of becoming this: “You're a fool if you obey the rules.”法律和秩序，可以说是美国历史上历时最久、或许还是人们最爱谈论的政治问题。
book6 Unit 4_A_Red_Light_for_Scofflaws中英对照
A Red Light for Scofflaws给轻微违法行为亮红灯 1take liberties with: misinterpret; treat something freely, without strict observance of the fact (随意对待) behave in a bold or impolite way towards，2．Outlaw litter：unlawful stewing (a place) with rubbish3.illicit noise：very loud noise which is not permitted4. motorized anarchy：disorder or chaos created by motorists5.take to: to be pleased by or attracted to; begin to do sth. as a regular habit6.dereliction：deliberate eglect；a tendency to be negligent ;7.exempt from: not affected or bound by (=excused)8.flurry: porfusion.abundance; great quantity9.ordinance: authoritative law，command or order; a regulation10. pot smoker：One who smokes marijuana.大麻烟客11.duck out of: avoid doing, esp. by making an excuse (=back out)12.fare beater：one who evades paying the fare on a public vehicle. “Beat” is U.S. slangmeaning “cheat”13. public nuisance：sth. offensive to the community, esp. in violation of others’ legalrights14.toss-up：the tossing-up of a coin to decide something by its fall15. mortal peril：danger that causes or is liable to cause death16.brazen: shameless.17.skirt：ignore; avoid; evade18.subvert: destroy the power and influence19．nullify: make ineffective; invalidateLaw-and-order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society.法律和秩序，可以说是美国历史上历时最久、或许还是人们最爱谈论的政治问题。
A red light for_scofflaws中英对照版(免费)
参考译文对违反法律者亮红灯A Red Light for Scofflaws弗兰克·特立皮德1Law-and-order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. histor y. Yet it is painfully apparent 2 that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are desig ned to protect and nourish their society. 3 Indeed, there are moments today — amid outlaw litter, t ax cheating, illicit noise and motorized anarchy — when it seems as though the scofflaw represent s the wave of the future. 4 Harvard Sociologist David Riesman suspects that a majority of America ns have blithely taken to committing supposedly minor derelictions as a matter of course. Already, Riesman says, the ethic of U.S. society is in danger of becoming this: “You're a fool if you obey the rules.”[1] 法律和秩序是美国历史上持续时间最长的、也可能是政治上的最热门的话题。
新编英语教程6词汇（ANEWENGLISHCOURSE6：Unit1-10vocabulary）
Unit 1 Two Words to Avoid, Two to Remember1. insight: the capacity to gain an accurate and deep instinctive understanding of a situation 洞察力2. checkered tablecloth: tablecloth that has a pattern consisting of alternating squares of different colors. The British spelling of checkered is chequered.3. chew the cud (slang): think reflectively4. gnome: (in legends) a little old man who lives underground and guards the earth’s treasures 土地神; a small ugly person 侏儒5. melancholy: (adj.) sad, gloomy, depressed6. berate: scold or criticize angrily7. a perverse streak: an obstinate quality8. ruefully: regretfully9. drag: (slang) a boring thing; nuisance10. immortality: never-ending life or endless fameUnit 2 The Fine Art of Putting Things Off1. cool one’s heels: be forced to wait; be kept waiting2. attest to: testify to; serve as an evidence to affirm/ to be proof of 证实, 证明3. apocalyptic: foreboding imminent disaster or final doom 预示灾难/最后毁灭的4. proconsul: an administrator in a colony usually with wide powers地方总督5. ruminate: go over in the mind repeatedly and often slowly 反刍, 沉思6. nattering: chattering; hence, noisy7. echelon: rank, level 等级，阶层8. fortify: encourage; support 鼓励9. reappraisal: re-evaluation10. academe: the academic community; academics 学术界11. shrink: (slang) psychoanalyst or psychiatrist心理分析学者/神经科医生12. subliminal: existing or functioning outside the area of conscious awareness潜意识的13. truism: an undoubted or self-evident truth 不言而喻的道理14. mellow and marinate: to mellow is to become ripe or fully developed, and the marinate is to steep (浸, 泡) (meat, fish) in a savory sauce to enrich its flavor; here, ripen and mature 成熟及完善Unit 3 W alls and Barriers1. tangible: substantially real; material 确实的；有形的2. custom: business patronage; the fact of a person or people buying goods or services at a shop/store or business (顾客对商店的)惠顾，光顾.3. impregnable: unassailable, unattackable; sturdy无法攻取的；不能征服的4. credit: trust in a person’s ability and intention to pay at a later time for goods, etc. supplied 信用5. dash: vigor in style and action; here means enthusiasm 精力, 干劲6: flair: ingenuity and vitality才能, 本领7. invulnerability: freedom from harm or attack不会受伤害8. composition: arrangement into proper proportion or relation and especially into artistic form布局9. illusory: deceptive幻影的, 错觉的, 虚假的10. preclude: make impossible 预防; 排除1. exuberant: wild and excessive 狂野的；极度的2. withal: together with this; besides 此外；而且3. bland and genial: adj. composed and gracious 沉着亲切的4. hitch: difficulty 妨碍；困难5. assert oneself: act in such a way as to show one’s power or authori ty6. poetic justice: an outcome in which vice is punished and virtue rewarded 理想的赏罚7. emanate: come out from 发出，散发8. wend one’s way: travel over a distance, esp. slowly9. air: tune, melody10. hilarious: joyous, jubilant 欢闹的1. imperious: domineering, overbearing, arrogant 专横的2. the apple of one’s eye: one that is dear; one’s favorite person3. premises: a tract of land with the buildings thereon房屋(及其附属基地、建筑等)4. throng (v.): fill by crowding into5. moiety: half 一半6. parapet: a low wall or railing to protect the edge of a platform, etc. (阳台、桥等的)栏杆；女儿墙；胸墙7. devious: tricky, not straightforward 狡猾的；迂回的；曲折的8. reverie: daydreamUnit 6 Dull W ork1. assumption: sth. taken for granted; supposition 想当然2. crave for: long for; desire eagerly 渴望3. humdrum: lacking variety; dull 单调的4. immerse: involve deeply; absorb （使）沉浸, 使陷入5. transmute: change; transform 改变6. physiological pressures: irritation; annoyance; affliction 生理压力7. vexation: illness; discomforts 恼怒8. seminal: having possibilities of future development; highly original and influencing the development of future events 影响深远的9. inordinate: excessive 过度的；过分的10. compatible with: able to exist together 和谐的；兼容的11. thrive on: enjoy and do well as a result of 以…为乐；因…而有成12. stave off: keep off; prevent in time 延缓；暂时挡住，避开1. lamely: weakly, unsatisfactorily （听起来）信心不足的；不具说服力的2. paradoxical: seemingly self-contradictory; incongruous; puzzling3. seductive: attractive; charming4. pedagogical: teaching 教学法的5. wary: heedful; careful6. on the defensive: prepared for disapproval or attack7. demeaning overtones: implications of humiliation8. vestiges: traces that have once existed but exist no more 遗迹9. to the detriment of: to the harm of10. throes: a condition of agonizing struggle or effort; upheaval 处于极为痛苦的斗争或苦恼中；挣扎11. narcissism: excessive admiration of oneself 自我陶醉, 自恋12. obligation: duty; social requirement that compels one to follow a certain course of action13. fretful: irritable; complaining14. pass muster: be accepted as satisfactory 及格, 符合要求15. depreciation: a disparaging or a belittling act or instance 轻视，蔑视16. censure: (v. or n.) an expression of blame or disapproval 谴责17. preen: adorn or trim (oneself) carefully刻意打扮并自我欣赏18. interminable: endless1. multitudinous: (fml.) very numerous, existing in great numbers 大量的, 多种多样的2. lust: overwhelming desire or craving强烈欲望, 渴望3. orgy: excessive indulgence in any activity; wild festivity纵欲；放纵4. pitch: point, level, degree 程度；强度5. texture: quality; structure of a substance 质地；结构6. deliberate fasting: eating little or no food on purpose7. bludgeon: (written) force sb. into (doing sth.); beat 胁迫；棒击8. blow-out: (slang) a large, usu. lavish, meal 大餐；盛宴9. indulgence: great satisfaction; gratification of desires 享受；纵容10. homage: honor or respect; reverence paid 敬意11. gorge: stuff/fill oneself completely with food 狼吞虎咽12. impotence: powerlessness; ineffectualness 无力, 无效Unit 9 A Red Light for Scofflaws1. take liberties with: misinterpret; distort; violate2. blithely: heedlessly; without thought or regard3. dereliction: deliberate neglect; negligence 玩忽职守：故意忽视（职责或原则)4. exempt from: not subject to an obligation5. flurry: profusion; abundance; great quantity6. ordinance: authoritative law; command 法令；条例7. flagrant: shameless; notorious 恶名昭著的8. festering scandal: tormenting disgrace9. statutes: laws10. public nuisance: something offensive or annoying to the community, especially in violation of others' legal rights11. flouting: treating with contemptuous disregard12. dent: a depression in a surface, as from a blow; hence, damage凹痕；伤害13. brazen: shameless; impudent厚颜无耻的14. slug: (v.) (infml.) hit hard, especially with the fist 用力猛击15. skirt: avoid; keep distant from; go around the edge of 绕开；回避16. mandate: command from a superior official to an inferior one; authoritative command17. constituent: voters选民18. subvert: undermine the principle of 颠覆19. enact: institute; levy制定法律, 颁布20. puny: small and weak; insignificant弱小的；孱弱的；微不足道的21. nullify: declare legally void 使失去法律效力22. desegregation rulings: official (court) decisions on desegregation23. disquieting: upsetting24. terminally: fatally新编英语教程6（词汇Unit1-10）ants05Unit 10 Straight-A Illiteracy1. plight: condition, state, or situation; esp. an unfavorable one2. as often as not: at least half the time; frequently3. articulate: using language easily and fluently; having facility with words4. a coveted fellowship: a fellowship (i.e., the money given to postgraduate students to allow them to continue their studies at an advanced level) that everyone longs jealously to possess5. allegorically: figuratively6. gibberish: talk or writing containing many obscure, pretentious, or technical words; meaningless or unintelligible talk or writing7. providentially: fortunately; luckily8. inexorably: inescapably9. profundity: profound or deep matters10. grapple with: try to deal with11。
新编英语教程6 练习与答案
高级英语（二）教与学指南Practice Testsfor Advanced English(2)主编张华鸿前言编写本书的目的：目前英语专业三年级所使用的由上海外国语大学李观仪教授主编的〈新编英语教程〉第五、六册本书的主要特点：1．紧扣精读课文编写练习，实用性、针对性强。
2．对于同义词辨析的练习配以详尽的解释和相应的例句，旨在帮助学生真正弄懂并掌握这些词的用法。
3．设计了旨在提高学生语言运用熟练程度的系列练习，分别为：一、英语释义二、英语句型转换三、汉译英四、完形填空五、成段改错4．练习均配有参考答案。
本书由张华鸿主编。
高华老师负责编写同义词辨析部分；郑艳丽老师负责编写句型转换部分；张华鸿老师负责编写英语释义、汉译英、完形填空和成段改错四部分，以及全书的编排、设计、整合与审编定稿等工作。
本书承华南师范大学外国语言文化学院领导的大力支持，以及英语系高年级教研室全体同仁的热心帮助，编者在此表示衷心的感谢。
编者2003年1月于华南师范大学外文学院ContentsUnit One: VESUVIUS ERUPTS 3 Unit Two: THE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF16 Unit Three: WALLS AND BARRIERS28 Unit Four: THE LADY，OR THE TIGER？40 Unit Five: THE LADY，OR THE TIGER？53 Unit Six: DULL WORK65 Unit Seven:BEAUTY 74 Unit Eight: APPETITE84 Unit Nine: A RED LIGHT FOR SCOFFLAWS98 Unit Ten: STRAIGHT-A ILLITERACY114131 Unit Eleven: ON CONSIGNING MANUSCRIPTS TOFLOPPY DISCS AND ARCHIVES TO OBLIVIONUnit Twelve: GRANT AND LEE147 Unit Thirteen: EUPHEMISM163 Unit Fourteen: THAT ASTOUNDING CREATOR---NA TURE175 Unit Fifteen: TEACHING AS MOUNTAINEERING191Unit OneTEXT IVESUVIUS ERUPTSI. Paraphrase the parts underlined in the following:So the letter which you asked me to write on my uncle’s death has made you eager to hear about the terrors and also the hazards I had to face 1when left at Misenum, for I 2broke off at the beginning of this part of my story.I took a bath, dined, and then dozed 3fitfully for a while. For several days past there had been earth 4tremors which were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania: but that night the shocks were so violent that everything fell as if it were not only shaken but overturned.I don’t know whether I sh ould call this courage or 5folly on my part (I was only seventeen at the time) but I 6called for a volume of Livy and went on reading as if I had nothing else to do.Up came a friend of my uncle’s who had just come from Spain to join him. When he saw us sitting there and me actually reading, he scolded us both —me for my 7foolhardiness and my mother for allowing it.By now it was dawn [25 August in the year 79], but the light was still dim and 8faint. The buildings round us were already 9tottering, and the open space we were in was too small for us not to be in real and 10imminent danger if the house collapsed. This finally 11decided us to leave the town. We were followed by a panic- stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else’s decision 12in preference to their own (a point in which fear looks like 13prudence), who 14hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.We also saw the sea sucked away and apparently forced back by the earthquake: at any rate it receded from the shore so that 15quantities of sea creatures were left 16stranded on dry sand. On the landward side a fearful black cloud was 17rent by forked and quivering bursts of flame, and parted to reveal great tongues of fire, like flashes of lightning magnified in size.At t his point my uncle’s friend from Spain 18spoke up still more urgently: “If your brother, if your uncle is still alive, he will want you both to be saved; if he is dead, he would want you to survive him so why put off your escape?”Soon afterwards the cloud sank down to earth and covered the sea; it had already 19blotted out Capri and hidden the promontory of Misenum from sight. Then my mother 20implored, entreated, and commanded me to escape as best I couldI looked round: a dense black cloud was coming up behind us, spreading over the earth like a flood. “Let us leave the road while we can still see,” I said, “or we shall be knocked down and 21trampled underfoot in the dark by the crowd behind.”You could hear the shrieks of women, the 22wailing of infants, and the shouting of men; some were calling their parents, others their children or their wives, trying to recognize them by their voices. People 23bewailed their own fate or that of their relatives, and there were some who 24prayed for death in their terror of dying. Many 25besought the aid of the gods, but still more imagined there were no gods left, and that the universe was plunged into eternal darkness forevermore. There were people, too, who 26added to the real perils byinventing 27fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them. A 28gleam of light returned, but we took this to be a warning of the approaching flames rather than daylight.I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear 29escaped me in these perils, 30had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.We returned to Misenum where we 31attended to our physical needs as best we could, and then spent an anxious night alternating between hope and fear.II. Rewrite the followingFor each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.1. We were followed by a panic-stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else’s decision in preference to their own, who hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.Panic-stricken, the mob of people close behind us ___________ _ 2. We replied that we would not think of considering our own safety as long as we were uncertain of his.Unless we were ___________________________________3. There were people, too, who added to the real perils by inventing fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them.By reporting that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, _______ 4. I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils, had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.Because I derived some poor consolation_____________________5. Several hysterical individuals made their own and other people’s calamities seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful predictions.Compared with several individuals’ frightful predictions, the calamities____________ III. Translate the following into English1. 还未等我们坐下来喘息，夜幕已经降临，这黑暗使你觉得不是在无月色或多云的夜晚，而像是在灯火熄灭的紧闭的房间里。
《阅读与思辨》课程教学大纲
《阅读与思辨》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息1、课程编码：U16M12156/72、课程名称（中/英文）：阅读与思辨（1）（2）/ReadingandCriticalThinking3、学时/学分：64/44、先修课程：基础英语，英美社会与文化，阅读等5、开课单位：外国语学院外国语言文学系6、开课学期）：秋、春7、课程模块：学科基础课程8、课程类别：必修9、教材及教学参考书：《新编英语教程》5、6册，李观仪主编，上海外语教育出版社，2013年。
《英语修辞大全》冯翠华著外语教学与研究出版社，2005年《英语词汇学教程》汪榕培卢晓娟著上海外与教育出版社，2005年Goong,W:RhetoricinPracticeElbow,Peter:WritingwithPower，1998二、教学目的和任务该课程旨在培养英语专业高年级学生综合技能向高层次发展，即培养学生综合表述能力、思维能力和学习能力的综合发展。
课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，扩大学生知识面、加深学生对社会和人生的理解，培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力，逻辑思维与独立思考的能力，巩固和提高学生英语语言技能三、教学内容、基本要求及学时分配教学内容：在阅读方面，引导学生充分理解教材课文内容以及相关的背景知识；重视对篇章结构、逻辑关系、修辞手法、文体风格的学习，提高学生逻辑思维和判断评述的能力，同时解决阅读中词汇、语法的难点，并能够正确、灵活运用；在写作方面，训练学生注重文章的思想内容、组织结构和正确表达，逐步做到行文的得体和流畅。
基本要求：进一步提高阅读理解和写作能力，掌握语篇分析和欣赏能力及研究学习能力。
学时分配：每一教学单元一般需要3个学时完成。
四、实践教学内容和基本要求根据本学科专业的特点，本课程没有实验和上机等时间教学安排，但要求学生根据本课程教学目的与任务完成两次项目学习任务，每学期的期中和期末各一次。
Unit 4 A Red Light for Scofflaws幻灯片课件
Discussion
If you see someone in need of help in the street, like an old person lying on the ground in agony, what will you do? Will you walk away or give a helping hand? Why?
IV. (Para. 9) Conclusion
Illustration and Topic Sentences
Use of Illustration
The present text is a good example of the use of illustration as a method of development. Throughout the essay there are abundant examples to illustrate the author's point.
Benefit of Using Topic Sentences Supported by Illustration
When we put all the topic sentences together, what we get is a nicely worked out sentence outline for the writer to work on, and a highly condensed gist of the essay for the reader.
Para. 2 Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.
Para. 3 The dangers of scofflawry vary widely.
A Red Light for Scofflaws的原文以及翻译文本
英译汉篇章练习（六）A Red Light for Scofflaws 玩忽法令之风不可长！[1]Law-and-Order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think of themselves as lawbreakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. Indeed, there are moments today---amid outlaw litter, tax cheating, illicit noise and motorized anarchy-when it seems as though the scofflaw represents the wave of the future. Harvard Sociologist David Riesman suspects that a majority of Americans have blithely taken to committing supposedly minor derelictions as a matter of course. Already, Riesman says, the ethic of U.S. society is in danger of becoming this: “You’re a fool if you obey the rules.”法律和治安[2]Nothing could be more obvious than the evidence supporting Riesman. Scofflaws abound in amazing variety. The graffiti-prone turn public surfaces into visual rubbish. Bicyclists often ride as though two-wheeled vehicles are exempt from all traffic laws. Litterbugs convert their communities into trash dumps. Widespread flurries of ordinances have failed to clear public places of high-decibel portable radios, just as earlier laws failed to wipe out the beer-soaked hooliganism that plagues many parks. Tobacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say NO SMOKING. Respectably dressed pot smokers no longer bother to duck out of public sight to pass around a joint. The flagrant use of cocaine is a festering scandal in middle and upper-class life. And then there are (hello, everybody!) the jaywalkers.[3]The dangers of scofflawry vary widely. The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting, but dearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location. The fare beater on the subway presents less threat to life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes. The most immediately and measurably dangerous scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible. The culprit is the American driver, whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance. The hazards range from routine double parking that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills some 25,000 people and injures at least 650,000 others yearly! Illegal speeding on open highways? New surveys show that on some interstate highways 83%of all drivers are currently ignoring the federal 55m.p.h. speed limit.[4]The most flagrant scofflaw of them all is the red-light runner. The flouting of stop signals has got so bad in Boston that residents tell an anecdote about a fabbvwl1 insists that red lights are “just for decoration”. The power of the stoplight to control traffic seems to be waning everywhere. In Los Angeles, red-light running has become perhaps the city's most common traffic violation. In New York City, going through an inter-section is like Russian roulette. Admits Police Commissioner Robert J. Mc Guire: “Today it’s a 50-50 tossup as to whether people will stop for a red light.” Meanwhile, his own police largely ignore the lawbreaking.[5]Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in individual instances. When the violation becomes habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. The flouting of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood. Innocent drivers and pedestrians pay a repetitious price in frustration, inconvenience and outrage, not to mention a justified sense of mortal peril. The significance of red-light running is magnified by its high visibility. If hypocrisy is the tribute that vice pays to virtue, then furtiveness is the true outlaw's salute to the force of law-and-order. The red-light runner, however, shows no respect whatever for the social rules, and society cannot help being harmed by any repetitious and brazen display of contempt for the fundamentals of order.注：教学材料1。
新编英语教程6第三版 unite4
3.举例子在写作中的运用
分析本文的第二段和第四段，体会举例子对 发展主题句的帮助
2.Paraphrase
But actually, the more visible form of scofflawry that people always neglect are more dangerous.
2.Paraphrase
3. Innocent drivers and pedestrians pay a repetidious price in frustration, inconvenience and outrage, not to mention a justified sense of mortal peril.
2.Paraphrase
2. “The most immediately and measurably dangerous scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible.”
2.Paraphrase
There are forms of scoffawry, more visible ones such as spitting on the sidewalk and fare-beating, and less visible ones such as the illegal dumping of poisonous chemical waste and ignoring fire statutes. People usually think the more visible form of scofflawry are less dangerous than the les visible ones.
高英6简答题
高英6简答题Unit2 The Fine Art of Putting Things Off1. How does Demarest begin his essay? Is it an effective beginning?He begins with the famous saying of Chesterfield’s and the non-compliance instances of some historically well-known figures.Yes. This effectively reminds people that procrastination is not under all circumstances a non-recommendable practice; sometimes people do have a good reason to wait before they take an action.2. Why does Demarest refer to visits to the barber, the dentist, and the doctor as “Faustian encounters”?“Faustian encounters” refers to Faust’s encounters with the devil Mephistopheles. Naturally they are undesirable. Most people are unwilling to visit barbers, doctors, and dentists.3. How do you understand the word “Blessedly” used i n para.4?It means “fortunately”. The nattering Telex would have facilitated the supply of weapons and dispatch of troops, depriving the proconsul of the excuse to delay action.4. Explain Demarest’s distortion of the proverb “where there is no will, there is no way” at the beginning of para.5.The author is playing/punning on the word “will”. The repetition of the word serves as a cohesive tie between the two paragraphs. But mind that the word is used in different senses in the two instances. In the preced ing paragraph, “will” means a statement in writing saying how someone wishes his property tobe distributed after his death. In the distorted version of the old sayin g, the word “will” is used in the sense of “volition”. Thus it means “Even when there is n o will to procrastinate, there is a way to do so.” He goes on to illustrate his point by giving examples.5. How do you explain the parenthesis (at 50-plus an hour) in para.8?This is a humorous touch. This refers to what the psychologists (more exactly psychiatrists or psychoanalysts) charge their clients for the consultation. This explains why they always delay curing their patients.6. Think of one or two examples to illustrate what Dr. Greenson says—“All frightened people will then avoid the moment of truth entirely, or evade or postpone it until the last possible moment”.For example, a person who has a bad tooth tends to delay his visit to the dentist until he pain becomes intolerable.7. While the points Demarest makes about his subject matter are serious, the tone of his writing is a mixture of the serious and the humorous. Identify his shifts in tone from one to other.While the statement at the beginning of pa ra.3 “delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul” is a serious one, the following illustrations do not sound to be so.But remember Jean Kerr was a humorist.What he says about the procrastination in the army, though a bit overstated, may still be seriously meant. The two illustrative examples, especially the one of the US general’s tak ing a sporting day off to delay the battle, are instances of humor at the cost of credibility.In the last paragraph the inclusion of “the creation of anentrée” add s a humoroustouch to other serious illustrations such as the creation of a great painting a book and a building.Unit 31.There seems to be a contradiction in the title “A Crime of Compassion”.What is it?There are various kinds of crimes, but criminals can be anything but compassionate. It is hardly possible to associate compassion with any crime and being compassionate with a criminal.2.Huttmann begins her essay with a metaphor. Locate it and then explain it.The first sentence of para.3: It was the Phil Donahue show where the guest is a fatted calf and the audience a 200-strong flock of vultures hungering to pick at the bones. Huttmann likens herself to a fatted calf, and the audience to a flock of more than 200 vultures hungering to pick at the bones. With the metaphor she intends to tell the reader that the way she handled the case of Mac was strongly disapproved of by the general public, and that the concept of mercy killing was unacceptable to them.3.Where in the essay can we find descriptions of M ac’s condition whe n he wasbeing treated? Why do you think Huttmann is being so specific and detailed?Mostly in para.6, and the latter part of para.7. She gives such detailed and specific descriptions of Mac’s condition to make vivid to the reader the horrifying sufferings Mac had to endure, ultimately to support her argument that a patient in such condition should be given the right to die if he should so request.4.Was it a difficult decision for Huttmann to make not to push the button intime?Obviousl y it was, as she relates in para.15 “Nothing I’ve ever done in my 47 years has taken so much effort as it took not to press that code button.”5.Where does Huttmann state her thesis?In the last paragraph: Until there is legislation making it criminal act to cade a patient who has requested the right to die, we will all of us risk the same fate as Mac. For whatever reason, we developed the means to prolong life, and now we are forced to use it. We do not have the right to die.Unit4 A Red Light for Scofflaw1.Properly coined compound words can be economical way of expression. Someinstances are found in para.2. Pick them out and explain their meanings.The graffiti prone – those who are prone to graffitiLitter-decibel radios- radios whose volume has been turned highBeer-soaked hooliganism- hooliganism committed by large numbers.2.Why does Trippett keep “jaywalkers” as the last category of scofflaws in thesecond paragraph？What other means does he use to strength the effect intended by this arrangement?It is not limited to some people, but is widely committed by large numbers.The greeting(hello, Everybody!)The conjunction “ And then” used to highlight the last, butby no means the least form of scofflawry enumerated here.3.Explain the use of the conjunctive adverb “however” in para.3. Find in therest of the text the word “however” used in a similar way. How does it contribute to the coherence of the text?It indicates a contrast in meaning between the sentence it is in and the previous two, in which it is said that the more visible forms of scofflawry, i.e. spitting and fare-beating are less dangerous than the less visible ones, i.e. burying chemical waste in unauthorized location, and ignoring fire statutes. But lawless driving, the most visible scofflawry is also the most dangerous.Other instances:1)Para.5, contrasts “ a minor wrong” and “ a great deal more than a trafficmanagement problem”2)Para.5, contrasts the visible flagrancy of red light running, and the attempts todisguise or conceal felony by real criminals or outlaws3)Para.8, emphasizes the difference between what Americans think threatens lawand order, and what Trippett thinks really does.4.What does Trippett mean by the metaphor “leave deep dents” in para.5? Is itan appropriate metaphor in the context?It means “mar, damage, make imperfect”. It is very appropriate in the context because what is under discussion happens to be the violation of traffic rules.5.In what sense, according to Tripppett, is red-light runninga more seriousbreach of social order than other lawbreaking action?(Referto Para.5) Rules are violated in open defiance of social authority. While culprits of social vices or crimes make attempts to conceal their lawbreaking acts out of fear of and/ or respect for the authority of the law, red light runners do not care a damn whether they are seen or not.6.What point does Trippett want to make in para.6? What do you think of hisexample of children entering schools not knowing how to live together? Scofflaws are an indication of social demoralization. The example of the school children may not be appropriate one. For children may not have acquired the capacity to govern their own behavior yet, while social demoralization means the “loss” of morality which has been cultivated.7.What premonition does Trippett make to the American public in paras.7 and8?Do not overlook scofflawry as if it were only a matter of bad manners; it may be more powerful than violent crimes in shaking the foundation of U.S. law.8.Do you think it appropriate for Trippett to end his essay by presentingevidence of scofflawry at the top?Yes. If the law-makers of the country are ignoring the law, how can the ordinary citizens be expected to abide by law, and still less the rules.Unit 71.How does the notion of beauty held by the ancient Greeks basically diffferfrom the modern one?For the ancient Greeks beauty embraces both inside andoutside excellence, a combination of a person’s virtue and good looks. In present-day English beauty reffers exclusively to the good looks of a female.2.In what sense is the word “beauty” used in the sentence “we are more wary ofthe enchantments of beauty”? And how do you interpret the sentence?In the overall sense of the word, i.e. overall excellence. We are more aware of the aspects “beauty” has, which we think distinguishable and should be distinguished.3.What does Sontag mean by “And beauty has continued to lose prestige”?It has lost prestige when its meaning was narrowed down from overall excellence to superficial enchantment. And it further lost prestige when the superficial enchantment it reffered to became associated with the fair sex only.4.Why does Sontag think that regarding women as the beautiful sex isdetrimental to both the notion of beauty and that of women?It depreciates the notion of beauty itself, and implies a sexually unfair judgment of women.5.What does Sontag refer to by “stereotypes” in the sentence of par a.5? Andwhat have they to do with the “Mixed reputation” beauty enjoys?Fixted notions of the two sexes; what people generally think a man or a woman should be like. The association of beauty with nice looks but dependence and inability, and disassociation with intellect and success give it a mixed reputation.6.Can you think of any concrete example of what Sontag calls“a flatteringidealization of their sex”? What effect does such idealization have on women?Winners of a beauty contest, Miss America, sex smbols, Marylin Monroe, some fashion models. Women are encouraged to look as attactive as possible, given the models of what they should and could possibly look like.7.Contrasting para.6 with para.7, do you think society is fair in its expectationsof men and women with regard to their looks?Definitely not. For women perfection is the goal; for men a small imperfection is considered favourably.8.What critical view does Sontag take of Cocteau’s remark “The privileges ofbeauty are immense”?Refer to the paragraph.9.What/Who has made it a woman’s duty to preen? If a woman succeeds inkeeping herself looking nice, how would she expect society in general to assess her?Social conventions. Her good looks conceal and empty mind; superficial allurement is the best asset she can claim.10.Do you agree with Sontag that it is dangerous to consider persons as splitbetween what is “inside” and what is “outside”?It is not totally irrational to consider the “inside” and “outside” of a person separately for they do not always go together.However, danger arises when the two aspects are placed at opposite ends and regarded as incompatible. This will entail anerroneous notion of women.11.To get women out of the trap they are caught in, Sontag suggests that they“get some critical distance f rom that excellence and privilege which is beauty”. What do you think this means?Disassociate themselves from the notion of beauty as far as possible;De-emphasize the notion of beauty in their life.12.What does “the mythology of the feminine” mea n?The traditional but not well-grounded notion of what women should be like.Unit 10 Euphemism1. What do you know about the structure of the word “euphemism”?It consists of three bound morphemes, all Greek in origin: eu-(good), phem-(voice), and –ism (act or result).2. Why is a term like “garbage man”, “down-to-earth” and “sanitation engineer” “auspicious” and “exalted”?Down-to-earth—factual, telling what something actually is; auspicious and exalted—favorable and glorified, raising the status of the man referred to.3. Can you think of a statement that reiterates the point Postman makes at the beginning of para.2 when he says “things do not have real names”?The meaning of the majority of words is arbitrary and conventional; thus words are no more than labels given to things.4. How do you understand the sentence “A pig is not called ‘pig’ because it is so dirty”?A pig is called a “pig” not because it is so dirty.This is an instance of transferred negation.5. Do you think Postman is self-contradictory in para.2, where he says both “things do not have ‘real’ name” and “a name is usually so firmly associated with the things it denotes”?No. A name given to a thing in most cases does not have anything to do with the qualities of the thing. But in the course of using the name to refer to the thing, the user has gradually come to establish association between the two.6. Do you agree with Postman when he says at the end of para.2 “…if you change the names of things, … the nature of the thing itself”?This may sound a bit dubious. While the first change (change in the way people regard things) has been evidenced, the second change (change in the nature of the thing itself) has not.7. In what sense does calling a garbage man a sanitation engineer illustrate Postman’s statement “euphemizing is a perfectly intelligent method of generating new and useful ways of perceiving things”?The status of a garbage man is considerably raised in the eye of the public from a “man” to “an engineer”. “Garbage”, a word with b ad conn otations is replaced by “sanitation”, a shift of focus from what he disposes of to what he preserves.8. Explain, according to Postman’s argument, why the attempt to rename “old people” “senior citizens” has turned out successful and that to rename “boys and girls” “childpersons” would not?Among the general public as well as the old people themselves, there is the urge for recognition of their political identity. But so far there is has not emerged such an urge to eliminate the gender distinction be tween “boys and girls”.9. Do you think Postman is very convincing when he cites asan illustration of the power of names the change in people’s perception and attitudes that accompanied the change from “Negroes” to “blacks”?Not really. The change in name might not have been so powerful as Postman assumes. If there was any marked change in people’s perception of and attitude to the African origin in the 1960s, it should really be attributed to the mounting civil rights movement at that time.。